mammalogy 4764 fall 2009 - university of minnesota duluthrmoen/mammalogy_4764_2009/... · 2009. 12....
TRANSCRIPT
Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009
1
Perissodactylaand
Artiodactyla
The modern
ungulates
Pig Deer CamelPronghorn
TapirRhinocerous
Horse
Cursorial specialization
Feeding specialization
Evolutionary origin
Condylarthra -- Extinct OrderGave rise to:ArtiodactylaPerissodactylaCetaceaTubulidentataHyracoideaProboscideaSirenia
Chalicotheriidae
4 to 40 mya –Large forelimbs, short hind limbsStanding, feeding on trees
Perissodactyls50 mya in North America13 of 14 families9 extinct by 2 mya
45 MYAPerissodactyla -- Odd-toed Ungulates
3 families, 6 genera, 17 speciesOriginated in North AmericaNow Asia, South America
Indricotherium transouralicum
Classic example in biology textsIncrease in sizeReduction in digitsLonger skullTooth complexity
From 50 mya to today
Fig. 19.4
Perissodactyla -- Equidae
Single genus, 7 species250 to 400 kg in wild species
Perissodactyla -- Tapiridae
Single genus, 4 speciesUp to 300 kg
Originate North AmericaNow South America, Asia20 mya for current genus
Little change since then
Nocturnal, All but 1 near water
Solitary
Gestation over 1 year, single offspring
Declining in number, distribution – E or T
Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009
2
Perissodactyla -- Rhinoceratidae
4 genera, 5 speciesUp to 2,000 kg
10-25 mya for generaOriginated in North America (probably)Africa, Asia (split 26 mya)
Generally solitary
Gestation 8 or 16 monthsSingle offspring
Adults invulnerable to predationEndangered
Sumatran rhinocerosDicerorhinus sumatrensis
Indian rhinocerosRhinoceros unicornis
White rhinocerosCeratotherium simum
50 million+ year historyFirst artiodactyl rabbit-sized, 50 mya36 families, 10 still present3rd and 4th foot bones weight-bearing Diacodexis
Suiformes -- pigs, peccaries, hippopotamus
Tylopoda -- camels
Ruminantia -- ruminants -- cow, sheep, deer,
Each suborder has reprentativesfrom Eocene (50 mya)
Artiodactyla -- Even-toed Ungulates
ArtiodactylaRhinocerousIn Perissodactyla!
GiraffeDeer Pronghorn Cow
Artiodactyla--SuiformesSuiformes -- Pigs -- Suidae5 genera, 16 species
OmnivorousUp to 275 kg (similar to tapir)Typically forested
or brushy areasTayassuidae
100 to 175 day gestation1 - 12 offspring / gestation
Artiodactyla--Suiformes
Hippopotamidae - 2 genera, 2 species
Hippopotamus – 4.5 m, up to 4,500 kgHexaprotodon – 2 m, up to 250 kg
240 and 200 day gestation1 young / gestation
Artiodactyla--Tylopoda - Camelidae
Camels -- 1 genus, 2 speciesllamas -- 1 genus, 3 species
Camels--reversal to digitigradeDry, sandy conditions
60 to 650 kg
Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009
3
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Tragulidae
Mouse deer3 genera, 4 species2.3 to 4.6 kgAfrica and Asia
No antlers, upper canines tusk-like
Solitary, nocturnal
Ruminants
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Giraffidae
Giraffe, Okapi2 genera, 2 species
1,800 kg and 250 kg5.5 m and 2+ m
About 450 day gestation
Africa
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Moschidae
Musk deerHas been in Cervidae
1 genus, 4 species
Up to 18 kg
No antlers -- note canines
Threatened or vulnerable“Musk” used in perfumes
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Cervidae
Deer family
16 genera, 43 species
Antlers (all but 1 species)
Many species:Solitary / Gregarious 8 to 800 kg170 to 240 day gestation1 to 3 young
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Antilocapridae
Pronghorn antelope1 genus, 1 species36 to 70 kg
Open grassland / semidesert
Pronghorn (M/F like caribou)
Fastest New World mammal86 km / h
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Bovidae
African and Asian antelopeBison, Sheep, Goats, and Cattle
45 genera, 137 species
Many species:Solitary / Gregarious 25 to 1,000 kg