management and planning tools

ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design1

Management and Planning Tools

Lecture 11


Management & Planning Tools

1) Affinity Diagram2) Interrelationship Digraph 3) Tree Diagram 4) Prioritization Matrix 5) Matrix Diagram 6) Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) 7) Activity Network Diagram

Help Plan and Organize Complex Group Activities


Management & Planning Tools

Affinity Diagram (1) Interrelationship Digraph (2) Tree Diagram (3)

Prioritization Matrices (4)

a b c d

Matrix Diagram (5)

123456

a b c d e f g h


Affinity Diagram• Purpose:

– Creative process (generate & organize ideas)

• Start with:– What is the problem?

• Then:– Brainstorm ideas

• Then:– Gather ideas under affinity headings

Affinity Diagram (1)


Affinity Diagram Example

• Reduce Data Entry Complexity (Selling, Leasing, Tracking Products)

Improved Training

Error Prevention

Problem Solving

Improved Hardware

Optical Scanning System

On-Line System at

Customer Site

Voice Activated System

Automated Entry

Improve Paperwork

Standardize completion Format

Increase Size to Increase Legibility

Train Clerical Sales and Customer Service

Personnel

Shorten 11-Digit Product Code

Color Code Forms by Product Group

Forms Contain Only Non-Standard

Customer information

Friendly Software

Inlet

Menu Driven

Outlet

Display Only

Critical Info. On Screen

Improve Prompts


Interrelationship Digraph

• Purpose:– To show causality between items– To identify drivers and bottlenecks– Can be used to fill in roof of house of quality

• First:– Write down important factors

• Then:– Draw arrows between items– From to indicates causality

• Arrows– Most out arrows primary: driver– Most in arrows secondary: bottleneck

Interrelationship Digraph (2)


Interrelationship Digraph Example

• Repeated service calls on a machine

xy

z

Touch- Trigger Probe

Measured Part


Interrelationship Digraph Example

• Repeated service calls on a machine

Wrong Person Sent

Repeat Service

Calls

Problematic Customer

Lack of Knowledge of Job by Subcontractor

Interviewer

Lack of Good People

Poor Matching of People

Lack of Trades Experience in Management

Lack of Record of What Final

Job is

Lack of Clear Job Expectations by Subcontractor

Wrong Tools

Lack of Info. on Job

Lack of Knowledge of Matching People to Job Requirements

Unclear Customer Expectations

Advertising Promises


Tree Diagram

• Purpose:– Paths and tasks to accomplish

primary goal and its related sub-goals• First:

– List main what (goal)• Then:

– List “Hows” (means)– These become goals (“Whats”) for

next level• Continue until you get to assignable

tasks

Tree Diagram (3)


Tree Diagram Example

• Reduce Data Entry ComplexityClerical

Sales

Customer Service Reps.

Reduce Data Entry Complexity

Improved Training

Improved Hardware

Friendly Software

Improve Paperwork

Error Prevention Training

Seq. Inspection Training

Problem Solving Training

Optical Scanning System

On-Line System at Customer Site

Increase Monitor Size

Voice Actuated System

Menu Driven

Improve Prompt

Auto Check on Standard price Database

Display Only Non-Standard Information on Screen

Increase Size for Legibility

Forms Contain only Non-Standard Information

Color Code Form by Product

Shorten Product Code

More Obvious Difference Among product Groups Codes

Train Clerical, Sales and Customer Service Personnel

Automated Entry

Manual Entry

Input

Output

Form

Coding System

Standardized Completion Format


Prioritization Matrix

• Purpose:–To prioritize items:

• Prioritization against themselves• Prioritization against criteria

• This allows you to focus limited resources

Prioritization Matrices (4)

a b c d


- + + +

+ + + +

- - + -

- - - -

- - + +

X

X

X

X

X

A B C D E

Taste A

Smell B

Poisonous C

Color D

Temperature E

5.6 0.8 15.2 20 10.4C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

+ = 5, - = 1/5

%R1/C

0.2923 29.23

R2/C

0.3846 38.46

R3/C

0.1077 10.77

R4/C

0.0154 1.54

R5/C

0.2000 20.00

52C

Total 100.00

Prioritization Matrix (Coffee Example)


Matrix Diagram

• Purpose:– To show relations between two sets– To show strength of relations

• Basic types– QFD– Job responsibilities

Matrix Diagram (5)

123456

a b c d e f g h


House of Quality


= Primary Responsibility, O = Secondary ResponsibilityD = Needs To Know

Job Responsibilities

Matrix Diagram (Interview Example)

Boss Organizer Staff person

Travel

Pick Date

Schedule

Benefits Discussion

Dinner

Follow-Up

D

O D

D O

O D

O D

O


Relationship of MP Tools to QFD

(1)Affinity

Diagram

(3)Tree

DiagramRequirements

Flow

(4)Prioritization

Matrices

(2)Interrelationship’s

Digraph

(How)Product

Characteristics

(5)Matrix

DiagramRelationships

How Much

ImportanceTarget Values

Importance Ratings

Interrelationships

Characteristics

Requirements

(What)Customer

Requirements

Com

pet

itive

Ass

essm

ent

Prio

ritiz

atio

n


Use of M&P Tools for ME2110 Design Project

• Affinity Diagram to Organize Ideas for Each Problem (Improve Machine Repeatability,…)• Interrelationship Digraphs to Debug Machine (Loss of Power, Premature Triggering,…)• Tree Diagrams to Assign Tasks (Buy wood, Build frame, Program controller,…)• Prioritization Matrix to Create Task Timeline• Matrix Diagram to Ensure You are Addressing All Needs• Etc.


Summary

• Management and planning tools allow you to:– Plan more formally (assign tasks)– Organize information– Deal with qualitative information– Show relations between items and issues

Use Them!!!


Phases of Design (Product Lifecycle)1) Customer Requirements

Understand the Problem

2) Specification DevelopmentEngineering Requirements

3) Conceptual Design

4) Detail Design

5) Specification of Production

6) Manufacture

7) Recycle


Phases of Design (Product Lifecycle)

1) Customer RequirementsUnderstand the Problem



4) Detail Design


6) Manufacture

7) Recycle

ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design

Functions & Sub-Functions

Function

SF1 SF2 SF3

SF11 SF12 SF13 SF21 SF22 SF23 SF31 SF32 SF33

(Function Tree)


Pole Vault Pole Specifications

For: A Pole Vault Pole

D/WChanges

Specification

Resp. SourceRequirements

USHSF

Standard

Shoot Idiot 3-6m into the air.

GeometryDiameter between 1-2Length between 10'-17'6"

KinematicsDamping ratio < 0.1

ForcesBending Force ScalableBending angle > 180 deg.

MaterialsMoldableDurableDuctile

Not temperature dependentSafetyWill not fracture

99% stiffness after 5k Bends

DesignTeam

Standard

USHSF

USHSFStandard

D

D

D

DDD

D

W

W

W

W

D


Phases of Design (Product Lifecycle)

1) Customer RequirementsUnderstand the Problem



4) Detail Design


6) Manufacture

7) Recycle


The Morphological Chart

Store/Acquire Power

Transmit Power

Brake on Target

Move Mass

Navigate to Target

Gravity Mouse Traps

Car Hit by Trap Rip Cord Effect Ramp Catapult

Rolling Friction String Break Anchor Rubber Stopper

Equal Size Wheels Larger Front Wheels

Rolling Sliding Projectile Launch

Going from concept to physical reality

.........

...


+ = better than datum; - = worse than datum; S = same as datum

Concept

Criteria

Cost

GatheringAbility

Safety

Robustness

Ease ofAssembly

+-s

1 2 3 4 5Bunny

D

A

T

U

M

Snake

+

S

S

S_

113

_

_

+

+

+

320

_

_

+

+

+

320

VoodooSpell

__

_

+

+

230

First Level Evaluation Matrix

Compare +/- to a Standard


Second Level Evaluation Matrix

Concept 1 2 3 4 5

CriteriaA: lowmaterialcost

3 1 4 4 3

B: easyassembly

3 4 4 4 3

C: shorttesting time

4 1 3 4 4

D: simpleconstruction

2 3 4 3 3

E:functionalsafety

2 2 2 2 2

F: simpleoperation

3 3 3 3 2

Total 17 14 20 20 17Relative =Total/24

0.71 0.58 0.83 0.83 0.71

Evaluate Criteria on a 1-4 Scale


Third Level Evaluation

WEIGHT

(0-4)

C1 (RUB ON

- RUB OFF)

C2 (PLACE

ON - TAKE OFF)

C3 (PLACE

ON - RUB OFF)

WORKING PRINCIPLE: MAKES ERASABLE MARK

4 4 4

REMOVES ERASABLE MARK

4 3 3

EMBODIMENT: HOLDS POINT 3 2 4

PRODUCTION: FEW PARTS 4 3 2 SIMPLE TO MAKE 4 2 2

ASSEMBLY: EASY 3 3

OPERATION: COMFORTABLE TO USE

2 2 3

LOW USE FORCE

3 3 4

MAINTENANCE: SHARPENABLE 4 4 4

SAFETY: DOESN’T HARM USER BY BREAKING INTO SMALL, HARMFUL PARTS

4 3 4

NOT POISONOUS 0 4 3 TOTAL POINTS:

Evaluate on a 1-4 Scale, Then Apply Weighting Factor


Design Tools at Your Disposal

1) House of Quality

2) Function Trees

3) Function Tables

4) Specification Lists

5) Functional Variants

6) Solution Principle Matrices

7) Morphological Charts

8) Evaluation Matrices

management and planning tools

Documents

task timelinematrix

activity network diagram

planning toolslecture

arrows secondary

primary responsibility

machinetree diagrampurpose

primary goal

list main