mandelstam dans les marges des brouillons

7/23/2019 Mandelstam dans les marges des brouillons

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Nvn`fhn Kjoursdy

JKHAN@YQKJ

AKHY @NY JK]LNY ANY M]O^F@@OHY


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KRKHQ*S]OSOY;

@k posfn k kiiojpklh Jkhan`stkj anpufs `ln an ;1 khs eusqu soh ig`ft an

aportktfoh nh ;697( Sourtkht akhs sk mfolrkpgfn an potn f` y k uh gfktus( ^h vfan( ^hn

prfoan an ifhq khhns o Jkhan`stkj snst trouv potfqunjnht kpgohn( Akhs inttn

prfoan an jk`kfsn an jk`*trn inst `k prosn quf k prfs iurfnusnjnht `n rn`kfs an `k posfn(

Srosn trs pnrsohhn``n akhs `ns anux snhs au tnrjn 5 pkrin qu hu``n kutrn pkrnf``n nt pkrin

qun `nenan `gojjn nt au potn y nst iohstkjjnht prsnht(

Inttn prosn nst nssnhtfn``njnht iojposn an quktrn ouvrklns( Ku bf` ans pklns ans

souvnhfrs au Mruft au Qnjps `k bfitfoh au Qfjmrn lyptfnh ans ikrhnts an routn au

Roykln nh Krjhfn ku irf an rvo`tn iohtrn `k `fttrkturn fhstftutfohhn``n nt `poqun

stk`fhfnhhn an @k [uktrfjn Srosn Jkhan`stkj k prktfqu uhn sortn akuto*khk`ysn(

Int nsskf skttkign iojprnharn nt khk`ysnr `n snhs nt `k portn an inttn prosn( Ku *an`

an `nur vk`nur purnjnht `fttrkfrn ins tnxtns avof`nht `k jkrign `nhtn nt prolrnssfvn

aOssfp Jkhan`stkj `k rnhiohtrn an ùf*jjn f`s soht uh nspkin akhs `nqun` ìrfvkfh

rnjnt nh qunstfoh tout in nh quof f` kvkft iru eusqun*` akhs `nqun` f` sn rn*sftun pkr rkpport

sk bkjf``n sk euaft `k `fttrkturn `k soift( Inttn prosn*qutn afanhtft `n jhn au

askrrof `k inrtftuan an `toubbnjnht `k `fmrktfoh( Ku tnrjn an in voykln Jkhan`stkj

k pu rntrouvnr nxprnssfoh an sk pkfx fhtrfnurn sk vofx potfqun akhs toutn soh

kutgnhtfift nt ùhft an soh jof(

Nvn`fhn Kjoursdy

;irftn ku iours an `,t ;676 inttn tuan k t qun`qun pnu rnjkhfn ku bf` ans khs(

@ns iftktfohs skhs jnhtfoh an trkauitnur soht trkauftns pkr jof(


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Sour @(

Sour N(

-@ns prnjfnrs tfjmrns lyptfnhs oht t jfs nh ;722(@,lyptn bkfskft k`ors pkrtfn an `,Njpfrn Ottojkh(

@k prnjfrn srfn kvkft ans krkmnsquns iojjn jotfb(-;

;Fh \fdfpafk Gfstofrn pgf`kt`fqun nt postk`n an `,lyptngttp5//br(wfdfpnafk(orl/wfdf/Gfstofrn_pgf`kt.I9.K6`fqun_nt_postk`n_an_`.=


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F

@NY N]]KHINY

Hn` jnzzo an`,ikjfh af hostrk vftkAkhtn


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Yf `,oh tnhtn an sufvrn Jkhan`stkj ku òhl ans trnhtn prnjfrns khhns an sk

vfn oh s,nssoubb`n prfs an jk`kfsn anvkht sk ioursn nbbrhn vnrtflfhnusn nxk`tn

nt sufifakfrn `k bofs( K igkqun houvn``n tkpn oh k `,fjprnssfoh qu,f` mr`n in qu,f`

kvkft kaor qu,f` tun `n en brklf`n pnfhn mk`mutfkht qu,f` vnhkft an jnttrn ku

johan nt `k ioursn rnprnha lrfskhtn sortn an en vkfs aohi en sufs (

Buftn ? [utn an sof ? Apossnssfoh an sof ?

Au jkrxfsjn ku igrfstfkhfsjn au syjmo`fsjn `,kijfsjn an ]ojn

Myzkhin au russn `,uhfvnrsn` `n pkyskln abf`n kvni nh ahojfhktnur iojjuh

toutns ins nrrkhins uh jjn sinku 5 `k rnignrign a,uhn fanhtft(

Qoutnbofs eusqu, `,ln an trnhtn khs Jkhan`stkj hn s,nst ekjkfs snhtf nh

iohtrkafitfoh kvni ùf*jjn qun`s qu,kfnht t sns igofx nt sns orfnhtktfohs( Igofx

pourtkht ju`tfp`ns souvnht iohtrkafitofrns iu`turn`s spfrftun`s po`ftfquns(

Inpnhakht vnrs `n jf`fnu ans khhns vfhlt f` iojjnhin souakfh rnssnhtfr uh

jk`kfsn uh askrrof quf sn jun mfnhtt nh probohan irfsn jork`n(

Yur `n jf`fnu au ignjfh an `k vfnEn jn trouvkf akhs uhn bort sojmrn 5@n aroft ignjfh sn pnrakft lkr(;

Mrusqunjnht Jkhan`stkj k `n snhtfjnht an hn pùs rntrouvnr `k trkin au aroft

ignjfh nt in h,nst pks pkr gkskra s,f` s,nst pkssfohh pour @k Afvfhn Iojafneustnjnht `,kumn ans khhns trnhtn uhn bofs soh ignjfh rntrouv=( Sroust hn

afskft*f` pks qun igkqun `nitnur nst qukha f` `ft `n proprn `nitnur an sof*jjn ?

;AKHQN @k afvfhn iojafn trka( G(@ohlhoh a( Lkrhfnr ;6>;(= An ;693 ;699 Jkhan`stkj irft soh Nhtrntfnh sur Akhtn quf mfnh pùs qu,uhn purnkhk`ysn irftfqun an @k afvfhn iojafn nst `k proenitfoh an sns khlofssns nhbfh inrhnsiojprfsns jktrfsns an `,gojjn nt au potn(


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khhn o Jkhan`stkjirft soh

Souigdfhn nt Yirfkmfhn(

]ojn `k strf`n `,fhbiohan sn voft kussftt ajytgfbfn kssfjf`n ku

euaksjn 5 Yf ]ojn vkfhi in h,nst jjn pks n``n quf vkfhirk jkfs `n euaksjn `n

euaksjn quf s,nst toueours tnhu anrrfrn soh aos nt quf kttnha soh gnurn(

; K`ors qu,ku amut ans khhns trnhtn nt hotkjjnht akhs `,Nhtrntfnh sur AkhtnJkhan`stkj pkr`n kvni pkssfoh an in qu,f` hojjn `kirfstk``olrkpgfn an `k struiturnfhtfjn au jkrmrn nt au lrkhft 'nt `ns roigns aohhns nh nxnjp`n h,oht pks t igofsfnspkr gkskra +& * kutrnjnht aft an `,orflfhnan `k pfnrrn(


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Hojmrn a,irfvkfhs eufbs qun` qun soft `nur rkpport `nur euaft ohtnxprfj a,uhn jkhfrn ou a,uhn kutrn `k pnur an tout uh pnup`n an h,trn pks

iojjn `,kutrn `k pnur an h,trn pks rniohhu pkr `ns kutrns( Skstnrhkd bkft afrn

`,uh an sns pnrsohhklns5 Iojjnht kvni `ns jjns mrks nt `ns jjns ekjmns `n

jjn `khlkln nt `ns jjns gkmftuans oh pouvkft trn kutrn igosn qun `ns kutrns nt

pkr*anssus `n jkrig qun`qun igosn quf hn p`kfskft lurn nt qun ,oh h,kfjkft pks ?

TZ [un sflhfbfn trn Eufb ? Sourquof in`k nxfstn*t*f` ? ; Jjn khlofssn jjn

rvo`tn kux quktrn iofhs au johan 5 En hn vou`kfs pks trn int fhbfrjn qu,ohhojjkft Eufb surtout pkrin qun en vou`kfs trn uh gojjn4 nt pkrin qun en vou`kfs

k``nr vnrs tous `ns gojjns pour rniohqurfr inttn gujkhft quf j,tkft afsiutn( =

[un sflhfbfkft pour `n enuhn Jkhan`stkj `n jot euaksjn ? Ykhs aoutn hf uhn

pgf`osopgfn hf uhn iu`turn hf uhn rn`flfoh jkfs mfnh qun`qun igosn an skhs hoj

an tnrrfm`n nt TanZ iohtrn*hkturn( Yk m`nssurn nst jofhs `n trkaftfohhn` iojp`nxn

au Eufb bkin ku johan ans kutrns qun `k qunstfoh 5 qu,kf*en an iojjuh kvni in

johan akhs `nqun` en hn jn rniohhkfs pks( Nt s,f` rnpoussn an toutns sns borins int

uhfvnrs eufb in h,nst pks nh tkht qun Eufb gohtnux jkfs pkrin qun `,khlofssn qun

susiftn in johan utrfh fhiohhu kttnfht uh hfvnku pkroxystfqun 5 `n euaksjn

ikstrktnur `n jnhkin akhs soh fhtlrft( Yoh snu` sk`ut i,nst `k buftn quf `n jhn

`,oppos an in johan*bkjf``n tnhtkiu`kfrn nt avornur(

; M( SKYQN]HKD @n aoitnur Efvklo a( Lk``fjkra ;6>7(

= K( JNJJF @k `fmrktfoh au Eufb a( Skyot ;622(


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@n rnbuln snrk `n igrfstfkhfsjn( @ns borins quf `n poussnht nt `,kttfrnht vnrs inttn

houvn``n anstfhktfoh portnht `n jjn hoj qun in``ns quf `,kvkfnht pouss vnrs `k

Rf``n tnrhn``n( Jkfs Jkhan`stkj brkhigft uh snuf` supp`jnhtkfrn 5 njmrkssnr `k

bof igrtfnhhn ortgoaoxn i,nst trkhslrnssnr `k òf an sns khitrns pùs jjn i,nst

pkssnr au ikjp an `,opprfj ku ikjp an `,opprnssnur;( Sùs qu,uhn buftn i,nst uhn

rupturn totk`n nt kvni soh jf`fnu nt kvni sk iu`turn orflfhn``n nt kvni soh gfstofrn(

Inttn pkssfoh*` Jkhan`stkj `,k viun trs bort pnhakht snpt khs( @n afkpgkhn

`n trkhspkrnht `,tgr sn sumstftunht `k pfnrrn `k mnkut quf brkppn `,f`(

Bksifh pkr in johan quf h,nst pks `n sfnh f` s,fhvnhtn uhn houvn``n fanhtft( F` nst

kvfan an hourrfturns spfrftun``ns an bof nh Afnu nt akhs `n Igrfst quf ùf rnaohhnht

bof nh ùf(

@k tnrrn nst fjjomf`n nt kvni n``n

En mofs au igrfstfkhfsjn `,kfr brofa ans gkutnurs@n soupfr au psk`jfstn nt `n Irnao kmruptAns l`fsns ans kptrns gkf`òhs nt sourins +

Skr qun` trkft pourrkft*oh rnharn `k trkhspkrnhinAns hotns kflus akhs `,tgnr bortfbf ?Ans igrtfnhhns gkutnurs akhs `,nspkin tohhAnsinha iojjn uh igkht an Sk`nstfhn `k lrin (=

@k srhft quf sn alkln an ins vnrs aohhnrkft irofrn qun `n potn k nhbfh

trouv sk p`kin akhs `n johan( Eofn k``lrnssn soht `ns jots quf rnvfnhhnht `n pùs

souvnht akhs `n iyi`n Qrfstfk iojjn akhs `ns irfts irftfquns an ins khhns*` asqu,f` s,klft an igrfstfkhfsjn(

Nt `,Nuigkrfstfn iojjn uh tnrhn` jfafYn proòhln nt igkiuh eoun iojjuhfn nt igkhtn

; Bkut*f` rkppn`nr `n r`n an `,Nl`fsn russn akhs `ns ikjpklhns khtfsjftns?+

=O( Jkhan`stkj * Qrfstfk nt kutrns pojns trka( B( Drn` a( Lk``fjkra ;6(


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Nt `n vksn afvfh sous `n rnlkra an tous]ufssn``n a,fhpufskm`n k``lrnssn(;

I,nst `k jjn khhn qun vofnht `n eour `n pojn sur `,Nuigkrfstfn nt `,krtfi`n

irft `,oiiksfoh an `k jort an Yirfkmfhn akhs `nqun` Jkhan`stkj nxposn sk tgorfn

an `,krt igrtfnh( Lrin `k jnrvnf``nusn jfsrfioran au igrfstfkhfsjn toutn

hotrn iu`turn mfjf``hkfrn nst `k jfsn nh `fmnrt au johan pour `n enu pour

`,k``lrnssn spfrftun``n pour `k `fmrn fjftktfoh au Igrfst (=

Int krtfi`n k bkft iou`nr mnkuioup a,nhirn( A,kuiuhs aoht Hkaneak

Jkhan`stkj oht iru 'ou vou`u& y vofr `n irnao an Jkhan`stkj( Nrrnur an

eulnjnht ? Ou vfanhtn jkuvkfsn bof ? In tnxtn pkssfohh h,nxprfjn jn snjm`n*t*

f` qun `n irnao au jojnht9an Jkhan`stkj( @n irnao ans snpt khhns pkssns akhs

`k aouin nupgorfn au igrfstfkhfsjn(

Oh pnut inpnhakht pkr`nr au irnao an Jkhan`stkj 5 `,Gn``hfsjn `,Khtfquftvof` `k iohstkhtn an toutn soh uvrn( I,nst ` qu,n``n nst sk bfa`ft( @,Gn``kan

jtkpgorn an soh fanhtft fhtrfnurn k t sk rbrnhin suprjn( Jkhan`stkj h,k

rfnh a,uh tgorfifnh an `k bof( Sotn kjkht an `k iu`turn i,nst toueours pkr rkpport

; Fmfa(

=Souigdfhn nt Yirfkmfhn( uvrns iojp`tns Q(FF a( Fhtnr*@khlukln @ftnrkry Kssoifktns;6


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n``n qu,f` sn sftun( @gn``hfsjn qu,f` prnssnht iojjn uh iohinpt gfstorfio*iu`turn`

prnha `n vfskln an in qu,f` kfjn nt an in nh quof f` iroft ku bf` an soh voùtfoh(;6;> 5 @n igrfstfkhfsjn gn``hfsn `k jort( @,gn``hfsjn bioha pkr `k jort

i,nst in`k `n igrfstfkhfsjn(

;6== 5 @k `khlun russn nst uhn `khlun gn``hfstfqun( Nh rkfsoh an toutn uhn

srfn an iohaftfohs gfstorfquns `ns borins vfvns an `k iu`turn gn``hfqun

kmkhaohhkht `,oiifanht kux fhbùnhins `ktfhns nt iourtkht `nur seour akhs uhn

Myzkhin strf`n sn soht `khins akhs `n snfh an `k `khlun russn ùf iohbfkht `n

snirnt gn``hfqun au johan( Qoueours akhs `n jjn krtfi`n 5 @,gn``hfsjn i,nst s,nhvfrohhnr iohsifnjjnht

a,ustnhsf`ns ku `fnu a,oments fhafbbrnhts( TZ I,nst gujkhfsnr `n johan

nhvfrohhkht i,nst `n rigkubbnr `k igk`nur sumtf`n tòòlfqun( TZ @,gn``hfsjn

i,nst `k mkrqun buhrkfrn ans abuhts lyptfnhs akhs `kqun``n oh p`kin tout in quf

nst hinsskfrn `k poursuftn au voykln tnrrnstrn an `,gojjn(

;6=2 5 Snhakht `k akhsn `n vfskln an Jfdgon`s prnha uhn nxprnssfoh an skln

bktflun nt an trfstn rkvfssnjnht iojjn sf `n jksqun au pnup`n eufb sn rkpproigkht

an `,Khtfquft tkft prnsqun fhafssoifkm`n a,n``n( ;

Ins pgrksns hns ans tkpns afbbrnhtns an `k pnhsn nt an `k vfn an

Jkhan`stkj oht pkrbofs snrvf an prtnxtn nt an support ans kssnrtfohs

iktlorfquns tn``ns qun Jkhan`stkj potn igrtfnh Jkhan`stkj potn

eufb ( F` jn pkrkt bohakjnhtk` pour `k iojprgnhsfoh= an `,gojjn iojjn pour

in``n an `,irfvkfh an hn ekjkfs pnrarn an vun qun `,uvrn an Jkhan`stkj uhn nt

; Rofr in propos `n trs fhtrnsskht krtfi`n an A(YNLK@ 5 -Nigtigo oafh hnfzvnsthyetndst Jkhan`stkjk ?- 'Nhiorn uh tnxtn fhiohhu an Jkhan`stkj ?& fh Y`kvfikGfnroso`yjftkhk vo`( FFF Erusk`nj ;6


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ju`tfp`n `k bofs hn prnha tout soh snhs qun rnp`kin akhs soh iohtnxtn akhs sk

igrohoòlfn(Nh ;6=; Jkhan`stkj irft soh anrhfnr pojn igrtfnh kux iou`nurs an Myzkhin

quf i`t soh iyi`n Qrfstfk( @n igrfstfkhfsjn sn atkign an ùf skhs aou`nur kppkrnhtn

iojjn uh bruft sni(

As `,khhn sufvkhtn i,nst inttn bofs Myzkhin quf nst quk`fbfn an strf`n ou pùs

`fttrk`njnht Jkhan`stkj aft 5 skhs nhbkht(@k sflhfbfiktfoh an in quk`fbfiktfb trouvn

pnut*trn soh airyptkln akhs @k [uktrfjn Srosn 5 @ns nhbkhts aofvnht

poursufvrn kprs hous afrn kprs hous `,nssnhtfn`( Ins jots*` Jkhan`stkj h,kpu krrfvnr `ns prohohinr qu,kprs uh òhl `nht nt aouòurnux voykln nh ùf*

jjn(

@ns jtkpgorns hous lufanht akhs `n `kmyrfhtgn an `k pnhsn an Jkhan`stkj(

Akhs soh nsskf An `k hkturn au jot ';6==& `ns jtkpgorns `ns iojpkrkfsohs `ns

fjklns oht trkft soft `k bkjf``n soft ku quotfafnh `k igk`nur au boynr 5 @k

pgfòòlfn i,nst `k bkjf``n pkrin qun toutn bkjf``n k pour pfvot sns fhtohktfohs sns

iftktfohs sns luf``njnts( ^h jot prohohi `n pùs mkhk`njnht au johan k nh

bkjf``n sk hukhin( Nt pùs òfh 5 @,gn``hfsjn i,nst uh p`kt bour i,nst uh pfqun*

bnu i,nst uh pot `kft in soht `ns ustnhsf`ns aojnstfquns `k vkfssn``n tout in quf sn

trouvn akhs `,nhtourkln au iorps4 `,gn``hfsjn i,nst `k igk`nur au boynr rnssnhtfn

iojjn skirn(

I,nst `k prnjfrn bofs nh inttn khhn ;6== qun Jkhan`stkj kmoran in tgjn(

Akhs sk posfn an enuhnssn f` kvkft bkft k`ùsfoh kux sfnhs pkr`kht a,nux iojjn

a,uh `jnht trkhlnr nt jprfskm`n 5

E,kf rnu pour jk pkrt uh gnurnux grftkln 5An igkhtrns trkhlnrs ans sohlns vklkmohas(Rrkf oh nst mfnh nh aroft an pouvofr jprfsnrBkjf``n nt `ksskht vofsfhkln(

Nt `k jjn khhn 5


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@k trfstnssn an jfnhsJ,nst toueours trkhlrn(

Jkfs vrkf afrn oh kvkft `,fjprnssfoh eusqun*` qun `n iohinpt jjn anbkjf``n

an boynr h,nxfstkft pks pour ùf( Iojjn sf `n rnbou`kht kux bfhs bohas an sk

jjofrn f` `n rnhakft fhnxfstkht( Nst*in `k vfn iojjuhn kvni sk buturn pousn quf k

bkft hktrn ins fjklns fay``fquns aouins nt tnharns ? @k iojp`fift bkjf`fk`n `k

igk`nur au boynr `k bkjf``n siurfskhtn nst*in ` `k proenitfoh an `k bkjf``n qun

Jkhan`stkj rvn an bohanr ? Nt nhiorn uhn qunstfoh qun `,oh pnut sn posnr 5 nst*in

in bkhtksjn quf k pnrjfs `k `fmrktfoh au bòt an souvnhfrs a,nhbkhin quf nhvkgft `nspklns au Mruft au Qnjps nt au Qfjmrn lyptfnh ?

Eusqun*` Jkhan`stkj kvkft trkvnrs `ns khhns nt `nur iogortn an afbbfiu`ts

kvni srhft pkrin qu,f` tkft toueours sr an soh moh aroft( F` h,kvkft pks irkfht sns

proprns iohtrkafitfohs ikr n``ns tkfnht sns ynux uhn sourin biohan `kqun``n f`

pufskft borin nt irktfvft( Jkfs nh in amut ans khhns vfhlt tout snjm`n mksiu`nr 5

igkqun stropgn au iyi`n ;6=;*;6=> irfn soh jk`*trn soh askrrof 5

Jnrif pour in quf k t 5En jn sufs trojp en jn sufs lkr e,kf pnrau `n iojptn(

(

@n tnjps j,kjputn iojjn uhn pfin an johhkfnNt ae f` jn jkhqun uhn pkrt an jof*jjn(;

Rfn a,krlf`n + Yfi`n `nht jourfr +E,kf pnur qun inùf*` snu` tn iojprnhhnAoht `k `vrn portn ekjkfs `,kjnr sourfrnAn `,gojjn lkr an sof*jjn((

; ';6=9& Qrka( B( Drn` op( ift(


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En vouarkfs bufr brkhigfr `n snuf`(

Jkfs o k``nr ?;

in snhtfjnht a,lkrnjnht sn j`n `k snhsktfoh tnrrfbfkhtn an aup`fift nt

a,fjposturn 5

[uf sufs*en jof ? Hf `n ruan jkohHf `n igkrpnhtfnr hf `n mtfssnur ans hkvfrns +En sufs uh gypoirftn `,jn aoum`n(=

I,nst uh kutrn qun jof quf iojjn jof sn hojjnNt int gojohyjn jn bkft gorrnur(9

Sour `k prnjfrn bofs Jkhan`stkj sn snht mrusqunjnht nh iohb`ft kvni soh

tnjps( @ns prnjfrns khhns postrvoùtfohhkfrns kvkfnht vu iòrn ans inhtkfhns

an tk`nhts akhs tous `ns aojkfhns `fttrkturn pnfhturn tgtrn( Jkhan`stkj kvkft

`fmrnjnht trouv sk p`kin akhs `n prfhtnjps an `k posfn( Inpnhakht as `n amut

ans khhns vfhlt `,krt obbfifn` rlhn nh jktrn prnhkht nh jkfh `ns rhns an `k vfn

fhtn``nitun``n( Snu pnu `ns irfvkfhs nh afslrin inssnht a,trn pum`fs(

Srolrnssfvnjnht fso` rauft `k so`ftuan nt `k jfsrn iohtrkfht an lklhnr sk vfn

nh bkfskht ans trkauitfohs Jkhan`stkj rnbusn an sn jnttrn ku pks voykht anrrfrn

`n iojprojfs sn probf`nr `,ojmrn an `k iojprojfssfoh( Sòhl akhs uh tkt

a,khlofssn an atrnssn nt an askrrof nxtrjns ùf quf kvkft toueours iru akhs sk

proprn rnitftuan jork`n f` enttn uh rnlkra gklkra sur sns trnhtn khs pksss( Akhs

soh prnjfnr voùjn Hkaneak Jkhan`stkj sn souvfnht 5 @ns khhns vfhlt burnhtpnut*trn `k prfoan `k pùs afbbfif`n an `k vfn an Jkhan`stkj( Ekjkfs kupkrkvkht 'nt

pkr `k suftn hoh pùs mfnh qun sk vfn anvht nhiorn pùs afbbfif`n& f` h,kvkft pkr`

; ';6=1& fmfa(

= ';6=9& fmfa(

9 ';6=1& fmfa(


17/68

; Jkhan`stkj nst brkpp an jutfsjn potfqun iojjn sf `k

posfn hn pouvkft trn qun `,nxprnssfoh an soh fhtlrft( F` hn rntrouvnrk `k jklfn

ans vnrs qun ifhq khs pùs tkra òrsqu,f` snrk houvnku nh pkfx kvni ùf*jjn(

Inttn prfoan an strf`ft potfqun iorrnspoha uh jojnht an brklf`ft an

rb`nxfoh an rntour sur sof( In qun H( Jkhan`stkj kppn``n `k rvfsfoh ans vk`nurs(

Iojjn f` `,irft akhs uh pojn an ;6=9 `ns ifjns kvkfnht bkft oum`fnr `nsrkifhns( Sour rntrouvnr soh fhtlrft nt `k pkfx an sk iohsifnhin Jkhan`stkj vk

s,nhbnrjnr nh ùf*jjn pkriourfr `ns ignjfhs Teusqun*`Z trop mfnh mk`fss an

TsnsZ `kmyrfhtgns = `k rnignrign ans bf`s rojpus au pkss sf òhltnjps junt(

@,gojjn nt `,gojjn an `nttrns hn boht qu,uh( Kussf inttn qutn `n iohaufrk*t*n``n

vnrs `ns iohtrns òfhtkfhns nt oum`fns an sk aoum`n an sk trfp`n lhkòlfn(

Yufs `ns rkifhns bkfs frruptfoh akhs `ns trbohas(

Nt ` akhs `k tnrrn iojjn fif akhs jk poftrfhnvnf``n tous `ns spnitrns nt tous `ns jorts(9

I,nst `k prosn quf lufanrk Jkhan`stkj( @n prnhkht pkr `k jkfh n``n `,kfanrk

nxgujnr `ns bkhtjns fhafssoùm`njnht `fs an sk bkjf``n an sk bkjf``n an pùjn nt

an soh pnup`n( Lrin n``n f` kurk `n mohgnur an rniohqurfr soh uhft sk

quftuan nt sk srhft an vofr `ns krrgns an TsohZ a`frn nh prosn mfnh kfj(

Iojposn an quktrn vo`nts k``kht pkr pkfrns i,nst `n enquf aojfhn akhs inttn

ttrkòlfn uhen kutomfolrkpgfqun hoh alufs(Asnjpkr lkr i,nst a,kmora soh pkss qu,f` vk rnssusiftnr rnjohtnr `n

tnjps rnvfvrn sns gkfhns nt sns pkssfoh( @n Mruft au Qnjps nt @n Qfjmrn lyptfnh

; H( JKHAN@YQKJ op( ift(

= L(SN]NI Snhsnr/i`kssnr a( Gkignttn ;67>(

9 E(M]OAYDV Sojns ;62;*;67


18/68

;7

snroht `ns anux bkins opposns an soh voykln ku pkys an `,nhbkhin 5 `nhtn nt

aou`ournusn ansinhtn akhs `ns kmyssns an `k jjofrn quf iohaufrk Jkhan`stkj rnhounr kvni `ns sfnhs nt pkr `k jjn rntrouvnr `n snhtfjnht fhtrfnur an soh

fanhtft(

@ns anux kutrns tnxtns @n Roykln nh Krjhfn prosn toutn nh aouinur nt @k

[uktrfjn Srosn prosn toutn nh aou`nur nxprfjnht uhn jjn inrtftuan 5 in``n an

`,fanhtft rntrouvn(

@n Mruft au Qnjps nt @n Qfjmrn lyptfnh tkht `k pfnrrn khlu`kfrn `ns tnxtns*i`s

quf hous boht sufvrn pks pks `k `nhtn nt lrkaun``n prolrnssfoh an Jkhan`stkj trkvnrs soh gfstofrn i,nst nssnhtfn``njnht an ins ouvrklns qu,f` snrk qunstfoh akhs

`ns pklns quf sufvnht(

@n potn quf johtrn sk prosn nst akhs `k sftuktfoh an qun`qu,uh quf `kfssn

igkppnr uh snirnt( Yk prosn nst iojjn uh `kpsus irfvkft nh ;693 `n irftfqun

`fttrkfrn sovftfqun H( Mnrdovsdf ku suent an `k prosn an Jkhan`stkj(

@n mut an inttn tuan h,nst pks an atnrjfhnr `k struiturn jnhtk`n eufvn ; '+&

an Jkhan`stkj jkfs an prtnr `,ornf``n in snirnt an airyptnr in `kpsus an sufvrn

`,gojjn akhs sk jkrign `k rnhiohtrn an soh fanhtft an skfsfr `n snhs nt `k portn

an inttn prosn `fmrktrfin purfbfiktofrn iktgkrtfqun(

; Nxprnssfoh pour `n jofhs jk`gnurnusn njp`oyn pkr H( Ytruvn akhs soh mfnhtnhakhifnux ouvrkln Ossfp Jkhan`stkj Fhstftut a,Ntuans Y`kvns Skrfs ;67=(


19/68

;6

FF

@K ANIGF]^]N A^ YF@NHIN

[un port*en sur jns pku`ns ?

An qun`s bkhtjns sufs*en ouvnrt ?Dkbdk @wy


20/68

=3

Skr o iojjnhinr ?Qout irkqun nt pòfn(@,kfr brjft an iojpkrkfsohsSks uh jot hn vkut jfnux qun `,kutrn

@k tnrrn lrohan iojjn uhn jtkpgorn(;

Nxprnssfoh an inttn ikssurn @n Mruft au Qnjps rnssnjm`n uh trkhln mf`kh quf

h,k rfnh a,uh nxnrifin fhtn``nitun`(

@orsqun Jkhan`stkj khhohin soh anssnfh 5 ioutnr kvni uhn ùifaft irftfqun nt

uhn brofanur atkign `n mruft an in tnjps prrvoùtfohhkfrn aoht f` k t `ntjofh nhbkht nt kao`nsinht oh skft ae qun i,nst uh bkux prtnxtn( Skr inttn prosn

Jkhan`stkj nsprn iojprnharn in quf ùf krrfvn nh sn sftukht hoh pùs pkr rkpport

ku prsnht qu,f` vfvkft eusqun*` ku eour `n eour jkfs pkr rkpport soh pkss qu,f`

aifan an prnharn nh igkrln( Hf hostk`lfn hf rnlrnts( @k rpohsn iohhun a,kvkhin

nxfstn kvkht `k qunstfoh( trkvnrs `k trkjn vfsfm`n trkhspkrkfssnht nh bf`flrkhn `k

`lftfjktfoh an `k vofn qu,f` k igofsfn nt `k eustfbfiktfoh an sns optfohs(

trnhtn*anux khs f` hn irkfht pùs souakfh an rnlkranr pkr*anssus soh pku`n(

I,nst kvni ans souvnhfrs tout bkfts qu,f` rnjohtn `n tnjps bnuf``nttn soh k`muj an

pgotos ekuhfns nh prouvkht igkqun fhstkht `n jjn snhtfjnht qun inùf rnssnhtf

; Qrka( B( Drn` op( ift(


21/68

=;

ku jojnht an `k prfsn an `,fhstkhtkh( In rntour nh krrfrn f` `n bkft iojjn pour

prouvnr pour snprouvnr `n mfnh*boha an sns igofx(

En vouarkfs hoh pks pkr`nr an jof jkfs sufvrn `n sfi`n nt `klnrjfhktfoh au tnjps( Jk jjofrn nst gostf`n tout in quf j,nstpnrsohhn`( TZ Yf in`k apnhakft an jof en hn bnrkfs qun lrfjkin kusouvnhfr au pkss( TZ En `n rptn jk jjofrn h,nst pks mfnhvnf``khtnjkfs gostf`n nt n``n s,kpp`fqun hoh pks rnproaufrn jkfs rnpoussnr `npkss( ^h roturfnr h,k pks mnsofh an jjofrn f` ùf subbft an rkiohtnr `ns`fvrns qu,f` k ùs nt sk mfolrkpgfn nst bkftn( TZ Nhtrn jof nt `n sfi`n f` y kuhn bkf``n uh boss rnjp`f au tnjps quf mruft `fnu rsnrv `k bkjf``n nt

kux krigfvns aojnstfquns(;

Sroia brqunht ignz Jkhan`stkj i,nst ku iours an `,ouvrkln qun `,nssnhtfn`

nst aft(

Jkfs qun aft*f` ? Nh qun`quns `flhns f` k arou` tout uh tfssu an iohtrkafitfohs

nxprnssfoh an soh khlofssn quf sn trkauft pkr uhn vfo`nhtn gostf`ft `,lkra an in

pkssqu,f` airyptn uh pnu pùs òfh pour `n hojjnrbkjf``n(

Bkjf``n ? Qout in quf nst bkjf``n nst eufb tout in quf nst eufb nst bkjf``n( In `krln

iohinpt asflhkht `k bofs sns pkrnhts `k jkfsoh an soh nhbkhin `n johan eufb( @nst `n tgjn `nftjotfv quksf fhionrifm`n au Mruft au Qnjps(

Jkhan`stkj sn abnha kvni vgjnhin nt eustn tftrn a,kvofr vouù bkfrn uhn

igrohfqun an bkjf``n( Jkfs kòrs qun` nst soh proent ? Sufsqun sf in`k hn apnhakft

qun an TùfZ Tf`Z hn bnrkft qun lrfjkin ku souvnhfr au pkss qun` afkm`n `n poussn

bkfrn rnsurlfr a,uh pkss poussfrnux `n bkhtjn an inttn bkjf``n ku abkut an

`khlun iohlhftk` aoht f` pkr`n skhs `k jofharn iojp`kfskhin( ]l`njnht an

iojptn iojjn `,kbbfrjn H( Ytruvn ?

Inttn prosn bkft bflurnr an ioheurktfoh( A,nxorifsjn( Nh rntourhkht trnhtn*

anux khs `k sourin an sns iohb`fts a,nhbkht Jkhan`stkj ignrign pùs snjm`n*t*f`

`lftfjnr sns trnhtn khs an vfn qu, rntrouvnr `,uhft mrkh`n an sohJof(

;@n Mruft au tnjps igkpftrn -Dojfsskrenvsdkyk-(


22/68

==

[un a,kjmflut +Jk jjofrn nst gostf`n tout in quf j,nst pnrsohhn` Sourtkht

`nen prsnht igkqun pkln tjoflhn nh pnrjkhnhin au iohtrkfrn(

Yk bkjf``n `n johan eufb Jkhan`stkj `ns rnlkran `ns nxkjfhn `ns sirutn kvni

`n jjn atkignjnht kppkrnht qu,f` rnlkran nxkjfhn nt sirutn `n sfi`n

klohfskht ( Jkfs òfh an h,trn qun rnlkra nt ornf``n jk`vnf``khts Jkhan`stkj sn

jnt nh sihn nt s,fjp`fqun(

[uf sn probf`n anrrfrn inen `,gojjn ou `,nhbkht ?

@ns oments an `k jkfsoh pktnrhn``n horjns ajnsurs akhs `nur voùjn nt

`nur gfanur snu` `n rnlkra a,uh nhbkht pnut `ns pnrinvofr an inttn bkoh( Kvni in

rnlkra*` f` ùf nst mfnh fjpossfm`n an prnharn `n jofharn rniu`(

K `k `niturn au Mruft au Qnjps `k prnjfrn fjprnssfoh nst in snhtfjnht an igkos

quf jkhn an toutn `,ktjospgrn bkjf`fk`n( @n jot rnvfnht omsnssfohhn` akhs `n

tnxtn( Igkqun pgrksn igkqun ansirfptfoh quf touign `k bkjf``n an Jkhan`stkj

tnha rnharn in johan igkotfqun( @n igkos toueours kiiojpklh an sohquk`fbfiktfb rnpousskht nt surtout jnhkkht 5euakqun( @n igkos euakqun sn brkykft

uh ignjfh trkvnrs toutns `ns bnhtns an `,kppkrtnjnht ptnrsmourlnofs(

Jkhan`stkj k an in johan uhn aoum`n pnrinptfoh 5 a,uhn pkrt f` nst bfl akhs

uh fjjomf`fsjn siu`kfrn kppkrnht a,kutrn pkrt f` nst portnur a,uhn jnhkin

`ktnhtn pnrjkhnhtn( [unstfoh nh bf`flrkhn nt rpohsn fjp`fiftn 5 `n enuhn Ossfp

h,kvkft a,k`tnrhktfvn qun `k buftn(

Jkhan`stkj sn `fvrn uhn ansirfptfoh jfhutfnusn prnsqun pgotolrkpgfqun auikmfhnt pktnrhn` 5 uh kjohin``njnht a,oments vnhus ans quktrn iofhs au johan `n

russn j` ku turi `,k``njkha ans pnkux pkrpf``ns pkr tnrrn vfvkhtns iojjn

ans aoflts ( Jkfs `k pùjn nst pùs fjpftoykm`n nhiorn qun `,f` pgotolrkpgfqun 5

akhs in tkm`nku ikuignjkransqun o pks uh snu` vnrmn hn vfnht ku sniours an

`,gujour nt an `k afstkhifktfoh `,kiiuju`ktfoh opprnsskhtn ans hojs a,oments


23/68

=9

gtroi`ftn rnssusiftn asorarn oanur johan*pfnuvrn( Jkhan`stkj hn sn souvfnht

pks( F` rnvft(Yoh rnlkra sn posn sur `k mfm`fotgqun( Rfsfoh gk`ùifhkhtn nt `khifhkhts

rnvfnhhnht `ns tnrjns an igkos rufhns poussfrn( ^h vnhfh hofr iou`n an sk pùjn ku

souvnhfr an in igkos euakqun quf h,tkft hf pktrfn hf jkfsoh hf boynr jkfs mfnh

igkos johan utrfh fhiohhu(

Bkjf``n johan eufb igkos rufhns poussfrn tous ins jots*irkhs ikignht uh

kutrn jot 5 joh prn( In prn pnru iojjn uh trn frrn` nt pourtkht iojmfnh

rn` fhiojprgnhsfm`n rnpousskht `,nhbkht nh kvkft pnur nt gohtn 5 Joh prn ùfh,kvkft pks an `khlun( TZ @n `khlkln russn a,uh Eufb Soòhkfs ? Hoh( @n `khlkln

a,uh Eufb k``njkha ? Hoh pùs( Snut*trn uh kiinht spifbfqun an Iour`khan ? En

h,nh kf ekjkfs nhtnhau an snjm`km`n I,tkft tout in qun `,oh vouark skub uhn

`khlun qun``n qu,n``n soft(

@,kjnrtujn nst mfnh ` `k rvo`tn kussf jkfs in hn soht hf in``ns an `,kau`tn hf

in``ns au potn fhiorrflfm`n kjkht ans sohorfts (; I,nst `n irf an atrnssn an

`,nhbkht quf toutn possfmf`ft a,fhtlrktfoh ku*angors tkft fhtnraftn pkr `k bkutn au

prn pkr `k bkutn au Eufb(

@k `khlun au prn nt `k `khlun an `k jrn h,nst*in pks an `k busfoh an ins

anux `khluns*` qun sn hourrft hotrn `khlkln toutn hotrn òhlun vfn aurkht h,nst*in

pks n``ns quf nh borjnht `n ikrkitrn ? Jkhan`stkj kurkft pu rnprnharn `,nhvnrs

`k i`mrn pgrksn an @vf*Ytrkuss 5 quf aft gojjn aft `khlkln ( Jkfs ignz

Jkhan`stkj `n sous*nhtnhau k uh kutrn igo 5 quf aft `khlkln aft gojjn quf aft

`khlkln aft vfn( @,kmsnhin an `khlkln i,nst nhiorn uhn iojposkhtn au igkos uhn

jnhkin a,nhbnrjnjnht nt an jort( As sk hkfsskhin Jkhan`stkj s,nst vu rnbusnr

`k i` fhafspnhskm`n pour kiianr ku johan( Jkrqu a,uhn tkrn frrjafkm`n f`

s,nst nhbuf vnrs `k roturn `k rnignrign a,uhn bkjf``n kaoptfvn sn rbulfkht akhs `n

snfh an `k @ouvn*`fttrkturn(

; Qka( B( Drn` op( ift(


24/68

=1

Iojjn akhs `ns iohtns trfstns an `,nhbkhin `k jigkhtn bn eufvn s,nst pnhign

ku*anssus au hourrfssoh ùf k ent uh sort aoht Jkhan`stkj jnttrk pùs an trnhtnkhs sn abkfrn(

En j,vnf``kf akhs joh mnrinkumòuf pkr `n so`nf` hofr(;

@k rpu`sfoh qun Jkhan`stkj prouvn `,lkra an `k jkfsoh bkjf`fk`n s,tnha

tout in quf nst eufb johan moftnux kuqun` f` jkhqunrkft uhn pkrtfn skfhn `,`jnhthorjk` `k horjn tkht pour ùf `n johan krynh( F` `ns tfqunttn skhs hukhins ins

Eufbs quf sn probf`nht tout ku òhl ans pklns au Mruft au Qnjps( In soht `ns Eufbs

gohtnux tn`s soh probnssnur a,gmrnu quf sn snhtnht ioupkm`ns as qu,f`s soht bkin

ku johan russn4 `ns Eufbs an `k jfsrn ignz `nsqun`s mfnh souvnht pnhakfnht ans

`khlns nt s,trkhl`kfnht ans lkjjns( Jjn `k jusfqun sf igrn ku iur an

Jkhan`stkj prnhkft ans kiinhts jfsrkm`ns òrsqu,n``n tkft eoun akhs `k pkrtfn

euakqun au `fttork` `nttoh( Eusqu `,kutnur au Afmmoud=

rauft `,fjkln a,uhn tnharn psyig soubbrkht a,gjorroans(

Skr`kht ans pgfòsopgns tk`juafstns qun rninvkft soh prn Jkhan`stkj

iojjnhtn 5 F`s sn p`kflhkfnht a,trn pnrsiuts pkr `nurs jigkhtns pousns( @n

jot pnrsiuts rkppn``n a,kutrns pnrsiutfohs kutrnjnht pùs tnrrfm`ns aoht

anvkfnht inrtkfhnjnht sn p`kfharn ins gojjns nh gkmft òhl + trkhln jjofrn

s`nitfvn qun in``n an Jkhan`stkj nh inttn khhn ;6=99( Iojjnht nxp`fqunr qun

; Qrka( B( Drn` op( ift(

= Ykjun` KH*YDF an soh vrkf hoj ]KSSOSO]Q ;729*;6=3( Houvn``fstn nt arkjkturlnirfvkfh an `khlun yfaafsg nt russn(

9 Ku amut au sfi`n ans inhtkfhns an òik`fts soht avkstns pkr ans polrojs nh ]ussfniojjn nh ^drkfhn( I,nst nh ;6;; 'khhn an `k iohvnrsfoh an Jkhan`stkj& quniojjnhin `,Kbbkfrn Mn`fs( Nh ;6;6 kòrs qun Jkhan`stkj sn trouvn Dgkrdov pufs Dfnv pnhakht `k lunrrn ifvf`n ans vkluns an polrojs s,kmkttnht sur `ns popu`ktfohs

eufvns( Akhs soh `fvrn an jjofrns F`fk Ngrnhmourl rkiohtn qu,f` k t tjofh kvniJkhan`stkj a,uhn huft an polroj


25/68

=>

ùf quf s,nst toueours vouù au it ans bkfm`ns nt ans opprfjs quf k toueours

rnbus `n iojprojfs kft sf kfsjnht trkhsfl ` kvni sk iohsifnhin ? tkft*in kuhoj a,uh iohbort jork` ?

Jkfs kvkft*f` vrkfjnht `n igofx ?

@,fjkln uhfqun lrfjkkhtn nt jnhkkhtn an in euaksjn vfan an snhs

bkhtojktfqun quf ùf tkft proposn tkft nxnjptn an toutn trkin an iu`turn nt

hn rn`nvkft qun an `k mkrmkrfn( Eusqu,kux btns eufvns quf portkfnht ans hojs

mkrmkrns( Qout tkft trkhlnr ku pntft lkroh quf rvkft a,trn uh nhbkht an

Stnrsmourl 5 `,k`pgkmnt gmrkqun `ns f`ùstrktfohs an soh jkhun` a,gmrnu `ntk`ftg ekuhn nt hofr au lrkha*prn an ]flk `k syhklolun tn``n uh bflufnr

trkhlnr rfnh h,kvkft an snhs tout tkft brkpp au sinku igkos ( Inttn pktrfn

eufvn fhiohhun fhiojprgnhsfm`n jnhkin an anstruitfoh f` `k rnbuskft kvni

opfhftrnt an toutns sns borins(

Ku bf` ans pklns `k rkhiur kuljnhtn `,irfturn prnsqun mkafhn ku amut

anvfnht an pùs nh pùs hnrvnusn( Bfn``nusn( In johan tnhtkiu`kfrn Jkhan`stkj `n

pnroft iojjn uhn oanur 5 tout iojjn uhn jfnttn an jusi njp`ft an soh oanur

uhn jkfsoh toutn nhtfrn an jjn `k jofharn fhbùnhin an euaksjn njp`ft toutn

uhn vfn( TZ Souvkfs*en hn pks rnjkrqunr qun akhs `ns vrkfns jkfsohs eufvns

`,oanur h,tkft pks `k jjn qun akhs `ns jkfsohs krynhhns ? TZ En jn rkppn``n

eusqu, prsnht inttn oanur eufvn aouintrn(

Bk``kft*f` qun Jkhan`stkj soubbrn pour nh krrfvnr irfrn uhn kussf vfru`nhtn

afktrfmn aflhn au jnf``nur igkhtrn an `,khtfsjftfsjn + K*t*f` vrkfjnht iru qun inttn

prosn `n a`fvrnrkft an sns ajohs ?

F` nst sflhfbfiktfb qun Jkhan`stkj kft rnssnhtf `n johan eufb nssnhtfn``njnht

iojjn uhn oanur( Ikr qu,nst*in qu,uhn oanur sfhoh `k pnrinptfoh prnjfrn qun

`,oh k nh rnhtrkht au angors ? In angors i,tkft kvkht tout Ykfht*Stnrsmourl vf``n

sum`fjn a,kutkht pùs bnrfqun nt jklhtfqun qu,n``n iohtrkstkft kvni `n

ikuignjkr fhtrfnur(


26/68

=2

Igkqun eour an soh nhbkhin Jkhan`stkj k jnh uhn aoum`n vfn sn projnhkht

akhs Stnrsmourl kvni sk hursn akhs inttn vf``n o f` anvkft toueours sn pkssnr

qun`qun igosn an trs bkstunux nt an trs so`nhhn` nt kprs ins projnhkans an

rvn f` bk``kft rntrouvnr `k rk`ft bkhtojktfqun an `k jkfsoh pktnrhn``n( A,uh it

an `k portn an `,kppkrtnjnht f` tkft kspfr vnrs `n hkht qukha an `,kutrn it

mouf`òhhkft `k vfn uhn vfn iohqurfr nt quf h,nh tkft aohi qun pùs kttfrkhtn( K

snpt khs inttn afigotojfn anvkft trn aurn kssujnr( N``n `n but skhs aoutn pùs

nhiorn kvni `ns khhns( `,kao`nsinhin Jkhan`stkj hn s,nst jjn pks trouv

anvkht uh af`njjn( F` anvkft s,kuto*prsnrvnr nt i,nst skhs gsftktfoh skhs sn posnr

an qunstfohs qu,f` k rsoùjnht tourh `n aos tout in quf pouvkft ùf rkppn`nr an

prs ou an òfh nt `n euaksjn nt sk bkjf``n probohajnht iohvkfhiu an h,kvofr rfnh

nh kttnharn hf sur `n p`kh kbbnitfb hf sur `n p`kh spfrftun` hf sur `n p`kh iu`turn`(

toubb pkr uh mnsofh frrprnssfm`n an tnharnssn nt a,kjour aohhnr i,nst sur

Stnrsmourl qun Jkhan`stkj rnportn soh kbbnitfoh Stnrsmourl aoht f` pkr`n

iojjn a,uh trn an igkfr nt an skhl 5 TZ `ns qukrtfnrs an lrkhft nt an mofs tout

in iur tnharn an `k vf``n kvni sk jkrn an p`kins sns ekrafhs mourfbbs sns òts

an johujnhts `ns ikrfktfans an `,Nrjftkln `k jystrfnusn run Jf``fohhkyk TZ

Igkqun kaenitfb sou`flhn `,khtfhojfn kvni `n johan eufb nt bkjf`fk`( An `,kutrn it

an `k portn `*mks `n iur nst sni `,mourfbb s,kppn``n asorarn `n jystrfnux

khlofssn( igkqun iofh an run tout prtkft iojpkrkfsoh( F` kurkft mfnh vouù

skhs aoutn `n enuhn Ossfp troqunr `n igkos iohtrn `,orarn `ns rufhns iohtrn `n

lrkhft `k poussfrn iohtrn `n bkstn `n ùlumrn iohtrn `k btn( Nt h,tkft*in pks uh

sumstftut an prn qu,f` voykft akhs in jkrfh Tan `k lkranZ kux joustkigns hofrns

qu,f` avorkft ans ynux ?

Jkhan`stkj bkft sfnh ou pùs nxkitnjnht vouarkft bkfrn sfnh in pkrkafs an

lrkhft nt an jkrmrn( Jkfs trkhlnr ignz ùf pkr fjpossfmf`ft an s,fanhtfbfnr quof

qun in bt akhs inttn jkfsoh*jort f` hn `,tkft pks jofhs gors an ignz ùf int


27/68

=(Jkhan`stkj bkft k``usfoh Jkakjn Movkry nt Khhk Dkrhfhn(

= Fmfa( Jkhan`stkj pkr`n fif ans roturfnrs au sfi`n anrhfnr 5 vnrs `n jf`fnu au WFWjnsfi`n `,fhstruitfoh inssn a,trn `n johopo`n nxi`usfb an `k ikstn krfstoirktfqun( ^hntoutn houvn``n fhtn``flnhtsfk voft `n eour 5 fssus ans i`kssns joynhhns ou ans jf`fnuxjoanstns `ns roturfnrs nhvkgfssnht `ns uhfvnrsfts(


28/68

=7

an Souigdfhn nt an Lolo` an Rf`òh nt an Akhtn nh uh jot an `k iu`turn

uhfvnrsn``n(@ns iojjnhtkfrns krtfi`ns irftfquns iohinrhkht @nMruft au Qnjps oht t quksf*

uhkhfjnjnht kajfrktfbs tkht `,poqun o `n `fvrn nst pkru qun an hos eours( ^hn

ans rkrns kvofr rnssnhtf uh jk`kfsn `k `niturn an inttn prosn k t Jkrfhk

Qsvntknvk( Akhs uhn `nttrn uh kjf n``n aft nh ;6=2 5 en aigfrn nh pntfts

jorinkux `,flhom`n `fvrn an J/khan`stkj/ @n Mruft au Qnjps (

Qsvntknvk quf anux khs kupkrkvkht irfvkft akhs soh kajfrkm`n Sojn an `k Bfh5

Rfvrn nst uh `fnu o i,nst fjpossfm`n 5@n qukr*tfnr eufb au anakhsNh in johan*if gypnrigrtfnh@ns potns soht ans Eufbs +;

k skhs aoutn prfs inttn prosn pour uh pur irf an gkfhn(

N``n nst uh irf nh nbbnt( An gkfhn ouf an rvo`tn an pkssfohs( Jkfs uh irf

sk`vktnur quf aigfrn `k jkssn toubbkhtn au sf`nhin bkft skutnr `ns vnrrous( Snu

fjportn qun in irf soft nhbnrj akhs uhn irfturn*ikrkpkin qun inttn prosn

h,kpportn Jkhan`stkj kuiuhn rpohsn houvn``n 5 sk gkrlhn khtf*euakqun*khtf*

bkjf`fk`n f` `k prnssnhtkft anpufs òhltnjps( Ykhs jots( Nt jkfhtnhkht `ns jots

soht ` `k pùjn k `fmr ans snhtfjnhts ans jotfohs uhn klrnssfvft qun

Jkhan`stkj iohtnhkft anpufs trnhtn khs( Sour `k prnjfrn bofs f` osn rnlkranr soh

pkss akhs `ns ynux y ignrigkht `k eustfbfiktfoh an sk proprn nxfstnhin(

Sourtkht inttn kmrkitfoh hn ùf kpportn pks `k pkfx fhtrfnurn( K `,fhvnrsn n``n

bkft hktrn nh ùf uhn khlofssn houvn``n uh fjjnhsn snhtfjnht an iu`pkmf`ft

`ktnht hoh nxprfj 5 pnut*oh rnhfnr `ns sfnhs skhs sn snhtfr ioupkm`n bkin sof*

jjn bkin sk iohsifnhin ?

; J( QYRNQKNRK 5 @n Sojn an `k Bfh trka( N( Jk``nrnt a( @,Kln a,Gojjn(


29/68

=6

Jkhan`stkj s,nhbohin akhs `n jk`*trn( Yoh fhspfrktfoh potfqun sn tkrfn( @n

Mruft au Qnjps tkpn fjportkhtn snuf` an `k jjofrn h,k nhiorn rfnh rso`u anabfhftfb(


30/68

93

FFF

@,FANHQFQ ]NIOHH^N

Nh jusfqun `n p`us fjportkhthn sn trouvn pks akhs `k pkrtftfoh(

L((Jkg`nr

jk vfn uhn vofx angors qukquk an toutns pkrtsans jots ans mrfmns pufs p`us rfnh pufs a,kutrns a,kutrnsjots a,kutrns mrfmns `ns jjns jk` aftns jk` nhtnhauns

pufs rfnh uh tnjps horjn pufs nh jof akhs `n ikvnkum`khignur a,os ans mrfmns afx sniohans qufhzn sniohansjk` nhtnhauns jk jurjurns jk` nhtnhauns jk`hotns jk vfn nhtfrn mk`mutfnjnht sfx bofs iorigk inssn an gk`ntnr en `,nhtnhas jk vfn en `,kf `k jurjurn

Y(Mnidntt


31/68

9;

@n lnhrn `fttrkfrn au Qfjmrn lyptfnh k souvnht port iohtrovnrsn 5 uvrn

an bfitfoh uh ans prnjfnrs nsskfs surrk`fstns russns bfitfoh post*

lolo`fnhhn prosn kutomfolrkpgfqun Jkhan`stkj nt pnut*trn sourf ans

jou`ns akhs `nsqun`s `ns irftfquns oht pkrbofs tnhakhin nhbnrjnr `ns kutnurs(

`,orflfhn an inttn prosn fhabfhfsskm`n uh rvn(

Inttn huft e,kf rv a,uh Igfhofs quf portkft uhn lufr`khan an pntftsskis an akjns iojjn uh io``fnr an ln`fhottns nt kussf a,uhn pnhau`n iouiou bflurkht uh aun` kjrfikfh o `ns kavnrskfrns tfrkfnht ku pfsto`nt

akhs ans johtklhns an vkfssn``n ans nhirfnrs nt ans tkm`nkux an bkjf``n(Jk bkjf``n en tn proposn uh m`ksoh 5 uh vnrrn a,nku mouf``fn( Akhs`,krrfrn*lot ikoutigout an `,nku mouf``fn ptnrsmourlnofsn en mofs`,fjjortk`ft aojnstfqun nh bkf``ftn( @k borin inhtrfbuln au tnjps kafssjfh hos igkfsns vfnhhofsns nt hos kssfnttns go``khakfsns pntftnsb`nurs m`nuns( ]fnh h,nst rnst( Qrnhtn khs sn soht iou`s iojjn uh `nhtfhinhafn( Qrnhtn khhns aurkht uhn m`khign b`kjjn brofan k `ig `n aosans jfrofrs jkrqus a,tfqunttns a,gufssfnrs(

Jkfs iojjnht j,krrkignr tof igrn lyptn ans oments ? vfanhtnfjjortk`ft an `k sk``n jkhlnr au ikmfhnt( Iojjnht rpkrnr jkbkutn? Qu vnux uh \k`gk``k ? Rof` `ns nhtrnpts Dodornwsdf( Rks*y

aohi `*mks ku apt + Ae `ns ajhklnurs sn trjousskhta,pouvkhtn sou`vnht au ikmfhnt `n pfkho qunun Jflhoh tn` uhjtorn hofr vnrhfs tojm au ifn`( Ans tof`ns lrossfrns soht tnhaunsiojjn ans igksum`ns skinraotk`ns(

trkhln pkys ans sohlns( Nh uhn huft Jkhan`stkj k bkft `n mf`kh an sns trnhtn*

sfx khs( @n Mruft au Qnjps tkft kussf nh qun`qun sortn uh mf`kh pnut*trn uh


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9=

fhvnhtkfrn brofa akhs sk irukut kitn voòhtkfrn a,irfturn*abnhsn prosn*nxutofrn(

Fif tout nst rkafik`njnht afbbrnht tkht `k ajkrign qun `n iohstkt(@n rvn nst h ju pkr uhn khlofssn an jort quf hn `kfssn pks an aoutn

khhohin as `n amut 5 TZ uh Igfhofs quf portkft uhn lufr`khan an pntfts skis an

akjn( @n Igfhofs Jkhan`stkj `n aioan qun`quns khhns pùs tkra akhs @k

[uktrfjn Srosn 5 En sufs Igfhofs pnrsohhn hn jn iojprnha( [ukht kux skis anakjn

Jkhan`stkj nh nxp`fiftn `n snhs `k bfh au Qfjmrn lyptfnh 5 i,nst `n ski au jouefd

a,KhhkDkrhfhn in pntft jouefd kvkht*iournur an jort((

@n rvn njpruhtn pkrbofs an mfnh trkhlns alufsnjnhts( Qout `n pofas an skiu`pkmf`ft quf nhlnharn inttn khlofssn an jort Jkhan`stkj `n rnssnht iojjn

pnhau soh iou( Snhakht trnhtn khs f` k tfr sur ans tkm`nkux an bkjf``n( Snhakht

trnhtn khs f` k rnbus an sn rnlkranr akhs `ns jfrofrs `nur tourhkht ostnhsfm`njnht

`n aos `ns rnlkrakht `,nhvnrs( Snhakht trnhtn khs f` s,nst kpp`fqu mr`nr

`,Nlyptn fjjortn``n sf vfanjjnht fjjortn``n mr`kht a,uhn m`khign b`kjjn

brofan soh pkss jojfbf( Qout tkft pnrjfs( @,fhafbbrnhin `k gkfhn jjn tkht

qun in pkss snjm`kft fjjortn`pkrinqu,f` tkft fjjortn`( Jkfs vof` qun ans jots

vfnhhnht fhkttnhaus fjprvfsfm`ns nhtrkhs pkr `n rvn 5

I o j j n h t r p k r n r j k b k u t n ?

H,nst*f` pks trop tkra pufsqun rfnh h,nst rnst nt qun `k borin inhtrfbuln au

tnjps k tout afssjfh qun `,fjjortk`ft aojnstfqun TnstZ nh bkf``ftn ?

In pkss bfl akhs `,fjjomf`fsjn qun Jkhan`stkj kvkft atnrr akhs @n Mruft

au Qnjps vof` qun jkfhtnhkht f` ùf iourt kprs rvkht pkssfohhjnht an ùf

rnaohhnr vfn an `n bkfrn sfnh nt prsnht( Jkfs sk igrn lyptn ans oments in tnjp`n au

souvnhfr in \k`gk``k pour `ns rntrouvnr f` bkut k``nr ku lkran*jnum`ns kux

nhtrnpts Dodornwsdf(

Nh ;6== Jkhan`stkj ikrnsskft `fjkln ans ustnhsf`ns aojnstfquns igk`nur

au boynr rnssnhtfn iojjn skirn( F` nh pkr`kft iojjn a,uh butur possfm`n a,uh mut


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99

kttnfharn jkfs an toutn vfanhin inttn jtkpgorn kmstrkftn hn iohinrhkft nh rfnh

soh proprn viu( Fif `n rvn k nhtrkh ans kssoifktfohs '`ns kssfnttns go``khakfsns pntftns b`nurs m`nuns `ns igkfsns vfnhhofsns `n pfkho `ns pfins an `k jkfsoh `n

ikmfhnt tkht gohhf quktrn khs kupkrkvkht& quf skirk`fsnht `n pkss mfnh rn` an

Jkhan`stkj jkfs uh krrfrn*lot an trop tkra nhlnharn uh snhtfjnht anbkutn aoht

`k voòht an rpkrktfoh snrk `n bf` iohauitnur au Qfjmrn lyptfnh(

Sour rnhounr kvni soh pkss `n rfhtlrnr `n bkfrn sfnh Jkhan`stkj vk eounr

uhn sortn an psyigoarkjn quf vk ùf pnrjnttrn an pkrtfr `k rnignrign au tnjps

pnrau `k rnignrign an soh Jof pnrau(

@,gfstofrn an `k pfin qun Jkhan`stkj vk sn eounr nt aoht hous kvohs

`,fjprnssfoh a,trn `n spnitktnur fhafsirnt nst rauftn sk pùs sfjp`n nxprnssfoh 5

sur boha gfstorfqun `,t ;6;< uh gojjn au hoj an Skrhod; vk vfvrn anux

mrvns gfstofrns pkrk```ns( Oh `n suft akhs sk ioursn trkvnrs Stnrsmourl o f`tnhtn a,uhn pkrt an riuprnr sk ignjfsn a,kutrn pkrt a,njpignr uh `yhigkln

aoht f` nst `n tjofh(

A`fmrjnht Jkhan`stkj `kfssn k``nr sk pùjn skhs iohtr`n a,uhn irfturn

proign an `,irfturn kutojktfqun( @ns kssoifktfohs hkfssnht a,n``ns*jjns

Jkhan`stkj*irfvkfh s,fhtnraft a,fhtnrvnhfr an `ns inhsurnr( As `ns prnjfrns

pklns f` fhstk``n Skrhod akhs sns proprns jnum`ns 5 Skrhod kvkft suspnhau sk

ekqunttn sur `n aossfnr an `k igkfsn vfnhhofsn igkfsns vfnhhofsns an k jkfsoh anJkhan`stkj qun `k borin inhtrfbuln au tnjps k afssjfhns (

; I( Mrowh nt sk suftn hojmrn an irftfquns oht pos iojjn kxfojn qun Skrhod kvkftrn``njnht nxfst qun Jkhan`stkj s,tkft fhspfr pour soh gros a,uh inrtkfh Skrhkdgqu,f` kvkft rnhiohtr Skrfs( Inttn kssnrtfoh lrktuftn hoh*bohan nt gtfvn snjm`nbkhtkfsfstn( F` pkrkt tout bkft vfanht qun `n jot pkrhod vfnht nh aroftn `flhn an`,kaenitfb russn pkrhyf quf sflhfbfn -borjkht `k pkfrn-( Skrhod aoum`n an Jkhan`stkjh,nst nh bkft qun `k trkauitfoh `fttrk`n au jot aoum`n(


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91

Jkhan`stkj ìgn soh aoum`n f` `n `kfssn k``nr `,omsnrvn vfvrn sk vfn fhtfjn skhs

nh avfnr `n iours a,uh trkft an pùjn(Sùs qun soh aoum`n Skrhod nst `k proenitfoh a,uh Jkhan`stkj quf sojjnf``n

nh ùf nt qu,f` `kfssn sortfr an `,ojmrn( @,irfvkfh hn `n lufan pks( F` vnut `n rnlkranr

vfvrn `n `kfssnr kbbrohtnr ans sftuktfohs eusqu, `,nxtrjn( F` `n sftun voòhtkfrnjnht

ku inhtrn an soh proprn uhfvnrs johan kuqun` f` fhsubb`n vfn nt rk`ft(

^h kh kupkrkvkht Jkhan`stkj kvkft ae bkft uhn mkuign uh iroqufs an `k

buturn sf`gounttn an Skrhod akhs uh krtfi`n iohskir `k vf``n an Dfnv 5 TZ `n

anrhfnr shom an Dfnv quf akjmu`kft sur `k Drigtigktfd pnhakht `ns eours anpkhfqun akhs ans igkussurns vnrhfns nt uh p`kfa ikrrnkux pkr`kht `n pùs po`f ans

`khlklns aofsnku(

@n prototypn nsqufss `n Skrhod an ;6=< prnha vfn( Sourtkht `n `fvrn rnbnrj

hous snrfohs mfnh fhikpkm`ns an hous `n rnprsnhtnr pgysfqunjnht( Ykhs ynux skhs

vfskln skhs iorps skhs ln kvni pour snu`s kttrfmuts ans igkussurns vnrhfns nt

uh irhn anvnhu igkuvn kux iohinrts an Yirfkmfhn quk`fbf an pntft pnut*trn

pùs ikusn an soh kfr pftoykm`n 'iojjn oh aft uh pntft Eufb & qunh rbrnhin

`Kdkdf Kdkdnvftig; an Lolo` aoht f` nst inpnhakht uh òfhtkfh pkrnht `fjkln an

Skrhod nst fhskfsfsskm`n( Apourvu an prhoj apourvu anhbkhin an pkrnht an

pkss iojjn an butur f` hk rfnh auh gros hf jjn auhpnrsohhkln( Ykhs `nen an

Jkhan`stkj iohstkjjnht prsnht akhs soh ojmrn uh en ioòhhn vnrtmrk`n an

Skrhod f` hkurkft pùs kuiuhn nxfstnhin( F` hn prnha borjn nt vfn qun pkr rkpport

in en quf nst inùf an `gojjn*Jkhan`stkj( Skrhod inst `n brrn ikant au

Ykòjoh aK`mnrt Iognh iur pur TsohZ pntft kjf fhtfjn `ns eours an hkusn(

; Gros an `k houvn``n an Lolo` @n Jkhtnku(


35/68

9>

Ku prnjfnr kmora Skrhod nst uh pntft akhay quf nsskfn mfnh vkfhnjnht an

sn bkfrn uhn p`kin akhs Stnrsmourl( A( Ynlk` `n abfhft iojjn uh pkrvnhu; f` nst

afbbfif`n an sn rkhlnr int kvfs( Skrhod nst kvkht tout uh fak`fstn uh rvnur( Yf`

rvn akvofr uhn posftfoh soifk`n 'anvnhfr aroljkh ku Jfhfstrn ans Kbbkfrns

trkhlrns& inst pour trn rniohhu pkr uhn soift russn fhiohaftfohhn``njnht

gostf`n tous inux qun``n hn rniohhkt pks iojjn sfnhs( Sour rk`fsnr in rvn bou

kvofr uhn p`kin akhs in johan russn bksifhkht f` sn bkft bkfrn sur jnsurn uhn

ekqunttn uh gkmft afjposturn pkssnport fhafspnhskm`n pour k``nr `k iohqutn au

tout*pufsskht Stnrsmourl(

F`s soht mfnh joanstns nt mfnh pnu tnrrn tnrrn `ns rvns an Skrhod( Arkp akhs

soh nhvnòppn tnrrnstrn f` pourrkft nhbfh pkrkanr kux iohinrts bkfrn ans

iohbrnhins kfjnr nt sn bourvoynr ( Nt pufs f` anvfnharkft iojjn `ns pnrsohhklns

ans rojkhs an Mk`zki nt an Ytnhagk` kuxqun`s f` sfanhtfbfn ins omsiurs provfhifkux

pkrtfs `k iohqutn an Skrfs( @uifnh an ]umnjpr ùf stkft rks nt `kvnhfr tkft

h an `k joussn an skvoh ( Jkfs @uifnh an ]umnjpr htkft hf russn hf eufb(

Hu``n pkrt akhs `n tnxtn f` hnst aft qun Skrhod nst eufb( Sourtkht f` hnst pks

pnrjfs anh aoutnr( Eufb akmora akhs `nrnlkra ans kutrns anpufs `nhbkhin anpufs

`poqun o sns ikjkrkans an i`kssn `n iohsfarkfnht iojjn uhn mtn iurfnusn uh

Qfjmrn lyptfnh uh nh`nvnur an tkigns nh uh jot uh Eufb uh nhbkht pks

iojjn `ns kutrns( Eufb kau`tn jprfs pkr `ns bnjjns nt `ns iohifnrlns

iohstkjjnht sous `k jnhkin fhùitkm`n 5 Oh tn jnttrk gohtnusnjnht `k portn

TZ oh tn afbbkjnrk oh tn iouvrfrk an gohtn( Skrhod nst mfnh an inux quf hoht

pks `gnur an p`kfrn `k bou`n 4 n``n `ns rnprn fhstkhtkhjnht( trn Eufb irfvkft

; A( YNLK@ @ftnrkturk dkd odgrkhkyk lrkjotk ' `k `fttrkturn iojjn skub*iohauft & Y`kvfik Gfnroso`yjftkhk vo`(R*RF Erusk`nj ;67;(


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92

K`mnrt Jnjjf inst akmora in bkft lòmk`5 inst sn trouvnr jfs nh qunstfoh sn

snhtfr nh pnrjkhnhtn kiiusktfoh nxp`fiftn ou fjp`fiftn i`kfrn ou iohbusn( Akhs @n Mruft au Qnjps Jkhan`stkj hkvkft pks au tout bkft k`ùsfoh soh

iojp`nxn au Eufb bkin `kutrn( In quf `n proiiupkft in jojnht*` itkft an

eustfbfnr sk buftn auh johan kuqun` f` hn vou`kft hf sfanhtfbfnr hf kppkrtnhfr( Fif

`hohi afbbrn rkafik`njnht 5 Skrhod soh aoum`n kiinptn fjp`fiftnjnht soh

kppkrtnhkhin( Sùs jjn( F` hn sklft pks auhn kiinptktfoh ou auh rnbus aohi

auh igofx jkfs an `k iohstktktfoh auh tkt an bkft(

Eufb Skrhod `nst kussf skhs aoutn akhs inttn propnhsfoh jk`kafvn ku rvn 5toutn rk`ft nst uh trnjp`fh pour `n pkys ans igfjrns( Kfhsf uhn rohan``n an

iftroh inst uh mf``nt pour `k Yfif`n vnrs `ns rosns lrkssns ( Qout nst prtnxtn ku

rvn ikr pour uhn pntftn jn an iohinrt kppkrtnhkht ku pkrkafs brkjmofsn ans

iohtrnmkssns nt ans mouraohs 'nt ` sn probf`nht nh trkhspkrnhin tous `ns Skrhod

an `k `fttrkturn eufvn& snu` `n bkhtksjn pnut pnrjnttrn aigkppnr `njprfsn an `k

rk`ft f` nst uh rnjpkrt iohtrn `khlofssn nt `n snhtfjnht afhsiurft(

Jkfs Skrhod kfjn `k vfn pkssfohhjnht( Yk vfn outrn `n rvn inst `nspofr(

@nspofr*igfjrn `nspofr*bkhtksjn jkfs kussf `nspofr iohirnt gfstorfqun

prsnht 5 `k ]voùtfoh an Bvrfnr Skrhod `k voft iojjn uhn mrkhign an pfh auh

vnrt vfb ln`n akhs uh moik` m`nu( Inst n``n quf obbrn pour `k prnjfrn bofs uhn

pntftn jn eufvn `k possfmf`ft an snhvnòppnr akhs uhn ekqunttn nt atrn nhbfh

`lk`n ans kutrns ou au jofhs an anvnhfr qun`qu,uh kux ynux ans kutrns(

Nt pufs f` y k `k jusfqun Akhs int uhfvnrs ku `khlkln uhfvnrsn` Skrhod pnut

sn snhtfr nhbfh uh gojjn pkrt nhtfrn( Yk pnur skpkfsn( F` pnut iojprnharn nt

trn iojprfs kfjnr nt trn kfj trn ùf*jjn uhn pntftn jn skhs trn johtr

au aoflt rnent jprfs(

@k jusfqun nst ojhfprsnhtn akhs @n Qfjmrn lyptfnh( Skr `k jklfn au vnrmn

Jkhan`stkj ùf fhsubb`n uhn vfn tkhlfm`n akhs uh bnstfvk` an jtkpgorns(


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9;

Bf``n auh pkuvrn iojafnh kjmu`kht fssun an `k roturn sf igrn Jkhan`stkj

Khlfo`fhk Mozfo kvkft iru qun `n tfjmrn jtk``fqun an sk vofx sns rou`kans nt trjoòsùf ouvrfrkfnht `ns portns au johan nt an `k lòfrn;( Jkfs f` nst ans fhstkhts o

`kutgnhtfift hnst pùs iojpktfm`n kvni `krt qukha in anrhfnr rfjn kvni krtfbfin nt

qun `krtfstn y pnroft souakfh ans kiinhts an iojprojfssfoh ou an prostftutfoh(

@k jort obbfifn``n an `k soprkho i`mrn kvni lrkhafosn pkr ans igkrolhkras nh

`l`fsn Lvkrnhluf=iohtrkstn kvni `klohfn an `krtfstn snu`n kvni n``n*jjn akhs

uhn igkjmrn sojmrn( Akhs inttn sihn jouvkhtn o `k ikhtktrfin jourkhtn sn

sou`vn nt igkhtn in qun``n anvkft igkhtnr Jkhan`stkj ùf kussf sous `trnfhtn an`khlofssn an `k jort `kvn `k souf`ùrn an sk pùjn pum`fqun( Nt tkhafs qun `k

ikhtktrfin rntrouvn sk vofx kutgnhtfqun `n potn rntrouvn ùf soh irfturn

agfrohan``n(

Inttn iohstn``ktfoh an aoum`ns proents akhs `nspkin nt `n tnjps k pnrjfs

Jkhan`stkj an rnlkranr nh bkin igkiuhn an sns m`nssurns igkiuh an sns aoutns

anh prnharn iohsifnhin an `ns inrhnr pour nhbfh kttnfharn nt rniohhktrn sk proprn

fjkln(

Skrkaoxk`njnht inst nh fhtnrprtkht `n tgjn an `k auk`ft sur tous `ns joans

sur tous `ns rnlfstrns qun Jkhan`stkj nst pkrvnhu rniohqurfr soh uhft

rntrouvnr `k iogsfoh an soh Jof(

; In pksskln trouvn uh igo akhs `k stropgn sufvkhtn irftn nh ;69; 5Sour `k lòfrn rntnhtfsskhtn ans sfi`ns vnhfrSour `k`tfrn trfmu ans gojjnsEkf pnrau jk ioupn ku bnstfh an jns prnsEkf pnrau jk eofn ekf pnrau joh gohhnur(

Ins vnrs snroht tuafs pùs nh atkf` akhs `n igkpftrn sufvkht(

= F` snrkft tnhtkht an rkpproignr in pksskln quf snjm`n bkfrn bflurn an prjohftfoh kvniòbbfin rn`flfnux ortgoaoxn i`mr `k jjofrn aOssfp Jkhan`stkj Johtlnroh nh;67=(


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FR

@FANHQFQ KYY^JN

@k `fmnrt nst akhs `k rnjohtn kux sourins(

N(Ekmns


53/68

>9

Skr uhn ajkrign omsiurn quf hk pks `kfss an trkins irftns Jkhan`stkj snst

souakfh tourh vnrs `k euakift; pnu an tnjps kvkht an iojjnhinr irfrn @n

Qfjmrn lyptfnh( Jk`gnurnusnjnht rfnh akhs `ns tnxtns hn `kfssn pkrktrn ou

prnssnhtfr o sn sftun in jojnht brklf`n nt fhskfsfsskm`n 5 f` hnxfstn pks an prosn hf

an vnrs sfjf`kfrns ku Qfjmrn lyptfnh aoht oh pourrkft ajohtnr `ns rouklns sufvrn

`n ignjfhnjnht quf `k jnh an `k rvo`tn skhs hukhins iohtrn tout in quf tkft eufb

au Mruft au Qnjpsku snhtfjnht kflu akppkrtnhkhin uh pnup`n an @k [uktrfjn

Srosn(

Ku rnent skhs qufvoqun an in quf` hojjkft au tnrjn lòmk` an euaksjn bkft

p`kin uhn iurfosft mfnhvnf``khtn aoum`n auh fhtrt hoh ahu an syjpktgfn

pour `n johan eufb(

Nh ;6=2 Jkhan`stkj pkssn `t Dfnv( @n spnitki`n an `k ikpftk`n udrkfhfnhhn

bortn anhsft eufvn `n igkrjn `kttnharft `n rkvft 5 Enhtnhas uh jkrjottnjnht

sous jns pfnas( Nst*in uh dgnanr ? Hoh ^hn jkfsoh an prfrn akhs uhn ikvn(

^hn inhtkfhn agojjns vhrkm`ns nh tk`nss rky soht fhstk``s iojjn ans io`fnrs

; Sour pùs an iojjoaft nst rnprfsn fif `k tnrjfhoòlfn proposn pkr K`mnrt JNJJF 5* @k euaft nst `n bkft nt `k jkhfrn atrn eufb(* @k euakift nst `nhsnjm`n ans pnrsohhns eufvns* @n euaksjn nst `nhsnjm`n ans aoitrfhns nt ans fhstftutfohs eufvns(

'K(JNJJF Sortrkft auh Eufb&(


54/68

>1

atrofts pupftrns ekuhns( Snrsohhn hn `nur prtn kttnhtfoh( Inst `n pnfhtrn

Igklk`` quf` bkuarkft fif + ;Ku iours an in jjn t f` aiouvrn toueours Dfnv `n Qgtrn Eufb atkt= nt

`n enu skfsfsskht an soh kitnur prfhifpk` pur lhfn tgtrk` Yoòjoh Jfdgon`s( @ns

pfins eouns nh yfaafsg vnf``nht nh ùf ans rsohkhins kussf probohans

qufhkttnhauns( Jkhan stkj nst sous `n ioup auh igoi jotfohhn` aoht ìgo vk

mfnh ku*an` au enu tgtrk` quf sobbrn sns ynux( F` nst nh vrftkm`n iojjuhfoh

kvni `n pnup`n eufb qufhikrhnht `ns kitnurs( Anrrfrn ins bflurns akitnurs

Jkhan`stkj rniohhkt `ns Eufbs gkssfafj purs atnhtnurs auhn trkaftfoh vrkfnju`tfjf``hkfrn aoht `k borin nstgtfqun nst `k trkauitfoh auhn borin tgfqun quf `n

mou`nvnrsn( Qoutn `k borin au euaksjn tout `n rytgjn an `k pnhsn kmstrkftn

akhskhtn toutn `k bfnrt an `k akhsn aoht `n snu` jotfb nst nh bfh an iojptn `k

iojpkssfoh `lkra an `k tnrrn tout in`k pkssn akhs `n trnjm`njnht ans jkfhs

akhs `k vfmrktfoh ans aoflts pnhskhts fhspfrs iojjn uh `khlkln krtfiu`( 9

Oh k pnfhn irofrn qun @n Mruft au Qnjpsnt `krtfi`nJfdgon`s oht t irfts an `k

jjn jkfh nt qun jofhs an anux khs spkrnht ins anux tnxtns(

@n pkrk```n Jkhan`stkj Dkbdk sfjposn an ùf*jjn(

Fhapnhakjjnht ans aohhns gfstorfquns lolrkpgfquns po`ftfquns

rkafik`njnht afbbrnhtns kmstrkitfoh bkftn au jf`fnu nhvfrohhkht nt au iohtnxtn

`fhlufstfqun nt mfnh qun `k vfn an Jkhan`stkj soh nhbkhin ku quotfafnh sns

rkpports kvni soh prn kvni sk jrn kvni sns brrns rnstnht in eour1 `fhvnrsn

an `nhbkhin an Dkbdk tnrrftofrn prktfqunjnht fhvfo` oh hn pnut pks hn pks trn

;Dfnv uvrns iojp`tns Q(FFF(

=@n Qgtrn Eufb aNtkt 'Losnt& quf eoukft nh yfaafsg but boha Sntrolrka nh ;6;6 pkrLrkhovsdf( Yns aiors tkfnht sflhs Igklk`` K`tjkh Bk`d soh rpnrtofrn * Ygo`njK`nfignj Snrntz Ygkòj Ksg

9Jfdgon`s uvrns iojp`tns Q(FFF( An `krlns nxtrkfts an int krtfi`n soht pkrus akhs `krnvun Nsprft 'H;= ;672 trka( N(Kjoursdy&(

1 @n enuhn brrn an Jkhan`stkj Nvluhf kurkft irft uh `fvrn an souvnhfrs quf hkjk`gnurnusnjnht ekjkfs t pum`f 'ib( `k rnvun Hovy JfrH;3 ;67


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tohh pkrbofs jjn skfsf nt qun`qun pnu arout pkr `k sfjf`ftuan ans kttftuans nt

ans rkitfohs ans anux irfvkfhs;5 jjn buftn `kao`nsinhin anvkht in qun Dkbdk

kppn`kft `n bkhtjn au euaksjn jjn irkfhtn atrn kspfr asklrl pkr `n

johan eufb `k bofs ahu an snhs si`ros nt jnhkkht jjn kvnrsfoh `lkra

au prn rnspohskm`n an `nur tkrn nt an `nur jk`gnur orflfhn`s inrtkfhns pklns au

Mruft au Qnjpskurkfnht pu sfhtftu`nr @nttrn 'ouvnrtn& ku prn jjn asfr an sn

boharn akhs `n johan ans kutrns an lojjnr `nur afbbrnhin jjn voòht an

possanr `k `khlun anh atnhfr `ns jofharn snirnts jjn kigkrhnjnht nhtrnr nh

`fttrkturn pour htrn gkmft qun pkr n``n hn vfvrn qun pkr nt pour n``n( Jjnsnhtfjnht an iu`pkmf`ft bkin kux kutrns pkrin qun `k afbbrnhin nst mfnh ` bkin

kux `nurs pour `ns kvofr rnhfs nt trkgfs bkin nux*jjns surtout pour ins

rkfsohs*` prifsjnht( Jjn qutn jk`kafvn afanhtft jjn khlofsskht [uf

sufs*en ? kuqun` Jkhan`stkj k nu ùf `n mohgnur an trouvnr uhn rpohsn(

@n Qfjmrn lyptfnh uhfqun bfitfoh akhs ùvrn an Jkhan`stkj k

fhahfkm`njnht ans kiinhts dkbdknhs( @ns p`kbohas y soht kussf frrktfohhn``njnht

mks qun akhs `ns `fvrns an Dkbdk( @n f` qun T`ns rojkhs nt `ns rifts an DkbdkZ

jnttnht nh sihn irft Jkrtgn ]omnrt hnst ekjkfs qun `n en au rvn vnf`` uh

en sigjktfqun proent akhs uh nspkin nxprfjnhtk` o `n Jof an `kutnur

apouf`` an sns kppkrnhins soifk`ns nt an sns quk`fts kiinssofrns hkppkrkt pùs

qun ahua rauft `nssnhtfn` an sk sftuktfoh( = Skrhod hnst rfnh akutrn qun `n

en ahuaan soh irktnur proent akhs in igkjp nxprfjnhtk` qunst `k prosn n``n*

jjn pkrsnj an bflurns an aoum`ns au aoum`n an `kutnur iojjn `nst `k prosn

an Dkbdk akhs `n snu` mut an pkrvnhfr uhn fjkln an sof( @k borjn ìrfturn an

Jkhan`stkj skppkrnhtn lk`njnht in``n an Dkbdk akhs int krt sumtf` an jkhfnr `k

bkm`n skhs suent hf gros o `n quotfafnh sn j`n `trkhln `n rvn `k rk`ft(

Dkbdk k vfhlt*guft khs qukha f` voft sn proaufrn pour `k prnjfrn bofs `k troupn

an @wy nt `ns kitnurs au Qgtrn Eufb ku ikb Ykvoy an Srklun( Jkhan`stkj k

; Rofr khhnxn p(22*2


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>2

trnhtn*ifhq khs qukha f` aiouvrn `n Qgtrn Eufb sur `k sihn an Dfnv( trkhlnjnht

inst kvni `k jjn jotfoh nt `k jjn bnrvnur quf`s oht tous anux rklf ku

spnitki`n auhn kutrn vfn eufvn possfm`n aoht ùh nt `kutrn flhorkfnht eusqun*`

`nxfstnhin( @nJfdgon`s an Jkhan`stkj pùs proboha akhs sk rb`nxfoh snjm`n trn

`n proòhlnjnht ans hotns qun Dkbdk k iohsflhns akhs soh Eourhk` `n > oitomrn

;6;;(

Inst ` qun `nurs ignjfhs sn spkrnht(

Hu` hn skurk qun``n vofn kurkft njpruhtn Dkbdk sf` kvkft viu eusqu

`poqun gft`rfnhhn hf in quf` snrkft kavnhu an sk qutn afanhtft sf` kvkft iohh u`k Qigiosòvkqufn sovftfsn(

Skrkaoxk`njnht inst lrin `gorrnur an `poqun stk`fhfnhhn qun

Jkhan`stkj k rniouvr sk `fmnrt fhtrfnurn( F` ùf kvkft pkru sf sfjp`n nt sf vfanht

an rnjp`kinr sk bkjf``n nt `n iòkqun eufb pkr `k iojjuhkut ans gojjns + Jkfs

qutkft*n``n anvnhun inttn brktnrhft aoht f` kvkft rv nt ku snrvfin an `kqun``n f`

kvkft jfs sk pùjn ?

Sour `k lòfrn rntnhtfsskhtn ans sfi`ns vnhfrSour `k`tfrn trfmu ans gojjnsEkf pnrau jk ioupn ku bnstfh an jns prnsEkfpnrau jk eofn ekf pnrau joh gohhnur(

Yur jns pku`ns skmkt `n sfi`n igfnh*tunur*an*òups

Jkfs en hn sufs pks òup jof pkr `n skhl an jns vnfhns(;

Oh k `n snhtfjnht qun pnhakht ins qun`quns khhns `k bfh ans khhns vfhlt nt

`n amut ans khhns trnhtn Jkhan`stkj nst proiiup gkht pkr sk iu`pkmf`ft nt

`k rpkrktfoh an skbkutn( [un aft in pojn sf in hnst quf` rptn uhn bofs nhiorn in

qunxprfjkft @n Qfjmrn lyptfnh nh `khlkln sfmy``fh nt @k [uktrfjn Srosn nh i`kfr ?

; Sojn H==< akt ans ;


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> akt au 9 jkf ;69;( Qrka( B(Drn` op( ift(


58/68

>7

nh toutn iohsifnhin quf` k rnhf `k bkjf``n an TsohZ pnup`n inst nh toutn iohsifnhin

quf` snst prfv an sk ioupn ku bnstfh an TsnsZ prns jkfs `n pfvot an inttn stropgn `njot*i` skhs `nqun` in``n*if pnrarkft tout soh snhs en projnts sous*nhtnha auhn

pkrt qun `n rnhlktkppkrtfnht uh tnjps pkss rvoù akutrn pkrt qun `nxiù `n

mkhhf `n askvou `nbrrn jiohhu nst fhvnstf pkrnf` soh brrn mfm`fqun Eosnpg an

`k jfssfoh aù(;

Nhbkht proaflun sauft pkr `n igkht ans sfrhns an Stnrsmourl au

igrfstfkhfsjn ans rojkhfign`s an `k `fttrkturn inst prsnht an soh prn quf`

kttnha `n pkraoh inst soh prn quf` prtn so`nhhn``njnht snrjnht( Yoh prn sohjk`gnur nt soh asgohhnur akhtkh `n vof` proju Ekiom ignb ans Eufbs = +

Eosnpg nt Esus ù nt propgtn `n Sotn sn proenttn akhs ins anux krigtypns

iohbohaus( Qn` Eosnpg f` bkft snrjnht atrn int `jnht auhfbfiktfoh nt ak``fkhin

qun syjmo`fsn `n pufts( Qn` Esus anvkht `n Sufts an Ekiom f` propgtfsn `k prnhhft

an sk vofx potfqun 5 inùf quf mofrk an `nku qun en ùf aohhnrkf anvfnhark nh ùf

uhn sourin anku quf ekf``frk eusqun akhs `k vfn tnrhn``n( 9

; Ossfp nst uh arfv an Vossfb * Eosnpg ( Ib( H( Jkhan`stkj 5 Jkhan`stkjsnst toueours souvnhu an soh gojohyjn lyptfnh nh `gohhnur auqun` f` kvkft rnusoh hoj( 'Rtorkyk Dhflk&(

= Ib( `n pojn H=92 Ikhzohn au =2 jkf ;69; 5

En afrkf sn`k % ku ignb ans EufbsSour sk ikrnssn an brkjmofsn(

'% Yklft*f` au jot sn`k quf nh gmrnu sflhfbfn pkusn fhtnrjan * qun òhpourrkft pkr trkaufrn pkr trvn ou mfnh an sk`kj * sgkòj * aohi pkfx ?Oh rnhiohtrn tkhtt uh tnrjn tkhtt `kutrn snòh `ns aftfohs&(

Akhs soh igkpftrn fhtftu` @n ignb ans Eufbs Hkaneak Jkhan`stkj sn anjkhan qufpnut trn in ignb ans Eufbs tout nh nxp`fqukht qun `k iou`nur brkjmofsn bkft rbrnhin kutkm`nku an ]njmrkhat @n rntour an `Nhbkht proaflun( Or in pojn bkftigrohoòlfqunjnht afrnitnjnht suftn ku pojn ift pùs gkut nt =9 eours snu`njnhtspkrnht `nur rakitfoh( F` snjm`n i`kfr qun Jkhan`stkj rnprnha fif `k jjn fjklnmfm`fqun qun akhs `n pojn H =9> pour hojjnr soh proprn prn(

9 Enkh 1 ;1(


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>6

Akhs @n Mruft au Qnjps Jkhan`stkj sn anjkhakft kvni pnrp`nxft in

qun vou`kft afrn in qun vou`kft nxprfjnr sk bkjf``n( prsnht f` sn aiouvrnjkf`òh an inttn igkhn bkjf`fk`n hoh pùs nhbkht an hu``n pkrt jkfs mfnh an

qun`qun pkrt f` aiouvrn qun `n abkut an `khlun iohlhftk` an sk bkjf``n an

soh prn òfh atrn uhn tkrn gohtnusn nst uhn vrftkm`n rfignssn sk rfignssn;(

@fjkln au prn rnvfnht nhiorn nt nhiorn akhs `n Roykln nh Krjhfn akhs

@Nhtrntfnh sur Akhtn `n pùs souvnht akhs uh afkòlun prn*bf`s igk`nurnux nt

tnharn o `n bf`s*afsifp`n trouvn kuprs an soh prn skvofr protnitfoh

iojprgnhsfoh=

( In afkòlun njprnfht auhn tnharnssn fhbfhfn Jkhan`stkj `khou kvni soh prn kfhsf qunh tjoflhnht `ns qun`quns `nttrns aktkht an inttn

poqun quf oht pu trn rntrouvns9(

In rntour akhs `n snfh pktnrhn` inttn jkrign akhs `ns pks au prn pourrkfnht

htrn qun in qun Brnua k kppn` `n rntour au rnbou` ( Inpnhakht òrsqun

Jkhan`stkj sn rniohhkt iojjn uh proòhlnjnht an soh prn oh hn pnroft `

kuiuh kiinht auhn qunìohqun hlktfoh an sk proprn fhafvfauk`ft an sk proprn

uhfift( @k jusfqun qun Jkhan`stkj nhtnha nst ku iohtrkfrn in``n an sk bf`fktfoh an

; Ib( akhs @Nhtrntfnh sur Akhtn5 F` jn snjm`n qun Akhtn anvkft tuafnr kvni kttnhtfohtous `ns abkuts an prohohifktfoh prtnr òrnf``n kux mluns kux sy``kmns zzkykhtnshksf``khtns joftf kvk`ns nt quf` nh k mnkuioup kpprfs

= Skr nxnjp`n Rfrlf`n/Akhtn ^lo`fho/Khsn`juiifho akhs `Nhtrntfnh sur Akhtn\f`gnj/B`fx akhs `n Roykln nh Krjhfn jkfs kussf `fjkln au Srn Krkrkt * toueoursakhs `n Roykln nh Krjhfn(

9 Ignr pkpk TZ en sufs an pùs nh pùs iohvkfhiu qun hous kvohs horjjnht an

igosns nh iojjuh surtout sur `n p`kh fhtn``nitun` * igosn qun en hn iojprnhkfs pksòrsqun etkfs lkjfh( Inh nst jjn ar`n5 enxpòrn pkr nxnjp`n nh in jojnht `nssifnhins hkturn``ns * `k mfoòlfn `k tgorfn an `k vfn * nh sojjn en rptn akhs inaojkfhn `ns tkpns an `voùtfoh an joh prn( [uf nut pu `n pnhsnr ? + 'ainjmrn;69=&(

Ignr pntft pkpk TZ Sùs qun tout ku johan en vouarkfs tn vofr( TZ Ekurkfs tkhtnhvfn an jn trouvnr nh in jojnht akhs tk igkjmrn kvni `n afvkh vnrt nt hotrn pntftnmfm`fotgqun( 'ainjmrn ;692&(

'Oh rniohhkt fif `k mfm`fotgqun nt `n afvkh au Mruft au Qnjps& @nttrns pum`fns akhs `krnvun Hovy Jfr H;3 ;67


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23

sk lhkòlfn `kqun``n f` kvkft t soura pnhakht ans afzkfhns akhhns akhs

`kqun``n f` rniohhkt prsnht sk pkrtftfoh an `kqun``n sn atkign sk vofx(

Orflfhns rkifhns sourins kppkrtnhkhin Jkhan`stkj sn rkiiroign ins

rnprns kvni `k borin au asnspofr nh in amut ans khhns trnhtn( @n tgjn au ao

en vfnhs kvni iojjn pfinhtrn `fjkln au prn pkriourt `ns prosns an inttn

poqun tkhtt kvni vfo`nhin tkhtt kvni aouinur jkfs toueours snòh anux `flhns

an borin fhtnrapnhakhtns pkrbofs fhafssoifkm`ns quf oht pour Jkhan`stkj uhn

jjn rsohkhin 5 soh kppkrtnhkhin uh pnup`n nt soh kppkrtnhkhin uhn `flhn

`fttrkfrn(

@k `fttrkturn lklhn*pkfh `n rvu`sn( Skr `k borin ans igosns f` bkft ans

trkauitfohs quf ùf aohhnht uh snjm`kht an joynh anxfstnhin( Nh ;6=7 uhn

jkfsoh aaftfoh ùf anjkhan an rnjkhfnr anux trkauitfohs an Qf`` `Nspfl`n quf

kvkfnht t bkftns ùhn pkr K(Gorhbnà `kutrn pkr R( Dkrfkdfhn( [ukha `k houvn``n

trkauitfoh rnvun nt iorrfln pkr Jkhan`stkj pkrkt snu` soh hoj bflurn sur `n

`fvrn( In quf kurkft a htrn quuh fhifanht mkhk` au pntft johan `fttrkfrn sn

trkhsborjn nh vrftkm`n ikmk`n( ^hn horjn jkigfhn sn jnt nh mrkh`n kussf

fhsnhsn qufjp`kikm`n( Kiius an p`klfkt Jkhan`stkj sumft prois nxiùsfoh

pnrsiutfoh iohhotktfoh khtfsjftn( Ans eours aurkht f` nst fhtnrrol skhs

rnìgn( Akhs uhn `nttrn sk bnjjn f` frohfsn sur soh kbbkfrn Arnybus(

Inst akhs nt an in iohtnxtn qun hkt @k [uktrfjn Srosn(

[ufhzn pklns an irf tkhtt rkuqun tkhtt skuvkln o `fhtnhsft an `k vfo`nhin

nst proportfohhn``n in``n an `k aou`nur( [ufhzn pklns an tnjptn wklhrfnhhn o

Jkhan`stkj gur`n abfn fhsu`tn nt akhs in aigkhnjnht an rkln anux jots

rnvfnhhnht fh`ksskm`njnht jf``n bofs rpts i`kjs `k bkin au johan 5 e n

s u f s ( Kbbfrjktfoh an sof ku iur an `nxiùsfoh abf `k pnur khfjk`n abf `k


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tnrrn sovftfqun skhl`khtn abf `k `fttrkturn sous iohtr`n abf `k sk`n nhlnkhin

ans irfvkfhs fhtfjns au pouvofr Jkhan`stkj rn`vn `k ttn bf`s au pnup`n `khuqun rofan ( Akhs uhn jkfh f` snrrn sk pn`fssn agfvnr `k posfn `fmrn akhs

`kutrn sk gou`nttn eufvn sk afbbrnhin rnvnhafqun soh orlunf` nt sk `fmnrt(

Gfnr nsi`kvn kueouraguf gojjn `fmrn( @fmrn an mofrn jjn `n louòt an `k

moutnf``n `fmrn an bou`nr ku pfna sk pn`fssn `fttrkfrn `fmrn airfrn nh angors ans

mk`fsns(

Yf Jkhan`stkj rnssnht an bkoh sf kflu soh kppkrtnhkhin ku pnup`n eufb sf`

rnvnhafqun gkut nt bort soh grftkln ju`tfjf``hkfrn;

`k hotfoh akppkrtnhkhin `kiojjuhkut eufvn ùf nst pkr iohtrn totk`njnht trkhlrn( F` `ns bustfln skhs

jhklnjnht `ns Eufbs vf`s mkhqufnrs rnpus i`nris rkjpkhts irfvkfhs

sumoraohhs vnhaus pùs ioupkm`ns nt jprfskm`ns nhiorn qun `ns kutrns rnptf`ns

ìgnurs an mottns pkrin qun eufbs(

F` y kvkft anux brrns Ighfnr 5 `n ikant fhaflhn kppkrtfnht tout nhtfnr `k

`fttrkturn `kh jfs jort `k ùf*jjn jfsn jort( Kssoifktfoh voòhtkfrn ou

fhiohsifnhtn ? ^h jjn skhl iou`kft akhs `ns vnfhns aKhar nt an Jkrfn*Eosnpg

Ighfnr( @n ikant brkykft kvni `n pouvofr( Khar ùf tkft Eufb ku snhs o

`nhtnhakft Jkrfhk Qsvntknvk=( Eufb pkrin qun Sotn eusquku pfna an `k luf`òtfhn(

^h jjn skhl iou`kft akhs `ns vnfhns an tous `ns Gorhbnà nt kutrns ohi`n Johfk nt

akhs in``ns aOssfp Jkhan`stkj jkfs sf `ns potns soht ans Eufbs tous `ns Eufbs hn

soht pks ans potns( @n tftrn gohorfbfqun sn jrftn( F` hn subbft pks an skppn`nr

Gorhbnà ou Dklkh pour trn `grftfnr ans mnrlnrs ans pktrfkrigns nt ans rofs(

@ns vk`nurs `ns rbrnhins soht rnstns khirns fjjukm`ns fha`mf`ns akhs `k

iohsifnhin an Jkhan`stkj( @khifnhhn fjkln au Srn euakqun rnvfnht fanhtfqun

in``n an `nhbkhin( Skr uh enu an ap`kinjnht `n vrkf prn sum`fj nst anvnhu

Ekiom pktrfkrign lhftnur an `ù au Sotn nt inst `k `fttrkturn nh tkht

qufhstftutfoh quf sn bkft prn ikstrktnur rnprsnhtn sous `ns trkfts

; [ukha Jkhan`stkj sn proi`kjn Eufb f` njpòfn `n tnrjn mfm`fqun Fouafn(

= Ib( hotn p(=


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trkaftfohhn``njnht eufbs agojjns mkrmus quf alklnht uhn rpulhkhtn oanur an pnku;

nt voùnht akhs uh johan iou`nur ekuhn( Jkhan`stkj hgsftn pùs anvkht `nigofx nhtrn in quf` hojjn `k ifriohifsfoh `fttrkfrn nt `n rnbrofafssnjnht jortn` rfsqun

nhiouru pkr inùf quf krrkign an sns pku`ns sk pn`fssn `fttrkfrn( Nh `k bou`kht ku

pfna f` surjohtn soh khlofssn an jort trfojpgn an sk pnur nt in trfojpgn nst

iojjn uh kafnu Skrhod(

Skrvnhu ku pkroxysjn an `k tnhsfoh hnrvnusn provoqun pkr inttn vfo`nhin

nhaflun ku prfx auh nbbort surgujkfh Jkhan`stkj snbboharn `kfssn igkppnr

uh skhlòt pnfhn kuafm`n 5 Fig mfh krj( Akhs uhn `nttrn HkaneakJkhan`stkj f` rnprnha `ns jjns jots toueours nh k``njkha 5 En sufs snu`( Fig

mfh krj( Qout nst frrjafkm`n( @k rupturn nst uhn rfignssn( F` bkut `k prsnrvnr( =

[un` sniours nssnhtfn` trouvkft*f` akhs `k `khlun k``njkhan ku boha an sk so`ftuan ?

V nhtnhakft*f` uh igo an Iour`khan ?

Nh `kh trnhtn nt uh kprs `k hkfsskhin au sfi`nEn sufs rnvnhu hoh `frn 5 oh jk iohtrkfht rnvnhfr Josiou*`k*mouaagfqunJkfs kvkht in ekf qukha jjn iohhu@n proaflun Krkrkt hkppn mfm`fqunNt pkss anux inhts eours akhs in `fnu skmmktfqun[un òh kppn``n `Krjhfn(9

Oh snrkft tnht an afrn gnurnux quf iojjn Jkhan`stkj k bkft uh mnku

voykln Gnurnux fhiohtnstkm`njnht `k t ku irnux an inttn tnrrn prn nt jrn

jtkpgorn au mnrinku an `gujkhft sur ikanttn an `k tnrrn an Euan ( @n

Roykln nh Krjhfn nh tjoflhn prosn akjour prosn lohb`n an eofn o

; Oh sn souvfnht qun `n prn an Jkhan`stkj tkft pn``ntfnr(

=@nttrn H>9 ;693 uvrns iojp`tns Q(FFF(

9 Sojn fhkignv H=9


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29

Jkhan`stkj hn inssn an sn a`nitnr an sn reoufr an sjnrvnf``nr an snhfvrnr au

vnht quf snhloubbrn akhs sns poujohs(In voykln nh Krjhfn quf but iojjn `n sou`flhn Ynrnhk Rftk`n; `n anrhfnr

voykln voòhtkfrn an Jkhan`stkj k t uhn pkusn uh fhtnrjan uh iohtn

mfm`fqun nh p`nfh iur an `nhbnr uh voykln ku pkys jytgfqun an sns rkifhns

khinstrk`ns( @ns jtkpgorns mfm`fquns hkfssnht an``ns*jjns akhs in pkyskln o

tout pkr`n `n `khlkln mfm`fqun(

@Krjhfn k aohh Jkhan`stkj sn ikrnssn an brkjmofsn ( Yur in so`

jklfqun nt skir f` k rntrouv inttn kutgnhtfift quf hous kfan hous snhtfr hous*jjns pkrtfn fhtlrkhtn an `k trkaftfoh( F` snst `kfss nhvotnr pkr in pnup`n

krjhfnh quf vfvkft hoh pks ku rytgjn ans goròlns ans lkrns nt ans fhstftutfohs

jkfs snòh `n ikarkh so`kfrn( Akhs sk vrft probohan inttn tnrrn apouf``n an

tout krtfbfin ùf k tnhau `n jfrofr an soh fanhtft f` sy nst snhtf siurfs protl

`fmrn gnurnux ùf*jjn( @k p`hftuan an `k vfn ans Krjhfnhs `nur tnharnssn

mrutn TZ `nur rpu`sfoh fhafifm`n pour toutn jtkpgysfqun nt `nur jnrvnf``nusn

bkjf`fkrft kvni `n johan ans igosns rn``ns tout in`k jn afskft 5 tu rnhkfs `k vfn

hkfn pks pnur an toh tnjps `kfssn `ns bkux*snjm`khts(

Inttn prosn aoht `n ikarn apkssn `krlnjnht `n ikarn an `Krjhfn proprnjnht

aftn prosn toutn nh aflrnssfohs nh kssoifktfohs nh pgrksns pkrbofs hfljktfquns

quf soht an vrftkm`ns eoykux an posfn inttn prosn igkhtn `ns orflfhns sur tous `ns

afkpksohs orflfhns au johan orflfhns an sof orflfhns an `k iu`turn an `k `khlun

au johan khfjk` vltk` N``n nst uh gyjhn `k vfn in aoh prifnux nt

fjprnsirfptfm`n mfnh qun pkrkaoxk`njnht `k jort soft skhs inssn prsnhtn akhs

òuvrkln( Qojmns tojmnkux pfnrrns tojmk`ns ossnjnhts gujkfhs irhns

skhitukfrns vksns buhrkfrns `n tnxtn nst ekòhh an tnrjns kykht trkft `k jort(

Jkhan`stkj k toueours nu pnur an `k jort( Oh sn souvfnht au rift an Jkrfhk

Qsvntknvk sur `n snjpftnrhn` ekf pnur + an Jkhan`stkj pnhakht `nur

; Y( RFQK@N Rtoroyn roeafnhfn Jkhan`stkjk ' @k anuxfjn hkfsskhin an Jkhan`stkj &iojjuhfiktfoh ku syjposfuj an Mkrf 'Ftk`fn& =


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21

projnhkan ku ifjntfrn aK`nxkharov nh ;6;2;( Anpufs `n jf`fnu ans khhns vfhlt

f` tkft trnfht pkr `khlofssn an `k jort( Skrk```njnht `k jort iohirtn tkftprsnhtn igkqun pks( Iohakjhktfohs aportktfohs eustfin sojjkfrn sn

ai`fhkfnht ku quotfafnh(

Nh bou`kht `n so` khtfqun an `Krjhfn Jkhan`stkj y k rnhiohtr uhn kutrn

jort apouf``n an tout ikrkitrn khlofsskht an toutn fhquftkhtn trkhlnt an

toutn jnhkin( Mkhk`fsn n``n sfhsrkft akhs `n pkyskln kussf purn qun `k pfnrrn(

Qjoflhkln auhn iu`turn siu`kfrn n``n iohtkft `gfstofrn an `Krjhfn nt an

`gujkhft( Bkjf`frn n``n bkfskft pkrtfn fhtlrkhtn an `k vfn projnssn anrniojjnhinjnht syjmo`fsn pkr `fjkln rkssurkhtn anhbkhts eoukht sur `ns

tojmns ans jofhns( Jkhan`stkj snst njpòy `kpprfvofsnr òfh an `k vkiuft

iftrouf``nsqun an `k ]ussfn o sn prktfqun `n iu`tn ans jorts o `ns voòhtkfrns

sn prnssnht pour kmkttrn `gojjn*krmrn( @ofh ans vfsklns s`kvns fhsfpfans nt

jkuvkfs f` snst `kfss iohqurfr pkr `Krjhfn proenitfoh an `k tnrrn an sns

prns pkys a`nitfoh gors `n tnjps o `ns irhns gujkfhs soht lk`njnht

mnkux akhs `k tojmn nt akhs `n `kmnur(

En hn tn vnrrkf pùs ekjkfsIfn` jyopn an `Krjhfn

En hn vnrrkf pùs p`fsskht `ns ynux@k tnhtn hojkan an `KrkrktNt akhs `k mfm`fotgqun ans kutnurs potfnrsSùs ekjkfs en houvrfrkf

@n `fvrn vfan an `k tnrrn sp`nhafanO sfhstrufsfrnht `ns prnjfnrs gojjns(=

Oitomrn ;693( Kprs ifhq khs an jutfsjn potfqun Jkhan`stkj irft sns

prnjfnrs vnrs(

; J( QYRNQKNRK Fstorfk oahovo posvfkigtignhfyk ' Gfstofrn auhn hoh*aafikin&uvrns iojp`tns(

= Qrka( B(Drn` op( ift(


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Oh k souvnht aft qun `Krjhfn kvkft rouvnrt Jkhan`stkj `k vofn an `k

posfn( Bkut*f` irofrn inttn tgsn ans anux inhts eours*jfrki`n ?Snhakht ifhq khs mrfmn kprs mrfmn mk`mutfnjnht kprs mk`mutfnjnht

Jkhan`stkj k rniunf``f rkssnjm` soh gfstofrn kvni pour uhfqun iojpklhn tout

ku òhl an int trkhln pkriours sk prosn( Nxinptfoh bkftn an `Nhtrntfnh sur Akhtn

quf prnhkht Akhtn pour prtnxtn nst nh bkft uh kutoportrkft uhn probnssfoh an bof

uh Nhtrntfnh sur Jkhan`stkj gojjn nt potn in qun Jkhan`stkj kppn``n `n

rkpport au tnxtn soh nhvo` f` hy nut hf prosn kvkht hf prosn kprs(

@k Sosfn `kttnhakft ku tnrjn an in voykln ku mout an ùf*jjn( Qrofs bofs mhf quf soh igkht skft jnttrn uh hoj afskft*f` akhs uh pojn

an ;6=9( @k posfn ans snpt anrhfrns khhns quf ùf rnstkfnht vfvrn posfn irftn

pnhakht `k prfoan `k pùs sojmrn qukft ekjkfs iohhu Jkhan`stkj nst uhn

posfn an aou`nur pkrin qun an jk`gnur jkfs quf inpnhakht vfmrn ans kiinhts

auhn `fmnrt fhtrfnurn qun hu` tyrkh hn put ùf aromnr( Jkhan`stkj y rniohhkt

y hojjn `k trkin an igkiuh an sns pks(

Nvn`fhn Kjoursdy


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KHHNWN


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mandelstam dans les marges des brouillons

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