mangroves for coastal sustainability

7/27/2019 Mangroves for Coastal Sustainability

1/31

MANGROVES FOR COASTALSUSTAINABILITY

Presented in Workshop on

Environmental Stability Through

Sirsi, Uttara Kannada

29-30 October 2010

KSCST & Forestry College, Sirsi

Dr. M. Jayakara Bhandary

Department of Botany

Government Arts and Science College

Karwar 581301

[email protected]


2/31

Coasts are very important! Coastal Areas of the

World - Resource Rich Most inhabited,

Exploited GeographicalUnits

Supports 50% GlobalPopulation

Provides 90% globalish su l

Sink for 90% of Riverload/Pollutants

Anything thataffects the Coastal

Ecological Balanceaffect smajority ofPeople on Earth!


3/31

Coastal

Rich &Productive

ent

ial

ction&

atio

n

Demand for Space & Resources

Environment

Changing

GloballySignificant

Beautiful

Tou

rismP

ot

Ne

edsProt

Conserv

Modified from: Sudarshan et al., 2000, Subtle Issues in Coastal Management, IIRS


4/31

Fragile & Prone for Natural

Disasters.

Super Cyclone (1999)

Winds of 160 mile speed, More than 10,000 deaths, Coast

of Orissa washed away! ea y sunam

Waves of 10 mt height, 10,880 deaths (in India), Total about

2,30,000, 13 countries affected. Worst hit Indonesia,

Thailand, Srilanka & India.

Floods


5/31

MangrovesMangrovesMangrovesMangroves were associatedwere associatedwere associatedwere associated

withwithwithwith statistically significantstatistically significantstatistically significantstatistically significant

reductions in human deathsreductions in human deathsreductions in human deathsreductions in human deaths

Post- Disaster Analysis..

Eye Openers on the

ecological value ofCoastal Ecosystems!?

during theduring theduring theduring the cyclonecyclonecyclonecyclone that struckthat struckthat struckthat struck

the eastern coast of India inthe eastern coast of India inthe eastern coast of India inthe eastern coast of India in

October 1999October 1999October 1999October 1999....

Source:

Mangroves protected villages and reduced death toll

during Indian super cyclone,

Saudamini Das and Jeffrey R. Vincent, 2009

www.pnas.org_cgi_doi_10.1073_pnas.0810440106


6/31


7/31

Pre-tsunamiSimulation models illustrated

that a wide (100 m) belt of dense mangrove

trees (referred to as a greenbelt) could

reduce a tsunami pressure flow by more than90% Hiraishi and Harada, 2003 .

Post tsunamiIn an area of S.E. India

there was significantly less damage where

mangroves had been conserved (Danielsenet al., 2005; Science)


8/31

Ecological Value of

MANGROVES rediscovered?

What are Mangroves?

Mangroves are woody plants thatgrow along the landsea interface,bays, estuaries, lagoons,backwaters, and in the rivers,

reaching upstream up to the pointwhere the water still remainssa ne as m, .

These plants and their associatedorganisms (microbes, fungi, otherplants and animals) constitute themangrove forest community ormangal.

The mangal and its associatedabiotic factors constitute themangrove ecosystem.


9/31

Global Distribution.

120 tropical and

Sub tropical

Countries.

18.1 milion.

Source: Spalding et al., 1997, The World Mangrove Atlas


10/31


11/31

State-wise mangrove cover -2005(in sq. km.)


12/31


13/31

Speciality of Sundarbans..Speciality of Sundarbans..Speciality of Sundarbans..Speciality of Sundarbans..

ContainsContainsContainsContains 37373737 speciesspeciesspeciesspecies ofofofof 'obligate''obligate''obligate''obligate'

mangrovemangrovemangrovemangrove plantsplantsplantsplants stretchedstretchedstretchedstretched overoveroverover

anananan areaareaareaarea of ofofof 2222,,,,200200200200 kmkmkmkm2222,,,, thethethethe

largestlargestlargestlargest diversitydiversitydiversitydiversity ofofofof mangrovemangrovemangrovemangrove

plantsplantsplantsplants onononon thethethethe GlobeGlobeGlobeGlobe....

ThisThisThisThis isisisis alsoalsoalsoalso thethethethe onlyonlyonlyonly mangrovemangrovemangrovemangrove

areaareaareaarea onononon earthearthearthearth hathathathat isisisis inhabitedinhabitedinhabitedinhabited

bybybyby tigerstigerstigerstigers....

ItItItIt alsoalsoalsoalso containscontainscontainscontains 127127127127 speciesspeciesspeciesspecies ofofofof

euryhalineeuryhalineeuryhalineeuryhaline fish,fish,fish,fish, aaaa totaltotaltotaltotal ofofofof 1287128712871287

animalanimalanimalanimal speciesspeciesspeciesspecies comprisingcomprisingcomprisingcomprising 873873873873

invertebrates,invertebrates,invertebrates,invertebrates, oneoneoneone speciesspeciesspeciesspecies of ofofof

HemichordataHemichordataHemichordataHemichordata,,,, andandandand 413413413413 speciesspeciesspeciesspecies

ofofofof vertebratesvertebratesvertebratesvertebrates....


14/31

Mangroves of Karnataka

Official Estimates

2 - 3 Km2 -

Underestimated!

Along estuaries,

Kali, Aghanashini,

Sharavathi,

Kundapura,

Nethravathi mainlocations

Fragmented Patches


15/31

Mangroves of Kali

Estuary14 out of 15 True

mangrove species

of Karnataka growhere


16/31

Floral Diversity

Global About 90 species

India

East Coast 60 species

West Coast 34 species

True Mangroves- Exclusivemangroves

Mangrove Associates Alsofound outside mangrove habitats

Rhizophoraceae,Avicenniaceae,Sonneratiaceae Major families


17/31

Mangrove diversity..

e iceras corniculatum

Excoecaria agallocha

Lumnitzera racemosa

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Acrostichum aureum

(Mangrove fern)


18/31

Species Diversity


19/31

Mangrove associatesMangrove associates

olichandrone s athaceae

Derris spp.

Clerodendrum sp.

Premna sp.

Caesalpina crista

ongamia sp.

Cyperus sp.

Canavalia sp.


20/31

Biological Speciality Highly

adapted to mangrove habitats


21/31


22/31

Vivipary


23/31

ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCECoastal Shore Protection -

Bioshields

Breeding Ground for crabs,

shrimps, Fishes

Tsunami/Cyclone Protection ?

Nutrient source for marine Food

Web

Habitat for Birds, other animals

Source of Firewood and other

domestic needs

Carbon Sequestering

Eco-Tourism Spots

Educational/Research materials


24/31

mangrove forests sustain more thanmangrove forests sustain more thanmangrove forests sustain more thanmangrove forests sustain more than

70 direct human activities, ranging70 direct human activities, ranging70 direct human activities, ranging70 direct human activities, ranging

from fuelfrom fuelfrom fuelfrom fuelwood collection to fisherieswood collection to fisherieswood collection to fisherieswood collection to fisheries

(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).

Fix greater amounts of CO2 per unitFix greater amounts of CO2 per unitFix greater amounts of CO2 per unitFix greater amounts of CO2 per unit

area, than what the phytoplankton doarea, than what the phytoplankton doarea, than what the phytoplankton doarea, than what the phytoplankton do

in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &

Bingham, 2001).Bingham, 2001).Bingham, 2001).Bingham, 2001).

capable of accumulating and storingcapable of accumulating and storingcapable of accumulating and storingcapable of accumulating and storing

carbon in the soil in large quantities. Acarbon in the soil in large quantities. Acarbon in the soil in large quantities. Acarbon in the soil in large quantities. A

20202020year old plantation of mangrovesyear old plantation of mangrovesyear old plantation of mangrovesyear old plantation of mangroves

stores 11.6 kg mstores 11.6 kg mstores 11.6 kg mstores 11.6 kg m2 of carbon with C2 of carbon with C2 of carbon with C2 of carbon with C

burial rate of 580 g mburial rate of 580 g mburial rate of 580 g mburial rate of 580 g m

2 yr2 yr2 yr2 yr

1 (Fujimoto,1 (Fujimoto,1 (Fujimoto,1 (Fujimoto,2000)2000)2000)2000)

support 30% of fish catch and almost

100% of shrimp catch in South-East

Asian countries


25/31


26/31


27/31

THREATSMost threatened!THREATSMost threatened!

Deforestation / Landreclamation

Sand/Shell mining

Prawn/fish Farming

Reduction in

Freshwater discharge

Tourism activities/

Other coastal

developmental

Pressures


28/31

The planet has lost 35%of its mangrove forestsover the last twentyyears.

The rate of loss ofmangroves each year topsthe loss of the rainforestat 2.1%

The countries that were hithardest b the tsunami

Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and

Thailand have experienced

recent net losses of mangrove

cover.

Between 1980 2000, the total

area of mangroves in these four

countries was reduced by

28%%, from over

5 million to 3.6 million

hectares.


29/31


30/31

Conservation

Protected Areas Sundarban, Gulf ofMannar ( BR), BhitarKannika (NP),Coringa Sanctuary,etc. About 16, 500

ha fforestation /

Enhancement

Inventorisation /Survey

Public Education /Awareness

Local Involvement /Economic Incentives

National Programme MOEF 1986-87


31/31

Thank you..

mangroves for coastal sustainability

Documents