management techniques for organic rice production...figure 1. the rice delphacid and hoja blanca...
TRANSCRIPT
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Insect Management Techniques for Organic
Rice Production
Mo Way, Becky Pearson, Carra Curtice and Suhas Vyavhare
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Introduction• About 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) of organic rice
in the US---increasing yearly– More rice going to organic production due to higher
price ($0.23/lb vs $0.12/lb = $0.51/kg vs $0.26/kg ) and lower inputs
– Yields about 1/2 of conventional rice– Many Texas organic rice farmers plant on land that
has been out of rice production for years (prior fallow or cow pastures)
• Typical rice field weed seed bank is reduced (biggest constraint = weeds!)
• Some flood field over the winter to kill weeds and seeds
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Main Insect Pests of Rice (Conventional and Organic):• Rice Water Weevil (RWW) Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus
• Fall Armyworm (FA) Spodoptera frugiperda
• Rice Stink Bug (RSB) Oebalus pugnax
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Rice Water Weevil (RWW)
• Native to Southeastern US, but introduced into California, Japan, North and South Korea, China, Taiwan and Europe
• Related species in South America = Oryzophagus oryzae
• Lays eggs under water, eggs hatch and larvae move to roots, feed and pupate
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RWW Sampling
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RWW Core Processing
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Low Treatment Thresholds for RWW
• Each larva per 4 inch (10 cm) diam core reduces yield 75 lb/acre (84 kg/ha)!
• RWW populations and damage more severe in organic rice– Organic rice flooded earlier (water seeded) when rice
is younger and more susceptible
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Economic Injury Levels for RWW at 5000 lb/A Estimated Yield (# larvae/pupae per core)
Cost of control ($/A)Rough rice
price($/cwt)
10 15 20 25 30
6 4.0 6.1 8.1 10.1 12.1
12 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.1
18 1.3 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.0
24 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
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RWW Management
• High plant density dilutes RWW populations and damage; try to achieve a good stand (increase seeding rate, plant later)!!!– RWW prefers thin stands
• Shallow flood reduces oviposition sites, but may lead to more weed problems
• Do not drain to control RWWs!!!– Soil must dry to cracking to control larvae!!!
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RWW Management cont.
• In Texas, later plantings tend to avoid high populations of RWW
• Medium grain varieties (Jupiter, Tesanai) tend to have higher RWW densities, but compensate by good root growth; basically, all varieties susceptible
• Organic farmers in Texas often plant Presidio, Tesanai, Rondo, Mermentau and Sierra (aromatic)
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RWW Management cont.• Biocontrol
– Rodents feed on overwintering RWWs– Nematodes attack gut, but in low populations– Beauveria bassiana infest but again low % mortality
• No organic chemical control to date– Nematodes; no– Agrialoe; no– Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki; no– Pyrethrins?– Ducksalad extract?
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Fall Armyworm (FA)
• Defoliates plant, but after seedling stage, can withstand 20% defoliation
• 4-6 instars---each bigger than the last; the larger the larva, the more damage
• Management– Increase water depth– Egrets and ibises can alert you to populations,
but too late!!!– Scout fields frequently!!!
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FA Management cont.• Bacillus thuringiensis
– Apply when larvae are small– Larvae must ingest product, so kill is not
immediate• Biocontrol
– Birds– Cotesia sp.– Spiders– Biocontrol agent populations too small and
not active enough to prevent damage
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Rice Stink Bug (RSB)
• Native to Southeastern US• Piercing-sucking mouthparts; suck juices
out of immature grains• Cause peck and broken grains• Yield loss?• Treatment thresholds relatively high;
increase as projected yield increases (dilution effect)
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Pecky Rice
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Revised Treatment Thresholds
Average number of RSBs1/10 sweeps
Projected yield(lb/acre) Heading Milk Soft dough Hard
dough
4500 8 10 17 47
6000 10 14 22 63
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RSB Management
• Keep roads mowed (barnyard grass and broadleaf signal grass good hosts)
• Late planting can lead to higher populations at heading
• Better the stand and projected yield, better the dilution effect
• Late maturing varieties more susceptible• No effective organic-approved chemical
– Pyrethrins?
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RSB Natural Biocontrol• Podisus sp.
• Beskia aelops
• Telenomus spp.
• Spiders
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Occasional Pests
• Rice Seed Midges; Order Diptera: Family Chironomidae; Cricotopus spp., Paratanytarsus spp., Chironomus spp.– Larvae are aquatic and feed on germinating
rice seeds– Stand reducers
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Rice Seed Midge Management
• Plant sprouted seed• Employ pinpoint flood• Plant asap after flooding• Increase seeding rate• Plant late
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Occasional Pests cont.
• Rice Leaf Miner (Hydrellia griseola)• South American Rice Miner (Hydrellia
wirthi)• Aphids• Hydrophylid Beetles (Tropisternus
lateralis)• Channeled Apple Snail
(Pomacaea canaliculata)?
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Figure 1. The rice delphacid and hoja blanca disease: a new threat to Texas rice production. Extensive damage to a ratoon rice field in Southeast Texas (A) caused by the rice delphacid (B) during fall 2015. Chlorotic and necrotic symptoms caused by hojablanca disease in a rice leaf (C), panicle (D), and entire plant (E) following transmission by the rice delphacid vector in Santander, Colombia.
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Questions?