Managing Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) in

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sectorg gThe Development of the Course, Content and Scholarly Setup

1

Outline:Ou e:

1.Course Objectives

2 History of the Course Offering2. History of the Course Offering

3. Is it Necessary to Update the Course Material?

4. Modules

5. Changes from Previous Offerings

6. Up-to-date Resources and References

2

1. Course Objectives:• Create awareness regarding environmental concerns related to selected

Multilateral Environmental Agreements, in general, and Montreal Protocol in particular.

• Develop in students skills in evaluating the impacts of ODS alternatives onDevelop in students skills in evaluating the impacts of ODS alternatives on systems performance.

• Introduce the main standards concerning refrigerant safety

• Expose students to good practices in safely handling and managing ODS.

• Introduce students to the containment process and its impacts.

Who are the target audience for the course?

Technical elective to senior engineering students in universities.

3

2. History of the Course Offering:y g- Offered at the American University of Beirut - Dr. Fadl Moukalled,

- Offered four times at Kuwait University - Dr. Walid Chakroun.

3. Is it Necessary to Update the Course Material?1. The material content became obsolete with the changes in refrigerant types that g g yp

aim not only to prevent ozone depletion but also to reduce global warming

potential.

2. Many developments have taken place at fast pace while such developments have

not been integrated in engineering curricula at universities.

3. AUB is leading the process of revising and updating of the course

• New course content

• New case studies

• More practical applications. 4

4. Title of the Modules• Module 1: Air Conditioning Industry, Evolution of Refrigerants & Environmental

Impacts

• Module 2: Alternative Refrigerants for Different Sectors & Lubricants

M d l 3 C t i t f R f i t S i & M i t f Ai• Module 3: Containment of Refrigerants, Service & Maintenance of Air

Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems

• Module 4: Safe Use & Handling of Refrigerants

• Module 5: Related Standards and Codes of Systems and Substances

5

4. Content of the Modules

6

Module 1: Air Conditioning Industry, Evolution of Refrigerants &

Environmental Impacts p• Contents: (1/2)1. Introduction

2. Air conditioning Industry: History and Timeline

3. Basics of Vapor Compression Cycle

a. Components and Types of Compressors

4. Refrigerants:

D fi itia. Definition

b. Evolution and History

c Refrigerants Generationsc. Refrigerants Generations

d. Characteristics, Selection and Effect of Refrigerants

e. Classificatione. C ass cat o

f. Designation

g. Blends7

Module 1: Air Conditioning Industry, Evolution of Refrigerants &

Environmental Impacts • Contents: (2/2)5. Environmentally Harmful Practices

6 S f h A h (O L i )6. Structure of the Atmosphere (Ozone Layering)

7. ODS and Applications

8 Montreal Protocol and Banning Treaties8. Montreal Protocol and Banning Treaties

9. Global Warming

a Definitiona. Definitionb. Effectsc. Suggested Solutions

10. Ozone Depletionp

a. Definitionb. Effectsc Suggested Solutionsc. Suggested Solutions

11. Introduction to UNEP

12. Current Situation 8

Activities1. Students are asked to write a 2-page report explaining more about the history of

th i diti i tthe air conditioning system.

2. Students are asked to write a conclusion comparing the different protocols and conventions, showing the most effective ones, and ending with the current global situation in regards of ODS use.

3. Students are required to work in pairs and prepare a poster illustrating the causes and consequences of the global warming and the ozone depletion and the relationand consequences of the global warming and the ozone depletion and the relation between each other’s - Poster and presentation will be ranked and a winner is selected.

4 A hands on work is included in the course so that students are divided into4. A hands-on-work is included in the course, so that students are divided into groups of 4 members and asked to:

a. bring an actual old air conditioner and disassemble it

b. draw the actual air conditioning cycle

c. bring an operating manual of any brand for air conditioners, get the operating temperat res and press re and ded ce the COP of the air conditionertemperatures and pressure and deduce the COP of the air conditioner

9

Module 2:Alternative Refrigerants for Different Sectors & Lubricant

Contents:Contents:1. Introduction

2 Types of Refrigeration Systems2. Types of Refrigeration Systems

3. Alternative Technology

4. Substitutes and Propertiesp

5. Retrofitting: Options for Existing Systems

6. Lubrication

7. Selection and Requirements

8. Oil Lubricant Properties

9. Oil Lubricant Categories

10. Mineral Composition

11. Compatibility and Applications

12. Synthetic Lubricants 10

ActivitiesActivities1. Students are asked to calculate the mass of air circulated, compressor work,

expander work, cycle work and COP and power required for an air refrigeration open system.

2. Students are required to prepare a report that compares the different types of refrigeration systems, taking into consideration the types of refrigerants used in g y , g yp geach.

3. Students are required to draw a specified refrigeration cycle on a p-h diagram,read out from the diagram the specific volume and specific enthalpies and prepareread out from the diagram the specific volume and specific enthalpies and prepare a report that shows the solution steps.

4. Students are asked to design the most suitable air-conditioning supply system f h ffi d k h f f b ildi l d i difffor the offices, stores and workshop for a factory building located in different cities.

5. Students are asked to compare the performance of stand alone system and a p p ysplit unit air conditioning system, by using two different types of refrigerants.

11

Module 3:Containment of Refrigerants, Service & Maintenance of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems

Contents:Contents:1. Introduction and Definition of Containment2. Methods and Design3. Recovery, Recycling and Reclamation (RRR)4. Equipment & Design 5. Methods of Servicing5. Methods of Servicing

a. Avoiding Contaminantsb. Evacuation

ic. Purgingd. Leak Detectione. Chargingg gf. Retrofitting

6. Safety Guidelines7 S stem Maintenance7. System Maintenance

12

Activities1 St d t i d t rite a 2 page report e plaining the t pes of1. Students are required to write a 2-page report explaining the types of

contaminants while taking into consideration their effects on the performance of the system when they exist.

2. Students are required to bring an actual old air conditioner split unit and in the presence of a technician, use different leak detection instruments to detect if there is any leakage in the system used and documenting the results i tin a report.

3. A hands-on-activity where a group of 4 members is required to bring an actual old air conditioner split unit and according to its operating manual, h h i h h f i d h di h i i i hcharge the system with the refrigerant, and then discharge it again in the

presence of a technician, and prepare a report associated with a video while performing the 2 processes explaining the steps done.

13

Module 4: Safe Use & Handling of Refrigerants

Contents:

1 Introduction1. Introduction

2. Refrigerant Management Plans (RMPs)

3. Implementation and Impact of RMPs

4. Disposal Needs in A5 Countries

5. Patterns and Options of Disposal Needs

6. Safe Use of Refrigerants

7. Handling of Refrigerants

14

Activities

1. Students are asked to research past, recent regional and international p , gworkshops and design a workshop for ODS Import/Export Regulations with explaining the methodology along with the information and activities covered in each phase.

2. Two students are asked to prepare a number of case studies that adopted the use of refrigerants within their products and compare between them.

3. Student are required to design a workshop and repair area for small-scale production, service and maintenance department where a safe working environment should be taken into considerationenvironment should be taken into consideration.

4. A field trip will be carried out to an Air Conditioning leading company. The student is asked to prepare a report about the process followed by thestudent is asked to prepare a report about the process followed by the manufacturing and assembly line, in addition to the safe handling observed for the refrigerants.

15

Module 5: Related Standards and Codes of Systems and SubstancesSubstances

OUTLINE

1. Introduction to Standards and Benefits

2 Development of Standards2. Development of Standards

3. Main Standardization Organizations

4. Main Standards

5. Remarks

16

Activities

1. Students are asked to find out the different methods of measuring the sound levels of the HVAC equipment and measure different HVAC equipment present around you sound levels and report them according to the AHRI 220 standard.

2. Find out the chemical formula of different refrigerants based on ASHRAE Standard 34.

3 Th d i i d i d i h i l3. The student is required to prepare a report introducing other national standardization bodies than the ones mentioned in the lecture. Also, a comparison of the national standards should be made, explaining where they meet and where they don’tand where they don t.

4. Finally, at the end of this module, the student should prepare a power point presentation on their regional/national standards.

17

5. Changes From Previous Offerings

1. What has changed upon the review of the material is phasing out of all CFCs, and HCFCs.

2 The Montreal protocol phase out schedule has been updated and replaced by2. The Montreal protocol phase out schedule has been updated and replaced by the accelerated one.

3. The types of refrigerating systems used have been update and described in i d lk b i f f i idetails, and more talk more about maintenance of refrigerating systems was

included.

4. The Refrigerant Management Plans (RMPs) have been discussed in details in g g ( )addition to their effects.

5. The safety and flammability table for refrigerants has been replaced by a new one to include the A2L safety groupone to include the A2L safety group.

6. More illustrative visuals and pop up question have been added to raise the interest of the student in the course material.

18

6. Up-to-date Resources and ReferencesThe most recent resources and references have been used during the review process of th S f th t d tthe course. Some of the up to date resources are:

UNEP Resources: RTOC A t R t (2014) i l d f f th t f th• RTOC Assessment Report (2014): mainly used as a reference for the types of the refrigerating systems.

• International Standards in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning by UNEP

• National Training on Good Practices in Refrigeration

• Report of the Technology And Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP-May 2013)

• Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians

• Good Servicing Practices Manual: Phasing out HCFCs in the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Servicing SectorConditioning Servicing Sector

ASHRAE Resources:• The latest ASHRAE standards have been bought and used as the reference in the• The latest ASHRAE standards have been bought and used as the reference in the

last module, so that the standards are explained in details with the relevant tables and illustrations, in addition to recent presentations by ASHRAE fellows 19

20