managing pests around the home - university of tennessee 1303-managing pest around the home.pdfare...

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Managing PestsManaging PestsManaging PestsManaging PestsManaging PestsAround the HomeAround the HomeAround the HomeAround the HomeAround the Home

PB1303

Agricultural Extension ServiceThe University of Tennessee

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ContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

What are household pests? 3Where are these pests found? 3What attracts them to your home? 3What can I do to prevent pest problems in my home? 3When should I contact a professional pest control company? 3When should you ask for professional help? 3

Managing Pests and Reducing the Risk of Pesticide Exposure: 41. Inspecting and Monitoring 4

2. Identification 4

3. Modifying the Environment 4Removing Access to Food 4Water and Moisture 4

Drainage 4Crawl Space Ventilation 5Attic Ventilation 5

Exclusion 5Landscaping Practices 6Lighting 7

4. Household Pest Control Measures to Supplement Prevention Measures 7Vacuuming 7Traps 7Pesticides 7Selecting the Best Formulation for a Site 8Ultrasonic Pest Control Devices 8

Reference to other related UT publications:Additional information is available from yourExtension agent when indicated bySP or PB numbered series.

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special importance on controlling pests by limiting theiraccess to food, water and shelter. Control devices such asvacuums and traps are emphasized. Pesticides are used in amanner to reduce exposure to you, your property and theenvironment. Always read the entire pesticide label fordirections on mixing, applying, safety precautions, storingand disposing of the product before using it. If you areunsure about how to control a household pest after readingthis publication, ask your county Extension agent foradditional assistance.

Some pests, such as termites, require the use ofspecial equipment and knowledge to apply large volumesof insecticides to all possible entry points into the struc-ture. Professionals have the proper equipment and thetraining, including safety training, to apply the largevolumes of pesticides needed to rid your home of termites.Termites can also be managed with baits, but professionaltraining in understanding the biology of the termite isessential to obtain control.

Quite often, professional pest control technicianshave access to more effective active ingredients andformulations than the homeowner. The professional istrained in the life cycle, habits and preferences of the pest,as well as the safest and best techniques to control them. InTennessee, pest control technicians are required to pass atest before they can apply pesticides in your home. (Theymay work 90 days under the direct supervision of alicensed operator before taking the test.) Techniciansshould carry a commercial pesticide applicator certifica-tion card verifying they are approved by the TennesseeDepartment of Agriculture. They need to attend trainingsessions to obtain points to keep that card. If they do notget enough points within three years, they have to takeanother test. Also, they must work for a licensed operatorif they are charging you a fee. The charter number of theiremployer’s business must appear on their truck.

When should you ask for professional help?Of course that is a decision you as a homeowner must

make for yourself. You may want to use a professional:1) when treating for termites because special

equipment and training are needed,2) when treating for other wood-destroying insects and

organisms (especially if you are concerned aboutreselling the home),

3) if the pest is found in difficult-to-reach locations andrequires treatment with special equipment,

4) if you are concerned about pesticide exposure duringmixing and applying,

5) if there is not enough time to do it yourself, or6) if several attempts have failed to control the pest.

Professionals need your help to manage pests too.Please perform all the sanitation and exclusion practicesthey recommend.

ManagingManagingManagingManagingManagingPestsPestsPestsPestsPestsAroundAroundAroundAroundAroundthe Homethe Homethe Homethe Homethe HomeKaren M. Vail, Associate ProfessorHarry Williams, Professor EmeritusDarrell Hensley, Assistant Extension SpecialistEntomology and Plant Pathology

What are household pests?Most household pests are insects and are commonly

called “bugs.” Other organisms such as spiders, scorpions,centipedes, millipedes, ticks, sowbugs, pillbugs, mites,rats, mice, snakes, bats, squirrels, birds, molds and fungimay enter homes. In Tennessee, one or more of about 40common pests are found in every home at one time oranother. Even the most conscientious person cannot alwaysavoid an occasional pest infestation.

Where are these pests found?Under optimal conditions, large populations of an

insect, rodent or other pest can occur in your yard, home,farm or neighborhood. Large numbers of a pest species candevelop in trees, stumps, flower beds, mulch, leaf litter,garbage, wood piles, ditch banks, animal carcasses, storedproducts, spilled materials, sewer lines and other sites.Pests enter homes through openings in the walls, floors,around pipes or cracks, under doors or windows. Pestsseeking shelter build nests or hibernate within the walls,attic or in living quarters.

What attracts them to your home?Pests are attracted by light, warm air, moisture and

food. Odors from a dead bird, rodent, dead insects or nestin a wall, soured mop or spilled materials can also beattractive. They seek protection and shelter in dark cavitiesin walls or crawl spaces.

What can I do to prevent pest problemsin my home?

Luckily, many pests are easily controlled. Thispublication will explain how to manage the most commonhousehold pests found in Tennessee. We have placed

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Managing Pests and Reducing the Riskof Pesticide Exposure:

1. Inspecting and MonitoringHousehold pests can be managed with a minimal

amount of pesticides by using an integrated pest manage-ment (IPM) approach. In an IPM program, regularlyscheduled (monthly, quarterly, etc) inspections are encour-aged instead of regularly scheduled pesticide applications.If pests are not present, in most cases, pesticide applica-tions may not be necessary. A flashlight and screwdriverare usually sufficient to inspect a structure. Look for insectpests, signs of insect activity, possible food and watersources, as well as pest nesting or resting sites. Inspect forconditions favorable to insects and rodents: warm tempera-tures (75 - 85 degrees F), condensation, moist wood,humid atmosphere, cracks or crevices where insects canhide, plumbing leaks, spilled materials and food leftovernight in pet feeding dishes. Pest feces and webbing areoften found in infested areas. Inspect for signs of rodentactivity: rodent hair, fecal pellets, tracks, rub marks, andsigns of gnawing and digging. Rodent urine will fluo-resce under a black light. Monitoring devices such asglue boards and pheromone traps can be useful to detectinsects that may have been previously overlooked. Glueboards are very effective in detecting the presence ofcockroaches. These should be placed near edges of wallsor cabinets near possible shelter, food, or water. Glueboards can also be used for detection and control ofrodents. Pheromone traps are available for most pantry orstored products insects.

2. IdentificationAfter the pest is caught, it must be identified.

Drawings of many pest species and a list of sources ofinformation on pest identification are in the back of thispublication. If you cannot identify the specimen yourself,bring it to your local county Extension agent. After the pesthas been identified, you can determine where it lives, whatit prefers to feed on, if it can cause structural damage or is

a health threat, or if it is just a nuisance. If it is determinedthat control is necessary, several approaches may be used,including sanitation and exclusion practices, vacuuming,trapping and the judicious use of pesticides.

3. Modifying the EnvironmentAll pests need access to food, water, shelter and most

often a warm environment. By removing their access tothese necessities,you can prevent or decrease pest popula-tions dramatically. This can be achieved through sanitationand exclusion practices, as well as other modifications ofthe environment.

Remove Access to FoodKeep a building clean. Sweep or mop to remove

spilled food and beverages. Cleansoiled wool fabrics, furs andfeathers before storing. Storageof items can also affect theirvulnerability to pest attack. Datefood packages being placed instorage. Use older food itemsfirst. Remove broken packagesand sweep up spills as soon aspossible. In storage areas, allow18 inches of clearance between stacks (or the wall) andelevate items off the floor to permit inspection for pests,feces, broken packages, etc.

Proper garbage disposal is also important to reducepest populations. Use garbage cans with tight-fitting lids.Dispose of contents often, at least twice a week, to preventfly larvae from crawling out of the can. Daily disposal ofgarbage would reduce the food available to many pests.Clean garbage containers to remove food materials.Although it is more convenient to place the dumpster orgarbage can just outside the kitchen door, dumpsters andgarbage cans should be placed away from the structure.

Managing Pests and Reducing theRisk of Pesticide Exposure

1. Scheduled monitoring and inspecting - not scheduled sprays.2. Identification of pest and damage.3. Removing pests’ access to food, water and shelter

through sanitation and exclusion.4. Use controls such as traps and vacuums. Reduce

pesticide exposure to people and pets by using baits, insect growth regulators, dusts in voids and sprays in cracks and crevices.

Pet food provides food for many pests. Train pets to eatfood within 10 minutes of placement.

Sanitation isa key

factor incontrolling

pests.

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Water and MoistureMost pests can survive a long time without food, but

most need to drink water within a few days or they will die(some exceptions include stored products insects andwood-boring insects). Access to water can be limited byfixing leaking plumbing or dripping faucets, sealing pipepenetrations or ventilating wet areas. Screen floor drains toprevent entry into a structure and to prevent insects fromhaving access to this water source.

DrainageFoundation drains should move water away from

foundations. Drains should be perforated, plastic pipeembedded in coarse gravel at the footing level around theoutside perimeter. Drains should empty into a solid pipe tocarry water away from the structure. French drains shouldbe used under concrete slabs.

Crawl Space VentilationDry wood (10-12 percent moisture) is less susceptible

to fungus infection, termites, powder post beetle andcarpenter ant infestation. When floor joists, sub-flooring andinsulation are wet with condensate, an attic fan can beinstalled in a crawl space access opening as a temporaryrelief measure. Ventilation openings in foundation walls,beneath buildings with crawl spaces, should be large enoughand equally distributed to prevent dead air pockets fromforming. Such pockets can give rise to humid conditionsconducive to termite activity, powderpost beetles, carpenterants and wood decay. Openings placed within 3 to10 feet ofcorners of buildings usually give the best cross ventilation.Depending on the building code, suggestions for the numberof vents in a crawl space are 1 sq. ft. of vent space per 300 -1,500 sq. ft. of crawl space if a polyethylene vapor barrier isused. Vents are approximately 60 square inches, so approxi-mately 2.5 vents equals 1 square foot of vent space. Cover80 percent of the soil surface in the crawl space area with a4-6 mil polyethylene (plastic) layer. One way to do this is tocover all of the center of the crawl space area, leaving a 1-foot wide strip of bare soil around the foundation. (A 100percent crawl space cover could dry hardwood flooring toomuch and lead to warping.) Moisture rising from the soilaround the perimeter will be exhausted through the founda-tion vents. The plastic cover will prevent moisture risingfrom the soil from being absorbed by the floor joists,insulation and subfloor. The cross ventilation will lower themoisture content in the wood. Dry wood (10-12 percentmoisture) is less susceptible to fungus infection, termites,powder post beetle and carpenter ant infestation. If a plasticbarrier is not used, it is suggested that 1 sq. ft. of vent spacebe placed for every 150 sq. ft. of crawl space. Because theplastic moisture barrier is inexpensive, it is more economicalto use the plastic barrier than to install more vents for acrawl space without a plastic barrier.

Attic VentilationVentilation of attic spaces and roof areas is important

in minimizing water vapor build up. Even with goodventilation, there is still a need for vapor barriers in ceilingareas. This is especially true of a flat or low slope roofwhere only a 1- to 3-inch space above the insulation mightbe available for ventilation. In houses with attic spaces, theuse of both inlet and outlet ventilation is recommended.Place inlet ventilators in soffit or friezeboard areas of thecornice. Outlet ventilators should be placed as near aspossible or on the ridgeline. This placement of ventilatorswill assure air movement through a stack effect. A combi-nation of attic ventilators may be installed in the gables,soffits, roof or roof ridge line to maintain a flow of airthrough an attic. Manufacturers’ markings or literature tellthe number of square inches of attic vents needed persquare foot of attic space. It is important to place corro-sion-resistant wire mesh with openings not less than 1/

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inch in any direction behind all vents to exclude pests.

ExclusionExclusion is another way to prevent pest populations

with minimal pesticide use. Insect, rodent, bird and reptile

Gaps around doors should be sealed.

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pests may walk, crawl or fly into your home. Pests are alsocarried in bags, boxes or on clothing, so examine theseitems before bringing them into the structure. To preventoccasional invaders (ladybird beetles, boxelder bugs, elmleaf beetles, centipedes, crickets, millipedes, sowbugs,pillbugs, mites, rats, mice, snakes, bats, squirrels, birds)from entering homes, use exclusion practices. Walk aroundthe perimeter of your structure to determine possible pestentry points. Exclude pests with tight-fitting doors,windows and sealed walls. This may involve adding doorsweeps, adding weather stripping to sliding glass doors andwindows, caulking openings in window frames, repairingholes in screens, adding screens, etc. If you are unsurewhether a door fits tightly, observe the door from outsidewhen it is dark and an interior light is on. If light is seenaround the edges of the door, then you don’t have a goodseal. Mice can enter openings about 1/4 inch, while ratsneed a 1/2-inch hole. Seal cracks, crevices and holes in thefoundation. Screen vent openings in foundation walls and

attic. Caulk or seal holes in outside walls, eaves and otherexternal surfaces. Many pests use wires, pipes, tree limbsand other guidelines to help them move from one area toanother. Voids around pipes can be sealed with steel woolor copper gauze (which won’t rust) and expandable foam.Rodents will not chew the steel wool or mesh. If rats areentering the structure through the commode, install a “RatGuard®” (J.T. Eaton) on sewer lines.

Landscaping PracticesLandscaping practices also influence pest popula-

tions. Trim branches away from buildings to preventcarpenter ants, roof rats and squirrels from gaining access.One landscaping practice that can dramatically reducemillipede, cricket, sowbug, pillbug and clover mitepopulations is a 12-to 18-inch bare zone around the base ofthe structure.

Termites need cellulose materials to feed on. Mulchesplaced over the termiticide-treated soil next to the founda-tion can give termites access to the structure withoutcontacting the termiticide. This is another eason to keep a12-to 18-inch bare zone next to the foundation. Landscapetimbers will often provide food for termites or shelter forcarpenter ants. Other landscaping materials for borders,such as concrete or vinyl, are available that will notdegrade as quickly as wood and will not provide food fortermites and shelter for other critters.

Construction and maintenance practices also affectbuilding’s susceptibility to termites. In the final grading,allow at least 6 inches of clearance between the top of thesoil and the top of the foundation. Foam board insulationand stucco that extend below grade are especially trouble-some. When stucco separates from the foundation wall,termites can tube between the wall and stucco and enterthe home undetected. If foam insulation is present belowgrade also, the termites chew through the insulation.Although the foam board does not provide nutrition, itdoes provide optimal nesting and tunneling conditions.Even if the termites are detected, liquid termiticides aredifficult to apply in this situation because the foaminsulation resists wetting.

No wood from the structure should contact the soil.In fact, soil should not be within 6 to 12 inches (orpreferably 18 inches) of wood. Remove form boards,construction stakes and scrap lumber from constructionsites. Porch supports should be separated from the buildingby at least 2 inches. Wooden steps should rest upon aconcrete base that extends 6 inches above grade. Do notplace basement partitions, posts and stair stringers until theconcrete floor has been poured. They should never extendinto or through the concrete.

Moisture attracts termites to the home. The finishedgrade outside the building should slope away from thefoundation so water will not collect under the house.Repair plumbing leaks and leaks in roofs and around

Repair plumbing leaks asquickly as possible.Moisture attracts termitesto the structure.

Leave a 12-18 inch bare zone next to the foundation.

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windows as quickly as possible. Clean leaves and debrisfrom gutters. Downspouts should empty into drain pipesto conduct water away from structure.

Remove debris (firewood, boards and other clutter)from the base of buildings to discourage rodents fromnesting; this in turn could reduce snake and tick problems.Firewood can also harbor large cockroaches, carpenterants, wood-boring beetles, termites and others. Reducinginsect populations around or under structures shoulddecrease their predators such as centipedes and scorpions.

LightingMany insects are active at night and are attracted to

lights. Sodium vapor lights are much less attractive toinsects. Use yellow bug lights or sodium vapor lights neardoorways, driveways and sidewalks. Use mercury vapor orincandescent lights around the perimeter of the property tolure insects away from buildings.

Exclusion practices are also important indoors. Caulkor seal the edges of wall outlets, fuse boxes, light switches,cabinet edges along walls, any gaps between cabinets,voids below cabinets, the linoleum/bathtub interface andplumbing penetrations to prevent pests from moving alongguidelines (wires, pipes, edges of walls) from one area toanother. Cockroaches prefer to feel a surface above andbelow them (space about 3/8 “ high or smaller), so areaswhere floor tile is loose, wallpaper or other surface ispeeling, or Formica® is loose on counterparts, all need tobe resealed to reduce cockroach harborage.

4. Household Pest Control Measures toSupplement Prevention Measures

Sanitation and exclusion measures can be thought ofas prevention. Even though diligent efforts have beenapplied to reducing pests’ access to food, water and shelter,some pests may still occur.

VacuumingThere are alternative control measures to pesticides.

A vacuum can be used to remove occasional invaders. If

a pesticide were sprayed, the dead pests would still needto be removed. A wet/dry vac with a soapy water solutionmay be more useful when pests are very abundant.Vacuuming can also be used for initial control (cleanout)of cockroach infestations and is especially useful insensitive environments such as schools and health carefacilities. A HEPA or other filter that screens allergensshould be used on the vacuum to prevent the allergensfrom becoming air-borne. Vacuuming can also supple-ment other pest control efforts. Vacuuming areas fre-quented by pests prior to flea pesticide treatments canremove 60 percent of the flea eggs and about 27 percentof the larvae. It also removes organic matter and fecalblood the larvae need to feed on to mature. Stimulusprovided by the vacuum causes the adult to emerge fromthe cocoon, and, if not vacuumed, the adult which wasprotected in the cocoon will now be exposed to insecti-cide applications. It is important to dispose of the vacuumcleaner bag immediately after use in an outside garbagecan with a tight-fitting lid.

TrapsMany different types of traps are available to control

vertebrate pests ranging from snap traps to multiple catchtraps to other live traps (See Extension SP 293-C). Miceand rats typically use the edges of the wall as guidelines.The trigger of the snap traps should be placed near thewall. Mouse traps should be placed 10-12 feet apart. Glueboards can also be used to trap and control rodent popula-tions. Fly light traps with sticky boards placed 3-4 feetabove corners or along walls where they will not competewith natural lighting are excellent monitoring tools andmay also provide control.

PesticidesPesticides are often needed to supplement the above

procedures. To reduce the risk of exposure from pesticidesuse: baits, insect growth regulators, dusts in voids andformulations such as microencapsulated (ME) and wet-table powders (WP) in crack and crevices. Spot treatmentsshould be used on a discretionary basis. The use of“foggers” or space sprays should be discouraged. Baits areavailable in tamper-resistant bait stations, gels, pastes andgranular formulations. These are very effective in reducingrisk of exposure to pesticides for several reasons:(1) they are premixed or packaged, reducing the threat of

exposure during mixing;(2) they are usually formulated at low concentrations;(3) typically they contain slow-acting toxicants with

caution signal words;(4) they are placed in cracks and crevices or other pro-

tected areas, and(5) the toxicant is placed in a carrier that attracts the pest

and often the pest transfers this bait to other members ofa colony or crowded location that would not be visible.

Holes in the foudation and around plumbing, conduit andwires should be sealed to prevent pest entry.

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Examples of baits available to homeowners includeTerro® Ant Killer II, Combat® Superbait Ant Baits,Combat® bait stations, Amdro® Insecticidal Bait andCombat® Outdoor Ant Killing Granules.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are chemicals thateither mimic the hormones that occur in insects or preventthe formation of chitin used in the insect’s exoskeleton(outer shell). Examples of IGRs are hydroprene (Gentrol®,Gentrol® Point Source™), fenoxycarb (Award®, Logic®),methoprene (Petcor®, Precor®) and pyriproxyfen (Ar-cher™, Nylar® and many other trade names). Recently,many products containing pyriproxyfen or methoprenehave become available to consumers for flea control.

Dusts can be injected into walls and other closedspaces. It is important to apply only a light dusting. Toomany puffs can result in a thick layer which could berepellent. Boric acid, silica and diatomaceous earth areexamples of inorganic dusts. Other dusts include Sevin®,Tempo®, Ficam®, etc. It is important to wear proper safetyequipment when applying dusts. Always follow the labelinstructions for safety.

Microencapsulated or wettable powder formulationscan be used in cracks and crevices. Crack-and-creviceapplications can be performed by using a compressed airsprayer (hand-held sprayer) with a plastic tip (availablefrom distributors) that fits on the end of the nozzle.Exposure can be further minimized if the crack and creviceis sealed after the pesticide application. Many of thewettable powders, and microencapsulated and newerformulations are available to professionals.

Insecticides for homeowners’ use are often available inother ready-to-use formulations such as aerosols and pumps.

Selecting the Best Formulation for a SiteSelect pest control products that have detailed label

directions and always follow label directions. Selectrecommended pesticide formulations and equipment toapply pesticide to the infested area. Select products andmethods that are most closely tailored for the particulartype of environment. For example, for long residualactivity in a dry situation, use a dust or bait; for residualtreatments on a porous surface, spray a microencapsulatedor wettable powder. Use emulsifiable concentrates whereappearance is important. Emulsifiable concentrates tend topenetrate porous surfaces and therefore do not leave muchpesticide at the surface. Spot test a small area beforeapplying a pesticide to determine any adverse effects. Fora surface application of a residual insecticide whereappearance is not too important, use a wettable powder ormicroencapsulated spray. Wettable powders may leave awhite residue on surfaces. Keep solutions and mists awayfrom open flames or sparks. Around electrical installation,use a dust or bait station. On or around plants, use awettable powder or emulsion.

Ultrasonic Pest Control DevicesUltrasonic sound waves have been tested extensively

for pest control in the laboratory and field; most researchresults indicate these devices are not effective.

Safety PrecautionsPesticides are poisons, but they are safe to use

when properly handled and applied.

Protect yourself when applying and mixing pesticides.Wear:

• A hat.• Long-sleeved shirt.• Long pants or coveralls.• Unlined neoprene or rubber gloves (leather or cloth

[including linings] absorb pesticides).• Socks and boots, especially in wet grass, because of

increased chance the pesticide will contaminatefootwear.

• Read label carefully to determine steps for mixing,applying and storing pesticides and to determine ifother protective equipment such as goggles, rubberapron or a respirator is needed.

• Take extra precautions when mixing because thepesticide is more concentrated.

• Mix outdoors in good lighting and fresh air.• Wash off at once any pesticide spilled on skin.• Do not touch surfaces that have been sprayed with

insecticides until they are dry.• Pesticide label will recommend time to re-enter the

treated site.• To determine if carpets are dry before entering,

place a paper towel on the carpet. With shoes on,step on the paper towel. If a wet spot appears, carpetis not dry. Repeat procedure a few hours later.

• Keep emergency response numbers, such as poisoncontrol centers and medical emergency (911), nearby.

• Use protective gear when cleaning equipment.• Store all pesticides in a safe place out of reach of

children, or irresponsible persons.

Why Isn’t More Better?

Over-applying pesticides can:• damage the plants in the lawn, garden or the

treatment site• increase the possibility of exposure• waste money• hurt the environment

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The following pages list recommended procedures and, if necessary, pesticides to use to control specific pests. Remem-ber to reduce the pest’s access to food, water and shelter. This may provide control by itself. If pesticides are needed, they aremore likely to provide control if access to these necessities are limited.

Pesticides to be used by professionals are printed in bold in this publication. They are not suggested for homeowner use,but are to act as a guide when receiving professional services. Color images for many household and structural pests can befound under Color Image References at http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/pat/PATinfo/WDO/WDOindex.htm andhttp://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/pat/PATinfo/GRC/GRCindex.htm. Additional images can be found at Distance Diagnostic PestProfiles at http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/ddpp.htm.

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AntsFire AntsCarpenter AntsBatsBean WeevilsBook LiceBed BugsBoxelder BugsCarpenter BeesCarpet BeetlesCentipedes

ChiggersClothes MothsClover MitesCockroachesCricketsElm Leaf BeetlesEarwigsFleasFliesFungus GnatsHead Lice

MiceMillipedesMites, Bird or RodentMolesMosquitosPantry PestsPowder Post and otherWood-Booring BeetlesRatsSilverfish and FirebratsSkunks

Snails and SlugsSnakesSowbugs or PillbugsSpiders or ScorpionsSpringtailsTermitesTicksWasps, Hornets, Yellowjackets

Click on insect name for recommended procedures.

http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/pat/PATinfo/WDO/WDOindex.htm

http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/pat/PATinfo/GRC/GRCindex.htm

http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/ddpp.htm

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.snoitatsefni

,smelborperutsiomtcerroCdniF.etalitnevdnaskaelriaper

.strapdoownistsentaertdnaebyamdoowehtotnignillirD

llawnistsentsuD.yrassecensyarpsylppatonoD.sdiov

.yticirtceleraen

dnuofneebsahsseccusemoStnaretnepracrofstiabtnagnisu

asyawlatonsititub,lortnocsihttaeuqinhcetlufsseccus

ecalpnacslanoisseforP.emitylevitcaerastnaerehwstiab

rostnayarpstonoD.gnigaroflliwtiesuacebgnitiabfisliart

.stiabmorfstnaleper

STAB,B392PSeeS

4261BP

dnascittaedavniserutaercgniylf-thgiN.saeraralimis

otsedicitcesnihtiwaerataerTgnidulcni,setisaraplanretxelortnoc

stabretfaecildnasetim,saelfsetimdnasaelfeeS.dedulcxe

.noitces

eriwhtiwselohecnartneesolCretfastabedulcxeotgnineercs.aeragnitserehttfelevahyeht

elbadnapxehtiwgninepolaeS.maof

SLIVEEWNAEB tucsmrowetihwdnaselteebyarg,llamS.saepdnasnaebdeirdniselohdnuor

.egarotsnirodleifnikcattayaM

rehtiE:lortnoclacimehc-noNrostcudorpdetsefniehtyortsed

gnitaehrepusybmehtegavlas,ruoh2/1rofFseerged041ot

peedanigniloocrepusro.syad4rofFeerged0taezeerf

nisnaebeerf-tcesnierotS.sdilthgithtiwsreniatnoc

ECILKOOB otderoloc-maerc,deidob-tfos,llamS,sselgniw,nworbthgilrohsiyarg

.ignuf,sdlomnodeeF.gnivomtsaf,repapllaw,slaerec,skoobnidnuoF.sgnihtdehcratsegamadyaM.sexob

)slosoreasuoirav(snirhteryP ecilkoobfosrebmunegraLdimuhevissecxerednupoleved

,skoobydlom,snoitidnoctuoyrD.slaerecrosgab,srepap

detsefniyortseD.saeradetsefni.eulavelttilfolairetam

SGUBDEB .stcesnisselgniw,hsidder,lavo,talF.sredeefthgiN.gnikcusdoolB

nirhtemsersnirhteryp

thgilnusllufnisserttamgniriA.rodosecuderdnalortnocsdia

niskcarcdnaemarfdebtaerTsteehsyarpstonoD.moordebevahslanoisseforP.steknalbro

htiwsedicitcesniotssecca.slaudiserregnol

➭

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11


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

REDLEXOBSGUB

H143PSeeS

krad,ediwhcni-3/1,gnolhcni-2/1,talFderesiwhtgnel3htiw,kcalb-hsinworbyrehtaelsgniW.daehehtdnihebsepirts

derhtiwpittasuonarbmeM.esabtaerashpmyN.dersinemodba;sniev

.derthgirbdnasselgniw,rellams

%50.0UTRnirhtnefib%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc

otdetcarttaerastcesniesehTegraL.llafdnagnirpsehtnisgnidliub

dnuora,gnidisnotcellocsrebmunesU.scittadnasllawynnus,srood

stseperofebsecitcarpnoisulcxemuucav,edisnI.tnerappaemoceb

ecapsfoesudiovA.cavyrdaotni.sdiovllawnidnuofsgubfisyarps

evresdluocsdiovllawnisgubdaeDetanimilE.doofelteebtepracsa

redlexob)gniraeb-dopdees(elamef:edistuO.seertniarnedlogdna

deximretawotnisgubehtmuucavtnegreteddiuqilafonoopsaet1htiw

yrd/tewniretawfonollagrepdetsiltaerT.knatrenaelcmuucavtsriferasgubnehwlebalnosetisotsseccaevahslanoisseforP.nees.slaudiserregnolhtiwsedicitcesni

RETNEPRACSEEB

P143PSeeS

,kcalb-eulbahtiwgnolhcni-5/4ot-2/1roloC.neehscillatemelpruproneerg

tub,eebelbmubaelbmeserezisdna.sselriahsinemodbaehtfopoteht

hcni-8/3,ralucricawehcseebesehTgnitsendnadoowotnielohecnartne

elgnathgiratagnolsehcni6-4yrellagrofdesuseirellaG.elohecnartneehtot

.teef01dnetxeyamsraeylareves

yrellagehtotnistsudylppA:sgninepo

relliKtnAdnaetimreTtsePpeZ

:syarpSslosoreArelliKpsaW/eeB

%1.0UTRnirhtulfyctnAretnepraCdnaetimreTohtrO

)nirhtnefib(relliK

slortnocevitneverprolacimehcnoNdoowgnihsinravrognitniapedulcnikaerboteriwthgiartsaesU.secafrus

seeblaudividnI.slennutnisllecpuronotnimdabahtiwdellikebnacffup,gnirpsehtnI.teuqcarralimisniselohtsenotnistsudladicitcesni

seebretnepracehtnehwgnineveehtehtotsseccaseebwollA.tsertaerahtiwelohehtlaeS.sruoh42roftsen

rolewodretemaidhcni8/3,yttup.noitatsefniertneverpotkrocniretniwrevoseebretnepraC

ehtos,seirellagdesuylsuoiverpnidetcepsniebosladluohserutcurts

otaeradelaestniapeR.llafeht.egamadrekcepdoowtneverp

TEPRACSELTEEBI143PSeeS

tepraCkcalBelteeB

nommoC

erutinruF

tepraCdeiraVelteeB

;htgnelnihcni4/1othcni8/1tludAnihcni8/3avraL.sgelnworb;kcalb

htiwderevoc;depahs-torrac;htgnellanimretgnolhtiwdnariahtrohs

.seltsirb

dnaetihwhtiwgnolhcni8/1stludA;egnaro

ro;kcalbdnaetihw,wolleyro

;stopswolleydnanworb,etihw

.sriahnworbotkcalbgnolhtiwavral

fostnemtaerttopsylppAtcepsusrodetsefniotsedicitcesni

.gnihtolcottontub,saerastnemetatsyranoituacerpeeS

.stepracgniniatssedicitseptuobanirhtemrepdna%01.0nirhteryP

snirhteryplosorea%02.0%30.0nirhtemolart

%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc50.0nirhtnefib

,gnitepractsefniselteebtepraC,erutinrufderetslohpu,ruf,gnihtolc

,sredwopklim,stsendrib,skoob,srehtaef,stcudorplaminafoselcitra

foslairetamrehtodnaklis,loowecruosdoofetacoL.nigirolaminadoogesU.elbissopfi,evomerdna

roolfgninaelcsahcus,gnipeekesuohnaelcyrD.ylralugerstepracdna

slairetamderotS.ylralugersehtolcebdluohsegamadottcejbus

niderotsdnadenaelcylhguoroht.slatsyrchtomhtiwreniatnocthgit

neddihdnaseciverc,skcarctaerTderotsrostesolc,sllawfoaera

.cte,stepracrednu,slairetam

➭

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12Back to list


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

SEDEPITNEC dnasreleefgnolhtiwerutaerchsiyarG.gnivom-tsaF.sgelmils,gnolynam

.eannetnagnoL

:sroodnI,%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc

%50.0nirhtnefib

:edistuOyarpsniveS

%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc%50.0nirhtnefib

.etibnaC.stcesninodeeFevitcA.suoremuntonyllausU

:lortnoclacimehc-noN.thgintaenozerabhcni81-21aevael

evoM.esabnoitadnuofottxenrettulcrehtodnaselipdoow

taert-topS.erutcurtsmorfyawarood,secivercdnaskcarc

erehwsgnidlomdnasdlohserhtdetceridsarolwarcyamtsep

tonyamslaudiseR.lebalyb.lortnoclatotedivorp

emocotdeenyamstnemtaerT.tsephtiwtcatnoctceridotni

SREGGIHC dnaelpoepnotegtahtsetimynityreVt’noD.gnihctidnasehctolbesuacdnasdraynitegtub,semohedavni

.saeradedoow

dnuorastnelleperlaicremmocesUlanosreproftsiawdnaselkna

ottnelleperteedylppA.noitcetorpotyarps%5.0enonamrePdna,niks

sruoh2skcosdnasffuc,seohsahtiwdrayyarpS.gniraewerofeb

,skeew6-4yreveedicitcesnidelebal.dedeenfi

evomeR.ylralugernwalwoMmorfselbmarbdnasdeew

.sworecnef

SEHTOLCSHTOM

J143PSeeS

.gnol"2/1daerpsgniw,shtomhsinworBneklisyarG.gnol"3/1-61/1eraeavraL

.cirbaffoecafrusrevognibbewrosesac

smetielbitpecsusnaelcdnahsurBotmuucavropeewS.yllacidoirep

.stseptneverpottnilrotsudevomeryrD.tnemtaertotroirpmuucavoslA

htiwgnihtolcfoorp-htomdnanaelcgnilaes-thgitnislatsyrchtom

.sehtolcyarpstonoD.reniatnoc,%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc,snirhteryP

%30.0nirhtemolart

thgilotdetcarttatonerastludArenrockradaotylflliwdna

dnuofyllausU.debrutsidnehw,loow,slairetamdetsefnino

deretslohpu,riah,srehtaef,ruf,stepraccitehtnysnon,erutinruf

otsyarpsylppA.tnildnatsudstesolcnisecivercdnaskcarc

detsefnirehtotaert-topsdnahtomnosnoituacerpeeS.saera

.gnihtolcgniniatstuobaslatsyrc

SETIMREVOLC evilootnworb,setim)hcni03/1(yniT.sgeltnorfgnolforiaphtiwneerg

tcatnocyblortnocsyarpsdlohesuoHnirhtemolart,snirhteryP:emohnisroodtuO%50.0nirhtnefib%30.0

%50.0nirhtnefib:esu

nidrayehtmorfsemohedavnIdnallafnisrebmuntaerg

scirbafrosllawniatS.gnirps.dehsurcnehwnworb-hsidder

morfsburhsdnassargpeeK.esuohhtiwtcatnoctcerid

dnafrutnilortnocdeewdooG21foredrobeerf-noitategeva

lliwemohdnuorasehcni81fostniopotsyarpsylppA.pleh

,snoitadnuofsahcusyrtne,sroodtuO.srooddnaswodniw

otdnabtoof3-2aylppafosllawnoitadnuofedistuo

.esuoh

➭

13


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

SEHCAORKCOC4201BP

namreGhcaorkcoC

rodednaBnworBhcaorkcoCerutinruF

hcaorkcoClatneirO

hcaorkcoCnaciremA

natronworbelap,htgnelni"8/5tuobAnoskaertskradlellarap2htiw

ehtnitnadnubatsomyllausU.mutonorp.smoorhtabdnanehctik

htiwnworbkrad,htgnelni"8/5ot"2/1ylediW.sgniwgnisrevartsdnabelap2

niesuohehttuohguorhtdetubirtsiddnasgnihsinruf,stesolc,sllaw

.snehctiknitnadnubatub,secnailppa

otnworb-hsidderkrad,htgnelni"4/11fodnessaprustonodsgniw;kcalb

,sroolfrewolnidnuofyllausU.nemodbastneuqerF.ecapslwarcnirosroodtuo

krad,tsiomrosniardroolf,sretemretaw.saera

htiwnworb-hsidder,htgnelni"2/11.mutonorpdnuoradnabwolleyelap

,esuohtuohguorhtdnuofebyaMretaw,srewes,secapslwarcni,sroodtuo

.snacegabragdnasretem

:stiaBtabmoC,leGgnilliKhcaoRtabmoC

,stiabrednEhcaoR,snoitatstiabggEdnaVtiaBhcaoRxaMdiaR

.secivercdnaskcarcnireppotS

:sehcaoregralrofstiaBtabmoC,snoitatstiabhcaortabmoC

raenyarpstonoD.srehto,stiablegeblliwsehcaorkcocesuacebstiab

.delleper

gniniatnocsrotalugeRhtworGtcesnI.srehtoronefyxorpiryp,enerpordyh

regnoltubgnitcarewolserasRGIdnastludasezilirets-gnitsal

morfserutammistneverp.tnempolevedgnitelpmoc

htiwsdiovtsudylthgiL:sdicacirob

,cicaroB,dicAcirobohtrOsulP%08efurPhcaoR

:syarpSnirhtnefib,%1.0UTRnirhtulfyckcalB,%30.0nirhtemolart%50.0toH,)%5.3nirhtemrep(dloGgalFtnAdiaR,)%52.0snirhteryp(tohS%31.0,nirhtemrep%2.0(hcaoRdna

)snirhteryp

retaw,doofotsseccatneverPdoogecitcarP.retlehsdna

,gnildnahdoofninoitatinas.saeragnitaednaegarots

tneverpdnaerutsiomlortnoCffolaeS.noitasnednocroskael

skcarcsahcussetisegarobrah.cte,kluachtiwsecivercdna

otsecitcarpnoisulcxeesuoslA.tnemevomhcaorkcoctneverpspartykcitsrosdraobeulgesU

kradnisegdegnoladecalprotinomdnaetacolotsecalp

gnitiaB.snoitalupophcaorkcocrofdohtemderreferpehtsi

stiabylppA.lortnochcaorkcocepip,seciverc,skcarcot

fostnioj,sllawotnisgninepoepip,stenibacdnaerutinruf

saerehweslednastiudnocdraobeulgybdetacidni

,yarpsotesoohcuoyfI.sehctacpeekotsnoituacerpesu

secips,dooffotuoslacimehcgnitaerosehsidffodna

syarpsylppatonoD.slisnetuyamstrohslacirtceleerehwnistsudrostiabesu;rucco

syarpsesutonoD.saeraesehtesuacebgnitiabnehw

dellepereblliwsehcaorkcoclebaldaeR.stiabehtmorf

yamstcudorpemos;ylluferacgnildnahdoofrofdelebalebton

.saera

STEKCIRC gnolhtiwstcesnignipmuj,kcalBerastekcirclemacroevaC.eannetna

.nworbdnadepmuh

:stsuddnasyarpS%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc

%50.0nirhtnefib)%5.3nirhtemrep(dloGgalFkcalB

)%52.0snirhteryp(tohStoH%2.0(hcaoRdnatnAdiaR

)snirhteryp%31.0,nirhtemrep

egamadyamtekcirckcalBsatnemtaerttaepeR.gnihtolc

otnistniopyrtneyarpS.dedeen.ecapslwarctsuD.erutcurts

pmadtsefnistekcirclemaCdnasbalsrednu,stnemesab

yrdroetalitneV.secapslwarc.thgintaevitcA.saeraesehtdnaskcarcotnisyarpsylppA

.llewdstekcircerehwseciverceulG.secitcarpnoisulcxeesU

sroodnidesuebnacsdraobrehtodnastniopyrtnednuora

.cte,stnemesabnisecalp

FAELMLESELTEEB

.elteebwolley-dna-hsikcalb,gnolbO.sroodtuomorfsemohotnisemoC

:seertyarpS,yarpS%1noihtalaM

yarpSniveS,mrowgaB,reroBemolitreF

rallipretaCtneTdnarenimfaeLyarpS

otsecitcarpnoisulcxeesU.emohotniyrtneelteebtneverp

wodniwthgit,doogniatniaMlwarcneercS.sneercsrooddna

mledetsefniyarpS.stnevecapsrofrenaelcmuucavesU.seert

.sesuohniselteeb

➭

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14


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

SGIWRAE ta"srehcnip"foriapybdeifitnediylisaE.nemodbafodne

:sroodnI%50.0nirhtnefib%52.0nirhtemser

:sroodtuO%50.0nirhtnefib

%30.0nirhtemolarttsudroyarpsnives

sredavnilatnedicnierasgiwraEllewdyllausuyehT.sesuohotni

dnahclum,rettilfaelninommoceradnaselipdoowselbategevno"srekihhctih".nedragehtmorfdetsevrahyawaseliptsopmocgnivoMtsepdialliwesuohehtmorf

silortnocladicitcesnI.lortnocsihtrofyrassecennuyllausu

elbissopyarps,dedeenfI.tcesniaeradehclumdnastniopyrtne

.esuohehtdnuora

SAELF6951BP

,nworb-hsidder,gnol"61/1,llamSdesserpmocydoB.tcesnisselgniwrofdetpadadnagnolsgel,yllaretal

.gnipmuj

:tepnOdna[srotalugeRhtworGtcesnI

:]edicitludahtworgtcesnina)margorP(norunefuldeef/llipylhtnomaninevigrotalugerehthguorhtdetalucricsitahtevitidda

deefsaelftludA.doolbs'tacrogodtneuqesbusdnadoolbdetaertnopolevedotelbanuerasnoitareneg

noitpircserpybelbaliavA.ylreporp.snairaniretevmorf

ronirhterypdna[enerpohtem,syarpslaminano:]sohpnivrolhcartet

srallocaelfdna,sessuom

ronirhtemrepdna[nefyxorpirypdnasyarpslamina-no:]nirhteryp

sno-tops

:sedicitludAlio)egatnavdA(dirpolcadimi

morfelbaliavano-topssnairaniretev

rehtodnanirhteryp,nirhtemrep.elbaliavasedicitluda

tepdnasaeradetsefnitaert-topS:gniwollofhtiwedisnisaeragnitser

dna[srotalugeRhtworGtcesnI:]sedicitludanefyxorpiryp

ronirhtemrepdna[nefyxorpirypstcudorpesu-ot-ydaer]nirhteryp

enerpohtem

rosnirhterypdna[enerpohtemstcudorpesu-ot-ydaer]nirhtemrep

:sedicitludAsnirhteryp

%2.0esu-ot-ydaernirhtemrep%520.0nirhtemolart

sroodtuO :)lebalnodeificepsnehw(nefyxorpiryp

%30.0nirhtemolart

nodeefotreferpsaelftludAdnasexof,smussopo,stac,sgod

nabrurehtodnastarsemitemostonerastepnehW.slamina

.dekcattaerasnamuh,elbaliavadnadoolbnodeefeavraL

.drayroesuohnirettamcinagromargorplortnocaelfaetaitinI

muucaV.lirpAnahtretalondnakeewaeciwtsaeradetsefni

evomerottnemtaertotroirpcinagrodnastluda,eavral,sgge

tepracgninaelc-maetS.rettam.snoitalupopecuderoslayam

,stepmorfsaelfetanimilEerofebsesimerpdnagniddeb

.noitacavnognitraped

noetartnecnocdnasteptaerTronaelcdnasaeragnitsertep

emasehtnogniddebtepevomerhtworgtcesnI.yad

kaerbottnatropmisrotalugerfonoitanibmocA.elcycefilaelf

dnarotalugerhtworgtcesninatsomehtebyamedicitludana

.esuotnoitalumroftneiciffe

fotuoelpoepdnasteppeeKdnasroodni(aeradetaert

.seirdyarpslitnu)sroodtuostnemetatsyranoituacerpeeS

gniniatssedicitseptuobasihtfodneehttasteprac

.noitacilbup ,stnemtaerttaepeR.skeew2tuobaretfa,dedeenfi

stac;ylluferaclebalehtdaeR.tnemtaertmorfdedulcxeebyam

nwodsdeewpeek,ssargwoMaelfesopxeotsburhsmirtdna

lahteloteavraldnasggesaeragnitagirrI.noitacissed

tontub,sgnidliubgnidnuorrussaelfllikyam,gnidliubtsniaga

.gninwordyb

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➭

15


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

SEILFllams,seilfecaF

dnaseilfretsulcseilfelttobeulb

seilFesuoH

seilFelttoBylFelttoBneerG

ylFelttoBeulBylFelttoBeznorB

ylFelttoBkcalB

seicepseerhtesehtfoseilftludA.sdiovllawdnascittanietanrebih

krad,gnolhcni-3/1tuobaseilfretsulCrevlisdnakcalbderekcehchtiw,yargfoxarohtnosriahdloghtiw,nemodbaralimisylfecaF.stludadegremeylwen

tludA.ylfesuohehtotecnaraeppanixarohtyarglludaevahseilfelttobeulb

.nemodbaeulbynihsadna

rolocyargllud,htgnelni"4/1tuobAehtnosepirtskradlanidutignol4htiw

.xaroht

roloccillatemneerg;htgnelni"2/1roloccillatemeulb;htgnelni"2/1

roloccillatemeznorb;htgnelni"2/1dnaxarohtyergynihs;htgnelni"3/1

.nemodbacillatemeulbllud

gnilaesybllafehtniseilfedulcxElladnihebgnineercs,stniopyrtne

dnasllawniselohgnilaes,stnev.llafniyrtnetsepotroirpscitta

otsyarpsnirhterypesuromuucaVthgilkcalbesU.seilfdesopxellik

.ecafrusykcitshtiwpartotstsudylppanacslanoisseforP

ebyamseilferehwsdiov.gniretniwrevo

laudiseresunac,yrassecenfI.sllawedistuonosyarps

%1.0nirhtulfyc

yraropmetroflosoreanirhterypesU.emohedisnifeiler

laudiseresunac,yrassecenfI.sllawedistuonosyarps

%1.0nirhtulfyc

ylFesuoHees

setisaraperaeavralylfretsulC.smrowhtraefo

wocnipolevedeavralylfecaFnietanrebihstludA.seittap

.sdiovllawdnascitta

nipolevedeavralylfelttobeulBdaed,taemgniyaced,egabrag.tnemercxednahsif,slamina

cinagromrawnipolevedeavraLelbategevrolaminaforettamtsaeltahsartevomeR.nigiro

ylfecuderotkeewaeciwtneercS.semohnisnoitalupopegabraG.srooddnaswodniwgnittif-thgitevahdluohssnac

spartthgiltcesniesU.sdilyrevsinoitatinaS.sroodni

.tnatropmi

netfosroodniseilfelttoBrehtoroesuomdaedaetacidni

,citta,sdiovllawnilaminadaedfoesopsiD.cte,tnemesab

lamina,sessacraclaminasnacegabraG.cte,tnemercxe.sdilgnittif-thgitevahdluohs

roylFtiurFylFrageniV

dnadaehnat,seyeder,gnolhcni8/1.kcalb-yargnemodba,xaroht

.ecruosdoofevomeR.noitatinaSnirhteryP.lortnocdiayamsparT

.stludarofslosorea

.syad11-8nitludaotggE,tiurfgniyacednieavraL

.snacegabragdnaselbategev.eavraldnuorastludA

ylFhtoMylFreweS

-htomdeggel-gnol,yriahroylacs,llamS.seilfekil

cinagrotsiomevomeR.noitatinaSeriwhtiwsniardnaelc,slairetam

gnitserdnastludayarps;hsurb.snirhteryphtiwsecafrus

.egailofrosllawnotserstludA.tludaotggemorfskeew4-3

dnasknis,sepipniardnideerB.sdiloscinagrotsiomyrev

STANGSUGNUFC143PSeeS

,rednelS.gnolhcni4/1ot8/1stludAdnadaehkcalbynihsevaheavralyarg

.ydobekil-daerhtetihw

stludaroflosoreanirhteryP tel;stnalpgniretaw-revodiovAneewtebtahwemostuoyrdlios

.thgilotdetcarttA.sgniretawniliosdnaswodniwnitcelloCrevoyldiparnuR.stnalpdettop

.ecafrus

ECILDAEHS143PSeeS

dnaelpoeptsefnitahtstcesnitalf,yniT.gnihtolc

;)xiN(nirhtemrePlynorepipdna%3.0snirhteryP

,C&R,002A,diR(%3edixotub).cte

dnagnihtolcdetsefnihsaWdnapaosgnortshtiwgniddebnoyrdelbmut;retawtohyrev

oD.sneloownaelcyrD.taehhgih.cte,spac,sehsurbriaherahstonstinevomerotsbmoclaicepsesU

os,syad01ybhctahstiN.)sgge(ebyamnoitacilpparehtona

lebalwolloF.emitsihttadedeen.snoitcerid

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➭

16


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

ECIM4261BPeeS

yksuD.ecnuo2/1tuobahgiewstludAtnenimorp,ydobrednels,rolocyarg

dnadaehsagnolsatuobaliat,srae.ydob

hctacelpitlum,spartpansecalPshtapgnolasdraobeulgdnaspart

eulgrosparT.ecimybdelevart21-8yrevedecalpebdluohssdraobelohw:htiwdetiabebnacsparT.tf

yrd,rettubtunaeprostunaep,stunllams,serauqsnocab,laemtaodellor

detiaB.spordmugronottocfosdawotselgnathgirtatesebdluohsspart

thgirtapartecalP.snurtnedorhtiwyawhtaptnedorotselgna

.nurehttsniagapartfotrapreggirt

:stiabdenosioPnixotetucaweN ;nilahtemorb–

resaelermuiclaC yradnoces–melborpatonstepfogninosiop

:)stnedortnatsiser-nirafrawsllik(loreficlacelohc

:stnalugaocitnaesodelpitlum,redlOenonicahpid,enonicahporolhc

stnalugaocitnanoitarenegdnoceSevitceffeyllareneg,esod-elgnis(redloottnatsiserstnedortsniaga

,muocafidorb)esodelpitlumsrehto,enolaihtefid,enoloidamorb

nisroodtuomorfnievomeciM.enilcedserutarepmetsallaf–dedeensecitcarpnoisulcxE

gnineponahguorhttifnacecim:noitatinaS.retemaidnihcni4/1

retaw,doofotsseccaevomersegdeesustnedoR.retlehsdna

sasepipdnasduts,sllawfosparttesotrebmemeR.senilediug

stepdnanerdlihcerehwsuoiruceraeciM.truhebtonlliwsparthcaorppayllamronlliwdnaahctact'noduoyfI.thgintsrifeht

eht,sthginweftsrifehtniesuom.noitacolgnorwehtnisipart

SEDEPILLIM ,deggel-itlum,hsinworb,rednelSriapowT.gnolsehcni2-1,dellehsdrahemohedavnI.tnemgesydobrepsgelfo

.sselmraH.sroodtuomorf

:sroodnI%50.0nirhtnefib

%1.0UTRnirhtulfyclosorea%52.0nirhtemartet

:sroodtuO%50.0nirhtnefib

%1.0UTRnirhtulfyctsudroyarpsniveS

os,stcesnitonerasedepilliM.evitceffesyawlatonsedicitcesni

tsepnehwdeniatbolortnoctseBehthtiwtcatnoctceridnisemoc

lanoisaccoyllausU.edicitcesniegralniedavniyamtub,sredavni

esehtrednU.srebmunlacimehc-non,secnatsmucric

:evitceffeeromebyamlortnocrettulcrehtodnahclumevomer

hctahted,noitadnuofehtraenmorfehtniretawdnasnwal

yrdotsbmileertenurP.gninromnoisulcxeesU.tatibahrieht

otnistniopyrtnetaerT.secitcarp,sdebyvi,saeraydahs,erutcurts-fael,sllawkcordnasdebrewolf

.lebalybdetceridsarorettil3-2nihtiweidlliwsedepilliM

.erutcurtsyrdagniretneretfasyad

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17


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

DRIB,SETIMTNEDORRO

sroodnidnuofyllanoisaccosetiMrono,nitsendribrotnedorfoesuaceb

setimesehtfoemoS.serutcurtsraentuoba(llamserayehT.elpoepetibyamebyllausunactub,)doirepafoeziseht

.eyedekanehthtiwnees

fosyarpsecaps,daerpsediwfI.yrassecenebyamsnirhteryp

rofdetsilesohtsahcuslaudiseR.krowoslayamsaelf

%1.0nirhtulfyc%50.0nirhtnefib

dribgnillortnocnipetstsrifehTetanimileotsisetimtnedorro

evomerdnaslaminatsohehteht,netfO.setisgnitsenrieht

,cittaehtnidnuofeblliwstsenrosretfardnasevaeehtdnuora

sevolG.yenmihcrosrettugehtnignildnahnehwdesuebdluohs

dluohsrotaripserA.slaminadaedtsengnivomernehwnroweboslalagnufgnilahnidiovaotslairetam-esaesidlaitnetoprehtodnaserops

detaicossasmsinagrognicudorpkcarcyarpS.sgnippordehthtiwaeradetsefnidnuoraecivercdna

SELOM4261BP,A392PS

dnaworrubtahtslaminayrruf,llamSnisegdirdesiargnisuac,liosnilennut

.sdray

nooprahrorekohcfospartelomesUllamsapuekamylnosburG.epytgnitaerT.teids'elomehtfotnuomadoofecuderdluowstcesnirofnwal

ylbaborptub,selomotelbaliava.lortnocotdaeltondluow

pmarT.yawnurniamnipartecalPstopS.stopslarevesnisnurnwod

rehtO.nurniamnieradesiar-ererayawnurniamyfitnediotsyaw

rofesruocthgiartsrofkoolotyawnura;ecnatsidemos

rehtorosdnuomowtgnitcennocecnefagniwollofeno;syawnur

rehtorohtapetercnoc,woregdenaswolloftahteno;redrob

.drayrodleiffo

SEOTIUQSOMC305PSeeS

dnasnamuhetibtahtstcesnietacileDniyatsstludA.retawnideerB.slamina

.cte,secapslwarc,yrebburhs

niarsahcusretawgnidnatstaerT,saeradedoolfyltnettimretni,sloop

:htiw.cte,retawtnangatssisneilearsisisneigniruhtsullicaB

:)itB(steuqirb.i.t.BtimmuS

)derohcnaebotdeenyamsteuqirb(selunargrehtodnacabotceV

(enerpohtem disotlA tellep,diuqil)steuqirbro

sgnidliubfoedistuO nirhterypesu:losoreasafeileryraropmetrofyarps

ni%2.0nirhtmeser;reggofroreggofroodtuo

,nirhtemrep(reirrablaudiseRebnac)srehtodnanoihtalam

foretemirepnonoitategevotdeilppadiparotenorpsitahtytreporp

slliksihT.seotiuqsomfonoitatsefniehtgnirudratcennognideefstluda

asatcayamemosdnayadpmad,ydahsrehtoyarpS.tnelleper

.tserseotiuqsomerehwsaera

sroodnI gniniatnocsyarpsesutcesnIgniylFcinagoiBrosnirhteryp

dniheb,sllewriats,stesolcnirelliKyraropmetroferutinrufhtaenebdna

.feiler

gnidnats(setislavraletanimilEyberutcurtsdnuora)retaw

gniytpme,srettuggniggolcnutep,sloops'nerdlihc,shtabdrib

dlo,srecuastoprewolf,slwobdnuorasreniatnocrehtodnaseritllifroniarD.keewaeciwtemoh

.stcellocretawerehwsaerawolniseotiuqsomlortnocottseisaEerayehtesuacebegatserutammignidnatstaerT.retawotdenifnoc

.edicitcesnidelebalhtiwretaw.niksnostnellepertcesniesU

.sneercsriapeR

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18


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

STSEPYRTNAP

dehtoot-waSelteeBniarG

elteeBetteragiC

htoMlaemnaidnI

liveeWeciR

ruolFdesufnoCelteeB

elteeBruolFdeR

denettalf,gnol"8/1,kcalbhsinworBnosnoitcejorpekilhtoot-was6htiw

derotsfoyteiravediwanisdeeF.xaroht,tiurfdeird,stun,slaerec,stcudorp

.cte,ydnac.seikooc

tondaeh,nworbhsidder,lavo,gnol"8/1.ekil-waseannetna,evobamorfelbisiv

sgninosaes,occabotniredeeflareneGsrewolfdeird,laerec,akirpapyllaicepse

.sdoofderotsfoyteiravediwadna

gniwfo3/2renni,napsgniw"8/3-reppocgniwfo3/1retuo,hsiyarg

,stcudorpniargesraocnisdeeF.deroloc.tiurfdeird,stun,etalocohc

krad,daehnotuonsgnoL.gnol"8/1gniwnostopsthgirb4htiwnworb

.sniargnosdeeF.revoc

lavo,xevnoc,nworb-hsidder,gnol"8/1otdegralneyllaudargeannetna,epahs

ruolfnisdeeF.ylftonnaC.bulcanidne.stcudorplaerecdna

lavo,xevnocnworb-hsidder,gnol"8/1-3tcnitsidasaheannetna,epahs

dnaruolfnisdeeF.bulcdetnemges.stcudorplaerec

.dracsiddnaecruosdoofetacoLrehtodnastun,sruolf,sniargecalP

foorp-tcesninistcudorpderotsthguorberayehtnehwsreniatnocspartenomorehP.erotsmorfemoh

stsepfoecneserpehtetacidninactuohtiwlortnocedivorpyamdnaerasnoitalupopnehwsedicitcesni

muucaV.denifnocstsepdnawolnwodepiwdnasecivercdnaskcarc

doofdnastsepevomerotyrtnapladicitcesnierofebsihtoD.ecruos

etanimatnoctonoD.osla,noitacilppahtiwslisneturosevlehs,sehsid,doof

noitacilppaedicitcesnifI.sedicitsepdnaskcarcotniyarpstcerid,derised

sevlehstenibacegarotsfosecivercdooflladnanaelcerasevlehsnehw

taerT.devomer.cte,slisnetudnaehtnisecivercdnaskcarcylno

egarotsfotnemtaertllarevo;yrtnaphsawtonoD.evitceffetonsisevlehs

htiwrevoC.eudiseredicitcesniffo.derisedfirepap

,nirhtemser,%1.0UTRnirhtulfycsnirhteryp

:snoitatsefnitneverpoTstcudorpderotstcepsnI)1

,yllacidoirep,noitatinasdoogecitcarP)2

osesutcudorpderotsetatoR)3dnatsrifdesueraserotsredlo

egarotsniniamerenon,yletinifedni

otnoitalitnevetauqedaevaH)4nipudliuberutsiomtneverp

.saeraegarotsesu;gnifoorptcesnI)5

egarotsroegakcapfoorptcesni.elbissopreverehwserudecorp

nacspartenomorehP)6stsepfoecneserpehtetacidni

naidnIrofelbaliavaeradnaniargdehtoot-was,htomlaemruolfderdnadesufnoc,elteeb

,elteebetteragic,elteebshtomsehtolc,elteeberotsgurd

.srehtodna

lacimehcnonrofliveeWnaeBeeS.lortnoc

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19


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

TSOPREDWOPREHTODNA

GNIROB-DOOWSELTEEB

193#PP&EeeS

tsoPredwoPselteeB

redwopditcyLelteebtsop

redwopdiibonAelteebtsop

dedaehdnuoRsrerob

srerobesuohdlO

srehtO

ekil-ruolfhtiwgnolaselohdezis-tohS.selteebesehtetacidniredwop

dnahsa,kaosahcussdoowdrahskcattA,gnidlom,gnilenapdoownidnuofyrokcih

,doowylp,semarfrooddnawodniweannetnA.erutinrufdnasroolfdoowdrah

sedurtorpdaeH.bulcdetnemges-2htiw.doowdenosaesstsefnieR.drawrof

nI.sdoowtfosdnasdoowdrahkcattA,smaebkcattaoslayeht,evobaotnoitidda

rehtodnasduts,stsioj,sretfarnidnuofsnoitatsefnI.gnimarflarutcurts

sahcussaeradetalitnevylroop,tsiomdaeH.cte,stnemesab,secapslwarc

denosaestsefnieR.mutonorpybneddih.doow

dellehsdrahegralybdetacidniecneserP.sreleefgnolhtiwselteeb

edamelohecnegreme"4/1,lavo-yldaorBslennutnieavraL.rerobesuohdloyb

dnatfelotstopseye3;ssarfhtiwdekcap,gnolhcni4/3elteeB.selbidnamfothgir

gniwnosehctap2htiwnworb-yergstsefnieR.xarohtnospmub2;srevoc

.)enip(sdoowtfosdenosaes

sllawniraeppayamseloh"2/1taeNyllausut'noD.egremeselteeberehw.)enip(sdoowtfosdenosaestsefnier

refernmulocsihtnidetsilstcudorPgnitsefnierllaroftnemtaertot

.detsilselteebgnirobdoow

otroirpdetapupevahtahtselteeBebyamnoitacilppaedicitcesnioteunitnocyamdnadetceffanusnoitacilppaedicitcesnI.egreme

.noitatsefniertneverpdluohsmuidosidgniniatnocstcudorP

dna)TOD(etardyhartetetarobatcoslocylg )drauG-llehS,erac-aroB(

nahtrehtrufdoowetartenepyamsinoitarteneptub,slaudiserrehtoerutsiomnosdnepeddnaelbairav

rehtodnadoowehtfotnetnocstcudorpTODrehtO.srotcaf

edulcni drauG-romrA,robmiT.srehtodna tsumstnemtaertTOD

saecafrusdehsinifnuotedamebrotniapetarteneptonlliwyeht

sroolfdoowdrahdnas;hsinravhsaw-rewoprotnemtaertotroirp

,tniaP.tnemtaertotroirpsgol.nohsurbrotcejni,yarps

sedicitcesnilaudiserrehtO eratahtotnodehsurbrodeyarps,detcejni

yarpS.doowehtfoecafrusehttaocotTONtub,tewlitnunohsurbro

:ffonur

%60.0CTratslaT%1.0PW02opmeT

%50.0artlUCSopmeT)noitcejni(SCmetpOTP

%52.0CTnomeD%3.0liaverP

%60.0CSdnepsuSRFStengarD

rosllawotnisdaerpsnoitatsefnifIevobaehtfoemos,sroolfneewteb

fI.demaofebnacstcudorpfoesuacebelbisaeftonsignimaofyamnoitagimuf,secruoslacirtcele

yltsocsinoitagimuF.dedeenebasaderedisnocebylnodluohsdnaeraselcitrallamsylnofI.trosertsal

,erutinrufsahcus,detsefniebnacyeht,.cte,seuqitna

ylnO.tsocrewolatadetagimufsrotarepolortnoctseplanoisseforp

mrofrepnacetagimufotdesnecil.noitareposiht

.noitatsefnifotnetxeenimreteDselteebtsopredwoprofsngiSgnippord"ssarf"ekil-ruolferaylthgilsrodezis-daehnipmorf

sissarfdiibonA(selohregraltluda;)ditcyLnahtyttirgeromebyamthgilotdetcarttaselteeb

roslliswodniwnodnuofottnatropmI.stnevnoitadnuof

roevitcanoitatsefnifienimreted,selohgnitsixelaesrokraM.tonkcehcer,tsudwasgnitsixemuucav

rognirpsniselohwenrofdoowselteebesehT.remmusylrae

si"ssarf"fI.ylwolsdoowegamadhtiwderevocrodekac,wolley

.dlosiegamadtaht,sirbedrotsuddetcetedebnacsrerobesuohdlO

doownehwdnuoswollohyb.deppat

:noitneverPamorfrebmuldloesut'nod)1sahtisselnuelipdoowronrab

esut'nod)2(detaertneebderotsrodeirdylreporpmi

dooweriftcepsni)3(rebmulerutcurtsotnignignirbotroirpesiwrehtorohsinrav,tniap)4(

desopxetneverpotdoowlaessuoiverplaes)5(segde

tneverpotselohecnegremesesuohweN.setisgniyal-gge

foesuybdetsefniyllausuemocoslayaM.rebmuldetsefni

.doowerifmorf

slortnocevitanretlA rofllams:selteebtsopredwop

semarferutcipsahcus,smetiF041ot021tadetaehebnac

efilgnitsixellikotsruohxisrofdetsefni)F0(gnizeerF.segats

llikoslalliwsruoh27rofdoow.segatsefillla

ehtsetacidniecnedivellafIdoow,dezilacolsinoitatsefnirofhctaW.decalperebdluoc

.saeratnecajdaniselohwendoownierutsiomesaerceD

erutsiomdnanoitalitnevhguorhtriadnataehlartneC.sreirraboserutsiomdoowecuderyam

oterutsiomtneiciffusnisierehtnisnoitatsefniegraltroppus

wolebtpekdooW.saeragnivilebdluowerutsiomtnecrep41redwopdiibonAotelbatiusnu

ronoitatsefnierelteebtsopslanoisseforP.tnempoleved

.retemerutsiomaevah

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➭

20


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

STAR,B392PSeeS

4261BP

retrohsliat,sehcni81-21:taryawroNdnayvaehydob,ydobdnadaehnaht

llamssrae,kciht

nahtregnolliat,sehcni71-21:tarfooR,rednelsdnathgilydob,ydobdnadaeh

.regralsrae

daeh,egralteef,sehcni7-6:targnuoYegral

,llamsteef,sehcni7-6:esuomesuoHllamsdaeh

:sgnipporDhcni2/1tuoba,detniop:tarfooRhcni4/3tuoba,tnulb:taryawroN

hcni8/1tuoba,detniop:esuomesuoH

erehwrolufitnelperastarnehWhtiwtsixesnoitidnocyratinasnu

tsebehterastiabdenosiop,retlehs-ytinummocnetfO.dohtemlortnoc

stiabnosioP.dedeenlortnocediw,esu-ot-ydaersaelbaliavaera

ynamniemocyehT.stiabdeximerproodtuorofskcolbdezinifarap:smrof

detaert;saeraytidimuh-hgihdnaesunistellepdezinifarapro;sdees;laem

roodnirof"skcapecalp"niroklubstekcapsadloserastiabretaW.esu

htiwdeximeratahtetartnecnocfoahtiwderetsinimdaerayehT.retaw

nilufesueradnareretawkcihc.tnadnubasidooftnedorerehwsaera

erehwdecalpebdluohsstiabnosioPdnanerdlihcotelbisseccanierayehtdesopxeerasnurtnedorerehW.step

,snoitautisroodtuotsomnidnaebdluohssexobtiabfoorp-repmatrofetoditnaehtsiKnimatiV.desu

.stnalugaoc-itna:stiabnosioP

nixotetucareweN nilahtemorB-

resaelermuiclaC yradnoces-atonyllausustepfogninosiop

tnatsiser-nirafrawsllik(melborploreficlacelohc:)stnedor

:stnalugaocitnaesod-elpitlum,redlOenonicahpid

stnalugaocitnanoitareneg-dnoceSevitceffeyllareneg,esod-elgnis(redloottnatsiserstnedortsniaga

,muocafidorb)esod-elpitlumenolaihtefid,enoloidamorb

srehtO

.dedeensecitcarpnoisulcxEgnineponahguorhttifnacstaR

etacoL.retemaidnihcni2/1dnaerutcurtsotniecnartne

sahcusslairetamesU.edulcxerehtorosselniats,dezinavlag-42sahcuslatemgnitsur-noneguag-91rolatemteehseguag

rohcni4/1htiwhtolcerawdrahetercnoc,kcirb;gnineporellams

loowleets;ssalgroelit,kcolbdna;maofelbadnapxehtiw

sahcussirbedevomeR.srehto,hsartrorebmuletsawfoselip

egraldenodnaba,skcasdeefdesumorfselipdoowdnasecnailppa

sdoofteperotS.erutcurtsottxenrossalgfoorp-tnedornideesdna

pansecalP.sreniatnoclatemdnasparthctacelpitlum,spart

delevartshtapgnolasdraobeulgeht,spartpansehtfO.staryb

tsomehtsipartreggirtdednapxe.detiabebnactiecnis,elitasrevnistiabevaeL.yhstiaberastaR

erofebkeewatsaeltarofecalpotseerged09partecalP.gnivomtrapreggirthtiwyawhtaptnedor

stnedoR.nurehttsniagapartfodnasduts,sllawfosegdeesu

spartpanS.senilediugsasepip;stunelohwhtiwdetiabebnac

;starfoorrofsepargrosnisiaryawroNroflionidekcapsenidras

;rettubtunaeprostunaep;starfosdawllamsro;serauqsnocab

.nottoc troffeediw-aeranetfO.dedeen

HSIFREVLISDNA

STARBERIFO143PSeeS

stcesnignivom-dipar,sselgniw,hsiyarGyhcratsnodeeF.sliatgnol3htiw

,gnidnibkoobsahcusslairetam.cte,draobdrac,repapllaw

%2.0(hcaoR&tnAdiaR)nirhteryp%31.0,nirhtemrep

%52.0nirhtemseR%50.0nirhtnefib

%1.0nirhtulfyc%30.0nirhtemolart

secivercdnaskcarctaerTstarberifdnahsifrevliserehwsemitynamscittA.llewdyam

tnemtaert;noitatsefnifoecruos.yrassecennetfocittani

SKNUKS,B392PSeeS

4261BP

ehtnievilsemitynamslaminaesehT.semohrednurodnuoradnuorg

rolortnocrodolacigoloibpazA-caBetanimileotdeyarpsebnacsrehto

.srodo

morfsknuksevomerdnaparTotnoitadnuofehtlaeS.ytreporp

.gnidliubrednuyrtnetneverp

DNASLIANSSGULS

deidob-tfos,ynihs,hsiyarg,gnoL.stnalpsuoiravkcattalliW.serutaerc

.sllawdnasklawnosliartemilsevaeL

gniniatnocstiabrellikgulsdnalianS.edyhedlatem

rocitsalpdnasdraobevomeRpmadyrddnasirbedtnalp

.noitadnuofottnecajdasaera

SEKANS,E392PSeeS

4261BP

rodnuoraned,sdniksuoiravfosekanS.sgnidliubrehtodnasemohedavni

nisgarpmad,loocfoelipaecalP.neestsalsawekanserehwgnidliub

ebnacdnadetcarttaeblliwekanSpartnacsdraobeulgegraL.devomer

.sekans

woM.gnidliubfoorp-esuoM,ssarglortnocotdleifdnasnwal

evomeR.hsurbdnasdeewseliphsart,skcortalf,sdraob

.sirbedrehtodna

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➭

21


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

ROSGUBWOSSGUBLLIP

deggel-ynam,dellehs-drah,hsiyarG.soitapdnasklawnoraeppaserutaerc

.debrutsidnehwllabnipulloR.sredavnilanoisaccO

tonyllausulortnoclacimehC,dedeenfI.tsepsihtrofyrassecen

sroodtuosaeradetsefniotylppasihT.erutcurtsforetemirepdnuora

.esuohehtotninoisavniynaspots%50.0nirhtnefib,yarpsniveS

ssarg,selipfaelevomeRdoow,sdraobdlo,sgnippilc

morfsirbedrehtodnaselip-21aevaeL.noitadnuofdnuora

enozeerf-hclum/tnalphcni81esU.esabnoitadnuofottxen

skcarckluac:secitcarpnoisulcxeneercsdnanoitadnuofdnuoradnaniarD.noitadnuofnistnev

.esuohdnuoraaerayrd

roSREDIPSSNOIPROCS

3911BPeeS

tlibrednaVnworbytisrevinUetibredipsesulcer

:enilnoitamrofni3842-223)516(

1911BPeeS

stnemesab,semohedavnisdnikynaM.sroodtuomorfsgnahrevofoordna

nisuoregnadtsomseicepsowT:eessenneT

:wodiWkcalB derhtiwredipskcalbfomottobnoepahsssalg-ruoh

tseproodtuonafoeroM.nemodbaesU.sgnidliubforetemirepgnola

htiwtnemtaertretemirepedistuo.slaudiser

esulceRnworB ,redipsnworbthgil,afoezisehtotgnihcaersgelhtiw

epahsniloivkrad,rallodflahroretrauq3,daehfonoitroptnorffokcabno

.elcric-imesanidegnarraseyefosriap.taerhtsuoiresasesopesulcernworBlortnoctseplanoisseforpanetfoetiuQ

evomeR.desuebdluohsynapmocmorfsbewdnarettulcyrassecennu,muucavdnasroodtuodnasroodni

laudiseresU.erutinrufrednuyllaicepse,noitadnuofroiretxednuorasyarps

.sgurdnasaeraegarots,stesolc,sevae,sdiovllawotdeilppaebnacstsuD.secapslwarcelbisseccanidnascitta

htiwtnemtaertlosorearoVLUdnasredipsdesopxellikotsnirhteryphtiwdetaertsecafrusotnosrehtohsulf

.slaudiser

:stsuDtsuDatleD

relliKtnAdnaetimreTtsePpeZD1opmeT

:slaudiseRSCdnameD

PW02opmeTPWnomeD

%60.0-30.0dnepsuS%60.0-30.0ratslaT

%50.0nirhtnefib%1.0nirhtulfyc

:losorearoecapSsnirhteryp

esuacebsmsinagrolaicifeneB.stcesnitsepnodeefyeht

ebnactahtsredavnilanoisaccO.roodehttuotpewsrodemuucav

seliphclumrodoowevomeRrewolotesuohmorfyawa

dooftcesniriehtfoecnadnubaotsedicitcesniylppA.ecruos

,citta,stnemesab,secapslwarc.emohfosaeraroodtuodnasevae

snoiprocserehwsirbedpunaelCroodtuoecalpeR.edihsredipsdna

.sthgilgubwolleyhtiwsthgilarednuecseroulflliwsnoiprocS

riehtdnayehtos,thgilkcalbneesebylisaenacsaeragnideerb

partotsdraobeulgesU.thginta.saeradetsefnietacoldnasredips

decalpebdluohssdraobeulGsenilediugrehtodnasllawtsniaga

.detcepsuserasredipserehwesulcernworblortnocotstroffE

emocebotsredipsesuaclliwybsetibtneverP.evitcaerom

gnihtolcdnaseohsgnikcehcsdebgnillupyb,gniraewerofebgnitneverpdna,sllawmorfyawamorfsdaerpsdebdnagnitriksdeb

.roolfehtgnihcuot

SLIATGNIRPS dekrofahtiwstcesnignipmuj,llamSmsinahcemgnirps

,snoitadnuof,sllis,saerayrtnetaerTerastcesnierehwskcarcdnalios

:dnuof%50.0nirhtnefib

%1.0nirhtulfyc

,tsiomnidnuofyllausUeradnanoitategevgniyaced

.sesuohotnisredavnilatnedicniegralfostroperwefaeraerehT

.semohgniretnesnoitalupop,epacsdnalgnidnuorrustuoyrD

.cte,gninromniylnoretaw

Back to list

➭

22


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

SETIMRET4431BPeeS

rehtodnadoowtaednaedavnisetimreTevisnetxegnisuac,lairetamesolullec

.gnidliubafostraplarutcurtsniegamadderevocsidebtonyamecneserpriehT

agnitsefniretfasraey,mrawsyehtlitnu.erutcurts

deidob-tfos:sreidlosdnasrekroWsremrawS.gnolhcni61/3ot8/1stcesni

.sgniwylraephtiwnworbotkcalberamorfdehsiugnitsidylisaeerasremrawS

thgiarts'setimretybstnadegniwotxarohtdehcattayldaorb,eannetna

.sgniwlauqeylraenruofdnatsiaw

:noitatsefnietimretfosngisroftcepsnIdetcurtsnocsebutnehtraeralugerri

.noitadnuofdnasroolf,sllawssorcaprahsahtiwsrebmiteborproremmaH

,tfoseblliwdoowdegamaD.tnemurtsniylrissopyamdnadnuosnu,delennahc

esU.flestinoitatsefnietimretehtlaeverlliwsetimretevitcA.retemerutsioma

otevitalergnidaererutsiomesaercniylnommocsetimreT.saeradetsefninu

nedoow,srooddnuorasemohretnedetavacxenudnasehcropdnaspets

tseisaeehT.serutcurtsfosnoitropnisidoowerehwerastniopssecca

.liosehthtiwtcatnoctcerid

evahslebaledicitimretemos,yltneceRliosnognidneped,setarelbairavdetsilsadetaertsiemohruoyerusneoT.epyt

ehtksa,lebalehtybdetceridehtfoypocaedivorpotlanoisseforpwolebdetsilsemulovdetsegguS.lebal

.etartsewolehtrofyllausuerarednu(sreirrablatnoziroh,larenegnI

detulidfonollag1eviecerdluohs)bals5.1roteeferauqs01repedicitimret

sreirrablacitreV.llifesraocfisnollag,llawnoitadnuoffosedishtobgnola()stiudnocdnasreip,gnibmulpdnuora

repnoitulidfosnollag4eviecerdluohsaotni(htpedfotoofrepteefraenil01)peedtoof1dnaediwsehcni6hcnert

nisdioV.gnitoofehtfopotehtotrosllawnoitadnuofyrnosamwolloh

snollag2foetaratadetaertebdluohslliwnoitulidehtostoofraenil01rep

.gnitoofehtfopotehthcaer

doowdegamad-erutsiom,yllanoisaccOlaireanatroppusnacsfoorni

othcaerlliwsebutdumoN.noitatsefni,tnatropmisinoitcepsnicittA.dnuorg

.oot

stcudorperawolebdetsiLslanoisseforpotelbaliava

:)rerutcafunaM(

:tnemtaertdooW dnaseirellagtaertlitnunohsurbroyarps;sdiovllaw

otdesU.ffonurotTONtub,tew.tnemtaertliosatnemelppus

nirhtnefiBCTratslaT

nirhtulfyc%1.0PW02opmeT

%50.0artlUCSopmeTnirhtemrepyc

%1.0CTnomeDnirhtemrep

%5.0TFtengarD

:etardyhartetetarobatcomuidosidtnemtaerterpsadoowotylppaotreirrabdnocesasaroreirrab

eromrofslebalees(gnibuttneverp.hsurbrotcejni,yarps,tniaP.)sliated

eraC-aroBrob-miT

drauG-romrAdrauG-llehS

:tnemtaertlioS).tf001nihtiw(raenylppatonoD

.llewro,nretsic,retawfoydobynademaofeboslayam=F+

stnellepernoNrypanefrolhc

motnahP F+)FSAB(%50.0,521.0linorpif

%521.0,%60.0,GW08rodimreTF+)sitnevA(

%521.0,%60.0,CSrodimreTF+)sitnevA(dirpolcadimi

%1.0,50.057esimerP F+)reyaB(dnasbojllams(2esimerP

)gnimaof )reyaB(F+)rotcejnienil-ni(CS5.0esimerP

%1.0,50.0 )reyaB(

sdiorhteryPnirhtnefib

%21.0,60.0ratslaT F+)CMF(nirhtemrepyc

%5.0,52.0CTnomeDF+)atnegnyS(

%1,5.0,52.0TFliaverP )CMF(nirhtemrepF+

%2,1,5.0RFStengarD F+)CMF(%2,1,5.0edulerP F+)atnegnyS(

.secitcarpnoitcurtsnoctcerrocwolloFetimretatsniaganoitcetorpdeddaroF

llaevomeR)1(:noitatsefnirednudnadnuoramorfslairetamdoowsdraobmrofllaevomeR)2(;esuoheht

tcurtsnoC)3(;sekatsnoitcurtsnocdnaevaH)4(;noitadnuoffoorp-etimreta

rednuecnaraelcfo.ni03tsaeltanoitalitnevreporpevaH)5(;sgnidliub

ehtfostrapllarednuthgildnanireirraberutsiomaesU)6(;gnidliub

yawaretawniarD)7(;secapslwarcnidoowonevaH)8(;gnidliubmorf

esohttaertro,dnuorgehthtiwtcatnoctcatnocdnuorgeriuqertahtsrebmitsetarob/sevitavreserpdevorppahtiw

fonoitcepsnicidoirepekaM)9(.sgnidliub

lanoisseforpelbatuperadniF)4431BPeeS(taertot tcelloC.

dnanoitacifitnedirofsremrawsemosnisebutdumevaeL.tsermuucav

.sevirralanoisseforplitnuecalp

liosarofserusaemlortnocevitceffE:edulcnidluohstnemtaert

foedisrednudnatnemesabtcepsnI)1ehtenimretedotylhguorohtesuoh

.noitatsefnifotnetxednaaeradnasebutetimretrofcittatcepsnI)2dnagniroolf,sretfar,stsiojotegamad

.slairetamderotssebutetimretllakcolbdnatpursiD)3

)gnitiabsselnu(edisninoitadnuoferitneehthctiD)4nidecalperliosehttaertdnatuodna

.slacimehchtiwsehcnertehttnemesabdnanoitadnuofllariapeR)5

hcirhtiwskaerbllawdnaroolf.etercnoc

taert;stcatnoclios-doowllakaerB)6.slacimehchtiwsaerahcus

ecalperdnasrebmitdetsefnitaerT)7.detsefniyldaberahcihwesoht

ehtnisecapswollohtaerT)8,sreip,skcolbetercnoc—noitadnuof

kcirbdnihebecaps,sesabyenmihchcropfoedisnitaertdnahctiD.reenev

rednu,soitaprednu,snoitadnuoffoecafrusehtdnasbalsetercnoc

daedralimisdnasehcroprednudnuorg.secalp

eganiarddnanoitalitnevedivorP)9.sehcropdnaesuohhtaeneb

morfdoowparcsllaevomeR)01.esuohhtaeneb

➭

Back to list

23


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

SETIMRETd'tnoC

stiaBtiabdaerpsdnatiabnodeefsetimreT

roetanimileotynolocfotserot.tisserppus

noitanimilEynoloCnocirtneSmetsyS tiaB:)secneicsorgAwoD(

)GAIItiurceRdnalItiurceR(rotalugerhtworgtcesninasniatnoc

.)norumulfaxeh(

dnaTG,tiaBetimreTeniLtsriFXTG sniatnoctiabsihT.)CMF(sulP

.dimarulflustneidergnievitcaeht

dnanoitpecretnIetimreTarretxEmetsySgnitiaB tcesniehtsniatnoc

.noruznebulfidrotalugerhtworg

tiaBetimreTRBTtsoptuOesnopseR ehtsniatnoc)reyaB(

rotalugerhtworgtcesni.noruznebulfid

egufretbuS ehtsniatnoc)FSAB(.nonlyhtemardyhtneidergnievitca

dnemmocertonodeW.stiabetimretdellatsni-renwoemoh

SKCIT627BPeeS ,dellehs-drah,dnuor,nworbrohsiyarG

,semohedavnitahtserutaercdeggel-8.elpoepdnastepnotegdnasdray

tsomerasnoitacilppaedicitcesnIsaeraotnidetceridnehwevitceffestsohlaminariehtdnaskciterehw

ralucitrapyaP.tneuqerfotylekilerasecnefdnasredrobotnoitnetta

dnasaerayhsurbrodedoowneewteblatnemanrodnuora,nwaleht

sesuoh,shtaptoofediseb,sgnitnalpotecafruswollA.sesuohgoddna

evahsteproelpoeperofebyrd.ssecca

yarpsroralunarg,D5niveS%30.0nirhtemolart

%50.0nirhtnefib,nirhtemrep

nirhtulfyc,G%1.0nirhtulfycG%52.0nirhtemrep

diorhterypcitehtnysrehtodna.sedicitcesni

:kcitgodnworbrofsroodnI%30.0nirhtemolart

%1.0nirhtulfyc%50.0nirhtnefib

sdiorhteryprehto

gnicuderrofsdohtemlacimehcnoNehtgniwomedulcnismelborpkcit

sahsihT.sdeewgnillortnocdnanwalehtsrewolti–segatnavdaeerht

dnaetamilcorcimssargehtnierutsiomhcihw,etartenepotthgilnusswolla

ti;tuoyrdotskcitesuacotsdnetevresyamhcihw(stnedorsegaruocsid

,yltsaldna;gnitsenmorf)stsohsassel,rettamtnalpsselsierehtesuacebtnemtaertafidedeenebyamedicitsep

,sirbedgnivomer,oslA.yrassecensiehtdnuoramorfrettulcrosdeew

morfstnedorsegaruocsidesuoh.gnitsen

otesuohehtotnistniopyrtneriapeRmorfstsohkcitelbissopegaruocsidhtob,secivercdnaskcarC.gniretne

otdelaesebnac,tuodnasroodnitcepsnI.skcitrofsecalpgnidihecuder

gniddebriehtdnastepnaelcdnati,detsefnisigniddebfI.yltneuqerf

ehtnI.deyortsedrodenaelcebnacsdraobesabdnuorayatsskcit,emohskcarcnisedicitcesniesU.sllawdna

nworbrofemohehtniecivercdna.kcitgod

➭

Back to list

24


SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER

SKCIT d'tnoC :stnellepeR;gnihtolcroniksotteedylppA

,seohsotyarps%5.0enonamrePerofebsruoh2skcosdnasffuc

.gniraew

:sgoDrehtodnatopSytiroirP,topSoiB

sno-topsgniniatnoc-nirhtemrep

sno-tops)eniLtnorF(linorpifsnairaniretevmorfelbaliava

esut'nod(zartimagniniatnocsralloctahtsgodronerdlihcllamsdnuora

)rallocwehcyam

,SPSAW,STENROH

-WOLLEYSTEKCAJ

,A092PSeeSM143PS

stsendumdnarepapdliubsepytynaM.sburhsnirodnuorgni,semohdnuora

slosorearellikpsawdnaeeBslosoreanirhtemartet

%1.0nirhtulfyc%2.0loneguEteJOCPocE

parTtekcaJwolleYrotciV

spsawnehwkradlitnutiaWeudwolseradnatsenotnruter

ylppA.serutarepmetreloocotdnagninepotsenotsedicitcesni

.elbissopfigninepotsenlaesotretniwnistsendumevomeR

.smrofgniretniwrevoyortsed

ecuderotdesunacsparTtekcajwolleygnigarof

.snoitalupop

➭

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25

cilbuPlareneGroF

emaNedarT emaNlacimehC etisbeWrerutcafunaM

nedraGdecnavdAreyaB MT -itluMnedraGdnanwaLselunarGrelliKtcesnI

G%1.0nirhtulfyc reyaB/moc.nedragdecnavda.www//:ptth

emoHdecnavdAreyaB MT roodnI,lortnoCtsePemoHpmupUTRrelliKtcesnIroodtuO&

nirhtulfyc reyaB/moc.nedragdecnavda.www//:ptth

slosoreArelliKpsaW/eeB suoirav

relliKtenroHdnapsaWcinagoiB loneguE tramSocEmoc.cinagoib.www//:ptth

metsySgnilliKtnAtabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC

,sehcaorrofalumroFlliKkciuQ(snoitatstiabtabmoC)sehcaoRegraLrofalumroFlliKkciuQ

linorpif smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC

)lliKecruoS(snoitatstiabtabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC

leGgnilliKhcaoRtabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC

stiaBtnAtiabrepuStabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC

,mrowgaB,reroBemolitreFyarpSrallipretaCtneTdnarenimfaeL

dasonips emolitreF

tohStoH snirhteryp seirtsudnIdetinU,puorGmurtcepS

tcesnIroodtuO&roodnIesnefeDemoHUTRohtrOrelliK

nirhtnefib ynapmoCsttocSehT/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth

relliKtnAretnepraCdnaetimreTohtrO nirhtnefib ynapmoCsttocSehT/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth

hcaoRdnatnAdiaR nirhteryp,nirhtemrep nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth

reppotSggEdnaVtiaBhcaoRxaMdiaR enerpordyhdnanitcemaba nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth

stiaBtnAdiaR BnitcemrevA1

nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth

sulPtiaBtnAxaMdiaR dimarulflus nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth

3lortnoCtcesnIemoHUTRlliKlaeR %30.0nirhtemolart .proCseirtsudnIdetinU

niveS lyrabrac nedraGdnaemoHmaertsfluG,hceTnedraGmoc.hcetnedrag.www//:ptth

relliKtcesnIesopruP-itluMenoG-B-giBohtrO,niveS elunarg%3.6lyrabrac ynapmoCsttocSehT/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth

steuqirb.i.t.BtimmuS sisnelearsisisneigniruhtsullicaB lacimehCtimmuS

IIrelliKtnAorreT xarob teroneS/moc.orret.www//:ptth

redwoPgnilliKhcaoRrotciV dicacirob maertsdooWmth.rotciv/moc.orpmaertsdoow.www//:ptth

tsuDrelliKtnAdnaetimreTtsePpeZ nirhtematled stcudorPrecrofnE

26

Ant

Centipede

Flea

Rat

Sowbug or Pillbug

Ant(carpenter)

Fly

Bat

Chigger

Louse

Spider

Roundheadedborer

Termite

Cigarette beetle

Beanweevil

Mouse

Silverfish

Tick

Clothes moth Skunk

Bed bug

Clover mite

MillipedeWasp

Snail

Book louse

Cockroach

Mole

Snake

Bee

Boxelder bug

Cricket

Mosquito Drugstore beetle

Carpenter bee

Grain beetle

Confused flour beetle

Flourmoth

Granary weevilElm leaf beetle

Carpet beetle Powder post

beetle

Mealmoth

25

27

Further references for household pest identification:

Manuals:Bennett, G.W., J.M. Owens, and R.M. Corrigan. 1997. Truman’s Scientific Guide to Pest Control Operations. 5th edition.Edgell Communications, Duluth, MN

Mallis, A. 1997. Handbook of Pest Control - the Behavior, Life History and Control of Household Pests. 8th edition. Franzakand Foster Co. Cleveland, Ohio. (216)961-4130

Koehler, P. Pests In and Around the Home. IFAS Publications, P.O.Box 110011, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0011 or (352)392-1764 or if using the World Wide Web http://gnv.ifas.ufl.edu/~entweb/publicat.htm

Handbooks for identification and control of specific pests. These are inexpensive and very useful. Most pesticides mentionedare for professional use.

Hedges, S. Pest Control Technology Field Guide for the Management of Structure-Infesting Ants. Franzak and Foster Co.,Cleveland, Ohio.

Hedges, S. Pest Control Technology Field Guide for the Management of Structure-Infesting Flies. Franzak and Foster Co.,Cleveland, Ohio.

Hedges, S. Pest Control Technology Field Guide for the Management of Urban Spiders. Franzak and Foster Co., Cleveland,Ohio.

Hedges, S. and M. Lacey. Structure-Infesting Beetles. Volume 1: Hide and Carpet beetles/Wood- Boring Beetles .Franzakand Foster Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

Hedges, S. and M. Lacey. Structure-Infesting Beetles. Volume 2: Stored Product Beeltes/Occasional and OverwinteringBeetles. Stoy Franzak and Foster Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

Smith, E and R. Whitman. 1992. NPCA Field Guide to Structural Pests. NPCA, Dunn Loring, VA.

28

Caution: Carpets can be discolored with insecticides.Exercise caution to prevent carpet discoloration following

the use of an organic phosphate insecticide on carpets. Thedyes used in the manufacture of carpets have changed in recentyears creating a problem in the use of insecticides on carpets.

Carpets dyed with acid red dyes may change color afterbeing sprayed with an organophosphate insecticide. Thephosphoric acid reacts with the acid red dye as the insecticidebreaks down into the metabolites.

The relative humidity, excess moisture from sweating ofwalls, floors or slabs, cleaning fluids or bleaches may also interactwith the phosphoric acid in the discoloration of the carpets.

The organophosphate insecticides most frequently used inthe household sprays are DDVP, Malathion, Sumithion,Orthene, Diazinon and Dursban.

Before applying any product to a carpet, check carpetmanufacturer’s warranty and care and maintenence informationbefore using a product on your specific brand. Spot test a smallportion of the carpeting before treating.

DISCLAIMER STATEMENTPesticides recommended in this publication were

registered for the prescribed uses when printed.Pesticide registrations are continuously beingreviewed. Should registration of a recommendedpesticide be canceled, it would no longer berecommended by The University of Tennessee.

Use of trade or brand names in this publication isfor clarity and information; it does not imply approvalof the product to the exclusion of others which may beof similar, suitable composition, nor does it guaranteeor warrant the standard of the product.

PB1303-3M-7/02(Rev) E12-4615-00-007-03The Agricultural Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age,

disability or veteran status and is an Equal Opportunity Employer. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,and county governments cooperating in furtherance of Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914.

Agricultural Extension Service Charles L. Norman, Dean

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTTo protect people and the environment, pesticides should be used safely. This is everyone’s responsibility, especially the

user. Read and follow label directions carefully before you buy, mix, apply, store, or dispose of a pesticide. According to lawsregulating pesticides, they must be used only as directed by the label.

managing pests around the home - university of tennessee 1303-managing pest around the home.pdfare...

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