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Page 1: MANAGING SOLID WASTE · Managing Solid Waste, ... St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833 Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00

Managing Solid Waste/August 2006 Page 1

MANAGING SOLID WASTE August 2006 Volume10 Number 1

Indiana Composting Facilities: 2005 Update

INTRODUCTION Composting is the transformation of vegetative matter and other organic materials into a humus (or compost) better suited as fertilizer than the original materials. The transformation is accomplished through natural biochemical processes. Composting is one of the main processes used to reclaim and reuse vegetative matter. Other processes include mulching and land application. According to most recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency statistics (1999, updated September 2001), yard wastes make up approximately 12% by weight of the municipal solid waste stream nationally. This includes mostly vegetative matter like leaves, brush, wood, and grass. The diversion of these materials from final disposal can increase the life of Indiana landfills. In addition, the re-use of discarded vegetative matter as either compost or mulch decreases the use of chemical fertilizers and other landscaping products that can have large negative environmental impacts. At the end of 2005, there were 121 registered composting facilities in Indiana. There has been a steady increase in registrations since 1994, the first year registration was required, when 50 facilities were registered. Almost three quarters of Indiana counties have at least one composting facility. It is important to note that several facilities were inactive at some point during the last five years. Materials received from 1999-2005 totals are listed separately from previous year totals because prior to 1998, facilities submitted totals in volume units. Beginning in 1998, facilities submitted all report data in tons. Thus, 1998-2005 figures are not comparable with those in previous years.

In This Issue... page Introduction 1 Regulatory and Operational Requirements 4 Materials Processed 4 Final Uses of Compost and Other Products 5 References and Further Reading 6 Written by: Richard Worth Data Development: Michelle Weddle

This volume updates volume 9, number 1 of Managing Solid Waste, “Indiana Composting Facilities: 2003 Update.” See volume 3, number 2 of Managing Solid Waste, “Indiana Composting Facilities” for a detailed summary and history of Indiana composting facilities from 1994 through 1997. Composting allows for the reclamation and reuse of materials such as discarded vegetative matter that would otherwise end up in Indiana’s landfills and incinerators. The Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) administers a registration and annual reporting program for facilities composting vegetative matter. Historically, Indiana composting facilities process between 200,000 and 275,000 tons of vegetative matter annually (although 2000 through 2005 has seen this amount increase significantly) mostly leaves, wood, brush, and mulch. Between 35 and 45 percent of the compost produced each year is given away by local governments as part of their reuse and recycling efforts. This paper is the 16th in the series Managing Solid Waste by the IDEM Office of Land Quality. For more information, contact the Facilities Data Analysis Section at (317) 233-4624. A copy of this paper can be downloaded at www.IN.gov/idem /programs/land/pubsforms/papers.html.

In This Issue... page Introduction 1 Regulatory and Operational Requirements 4 Materials Processed 4 Final Uses of Compost and Other Products 6 References and Further Reading 7 Written by: Michelle Weddle Data Development: Michelle Weddle

Page 2: MANAGING SOLID WASTE · Managing Solid Waste, ... St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833 Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00

Indiana Composting Facilities

Managing Solid Waste/August 2006 Page 2

Table 1. Tons of Materials Received by Indiana Composting Facilities in 2004 and 2005 County Facility Tons Received

2004 Tons Received

2005 Adams Decatur Compost Facility 798 814Adams Berne WWTP City Of 895 923Allen National Serv-All Compost 7,340 6,543.00Allen Advanced Turf Management Inc 62 0Allen New Haven Utility Maintenance Center 567 585Allen Ringenberg Garten Haus 2,522 5,650.00Bartholomew Bartholomew County SWMD 9,400 9,769.00Blackford Hartford City of 3,090 2,175.00Boone Green Cycle Whites Town Site 24,089 10,750.00Boone Lamb Farms, Inc 4,939 2,736.00Cass Cass Co. SW Composting Site 5,012 4,544.00Clark Superior Compost Company 41,492 5,636.00Clark Koetter & Smith 8,033 7,400.00Clark Earth First of Kentuckiana Inc 34,024 44,380.00Clark Nugent Sand Company 9,060 7,122.00Clay Craig Park Compost 40 125Daviess Washington Composting Facility City Of 2,574 2,087.00Dearborn Greendale Composting 602 277Dekalb Dekalb Co. Yard Waste Composting 2,823 1,667.00Dubois Ferdinand Street Department 22 23Elkhart Goshen Composting Facility City Of 3,188 3,509.00Elkhart Elkhart Co. Landfill 148 134Fayette Connersville Street Dept Compost Facility 1,505 1,550.00Floyd Earth First of Kentuckiana Inc. 2,357 9,271.00Fountain Fountain Co. Recycling Station/Compost Site 40 33Fountain Harrison Steel Castings Compost Site 19 20Franklin Brookville WWTP Compost Facility 96 99Fulton County Line Landfill 0 35,435.67Grant Bank View Farms Compost 1,781 450Grant Grant Co Compost Facility 427 1,590.00Hamilton Creative Landscaping 2,151 1,688.00Hamilton Musselman Farms Landscape Supply LLC 800 638Hendricks Rays Composting Facility 570 660Hendricks Plainfield Correctional Facility 2,190 361Hendricks Look E Farms Compost 80 180Henry New Castle Correctional Facility 132 71.2Howard Kokomo Yard Waste Composting City Of 6,450 7,185.00Huntington Huntington City Landfill & Composting Facility 802 1,114.00Huntington Warren Utilities 53 43Jackson Seymour City Composting Facility 2,086 2,711.00Jasper Demotte Composting Facility #2 Brookhill 160 150Jay Portland Compost Facility City of 0 12Jefferson Madison Transfer Station City Of 1,302 10,142.00Jefferson Hanover Composting Facility Town Of 29 31Johnson New Whiteland WWTP 221 176Johnson Dougherty Contracting Inc Composting Facility 0 163Kosciusko Superior Excavating Soils And Services Llc 495 316Kosciusko Warsaw Compost City Of 1,149 1,010.00Kosciusko North Webster Town Of 78 6Lagrange Lagrange County Yard Waste Composting 1,653 2,024.00Lagrange Shipshewana WWTP Composting 49 42Lake Griffith Landfill Composting 2,834 2,577.00Lake Stuhlmacher Soil Service, Inc. 156 63Lake Enterprise Properties 4,699 5,034.00

Page 3: MANAGING SOLID WASTE · Managing Solid Waste, ... St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833 Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00

Indiana Composting Facilities

Managing Solid Waste/August 2006 Page 3

Lake East Chicago Municipal SW TS 15,707 14,683.00Lake Good Earth Farms 25,000 0Lake Hobart Silt Settlement City Of 1,272 1,430.00Lake Lake Station Compost Facility 2,677 5,310.00Lake Merrillville Compost Facility 1,125 1,685.00La Porte Westville Correctional Facility Compost Site 7,865 5,551.00Lawrence Lawrence County SWMD Compost Facility 0 520Madison Pendleton Correctional Facility Compost 618 598Madison Adams Compost Facility 30,000 30,000.00Madison Anderson Composting Facility 446 21,203.00Marion Greencycle of Indiana 15,102 0Marion Southside Landfill Composting 4,289 6,574.00Marion Cumberland Compost Town Of 360 34.2Marion Tiffany Lawn and Garden Supply Inc 52,300 57,760.00Marion Indy Parks Forestry 66,980 122,900.00Marion Greencycle Troy Avenue Composting Facility 6,096 9,830.00Marshall Van Vactor Farms Inc. 400 499Monroe Good Earth Composting 4,032 12,099.00Monroe Topsoil Composting Service 9,510 0Morgan Greendell Farm 240 195Noble Ligonier Compost 516 1,248.00Ohio Rising Sun Compost 317 375Pike Velpen Solid C/D Site 1,528 0Porter Valparaiso Municipal Composting Site 6,658 4,870.00Porter Crocker Composting Site 2,850 1,345.00Porter Boone Grove Hwy Garage 156 253Porter Ogden Dunes Compost Site 0 78Pulaski Francesville Town Of 238 158Pulaski Winamac Town Of 254 254Putnam Putnamville Correctional Facility Compost 13,249 11Randolph Randolph Farms Inc Composting 2,015 23,577.00Randolph Winchester Compost Facility 487 1,272.00Ripley Sunman Civil Town Of 11 12St. Joseph Organic Resources 46,367 42,355.00St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00Spencer Rockport City Of 0 30Starke Knox Compost Facility City Of 0 248Steuben Steuben County Yard Waste Composting 1,912 1,792.00Steuben Hamilton Town of Yard Waste Lot 0 275Sullivan Wabash Valley Correctional Facility 480 663Tippecanoe Tippecanoe County Compost Facility 416 510Tippecanoe Purdue University 6,857 1,349.00Tippecanoe Soilmaker Compost Facility 0 5,229.00Tipton Tipton Compost Facility 1,226 1,397.00Vanderburgh Laubscher Meadows Composting Facility 8,974 6,938.00Vanderburgh Botanical Service Ctr 291 307Vigo Sycamore Ridge Landfill 1,303 0Wabash The Compost 235 1,517.00Warrick Warrick Co Disposal & Recycling Center 1,487 1,717.00Washington Washington County SWMD Organic Facility 3,300 675Washington H&H Premium Organic Soil 25 35Wayne New Paris Pike Landfill 4,936 2,624.00White Transfarm, Inc. 5,400 9,600.00Whitley Morsches Park Compost Facility 495 418TOTAL 558,572 609,172

NOTE: Facilities currently registered but not receiving compost in 2004 and 2005 are not listed in Table 1.

Page 4: MANAGING SOLID WASTE · Managing Solid Waste, ... St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833 Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00

Indiana Composting Facilities

Managing Solid Waste/August 2006 Page 4

REGULATORY AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS In 1992, the Indiana Legislature approved Public Law 84, now codified as IC 13-20-9. This law includes a restriction on disposal of vegetative matter. The ban applies to residential, commercial, and industrial sources. IDEM has issued guidance to interpret what materials are subject to the ban. (See Table 2. More information regarding the yard waste ban appears in the nonrule policy document “Important Notice Regarding the Yard Waste Disposal Ban,” available from IDEM’s Office of Land Quality.) This ban makes composting facilities an essential facet of solid waste management. Composting facilities are required by state law to register with IDEM. Each registration is valid for five years, and can be renewed by submitting an updated registration form to IDEM 90 days prior to expiration. There is no fee for registration or renewal. Composting operations that process less than 2,000 pounds of vegetative matter during a year are exempt from these registration requirements. In addition to the registration requirements, the law requires that the facility operator submit an annual report to IDEM. The Composting Facility Annual Report indicates the amount of vegetative matter processed during the previous year, and the final use of the compost. The first reporting year was 1994. MATERIALS PROCESSED The increase in materials received in 2005 over 2004 receipts is due to a net increase in intake by existing facilities (55 reporting increases to only 45 reporting decreases from 2004 totals) and a net increase of facilities accepting compost

Table 2. Summary of Indiana’s Yard Waste Ban

Leaves Brush

Materials SUBJECT to Yard Waste Disposal Ban

Woody vegetative matter greater than 3 feet in length

Grass Woody vegetative matter

bagged, bundled, or otherwise contained and less than 3 feet in length

Very small amounts of vegetative matter bagged, bundled, or otherwise contained and less than 3 feet in length AND combined with other solid waste

Christmas trees House plants Vegetable food scraps Vegetative by-products not

derived from landscaping maintenance or land clearing projects such as from flower shops and funeral homes

Materials EXEMPT from Yard Waste Disposal Ban

IDEM-approved composted vegetative matter used as cover material for solid waste landfill

(nine facilities accepted compost in 2005 but not in 2004; only six facilities accepted compost in 2004 but not in 2005). Tons reported accepted is an approximation for two reasons: 1. Beginning in 1998, composting

facilities are required to report their intake in tons. Many facilities do not have weigh scales, and must convert volume measurements to weight based on conversion factors such as those in Table 3. Volume-to-weight conversion factors vary widely depending on the composition, moisture content, and compaction rate of the vegetative matter.

2. Some loads of materials are received

in a manner that prohibits documentation by type and/or weight, especially small loads from residential customers. In 2005, 42 of the 103 active facilities or 41% received such undocumented loads.

Page 5: MANAGING SOLID WASTE · Managing Solid Waste, ... St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833 Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00

Indiana Composting Facilities

Managing Solid Waste/August 2006 Page 5

Table 3. Examples of Conversion Factors for Compostable Materials (Cubic Yards Per Ton)

Material Description Loose Compacted brush 6.67 2.20 brush, shredded 5.37 -- cardboard 6.67 -- food waste 1.30 -- grass 5.00 2.50 leaves 10.00 5.00 leaves, shredded 6.70 5.71 mixed yard waste, fall 8.10 3.60 mixed yard waste, summer 5.70 2.60 paper 4.00 -- whole wood 7.14 5.88 wood, chipped 4.00 3.60

As shown in Figures 1 and 2, leaves accounted for a significant portion of total receipts from 1994 through 1999 and again in 2002. In 2000 and 2001, brush and wood accounted for the majority of receipts by weight. In 2005 brush and wood comprised half of the total compostable material receipts.

Figure 2. Estimated Tons Received by Composting Facilities Since 1998

050,000

100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000500,000550,000600,000650,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

tons

Leaves Brush MixedWood Other Grass

Figure 1. Estimated Tons Received by Composting Facilities, Converted from Reported

Volume Units

050,000

100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000

1994 1995 1996 1997

tons

Leaves Brush MixedWood Other Grass

Page 6: MANAGING SOLID WASTE · Managing Solid Waste, ... St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833 Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00

Indiana Composting Facilities

Managing Solid Waste/August 2006 Page 6

FINAL USES OF COMPOST AND OTHER PRODUCTS Composting facilities may produce finished compost in as short as three months or as long as two years, depending on the type of raw materials, ambient temperature, and processing methods. At the end of 2005, 37% of the materials managed by Indiana registered composting facilities were still in the process of being converted to compost. Over the last ten years, materials received and still in process of being converted to compost at year-end ranged from 32 to 50%.

Figure 3 shows the final uses of materials that were successfully converted into either compost or mulch during the last twelve years. In 2005, facilities gave away about 39% of total converted product, an increase of about 7% from the amount given away in 2003 and 2004. Facilities giving away product are primarily those run by cities, counties, or solid waste management districts, which comprise just over half of the 103 facilities in Table 1. Only 15 privately-owned facilities gave away about 13% of their product.

2004

7%5%

23%

5% 7% 24%

39%

20035%

13%23%

8%

8%

20%

39%

Figure 3. Final Uses for Compost by Percent During 2005

6%

32%19%

3% 19%12%

2%

Given Away

Land Application

Landfill Cover

Landscaping/Greenhouse

Sold

Packaging/Storage

Other

Page 7: MANAGING SOLID WASTE · Managing Solid Waste, ... St. Joseph Household Hazardous Waste & Recycling Center 4,080 833 Shelby Caldwell Landfill CGS Inc Composting 3,406 4,641.00

Indiana Composting Facilities

Managing Solid Waste/August 2006 Page 7

2002

21%

8%5%

17%

5%5%

38%

20011%8%

23%

4%5% 19%

39%

2000

5%4%

19%

7%5%

22%

38%

1999

11%6%

19%

6%5% 12%

40%

1998

3%

12%

23%4%

11%

12%

35%

19972%

3%

16%

6%10% 19%

44%

19962%

2%

20%

12% 9%13%

41%

19952%

11%

7%

2%

18%

59%

1994

20%1%

6%

32%

40%

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Indiana Environmental Statute IC 13-20-9, Restrictions on Disposal of Vegetative Matter Indiana Department of Environmental Management Nonrule Policy Document, Important Notice Regar- ding the Yard Waste Disposal Ban, January 2000 Indiana Department of Environmental Management and the Indiana Recycling Coalition, Indiana Yard Waste Solutions; January 1993

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2003 Facts and Figures (www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/msw99.htm)