Mamluk(e) Sultanate - in Egypt and Syria(1250-1517)

Ottoman Sultanate - originally in AsiaMinor (c. 1300-1922)

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1398 or 1526)

Saladin (d. 1193)

mamluk = “owned”

Qipchaq steppe

Baybars (r. 1260-77)

1250 Mamluks seizepower in Egypt

1260 Mamluks defeatMongols in Syria

1261 Baybars installs‘Abbasid caliph inCairo

1517 Ottomans oustMamluks

Map Link: Rise of the Mamluk Sultanate:

<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Mamluks%20sieze%20power%20-%20base.pdf>

Sultan Hasan Mosque/Tomb/Madrasa(religious college) Complex,Cairo (bt. 1356-63)

Map Link: Mamluk Conquest of the Coast:

<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Mamluks%20conquer%20coast%201263-91.pdf>

640s Muslim raids into India begin

Mahmud of Ghazna (r. 998-1030)

Map Link: Muslim India (1100-1400):

<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20India%20Muslim%20Conquest.pdf>

1186-1206 Reign of Ghurid sultanMuhammad

1206 Qutb al-Din Aybak assassinatesMuhammad, declares self sultan ofDelhi (r. 1206-10)

1206-1398 or 1526 Delhi Sultanate in India

1351-88 Reign of Sultan Firuz

1388-98 Civil war in India

Qutb Complex, Delhi (bt. c. 1206-1388)

Saljuq Sultanate of Rum, c. 1200

Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman(d. 1326)

Soghut gazi/ghazi = holy warrior

Map Link: Ottoman Empire to 1512:

<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Ottomans%20to%201512.pdf>

1326 Orhan (r. 1326-62) takes Bursa

1361 Orhan takes Edirne

1362-89 Reign of Murat (Murad) I

1389-1402 Reign of Bayezit (Bayezid) I

devshirme system

Janissary, from Yeni Çeri = “New Force”

1395 Bayezit besieges Constantinople

1396 Bayezit defeats crusaders at Nicopolis

Ibn Khaldun (b. Tunis 1332, d. Cairo 1406)

Wali al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad

Famous Muslim historian, sociologist andphilosopher

Born in Tunis, standard religious education

Parents died of plague when he was 17

Ibn Khaldun (b. Tunis 1332, d. Cairo 1406)

Went to court at Fez and took up administrativeposition, but soon left it to travel. Hadvarious adventures and worked in variouscourts in Spain and N. Africa

Eventually went to Cairo to escape plot,arrived 1382

Became popular teacher, held various teachingand legal positions, incl. occasional workfor Mamluk sultans. Met Timur Lang

Ibn Khaldun (b. Tunis 1332, d. Cairo 1406)

Ambitious, adventurous, ruthless and notaverse to convenient changes of loyalty

Ultimate aim seems to have been revivificationof collapsing Muslim civilisation

Best known for two works:1. Al-Muqaddima - introduction tohistorian’s craft as scientific pursuit2. Kitab al-‘Ibar - universal history

Ibn Fadl Allah al-‘Umari (1301-49)

Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Fadl Allah al-‘Umari

Born in Damascus into family of bureaucrats

Began career in chancery in Cairo, butdismissed after quarrel with sultan, andimprisoned after further quarrel

Soon released and became head of chanceryin Damascus, but dismissed after 3 years

Ibn Fadl Allah al-‘Umari (1301-49)

Died of fever in 1349

Various works. Best known for al-Ta‘rifbi’l-Mustalah al-Sharif - manual onadministration explaining organisationof Mamluk empire and manners ofcorrespondence with various officesand foreign powers

Anonymous Ottoman Chronicle

Author unknown

Goes up to late15th c.