malzeme bilimi - İstanbul teknik Üniversitesi prof.dr. ahmet aran ders notları

8/10/2019 Malzeme Bilimi - stanbul Teknik niversitesi Prof.dr. Ahmet Aran Ders Notlar

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T Hemnge Aemctisn

HEC 2:5- HECPIHI B CK V

2::;-2::< Beler Dirs GotcerZroa. Dr. Elhit Ereg

GDIM CIR5. Knrn 52. Etohsec Be ! 16. Mrnstec êp&cer 5:4. Mrnstec êp&Musurcer& 5;9. Himegnm ziccnmcir 211. Aez Dnyekrehcer & 4:;. Dg hcirng Mngitn! n vi Ns&c cihcir 4

(Hexwicc-Boctzheg De ch )

êgn heczihi s femc ertt meetohcer g g lerimit l z g vi ymsimigir`ncn etoh bucughe nltnhecngn,doceys yce musur ocuhe egs g ert rh ocuruz. Bnr musurug ocuhes nng etohugkirimcn inm igir`nsngn ehes kirimnr. Gomte musurcer bu tr s c tntrinhcirsogufu orteye mercer.Gomte Musurcer vi Met Lecdiêy ghe0 Mrnstec meaiscirn nngdi diyey ghe (etohcer g yir di n tnrhicirn) szmogudur vi bugug nng meaisti boyiroches gihcndnr. rgi ng, hiteccirdimngomtesec musurcer heczihi nngdi etohyey ghecer g moceycet r r. Eyr fes femc g ymsim oches bu oceyg l z gert r r vi etohcer s c tntrinhcirci bulerimitn se cer.

êy ghedeg yerercegerem, meais nngdiaermc etohcer g lerimitn se cegebncnr=rgi ng dihnr meaisngng nngi merbogetohugug knrhisn kirimci tnrncnr(dihnr+merbog8icnm). Hligdnscnmti bez perecer g yziyngng sirt (e gheyedeyeg mc), n m s hcer g nsi ez merbogcu

(dele tom) ochesg nstigibncnr (rgingdncn ermcer). Bugug nng pere merbogoreg d m bnr heczihidig ritncnr videle sogre merbogcu bnr ortehde yziyimerbog yeygd r cebncnr. Vfemcm vi sri

mogtroc idncirim, merbog etohcer g g dncnyziyngi nstigncig hnmter vi dirngcnmtiyey ghes g se cegebncnr. Bycifi dncnerm g d yziyng nstigncig ymsimsirtcnmti, n m s hcer g g nsi dele tomoches se cegebncnr.

êy ghe (Anfm) Megugcer 0

Anfm megugcer dnazyog mureccer g virnr.Bu digmcihcirdimn dnazyog metseys sebntochey p e e demn aorhci kri sfemcmceerter. Do, zig vi zgig etohcer gfngsngi bec oceg bnr sebnt bnr diirdnr.


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2:

Vogu ocerem gomtesec musurug aezceoches duruhugde vi ymsim sfemcmcerdeyey ghe l z dele ymsimtnr.Etohcer g meais nngdimn yeyghe l zcer ,tegi s g rcer gde, tegi nngdi vi yziyngdiaermcd r. Tegi nngdi yeyghe l z igd mtr, gm etohcer ig nyn oredenstnacighncirdnr. Tegi sg r gde yeyghel z , tegi nngdig dele aezcedr, gm tegis g r gdemn der bnr bckidi ehora yepszmogusudur. Tegi yziyngdi nsi yeyghel z ig bymtr.

4.2. nzknsic (5-boyutcu) Musurcer

4.2.5. Dnscomesyogcer

Dnscomesyogcer mrnstec meais nngdimnnzknsic musurcerdr. Bmn tr dnscomesyogverd r0Miger dnscomesyogu= meais nngdi sogeirig im bnr meais dzcihngng verc oceremd gcibncnr.Qnde dnscomesyogu = Meais dzcihnmigdnsngi dnm oceg dnscomesyog nzknsnitrea ge spnrecimcngn ecr.

Miger Dnscomesyogu

Qnde dnscomesyoguDnscomesyogcer sedifi om m se bchcirngdi sea miger viye sea vndemeremtirn kstirnrcir. Kigiccnmci bu nmnsngng bncinhn oceg mer &m dnscomesyog lecngdidnrcir.


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Bnr dnscomesyoguBurkirs Qimtrmeremtirnzi idir. Dnscomesyog nzknsngnmepseyefem imncdi bnr etohdeg becey pseet yggdi eyg ed hcerce gfi yumer ,sogre se e, dele sogre e e vi ig sog

ocerem soce doru lerimit idirnz. Bntntig be cegkfe do ru bnr vimtr nzdnnhnzdiorteye meg vimtr Burkirs Qimtrdr.Bu vimtr miger dnscomesyogugdednscomesyog nzknsngi dnm, vndednscomesyogugde nsi dnscomesyog nzknsngi perecicdnr.

Miger dnscomesyogu nng Burkirs vimtr

Dnscomesyogcer vi Zcestnm 8imnc Di9n&nhn

Mrnstec meaisti mecf (pcestnm) imncdi n nhn nng meaisng bnr bchgg,moh u etohcerce becer g moper p meyhe

dzcihn boyugfe ticighisn kirimnr.Bugug nng lisepcegeg tiornm muvvitcir

(yegn th be cer g eyg egde mophes nng)om bymtr. Oyse digiysic ocerem bucugeg dikircir bu tiornm muvvitcirng omectgded r. Bugug gidign dnscomesyogcer ged h ed h ncirciyirim om dele dm

muvvitcirci mecf imnc dinnhngnse cehes d r.

Doceys yce mrnstec yepcerde imncdi n nhn nng dnscomesyogcer g verc omgihcndnr. Dnscomesyogcer g lerimitn nci btg be cer moperheh ze kirim ochedegnci om dele dm zorcehecer nciimncdi n nhcirn kirimcinr.Bu lerimitn bnr socufeg ncircihisngi bigzitibncnrnz.


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Dnscomesyog lerimitn himegnzhesmrnstecyep ye selp heczihicirdi mec f imncdi n nhngng gesc ocutu ugu e mceheyeyerd h idir. Heczihicir nngdi musurocerem bicnrcn hnmterde dnscomesyog

bucugur. Eyr fe itmnyig kirnchicir ectgdeyign dnscomesyogcer orteye mer. D er deghimegnm bnr zorcehe ocurse heczihiorteye meg meyhe kirnchicirndnscomesyogcer lerimitcigdnrnr vi imncdi n nhn ocuur.Dnscomesyogcer ziccnmci hitec meaiscirngdimocey ncircircir. gm meais nngdimn thetohcer icimtrogcer g ortem oceremmuccegdmcer nng, dnscomesyog lerimitnsogres mrnstecng icimtrnm ymcirn bem h gdeg bnr di n nhi u rehes szmogusu di ncdnr.Bnr heczihigng mecf imnc din tnrhisngnzorcet rhem (emhe deyegh g ert rhem!)nng ecghes kirimig ig itmng gcih,dnscomesyog lerimitngng kcitnrnchiyiec hemt r. Dnscomesyog lerimitngnzorcet reg di n nm igkiccir szmogusudur0Tegi s g rcer dnscomesyogu igkiccir. Tegis g rcer ertt me (tegicir mcdmi)dnscomesyogcer g lerimitn zorce r. Buyzdig dnscomesyogcer ngfi tegicnheczihicirdi mebe tegicn heczihicirikri dele zor lerimit idircir vi bu duruhdeyeg h ertt r r. Meais nngdimnyebegfetohcer mrnstec yepy erp ches ge vidnscomesyog lerimitcirngng zorcehes gegidig ocur. Dele gfi mecf imncdi n nhngi u reh vi meaisn nngdi omyo ug dnscomesyog bucugeg heczihicirdinsi dnscomesyogcer bnrbnrcirngnglerimitngn igkiccir .Mrnstec yepye selnp hitec heczihicirdiheczihicirng bnrom himegnm devreg dnscomesyog lerimitcirn nci moceycmcee mcegebncnr0Vo9um &imnc virhidi pimci &hiom mrnsteccn hiteccirdi dnscomesyoglerimitcirn i ntcn igkiccir terea gdegm shig gcignr. Kimnc din nhn sres gdencirciyig dnscomesyogcer bu tr igkiccirikicngfi durhem zorugde mecr vi

ermesgdeg kicigcir nci bnrcnmti bu bckicirdi bnr dnscomesyog ychesocu turur. Erteg zorcehe nci bnrcnmti yigndnscomesyogcer ocu ur, sey cer knttnmierteg dnscomesyogcer bnrbnrncirngn di

igkiccihiyi be cercer. ^egn heczihiynmecf imnc din tnrhim nng kirimigkirnchigng srimcn erttr ches kirimnr.Heczihigng pcestnmimnc din nhngi mer dnrigfn kndirim erter. Bu oceypimci &hi ocerem edcegdr cr.Ece &hcehe yocuyce deyeg h ert & Ece hcehe nci meaisng nngi om seydeereyir vi yireceg etohcer g g knrifi ngdig.dnscomesyog lerimitn zorcer vi

heczihigng emhe deyeg h erter.

Dnscomesyogug lerimit ithim nstidnn yg^msim s femc mcerde pimci &hiochehes

^msim sfemccerde etoh lerimitcncnn viyey ghe ertefe gdeg, mecf imncdi n tnrhi sogres bozuceg vi om seydemusur nirig mrnsteccirdi etohcer yigndigdzigcigibncnr (yigndig mrnsteccihi) vidnscomesyog yougcu u d ifi ngdig pimcihigng itmnsn ortedeg mecmer.

Mrnstec yep s merhe &mce&t me &imncvirhigng kci &hisnVirehnmcir di mrnstec yepye selnpochecer ge re hig, sirehnmcirdidnscomesyog lerimitcirn krchiz vi buheczihiciri mec f imnc virhimnhmegszd r. Buge gidig lih meaisyep cer g g merhe m ocuu, lih didzcihcirng ticighisn nci rgi ng nyognmmrnsteccirdi icimtrnm ymcirngng dech gdedigkisnzcnmcirng orteye mhes d r.


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Meyhe Vnstihcirn

Dnscomesyog lerimitn mrnstec yepnngdi

meyhe kirnchicirngng itmnsn nci kirimcinr.Dnscomesyogcer etoh yougcu u ig ymsimdzcihcirdi vi bu dzcihcir zirngdimnyo ug do ructucerde meyercer. gm buimndi etohcer g meyhe nng kirimcn yir

di n nhcirn ezecefe gdeg docey meyheyemer dnrigcirn mcr vi lerimit delemm kirnchicirci kirimcinr. rgi ngyumer de (b) imcngdimn meyhe dzcihngdidnscomesyogcer ig relet ncircir.Meyheg g hiydege kicdn n dzcihimeyhe dzcihn = bu meyhe dzcihn nngdimeyheg g hiydege kicdn n do ructuye demeyhe do 9ructusu dignr. Bu dzcih vido ructucer g hiydege kitnrdn n snstihimeyhe snstihn dignr. Meyhe snstihn gimeder om ocurse pcestnmimnc din nhn omeder moceycer.

Mrntnm meyhe kirnchisn bnci &ign

Dnscomesyog lerimitcirn nng meyhekirnchisngng itmnhisn kirimcndnr. Timimsigcn zorcehecerde deln (imhi, besheknbn) pere nngdimn din nm misnt vido ructucerde meyhe kirnchicirn ocuur (N)vi bu di ir yumer demn begt yerd h ycelisepcegebncnr. Krcd knbn ig bym

meyhe kirnchisn imhi do ructusu nci 49e yepeg dzcihdi orteye mhemtedr.

4.6. Dzcihsic (2 boyutcu)Musurcer

?mnz sg rcer 0 Meaisti etoh dzcihcirnnmnz dzcihcirngi kri snhitrnm oceremdzigcigibncnrcir. Bu musur, LHM vi VDLyep cerde himegnm zorcehe= ^HMyep cerde nsi yuhu ethe tevcehes ( s cn cih) sogufu ocu ur. Bmnz sg rcer

dnscomesyog meyhesg kci tnrnr vihiteccirng emhe deyegh g ertt r r.


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Heczihi ^ziycirn0 Mrnstec meaisngdiheczihigng yziycirn di bnr dzcihsicmusur ocerem dgcibncnr.

Tegi s g rcer 0 Hligdnscnmheczihicirngng yep cer tim bnr mrnstecdigocu hez. Bu heczihicirdi yep cer eygocdu u lecdi uzey nngdimn moguhcer bnrbnrngdig aermcoceg mrnstec perefmcer (tegicir) bucugur. zic ocerem ritncig timmrnsteccir dgde , gorhec heczihicir omtegicndnr. Bu gidigci tim mrnstecdiziccnmcir ygi bec (egnzotrop) ochesgemer g, om tegicn (pocnmrnstec) heczihicir,tegicirngng om seyde vi moguhcer g g

reskici oches gidignyci nzotrop oceremmebuc idncibncnrcir.Tegi s g rcer = bnrbnrngdig eyreg yziydnrvi etohcer g dzkg yirci hidn n der bnrecegdr.Bym e c tegi s g rcer gde , s g r boyugfs etohcer lir nmn mrnsteci di uyuhse ceyehed gdeg reskici dnznchncirdnrvi om der bnr ecegde yepehora oceremd gcibncnr.

Mm e c tegi s g rcer , bntnnm meaiscireres gde mm bnr ygcighi bozumcuugug ocuturdu u bnr dnscomesyogs res d r. Miger dnscomesyogcer terea gdegocu turuceg mm ec tegi s g rcer i nms g rcer, vnde dnscomesyogugug gidigocdu u s g rcer nsi burmuche sg rcer oceremedcegdr crcer.

4.4 Mrnstec ^ep de OcheyegMet cerde 2-boyutcu MusurcerEt ohcer g reskici nstnacigdnn yepcerehora ocerem edcegdr cr, Bezheczihicirdi nsi mrnstec yep ochese de be me bnr m se hiseai dzign bucugebncnr.


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4.9. Icimtrog Hnmrosmopcer

Icimtrog hnmrosmopcer gde icimtrogcer g peref m vi decke itmncinhngdigyerercegcr vi icimtrog g bnr fnshngkrgtsg ocuturhem nng muccegcebncnr.L zcegdr ch icimtrogcer om m se decke boyuge selnptnr, bycifi om dele m sedecke boycer nci dele aezce bythioregcer vi dele nyn eyrhe kf icdiidnchisn se cegr. Vtegdert bnr icimtroghnmrosmobugug eyrhe kf bnrmegegohitri sivnyisngdidnr. Icimtroghnmrosmobugde g g kitn n bckiymsim vemuh ectgded r vi g levehocimccirn terea gde sept r cehez.Icimtrog hnmrosmopcer nmn inttnr.Tregshnsyog Icimtrog Hnmrosmobu Bu hnmrosmopte icimtrog g mecgc om ngfictnchn bnr rgi i ygcigdnrncnr.Icimtrog g heczihi nngdig kiir(tregshnsyog), pro`imsnyog hirfimcirnkirim krgty aotorea knbn anch zirngid rr. Heczihi nngdimn musurcer g gygg itmnciyifi ngdig bugcer bicnrcihim vi nzcihim hhmg ocur.

Tregshnsyog iciftrog hnmrosmobugdemuccegceg rgimcir om ngfi ochecd r. 5:-2:gh (5:: etoh mec gc ) meder ngfirgimcir zic ygtihcircilez rcegebncnr.

Tregshnsyog icimtrog hnmrosmobu

Terey f Icimtrog Hnmrosmobu Terey f icimtrog hnmrosmobugdeheczihigng ngfictnchisngi kirim yomtur viicimtrog gcer g g heczihigngyziyngdig yegshes ngficignr. Icimtrog

g ngficigifim yziyi odemcegr viyziyngn tereheye becer. Ng g rgimyziyngn tereheye becehes yce yziydigse ceg icimtrogcer, heczihiyi kri pozntnavocte`de tutuceg egotte topcegr.^ziydi bucugeg vi icimtrog g nciuyer ceg etohcer g yeyd decke boyumeremtirnstnm bnr ziccnndnr vi lir etohugdecke boyu aermcd r. Bu ziccnmtigaeydecegerem seceg decke boycer g

bicnrciyirim ngficidnnhnz heczihiyziyngdimn icihigtcirn bucebncnrnz.Terey f icimtrog hnmrosmobu nci heczihiyziyngng topokreanm krgts dingficigibncnr vi hnmrosmobug eyrhe kf5:gh hirtibisngdidnr.

Terey f icimtrog hnmrosmobu

Bnr hitecdi m r m yziyn


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Ereg HEC2:5 Dirs Gotcer 21

9. Himegnm ziccnmcirHeczihicirng uykucegeg himegnmzorcehecere ectgdemn devreg , himegnmziccnmcir ocerem edcegdr cr. Himegnm

ziccnmcir ises ocerem etohcer eres bemuvvitcirngdig meygemcegr, egfem bugugyeg gde heczihigng nyeps g g de bymitmnsn verdr vi n yepsec di n nmcnmciryep cerem himegnm ziccnmcir gihcnoregde kicntnrncibncnr.Lir heczihi nng meremtirnstnm bnrkirnchi imnc din tnrhi ncnmnsn verdr= bu i rn kigiccnmci imhi digiyn ncisepteg r vi heczihigng himegnm devreg nci ziccnmcirn lemm gde om gihcn bnckncirnirnr.9.5. Kirnchi- imnc Din tnrhiTeg hcer

Gorhec vi meyhe kirnchicirn

Kirnchi0Lirlegkn bnr misntti bnrnh ecege digmuvviti kirnchi dignr. Muvvit misnti dnmnsi vi boy di n nhcirngi yoc eyorsegorhec kirnchi ( ), muvvit misnt nngdinsi vi e di n nhcirngi gidig ocuyor nsimeyhe kirnchi sngdig ( ) sz idncnr. Gorhec kirnchicir ert n eritcn nsi imhi,imsn neritcn nsi beshe egcehge kicnr. Bnr pereye uykucegeg muvvit vi hohigtcir,ngficigig misntng duruhuge kri lihgorhec, lih di meyhe kirnchicirnocu turefemtr.

imnc Dinnhcirn0D muvvitcir ectgde heczihicir imncdi n nhngi u rercer. Muvvitcirngmecdr ches lecngdi be cegk boy vi bnnhngi dgcrsi, heczihigng ured

imnc dinnhn icestnm , emsn lecdipcestnm(mecf ) ocerem edcegdr cr.Kirnchi ectgdemn perecerde boy vi edi n nhcirn hiydege kicnr. - C boydi n nhn ncm c boyu Co di irngioregcegrse bnrnh uzehe & oceremedcegdr ceg bnrnhsnz bnr bymcm icdiidncnr. &8 - C / CoBu di ir yzdi ocerem virncnrsi yzdiuzehe % 5 8 (- C / Co)x5::) oceremedcegdr cr. 1imnc din nhngng uzehe viyem seche oches ge kri bu di ir ert viyeimsn neritcn ocebncnr.Tim imsigcn kirnchi ectgdemn bnr pereuzermig eyg zehegde kirnchiyi dnmdo ructude de derecr.

oreg Zonssog oreg ocerem edcegdr cr.Icestnm imnc din nhngdimn Zonssogmetseys hiteccir nng yemcem ocerem :,6fnver gded r.Meyhe kirnchicirn gidignyci ocueg e secimnc din nhn nsi boyutsuz bnr bymcm

oceg= (redyeg) nci virncnr vibnrnh meyhe

=ocerem edg ecr.


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Ereg HEC2:5 Dirs Gotcer 2;

Icestnmcnm vi Meyhe Hodc I0 Icestnm ecegde kirnchi nci bnrnh uzehedo ru oregtcd r vi bu bckidi Loomimegugu kiircndnr. Kirnchi-bnrnh uzehei rnsngdi bu bcki krcig dorugug i nhnicestnmcnm hodc ocerem edcegdr cr.Icestnmcnm hodc heczihigng yeymetseys ocerem dgcibncnr vi bnrnhnkirnchi nci eygd r.I 8 -? /-5 (bem imhi i rnsn)Meyhe kirnchisn nci icestnm bnrnh meyheeres gdemn ncnmn nsi K 8-J /-= oceremvirncnr. Burede Kmeyhe hodcdr .^umer de eg ceg icestnmcnm bymc

(I, K vi v) bnrbnrngdig behs zdi nccirdnr vi erecer gde e e de virncig be gt verd r, yegn nmnsngng bncnghisnduruhugde gfs lisepcegebncnr.

I 8 2.(5+v)

9.2. imhi Digiyn

imhi digiyn, bnr heczihigng deyeg h gvi himegnm devregcer g bicnrcihim nngyep cr vi heczihi digiycirn eres gde iggihcncirdig bnrndnr. Mer ce t r cebncnrsogucer icdi ithim nng, imhi digiycirnstegdertcere uykug ocerem yepcr. TrmVtegdertcer gde bu digiyng yepc vidigiy peres g g lez rceg g g eyr gt cer TV 56< IG 5:::2-5 stegderd nci

bicnrcighntnr.

imhi digiyngdi heczihiyi yeve yeveerteg derbisnz imhi zorcehecer uykucegr. Yykucegeg muvvit, digiy peres imsigngdidnr vi heczihigngmisntngi gnaorh ocerem decr. Muvvit pere misntngi dnm ocduu nng gorheckirnchicir sz mogusudur. Digiy sres gdeuykucegeg muvvit A vi bu zorcehe ectgdekirimci ig uzehe di ircirn - C meydidncnrvi digiy mophe ocu ege meder srdrcr.Kirnchi di irn

Bnrnh uzehe di irn di ncm c boyugeoregcegerem bnrnh uzehe5L (viye yzdiuzehe) ocerem lisepcegr.

- C 8 C - C: ]hhX

Kirnchi vi bnrnh uzeheg glisepceghes gde digiy be cegkf gdemnmisnt bymc vi be cegktemn c boyugug muccegches nci icdi idncig budi irciri hligdnscnm kirnchisn vihligdnscnm bnrng uzehes ed virncnr.

Digiy s res gdemn misnt vi boydi n nhcirngn dnmmeti ecerem lisepcehe


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Emhe Deyeg hBicnrcn bnr hnmter mecf uzeheg g ocu tu u(hisice %:,2) kirnchi di irn emhedeyeg h :,2 ocerem muccegcr. Bu di iricestnmcnm sg r gdeg om dele mocey bicnrcigibncnr. Bezzic duruhcer nng %:,2dig aermc di ircir muccegcebncnr.

rgi ng ymsim sfemcmcerde vi pcestnmheczihicirdi % 5 ec gebncnr.Emhe dnscomesyogcer g lerimitnyci becer.Emhe deyeg h , heczihigng mecf imncdi n tnrhidig m cebncifim ig st kirnchis g r d r.Bez heczihicirdi (yuhu em icnmcirdi)emhegg be ced kirnchi di irn emfekrcibncnr (Bicnrkng Emhe Deyegh ).Burede ect vi st emhe sg rcer sz

mogusudur. Bu heczihidi st emhes g r yce ect emhe sg r eres gdedeckeceghegg gidign, be cegkte meaisti bucugeg ere yir etohcer g g dnscomesyogfiplisngdimn bo cumcere yircihisn vidnscomesyogcer g ncm lerimitngnkci tnrhisndnr. Rcm lerimit sogres buigkiccirdig murtuceg dnscomesyoglerimitcirngng reletcehes nci bnr sri emhedele mocey kirimcinr. 1imnc din nhnkrh bu heczihi emhedeg sogre uzugsri bimcitncnrsi, ere yir etohcer dnscomesyogcer igkicciyig moguhcer ge

kirn dgir vi heczihidi bicnrkng emhetimrer orteye mer.Mecf imnc Dinnhn vi Zimcihi0Emhe s g r gdeg sogre mecf imnc din nhn be cer. Mecf imnc din nhn srdmi,imncdi n nhngng diveh ithisn nng kirnchigngert r ches kirimtn n krchimtidnr. Buguggidign rgi ng hitecsic heczihicirdierteg dnscomesyog yougcu u sogufu,dnscomesyogcer g bnrbnrngn mer cmcigkiccihisndnr(pimci hi). Muvvitng mecdr ches duruhugde bo eche,Loomi i rnsngi perecic bnr doru boyugfeocur vi kirnyi mecf bnr imnc din nhnmecr. Muvvit yigndig ertr crse imncdi n nhngng boeche i rnsn boyugfencircidnn vi bnr gfimn ymcihidi

kirnchigng boectcd kirnchi di irngimeder icestnm ocerem diveh ittnn vi bugomtedeg sogre mecf imnc din nhngngdiveh ittn n krcr. ^egn mecf imncdi n tnrhn bnr heczihigng emhe deyegh pimcihi sogufu erthemted r.imhi Deyeg h imhi digiyngdimn ig bym muvvitng Ah be cegk misntngi Vo bcghisn nci icdiidncig hemsnhuh kirnchidnr.

8 Ah / V:


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Ereg HEC2:5 Dirs Gotcer 6:

Hemsnhuh di iri uce t mteg sogremuvvitng dhisn , digiy peres g g bicnrcn bnr misnttig bzchiyi becehesgidignycidnr, misntng derechesgidignyciimnc din nhngng diveh nng kirimig

muvvit kndirim dir vi sogute mopheocu ur.gnaorh Yzehe ^zdisnDigiy peres gde yiric bzchi be ceyegemeder (hex. Muvvit gomtes) kirimci iguzehe hnmter d r. Bureye meder uzehegnaorhdur, yegn perede boy uzer, misntgnaorh ocerem derecr, egfem bnnhmorugur. Yzehegg gnaorh ochesgse ceyeg, yegn yiric bzchigng digiyng

ig be cegkf gde be cehes g igkicciyig pimcihi ocey d r, yegn imnc din tnrigheczihigng deyeg h g erthes d r. Buseyidi digiy peres g g lirlegkn bnr misntndn ircirngdig dele aezce imnc din tnrsi bnci, bu bcki dirlec pimcinr, deyegherter vi imnc din tnrhi dn ir misntcirdidiveh idir. Egfem imnc virhiyi divehittnmi pimcihigng itmnsn kndirim ezecr vi bnr gomtedeg sogre bu digkicihi ertm se cegehez, yegn ig zeya misnttimnimncdi n nhn diveh idirim imnc din nhn(bzchi) vi mophe bu bckidiyo ugce r.gnaorh uzehe di irn gihcn bnr heczihiziccnn ocup, bnr heczihiyi imhiyocuyce yiric bzchi ochedeg gnaorhoceremimnc virncibncifim st sg r bicnrcir.

Mophe Yzehes E vi Mophe Bzchisn P0

imhi deyeg h ge uce ches gdeg sogreimnc din nhn diveh idir vi sogugde

mophe ocuur. Mophe uzehes , digiyguhugisngdi ocu eg topceh mecf imncdi n nhngng (Cu-C: ) be cegk boyuge oregocerem virncnr.

Mophe bzchisn nsi mophe sogresgdemnig bym mecf misnt di nnhngng becegkmisntngi Vo oregd r.

Mophe uzehes vi bzchisn di ircirn,heczihigng deyeg h lisepcer gde omgihcn di ncdnr, egfem heczihigng imncdi n tnrhi mebncnyitn (sgimcnn) lemm gdegihcn bnckncir nirnr.

Rizncyegs vi Tomcum0Heczihigng bnrnh lefhn nng lerfegegimnc din tnrhi n n, imhi i rnsngngectgdemn eceg yerdh yce lisepcegebncnr.

Icestnm sg re meder lerfegeg n, bnrheczihi nngdi mecf imnc dinnhn(emhe) be cehedeg dipocegebncifimhemsnhuh icestnm imnc din tnrhiigir`nsngn virnr vi rizncyegs oceremedcegdr cr. rgi n yey heczihicirngdirizncyegsg ymsim ocheserzu idncnr.


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Heczihigng mophes ge meder lerfegegigir`n nsi i rngng ectgde meceg eceggthdr vi tomcum ocerem edcegdr cr.^msim tomcum hligdnscnm heczihicirnnng eregeg om gihcn bnr ziccnmtnr.

Vgimcnm / TomcumBnr heczihigng mecf imnc din tnrhimebncnyitngi nsisgimcnm dignr vi buziccnm nng mophe uzehesvi mophe bzchisn ct ocerem muccegcebncnr.Tomcum nng nsi heczihigng mophesnng

lerfeghes kirimcn igir`n bnr cttr,sgimcnm yeggde heczihigng deyeg h detomcum nng bicnrciynfndnr.Kivrim Vgim M r cheMophe misntngng krgh diheczihigng imnc din nhn devreg lemm gde bnckncir nirnr. Kivrimheczihicir aezce imnc din tnrhidigmuvviti dnm bnr eyr che m r ches ncimopercer. Vgim heczihicirdi bicnrkng

gihcn bnr yiric mecf imnc din nhnkrcr.

Kirim Kirnchi Bnrnh uzehe i rnsnHligdnscnm kirnchi vi bnrnh imncdi n tnrhi di ircirn, digiy s res gdemeydidncig muvvit A vi uzehecer g EC be cegk misntn Vo vi ncm c boyuge Co bcghisn nci lisepcegh t r, yegn misnt vi boy di n nhcirn dnmmeti ecgheh t r.Bnrom uykucehede sedifi mmimnc

di n nhcirn sz mogusu ocduugdeg o umez bu di ircir nci ec hem yitircndnr.Egfem bym imnc din nhcirngng szmogusu ocduu (rgi ng imnc virhi) knbnuykucehecerde, becegk misntn yirngiegcm kirim misnt vi boy diircirn ecgeremkirim kirnhi vi bnrnh uzehe di ircirnkirimcndnr. Lir nmn irn eresgde ziccnmci boyug virhigng ocu tu u gomtedeg sogre bym aerm verdr.

Kirnchi - bnrnh uzehe be gt s (imhii rnsn) lir heczihiyi zk bnrmeremtirnstnm bnr irndnr vi heczihicirnghimegnm devregcer nci nckncn om yererc bnckncir nirnr. Heczihigng tr viduruhuge be c ocerem din nm irncir icdiidncnr= ee de di n nm heczihi ent imhii rnsn rgimcirn virnchntnr.Eyr fe e e demn tebcode gihcnhligdnsc m heczihicirngng imhi digiyn

nci septegeg ziccnmcirn virnchimtidnr.


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Bez heczihicirng himegnm ziccnmcirnIcestnmcnmHodc(KZe)

EmheDeyeg h(HZe)

imhiDeyeg h(HZe)

MopheYzehes(%)

Orte merbogcu icnm 2:: 1:: ;9: 5;

Ece hc icnm 2:: 1


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9.6. VirtcnmVirtcnm, heczihicirng sirt bnr ufug bet r ches ge kstirdn n dnrig oceremteg hcegebncnr. Bu digiydi kigiccnmcistegdert bnr u, sebnt bnr muvvitci fnshi best r cr, bu bethe nci ocueg nzng bymc, bu heczihigng pcestnm (mecf )

imnc din tnrhiyi dnrigfngng bnr ctocerem diircigdnrncnr. Muvvit uykucegeremu bet rhe d gde0 yziyn nzhi, derbi nciu bet rhe, pereye vuruceg fnshng kirnyis rehes knbn ygtihcirng muccegcd sirtcnm digiycirn di verdr.ccig sirtcnm diircirn sedifimer ce t rhe sey cer d r, yegn icdi idncigdi ircir teser hcerde do rudegmuccegcehez. Egfem bu digiy, moceyyep cebncdnn vi sedifi mm bnr nz b remerem heczihigng deyegh vi e ghedevreg lemm gde bnckn seced nngziccnmci mecnti mogtrocdi yeykg oceremmuccegceg bnr ygtihdnr.

Di n nm sirtcnm ygtihcirn eresgdegheczihigng tr vi sirtcn ngi ig uykugocegg g sinchisn gihcndnr. Hitec viece hcer nng muccegceg ig yeykg sirtcnmygtihcirn ugcerdr0

Brngicc Digiyn0

D ep gde bnr icnm bncye, bu epe uykugocerem sinchn bnr A muvvitn nciheczihigng yziyngi best r cr. Vtegdertmuvvit vi bncye epcer (5,29 -5: hh)sincirim heczihiyi uykug digiymouccer bicnrcignr. Egfem aermc bncye epvi best rhe muvvitn nci yepceg digiycirdisogucer eresgde bez aermcer krcibncnr.Digiy sogres gde nz optnm ocerem ccrvi muvvit ocueg nzng yziy ecegge bcgirim Brngicc Virtcnm Veys icdi idncnr.

Brngicc Virtcnm Digiyn yuhuem vi ortesirtcnmti heczihicir nng muccegcr, rgi ngsirtci tnrnchnicnmcir nng Brngicc sirtcnnkigiccnmci tirfnl idnchiz. Rz yziynecegg g bicnrcighisn nng nz epg g optnmocerem cchisn kirimnr vi lesses bnrch nng heczihi yziyn digiygfisngdi dzkg vi percem oceremlez rceghecd r.

Qnfmirs Digiyn0Bu ygtihdi muccegceg u tipi e s 561ooceg bnr iches meri pnrehnttnr. Ocueg nzngmikig ortecehecer ecgerem yziy bicnrcignr vi Qnfmirs sirtcnn lisepcegr0

Vtegdert meri pnrehnt bu u nci aermcmuvvitcir uykucegebncnr vi ygtih din nmsirtcnmti vi mecgcmte heczihicir nngmuccegcebncnr, yegn muccegh eceg kign tnr.om mm muvvitcirci vi hnmrosmop

ectgde ec erem heczihi nyeps gdemndi n nm bckicirng sirtcnmcirngn bicnrcihimdeln hhmgdr. Egfem Brngicc digiyngdiocdu u knbn, nz ecegg g bicnrcighisn nng nz boyutugug optnm ocerem cchisn zehegecr vi heczihigng yziyn dzkg vi percem ocerem lezrceghecd r.Bu ygtihng stgc, ccig sirtcnngdigiydi uykucegeg muvvittig be hs zoches d r. Egfem om mm ymcirdiicestnmcnm peyerter, doceys yce sirtcnmdi irn bnrez ymsim mer.


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9.4. Qurhe (igtnm Derbi) DigiynHeczihigng kivrim m r che i ncnhngn bicnrcihim nng yepcr. Hligdnscnmteser hcer gde heczihicirng yitircntomcue selnp ochecer om gihcndnr. Budigiydi zirngdi igtnm ech stegdertdigiy peres bnr serme imn yerdh ycem r cr vi imnfng secghe ymsimcnnmeybgdeg ( l 7 l) m rhe nng sera idncigigir`n septegr. Bu imncdi bicnrcigig m rhen ngng seysec di irn teser hlisepcehecer gde seysec bnr diir oceremmuccegcehez, sedifi heczihi devreg g g bnr kstirkisn ocerem diircigdnrncnr.

Kivrim-Vgim Kin Vfemc Heczihigng kivrim m r che i ncnhn orehs femcmc ge be cd r. ziccnmci lefnhhirmizcn mbnm meaisi selnp heczihicir(rgi ng airrntnm vi hertigzntnm icnmcir)mismng bnr kivrim-sgim kins femc kstirnrcir= yegn bicnrcn bnr sfemc gectgde heczihigng vurhe n n om dir,yegn heczihi kivrim devregheye be cer.Bu s femc g bicnrcighisn nng ig uykugygtih di n nm sfemcmcerde vurhe digiynyeperem imncdimn irnyn bicnrcihimtnr.

9.9. M r che Himegn n

Heczihicirng kirnchi ect gde nmn viye dele

aezce pereye eyr ches m r che oceremedcegdr cr. M r che kivrim vi sgim meremtirdi ocebncnr= m r cheg g ges c ocefe heczihiye be c ocdu u knbn uykucegegkirnchiyi, s femc e vi diaorhesyog l z ge be cd r.Kivrim m r chede mecf imnc dinnhngihsnz dziycirdidnr vi etce gocu hes nci byhisn bym bnr lzce ocur.Egndig orteye meg bu m r che tr om

tilcnmicndnr. ziccnmci tomcuu d m ymsim deyeghc hiteccir, sirehnmcir vi


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lette bez pcestnmcir kivrim devreg kstirnrcir vi ziccnmci yepde igtnmocu turebncifim srimsnzcnmcirng (rgingetcem, hnmro kzigim, mecgt vb) bucugduu gomtecerdeg kivrim ocerem

m r crcer. Kivrim m r cheye gidigocebncifim ig gihcn aemtrcirugcerdr0 Bnr igtnng verc , Derbicn zorcehecer, D m sfemcmcer

Heczihicirng m r che devreg cer g g bncnghisn kvigcn teser hcer yepebnchimnng om gihcndnr viM r che Himegn nocerem edcegdr ceg eyr bnr bncnh decocerem ici ecghemtedr.

M r che Himegn ngng tihicngn Krnaantlngndiec bnr kivrim fnsnh nng orteye moyduumrntir ocuturhu tur0 Bnr etce gbyhisn egfem bu s rede sirbist mecegicestnm igir`ngng yign bnr yziy yerethemnng kirimcn yziy igir`nsngi i $nt viye dele

aezce oches lecngdi kirimci $ibncnr Bu mrntirdig yoce merem kivrim m r chemrntnm oceg bymcg Kirnchi ndditnerpeg M ocdu u kstirnchntnr.

M8] .?. .

Burede ] boyutsuz kiohitrnm di n mig, ?m r che gomtesgdemn kirnchi vi e nsietcem uzugcuudur.M di irngng bnr heczihi ziccnn ocegM r che Tomcu u Mf di irngn ehesduruhugde m r che ocu ur. M r chehimegn n ises ecgerem yepcegteser hcerde, peregg lirlegkn bnr

zorcehe ectgde egn vi kivrim m r chehesnng

M 8 L. . 3 M f ert se ceghecd r.

Doceys yce egn vi kivrim m r cheochehes nng0 Kirnchi bicnrcn nsi etcem boyugug

mrntnm diirdig mm ochesviye etcem boyu bicnrcn nsi kirnchigng mrntnm

kirnchidig dele mm ocheskirimnr.

Heczihigng m r che tomcuu M Nf di irngihcn bnr ziccnmtnr vi stegdertcerce bicnrcigig digiycir yerdh yce bicnrcignr.(M Nfetce g gorhec kirnchicir nci eceremkivrim m r cheye zorcegd duruhe N

hodu- ent M r che tomcuudur). M r chetomcuu digiycirngdi digiy peres gde bnrigtnm ecr vi bu igtnmti dngehnmzorcehecer ectgde mismng bnr yorucheetce ocu turucur. Dele sogre digiy peres imhiyi zorcegerem bu etcegkivrim m r ches nng kirimcn kirnchi diirn bucugerem heczihigng m r che tomcuulisepceg r.

9.1. ^orucheBnr pereye itmnyig kirnchicirng,heczihigng emhe deyeg h g g ectgde,yegn icestnm bckidi mechesduruhugdelirlegkn bnr himegnm leser bimcighiz.Egfem bu zorcehecer g yg vi ndditndngehnm ocerem din nyorse bu duruhdedeln leser ocu ebncnr vi m r cheye mederkndibncig bu ocey yoruche oceremedcegdr cr. Dngehnm zorcehecer ectgdeec eg th teser hcerde heczihigngyoruche deyegh om gihcndnr viuykucehede ocueg lesercer g o ugcu uyoruche m r checer d r.^oruche leser g g ocuuhugde nmn aermcivri sz mogusudur0 etcem ocuuhu vietcem ncircihisn. etceg be cegkfkigiccnmci nyepde viye yziydi bucugegom mm bnr musurde (nyepde mecgt ,yziydi igtnm, nznm vs) kirnchi ychesocu hes vi bugug sogufu emhe


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deyeg h g g yiric ocerem eches nciorteye mer. ^iric meyhecer g bucugdu u bu bckidi yg di n tnrig imnc din nhcirnyziydi knrngtn vi m gt cere, bnr srisogre de bnr hnmroetcem ocuuhuge gidig

ocur. Bu hnmroetcem edh ed h ncirciyirim bnr hemro etcem ocuturur vi bu etcemyitircn bymci uce t gde yoruchem r ches g orteye mer.

Bnr yoruche m r g g meremtirnstnm yziyn,sttimn imncdi krchimtidnr. etcegncircidnn bckidi yeyceg deckecere bigziyig nzkncir dnmmetn imhimtidnr. Bunzkncir, aermcetcem ncircihi mouccer ge

timebc idig bckicirn eyr r vi duremcehenzkncirn ocerem edcegdr cr. Duremcehenzkncirn yerdh yce etce g be ced vincircidnn bckicir moceycmce bicnrcigibncnr.

^oruche digiycirn sebnt bnr ortecehekirnchi nng aermckirnchi kigcnmcirnecgerem yepcr vi yoruche m r ches g gkrcd m r che ivrnh sey cer septeg r.Aermc kigcnmcirdi yepceg bu digiy

sogucer yerd h yce sincig ortecehekirnchi nng [lcir i rnsn oceremedcegdr ceg i rn nzncnr. [lcir irnsngng bicnrcighisn nng om seyde digiygomtesge kirim duyucur= doceys yceyoruche digiycirn uzug vi pelecdigiycirdnr.

[lcir i rnsn bez heczihicir nng(rgi ng icnmcirdi) bnr esnhtote yemcer,yegn bicnrcn bnr kirnchi kigcnngng ectgdemecgd srifi yoruche leser ocu hez,yegn heczihi sogsuz hrc ocur.Hiteccirng nsi bnrougde bu esnhtotkrchiz (rgi ng echngyuhece hcer gde).


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Hligdnscnm teser h lisepcehecer gdemuccegchem ziri, bnr heczihiyi entsrghi ziccnmcirn din nm imnccirdivirncibncnr. rging0Vrghi V g r 0 bicnrcn bnr sfemcm vi srinng heczihidi bicnrcn bnr mecf uzeheyegidig oceg kirnchiVrghi Mophe Vrisn0 bicnrcn bnrs femcm vi sri nng heczihigngmophesge gidig oceg kirnchi (e e demnimnc)


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1. Aez Dnekrehcer 1.5. Aez MeguguBnr heddi be muvvitcirn itmnsn ectgdeig d m igir`ncn digki moguhugdebucugeg etohcer krubugdeg ocu ur.Mo uccer di n nrsi igir`n nirn n di n nr,digki bozucur, etohcer dele d migir`n kirimtnrig be me bnr digkimoguhuge kiirim di n nm bnnhdidnzncnr vi sogute yign bnr aez ocuur.Aez0 yep g g etohsec boyutcer gzirngdi mnhyesec vi yep sec oceremloho`ig vi ziccnmcirn bnrbnrngdig aermcoceg bchcirngdig lir bnrngi aez ed

virncnr. Aez mevreh sedifi anznmsicduruh (met , s v viye kez) ncii egcehc di ncdnr. rging hitecece hcer gde eyg egde bnrdig aezcemet aez hivfut ocebncnr.Bnci ig0 Bnr ece h g ocu turegmnhyesec icihigtciri o ece h gbnci igcirn ed virncnr. Aez nngdimnbnci igcirng dirn nmcnn kigiccnmci ercmyzdisn ocerem virncnr.

Vea hiteccir tim aezcd r, nyepcer omtegicn ocse bnci, tegicir aermcoched gdeg eyr aez sey chez.icnmcirdi meremtirnstnm bnr nyepocegpircnt nsi, yumerdemnimncdig krcd

knbn airrnt vi sihigtnt aezcer g g cehiccnocerem dzigcighisn nci ocu ur.Virbistcnm Dirifisn0 Aezcer g sey ssebnt mechem moucuyce bnrbnrngdigbe hs z ocerem di n tnrncibncifimduruh bymcmcirngng seys d r.(Vfemcm, besg, bnci nh)Knbbs Aez Megugu0 Digkidi ocegom aezcbnr snstih nng ee demn knbnkstirncnr0

V 8 B A + 2B0 Bnciig Vey sA0 Aez VeysV0 Virbistcnm dirifisn

Timgnmti kigicdi ethosair bes gf gdeec cd gdeg, bes gf g sebnt ochesduruhugde Knbbs Aez Megugugdesirbistcnm dirifisngng sey s 5 ezec r (5

eth sebnt bes gte)V 8 B A + 5

1.2. Aez Dnyekrehcer Aezcer g ocu uhugde vi dg hgdiege itmig igir`n nirn ndnr, bu nirnndi n tnrig ege itmig s femcm,bes g vi bnci nhdnr. Aez (Digki)Dnyekrehcer yerd h nci bicnrcn bnr

heczihidi snstihngdi s femcm vibnci nhi be c ocerem ocuefem aezcer gtrcirn, bncinhcirn vi hnmtercer lette nyep cer de bicnrcigibncnr.Tim bnci igcn, yegn dirnnmcnng sebntocdu u sea su nng aez dnyekrehe e de virnchimtidnr, bu dnyekrehdes femcm vi bes gfe be c ocerem anznmsicduruh di n nhcirn krchimtidnr.Bigzir imncdi sea dihnri ent aez

dnyekreh de virnchn tnr.


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Aez dnyekrehcer yerd h yce nmn aezgbnrcnmti bucugduu bckidi bicnrcn bnrs femcmtemn aezcer g dirn nmcnmcirngnbuchem hhmgdr. ^umer demndnyekrehde de kstirncdn n knbn, gfinmn aezcbckidi cnmds vi socndsi rncirngn misifim imncdi bnr dorunzncnr (benzknsn). Bu yeteyg, i rncirnmistn n gomtecer yumer de de krcd knbn, aezcer g bu s femcmtemndirn nmcnmcirngn virnr (benzknsn murec).

E e demn dnyekrehde nsi tehzgrcm nng bicnrcn bnr bncinhdimn

snstihng, s v deg ntnberig so urmignyeps g g ocu uhu ngficighn tnr. Etohcer g ehora dzigdi bucugdu us v aez so uheye be ced gde s vnngdi mrnsteccir imnrdimcighiyi vitegicir ocu heye be cer (M5).Vo utuche n cihngi diveh idncdn ngdivi socnds i rnsngi uce cd egdemetce he tehehcegh vi tegicn bnryep orteye mh ocur.

b) zghizcnm Duruhugde timtnmRiemsnyog

^umer demn dnyekreh E vi B etohcer geent meaiscirng dnir etohu migdnmeaisngi eched (teh zghizcnm)duruhugu kstirhimtidnr. D ms femcmcerde nyepde bu nmn aez eyr eyr bucughemted r (E + B) .Dnyekrehe ed g virig timtnm gomte,so uhe s res gde s v aez g sebnts femcmte nmn metaeze dg t gomtedr. Bu gomtegg s femc getimtnm sfemcm, bu bncinhngi ditimtnm bncinh dignr. Lir nmn aezg bnrerede ocu hes gidignyci, timtnmnyepcer ngfi tegicn nyepcerdr viaezcer sm nstnacighn ocerem yeg yegebucugurcer. rgi ng bnr aezg nngdidn irn mrifnm viye cehic imcngdide cebncnr. Bu tr nyepcer g himegnmziccnmcirn nyndnr.Heczihigng bnci nhn timtnm bncinhdigaermcnsi, mrnsteccihi sebnt s femcmtedi nc bicnrcn bnr sfemcm erec gde ocurvi timtnm sfemc e ngncdnngdi bnrhnmter sv hivfuttur. Erteg bu s vtimtnm bncinh oreg ge selnpocefe gdeg, nmn eyr met aeze eyr ceremtimtnm yepde metce r .


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f) V g rc zgrcm Duruhugdetimtnm RiemsnyogHeczihicirdi teh zghizcnmduruhuge di nc, dele om sg rczgrcm duruhuge restceg r, yegn

lir nmn bnciig bicnrcn oregcerde dniricihigtn meaisn nngdi zibncnr. E e de s g rc zgrcm nng bnrtimtnm dnyekrehg nng lecnkrchimtidnr. Burede 7-aez , Eetohugfe zigkng ocup nngdi bicnrcn bnrhnmter B etohu bucugeg bnr metzictndnr. ?-aez nsi, B etohugfezigkng ocup nngdi bicnrcn bnr hnmter Eetohu zh tr.

Dnyekrehde krcd knbn timtnmbnci nhdi vi s v aezdeg so utuceremicdi idncig nyep , teh zghizcnmduruhugdeg aermc di ncdnr. Egfem bugomtegg se ge ye de socuge

knttnnhnzdi s v nngdi yumer de deegcet cd knbn bnrngfnc mrnsteccihicirocdu u krcr. Bez bnci nhcirditimtnm riemsnyog krchiyibncnr vi odes femc gde do rudeg 7-aezg gbckisngi ngncdnngdi tim aezc om tegicnbnr metzictn szmogusudur, eyg iy? aez nng di kiircndnr. Vv vimetg g bnrcnmti bucugduu bckicirdigkiirim orteye meg nyepcerde,bnrngfnc mrnsteccirng dgde sog mecegs v g g metce hes de timtnm nyepdeorteye mer.

d) timtond Riemsnyogtimtnm riemsnyoge bigzir imncdidnr=burede bnr met zictn sebnt sfemcmtenmn aermcaeze eyr hemted r.(timtnmtis v aez, nmn metaeze eyr r)


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i) Zirntimtnm RiemsnyogVebnt bnr sfemcmte, bnrn sv oceg nmn aezriemsnyoge knririm yign bnr metaezocu turur.

a) Zirntimtond RiemsnyogZirntimtond riemsnyoge bigzir imncdinmn aez riemsnyoge knririm yign bnr metaez ocu turur. (Zirntimtnmti becegkaezcer gdeg bnrn sv d r)k) Eccotropn 0 Bnci nhn sebnt meceg bnr heczihigngs femcmce bnrcnmti meais yeps g g

di n hisngi eccotropn ed virncnr. E e de krcd knbn sea dihnr,ethosair bes gf gde s femcmce meaisyep s g di n tnrhimtidnr.

Aezcer g e - rcm oreg g g lisepceg (Mecdre Murec )0Aez dnyekrehcer yerd h yce lirlegknbnr bncinh vi s femcm nng icdiidncibncig bnckncirugcerdr0

Legkn aezcer g bucugdu u, Aezcer g bnci nhcirn vi

Aezcer g e rcm oregcer .

rgi ng yumer demn dnyekrehde virncigs femcm vi bncinh (% 4: B) nng benzknsn nzncnrsi,7 vi ? aezcer bucughemted r. Be nzknsngng nmnufugdeg ngncig d iycir bu aezcer gbnci nhcirngn virhimtidnr (%2: vi ;;).Bu aezcer g e rcm yzdicirn nsi mecdremurecnci moceycmce lisepceg r (Mecdremurecge kri, ^ gomtes gdedistimcighn bnr mecdref g digkidiocebnchisn nng \ vi P gomtecer gees ches kirimig e rcmcer glisepcegd d gcibncnr).

yep cer g Ocu uhuge rgimcir(yeve so - uhe)0


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Bez gihcn mncn Aez Dnyekrehcer 0Ai Ai6F Vnstihn

Dihnr-Merbog ece hcer hligdns-cnmti yeykg ocerem muccegceg icnmcir vidmhi dihnr heczihicirng ises gocu turur. %2gng ectgde merbog nirigece hcer icnm, %2gng stgdi merbognirig heczihicir nsi dmhi

dihnrcirdnr.

icnmcirng n yeps gdemn merbog,timgnmti kiircn so uhe l zcer gde eyr bnr aez ocerem dinc, dihnr merbr(sihigtnt) nngdi bucugur. Bu gidigciyumer demn dnyekreh Ai-Ai6F oceremvirnchntnr.


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Vv nngdi met aez imnrdimcirngngocu"hes g itmnciyig ig gihcn itmigs femcmtr. Vfemcm, aez dnyekreh nci bicnrcn oceg cnmnds sfemc g g ectgengdnngdi, etohcer met aeze ent mrnstecn

ocu"turhem nstircir vi bu metce"he nsti ns femcm d"tmi erter. ^egn sfemcm d"tmis v aezg digkisnzcn( ngng metm svi bnrnh zehegde ocu"eg imnrdim seyserter.ti yegdeg d"m sfemcmcerdeimnrdimcirng ocu"hes nng kirimcn ocegetoh lerimitcncnn (yeyghe) d"mtr,etoh lerimitcncnn sfemcm ymsicdnmierter, yegn imnrdim ocu"uhu nng kirimcnocegyey gheg g metm s ymsim sfemcmtedele aezcedr.Bu nmn itmn yumer de kreanm oceremkstirnchn"tnr vi bugcer g topceghessogufu orteye meg git imnrdimcighil z g g bicnrcn bnroptnhuh s femcmte igymsim ocduu krchimtidnr.

Byhi L zOcu"eg bu imnrdimcirng byhisn nng dietohcer g yey ghes kirimcndnr vi byhil z ymsim sfemcmcerde dele ymsimtnr.Bu "imncdi byyig imnrdimcir tegicirnocu"turerem th sv metce" r. Topcehdg"h l z g , imnrdimcighi vi byhil zcer bicnrcir

Metce"he riemsnyogu nng PVD dnyekreh

PVD

^ey ghec Dg hcir

Bicnrcn bnr sfemcmte aez dnyekrehgdekrcig bnr aezg ocu"hes nng bicnrcn bnrsriyi nltnye verdr. Eyr fe dg"hgkirimci"tn n sfemcm ocu"eg nyepy de bicnrciynfn roc oyger vi aermcs femcmcerdeaermcnyepcer orteye mebncnr. Ostignt Zircnt (3-Ai Ai 6F) timtond dg"h buge bnr rgimtnr. Otimtond bnci"nhdimn bnricnm nng bu dg"hi ent PVD-dnyekrehe"e de virnchimtidnr. 1:: ;:: F eresdg"hcirdi mebe pircnt, 1:: 4::F

eres ngfi pircnt, 4::Fgng ectgde nsi biygnt nyepcer ocu"hemtedr. 4:: Fgngectgde ocu"eg biygnt, airrnt vi sihigtntngcehic ocu"turehedeg bnrcnmti bucugduungfi tegicn bnr hnmroyepd r.

timtond icnng PVD-Dnyekreh


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^eve Vo( uhe 77 Mebe Zircnt

Biygnt0 Ostignt visihigtntng

ig ngfi yep s

^ey ghes z Dg hcir(Hertigzntnm)Vo uhe l z , aez di n"nhn nng hivfutsricirn bicnrcir vi bu lz ymsim ocursedigki aezcer g g ocu"uhu delnkirimci"ihiyibncnrrgi ng icnng timtond riemsnyogugdeostignt vi airrnti dg"himtidnr. Bu nmnaezg meaiscirn aermcd r0 ostignt yziyhirmizcn mbnm mrnstec yepye (yhm), airrntnsi lefnh hirmizcn mbnm yepye selnptnr.Aez dg"h s res gde bu mrnstec yepdi n"nhn mm ticighicircikirimci"tnrncnr. rging yziy hirmizcnmbnm bnrnh lfricirng eresgde lefnhhirmizcn titrekogec bnr bnrnh lfrigng verocdu ugu d"gibncnrnz./"ti bu titrekogec bnrnh lfri boyfe m secerem lefnhhirmizcn mbnm meaisi dg"r.

Egfem meaisti merbogug ereyir etohuocerem bucughesduruhugde, yhm mrnstecyep g g hirmizngi yirci"hn" oceg merbogereyir etohu, lhm yep ye dg"hdi,lhm titrekogec yepg g bnr miger gde mecr vi i ir be"me moguhcere yeygefem zeheg bucehez nsi, titrekogec meaisng mbnmmeaisi dg"hisngn igkiccir vi bnrnhlfrigng m secerem teh mbnm mrnsteciuce"ehes ge igkic ocur. ^msim southel zcer gde orteye meg, bu aermcaezehertigznt dignr. Hertizntng n kirnchicirnirig titrekogec bnr meaisn verdr.

Dnscomesyog lerimitcirngng igkiccigdnnkivrim, emhe deyegh vi imhi deyeg hom ymsim bnr aezdr.

timtondst icnng PVD-Dnyekreh


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;.5. icnmcirng Nsc cihnVuvirhi vi Tihpircihi0 Hertigzntdeyeg h ymsim, egfem buge mer " g omkivrim vi m r ckeg bnr aezdr. Tihpircihin"cihn nci, suvirhi sogres ocu"eghertigzntnm nyepye selnp icnm dele ezm r ckeg vi tom yepcebncnr. Tihpircihitimtond dg"h s femc g g ectgdeuykucegeg bnr s c n"cihdnr. I imncdikrcd knbn icni gfi ostignt

s femc gdeg hertiznti dg"ifim bnrl zde suvirncnr. Dele sogre timtonds femc g ectgde bnr sfemcmte tutuceremtihpircigirim icnm nyeps gdemnhertigznt, airrnt aez nngdi dihnr merbr peref mcer gdeg ocu"eg bnr yepyedg"trcirim yuhu"et cr. Bycicnmcikivrim hertigznt dele tom leci kitnrncirimogug deyegh gdeg yerercegcr.

Hertihpircihi0 Vuvirhi knbn l zcso uthecerde peregg aermc bckicirneres gde so uhe l z aerm gdeg doceys femcm aermccmcer vi ymsim nkirnchicir ocu"ur vi bugcer etcemcere

gidig ocebncnr. rging suvirhidi hirmiznci yziy eresgdemn sfemcm aerm omymsimtnr. ^ziy dele d"m sfemcmteocefe nng dele aezce bzchim nstir,hirmiz nci bzchi aerm gdeg doceyyziydi imhi kirnchicirn orteye mer.Vogu ocerem yziydimn nyepkivrim bnrhertigznt nsi, suvirhi etcemcer hiydegekicibncnr. Bugu gcihim nng suvirncigheczihi yumer demn kreanmti krcdknbn hertigznt dg"h s femc g g lihigstgdi bnr sri bimcitncnr vi yziy vihirmiz s femcmcer g g digkicighisnse cegr. Dele sogre yeve" so uhe nci delnkirimci"ig hertigznt dg"h s res gdeerp che vi etcehecer g ocu"hes szmogusu di ncdnr.

Ostihpircihi 0 Merbog icnmcirngdi biygnt yeps icdi ithim nng yepceg bnrs c n"cihdnr. /"cih bez icnmcirdi tomcum

vi sgimcnn ertrhem nng, su virhi vitihpircihi yirngi mucceg cr. icnm gfiostignt leci kitnrncnr dele sogre hertigzntdg"h s femc g g lihig stgdimn bnrs femcmte sebnt sfemcmte tutucur (rgingirnhn" tuz begyosugde), burede bimcitncirim ostignt 7 biygnt dg"hggtehehceghes bimcignr. Dele sogre


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levede su virncnr. Icdi idncig sog nyep biygnttnr. Ostihpircighn" biygntnm icnmtinyn deyegh ziccnmcirn yeggde ymsimtomcum de icdi idncnr.Virtci hi mebncnyitn @ohngy Digiyn0icn ng sirtci"hi mebncnyitn, heczihidi suvirhi sogres gde hiydege kicig sirtcn ngdirngcnngn vi de ch g bicnrtig bnrziccnmtnr.Virtci"hi mebncnyitn @ohngy digiyn nci bicnrcignr. @ohngy digiyngdi gorhecnziidncdnmtig sogre ostignt sfemc ge mer ch " guhugigng bnr ufuge l zce su psmrtcr. Guhugi boyugfe aermcso uhe l zcer vi aermc sirtcnmcir ocu"ur.

@ohngy Digiyn

@ohngy Digiyn souhe l z g g di n"nhn@ohngy Digiyngdi guhugi nngdimnso uhe l z , su psmrthi ufugdeg

uzemc e be c ocerem din"nr. Digiysogres gde guhugi yziyn te"cegr, su

virncig uteg uzemcmc e (aermc so uhel zcer ) be c ocerem sirtcnm diircirnccr vi kreani te" g r.

Di( nnm icnmcir nng @ohngy DigiynVogucer

^umer demn kreanmti din"nm icnmcir nngsirtci"hi mebncnyitcirn virig @ohngyi rncirn krchimtidnr. Bu icnmcirnglipsngdi merbog yzdisn eygd r (%:,4)=egfem rgi ng 464: icnngdi su psmrtcig yziydig uzemce"t mesirtcnmtimn d"hi sedifi 56 LRF nmig,


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rgi ng yumer de virncig Fu-Ec aezdnyekrehgde, ecuhngyuhfe zigkngM metzictnsngdi, sfemcm 99:dig e"e d"irmig, Fu zgrcgdi bnr ezeche

ochemte vi gorhec mo"uccerde bu souhes res gde tegi s g rcer gde G aezocu"hemtedr.Egfem Gaezg tegi ncirngdi vi dele ngfiocerem micthim vi bu "imncdidnscomesyog lerimitcirngn igkicciyirimdeyeg h ert "cer se cehem hhmgdr.Bugug nng e"e demn micthi(ye"cegdrhe) s c n"cihn yep cebncnr.

michi sirtci"hisn tihic besehe 0zictnyi eche0 Heczihi 99: F s femc e

mer c p kirimcn sri tutucur vi bem r gth zgdrcr.Vu virhi 0 Heczihi l zce ode sfemc geso utucur, so uthe orteh kigiccnmcisudur. êy ghe nhmeg bucehed nngmigdn aezg ocu"tureheyeg Fu etohcer ,met zictn nngdi e" r doyhu " oceremmecr.ê cegdrhe0 E" r doyhu " bu yep ye,uykug s femcm vi sricir s c n"cihnuykucegerem viG aezg g ngfi de ch " ocerem michisn secegr.

E r ê ceghe0 micthi (ye"cegdrhe)n"cihngdi tuthe srisn nci sirtcnngdi n"nhn e"e de krchimtidnr. Kreanng be"ced gomte e" r doyhu " met zictnyntihsnc idir dele sogre michicirng

be"cehes nci sirtcnm (vi deyegh) erter.Hemsnhuh sirtcnm nng optnhuh bnrye"cegdrhe srisngng ocduukrchimtidnr. Burede ece" h g nngdimnmictncir ig uykug boyutte vi ig nynde chded r. Heczihigng dele uzugsricir bu s femcmte tutuches lecngdisirtcnng ezecheye be"ced krchimtidnr, bu duruhde ece" h g nngdimn mictncirnrnci"nr vi mictncirng deyegh ert rheitmnsn kndirim ezecr.

;.6. îgndig Mrnstecci hi0


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Vo um "imnccigdnrhi uykucegh" hiteccirdi (rgi ng leddicihi n"cihnsogres gde) heczihi nyep s gde bym"imnc din"nhcirn ocu"ur0 tegicir diaorhiocur, dnscomesyog yougcu u vi meais

musurcer erter. Heczihi pimci"nr,deyeg h erter, vi sgimcnn d"ir.Bu duruhdemn bnr heczihi, etohsecyey ghecer g g hhmg ocdu u ymsims femcmcerde tutucurse (tevcehe) , nyepdeyign dzigcihicir kirimci"nr.Tevcehe s res gde s femc e be c ocerem=

Toperceghe viye îgndig mrnstecci"hi krcr.

Toperceghe0 om ymsim sfemcmcere m cheyeg toperceghe sres gdednscomesyogcer vi dnir musurcer mmticighicir nci dele uykug moguhcerelerimit idircir. Virtcnm ez de ocse d"ir,sgimcnm bnrez erter vi egfem ig bicnrkngitmn icimtrnm ncitmigcnngng erthesd r (meaisnngdi icimtrogcer g lerimitn moceyce" r).îgndig Mrnsteccihi(Rimrnstecnzesyog)0Eyg heczihi dele ymsim s femcmcere mer cd gde, nyepg g thyci

yigncighisn, yegn yign vi kirnchisnztegicirng imnrdimcigirim byhisn nciheczihigng "imnc virhi gfisn nyeps gemevu"hes hhmg ocur.îgndig mrnstecci"higng hhmgocebnchisn nng0 Heczihigng so um "imnc din"tnrhn" vi

nyeps g g ymsim oregde musurnirhisn,

êy gheg g moceycmce hhmgocdu u bnr sfemcmte yitircn sritutuches kirimcndnr.

îgndig mrnstecci"hiyi itmn idig aemtrcir0Hitecng dele gfimn bnnh din"tnrhihnmter , s femcm, zeheg, be"cegktemn tegi bymc, ece" h g bnci"nhndnr.Heczihigng gfidig krd "imncdi n"tnrhi hnmter ertt me yigndigmrnstecci"hi nng kirimcn sfemcm d"ir viom seyde gomtedeg imnrdimcighi be"ceyefe nng yigndig ocu"eg tegicirng boyutcer mcr.

Tevcehe s femc g g ert " nci heczihidiso um "imnc virhi sogres ocu"eg pimci"higng itmnsn ezecr. Virtcnng l zced"t s femcmcer, yigndigmrnstecci"higng ocdu u s femcmcerdr.

Hiteccirng yigndig mrnstecci"hi s femc ,heczihigng irnhi s femc nci nckncndnr.îgndig mrnstecci"hi s femc , Micvngocerem naedi idncig irnhi sfemc g g 5/2snnci 5/6 eresgded r.

Tegi nrncihisn0 Mrnstecci"hi n "cihns res gde heczihi, kiri ngdig deleymsim sfemcmcerde vi kiri ngdig deleuzug sricir tutucur nsi tegi nrnci"hisnhiydege kicnr. Tegi nrnci"tnmiheczihigng deyeg h d"ir.


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Ereg-HEC2:5 Dirs Gotcer 99


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d. Gntrresyog icnmcirn^ziyi ezot yey gd rerem yziy sirtcnnse cegeg icnmcidnr. Orte merbogcu vi gntrryep f icihigt nirig heczihicirdnr.

i. Otohet icnmcirnom nyn tecec nhecet ziccnmcirn verdr.Kigicdi mmrt nci ecehc icnmcirdnr.a. Zesceghez icnmcir0Ece h icihigtn ocerem ymsim oregde Frvi Gn nirnrig pelecicnmcirdnr. Zesceghezicn ng bncinhngdi ig ez %52 Fr bucughes lecngdi yziydi moruyufu bnromsnt tebemesocu ur. Di n nm trcirn verdr. Fr nirig airrntnm pesceghez icnmcir

krifi ocerem dele ufuzdur (45:, 46:). Ostigntnmcir nsi Fr vi Gn nirnr. Bu tr

icnmcirng morozyog dnrigfn dele nyndnrvi dele mocey imnccigdnrncibncnrcir(6:4, 651).

Vuvirncirim scel idncibncighertigzntnm pesceghez trcirn diverd r. (42:, 44:)

k. ^ey icnmcirnBu tr icnmcir nyn sirtciibnchimebncnyitngi selnptnr. Kigiccnmci ortemerbogcudur vi icestnm sg rcer ymsimtnr.

l. F vete icnmcirnVo um imnc virhiyi (oveceheye) uykug, besnt merbogcu viye ecehc icnmcirdnr.

n. ^msim Vfemcm (Boru-Mezeg)icnmcirn^msim sfemcm mucceghcer nngd gch tr. Meygem mebncnyitn nyndnr viymsim ncithi s femcmcer gde kreantcihi(sihigtntng kreant vi airrnti aezcer gedg hisn) i ncnhn dm icnmcirdnr. `. D m Vfemcm icnmcirnom dm sfemcmcerde bnci ymsimtomcumcer g moruyeg kigiccnmci Hg viye Gnnci ecehcegd r ch icnmcirdnr.

m. Vupep icnmcirn^msim sfemcm deyegh vi irozyogedeyeg h ymsim icnmcirdnr, hotorcerdemuccegcr.

c. Tem h icnmcirn0Di n nm nhecet ygtihcirngdi tem hheczihisn nng dgch icnmcirdnr. Vfem 4 icnmcirn Vfem imnccigdnrhi

vi dmh mec pcer gde Vo9um n icnmcirn0 so um

imnccigdnrhidi Mishi tem h icnmcirn0 Tece c nhecet

tem hcer nng muccegcr.h. Rucheg icnmcirn

Virtcnm es gdeg ymsim merbogcu,yoruche deyegh e s gdeg nsi hiteccu`nmocerem tihnz (mecgt cer ez) mecntiicnmcirndnr.g. Icimtrnm icnmcirnVn oreg ymsim icnmcirdnr. Bu tricnmcirdi hegyitnm mey p ezd r.Tregsaorhetrcir vi icimtrnm hotorcer gdemuccegcr.

o. Ostigntnm icnmcir (hegyitnm di9nc)Diaorhesyog sirtci hisngi om duyercheczihicirdnr, ode s femc gde ostignt aezicdi ithim nng Hg nci ecehceheyep ch t r.p. ^msim Deyeghc D m Ece hcicnmcir (LVCE Vtiics)Bu icnmcirdi ymsim deyegh viimnccigdnrncibnchi mebncnyitn, hnmro

ece hcehe nci imogohnm ocerem secegr (Tn, Gb, Q knbn). Bu heczihicirdiziccnmcir itmncn bnr ecehcehe vi mogtroccs c / himegnm ncihcirci kicn tnrncnr. Bu

hezihicir ziccnmci otohotnv simtrgdisef meporte heczihisn ocerem muccegcr.^msim deyeghcer leana teser hcere nhmegse cer, eyr fe nhecet moceycgdeg doceyde tirfnl idncnrcir. r. Herekngk icnmcirn0om ymsim imhi deyeghcer ge selnpicnmcirdnr(2:::-6:::Hpe). Eyr fe ymsims femcm deyegh gcer de ymsim


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Dmhi Dihnr Trcirn, Vihboccirn viMuccegh ^ircirn

DD Tr Muccegh ^ircirn

Biyez DD 9tfcir, Tihpir Dmhi

Dihnr nng becegk heczihisnVirtMebumcu

Timircimcir, zngfnr dncncirn,

M r DD Hotor bcomcer, mohprisrsncngdnrcirn, tizkel kvdicirn,hotor vi pohpe kvdicirn, .

TihpirDD

K emterhe orkegcer ge entperecer, dnrimsnyog heaseccer,be9cehe icihegcer , anttngkcir

Vairo DD Qeca vi pohpe kvdicirn, dncntescemcer, hnccir, mregm hnccirn,ymsim deyeghc otohotnvperecer ..


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Ereg-HEC2:5 Dirs Gotcer 1:


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>. ZocnhircirMm hocimc bnrnhcirngng (hir) uzugzngfnrcir lecngdi bnrciirim ocuturdu uzngfnr hocimccirngdig (pocnhir), nmngfncviye eprez be cerce bnrbnrcirngi be cegerem ocuturdu u heczihicirdnr.

Hircirng bnrcihisn nci pocnhircirngocuuhu

>.5. Zocnhir TrcirnZocnhircir tirhopcestnmcir, tirhositcir viicestohircir ochem ziri ege krubeeyr $c$r.Tirhopcestnmcir0 %mngfnc veg dir [eecs be cerce bec$, cngiir pocnhirhocimccirndnr.

Qegdir[eecs be cer $yemce$m 5::oF dezey$acer vi heczihi yuhu er.

Moceyc$mceimnc virncibncnr. Kirn mezeg$cerem timrer mucceg$cebncnr.

Hligdnscnm uykucehecer $ nng deleymsim s$femc$mcerde mucceg$cebncigtrcirn kicntnrnchntnr.

Tirhositcir0 Hocimc zngfnrcirn epreze cerce becegh$ vi rn`nt 6 boyutcu bnr yep$orteye $mh$ t$r.

eprez be ceghe tehehcegd$mtegsogre heczihi rn`ntcnm mezeg$rv ibuncih kirn ivrncihiz.

^msim s$femc$mcerde yuhuehe viirnhi ochez, heczihi yeger.

Kirn mezeg$ches$om ktr.

Icestohircir0 Ez sey$de eprez bec$zngfnrcirdnr. ^ep$rn`nt dincdnr,

Zocnhir zngfnrcirn, uykucegeg muvvit nci bnrbnrn zirngdi meyhezcer, ehe eprez be cer mophedeg heczihi isgiyibncnr(cestnm knbn). ^ey knbn devregebncighocimccir, uykucegeg muvvitmecd$r $cd$ $gde eprez becer seyisngdi ismnmoguhcer $g kirn dgircir.

>.2. Zocnhirnzesyog Hogohir bnrnhcirngdig beceyerem pocnhir zngfnrcirngng icdi idnchisngi yoceeg riemsnyogcere pocnhirnzesyog dignr.


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Zocnhirnzesyog riemsnyogcer $ nmn trcocebncnr0 Imcihi Zocnhirnzesyogu,^o u he Zocnhirnzesyogu (pocnmogdig-zesyog)Imcihi Zocnhirnzesyogu0 Bu tnp pocnhirnzesyogcerde hocimcg nat be$ e$c$r vi lirlegkn bnr yeg rg ocuhedegnmn eyr $ be be$ ocuturur.

Zocnitncigdi Imcihi pocnhirnzesyogu(OL-sirbist rednmecn)

Mopocnhirnzesyog0 Hocimc zngfnrcirnkigiccnmci sedifi tim bnr tr hir nirnr,egfem pcestnm timgoco`nsngng ncircihisnyci 2viye dele aezce hir imcigirim yep$ceg pocnhircirng dele stg anznm ziccnmciriselnp ocduu krch tr. Bu imncdimnyep$cere mopocnhir dignr vi hiteccirdimnmet$zictnyi bigzitncibncnr.

Itncig / vngnc-mcorrmopocnhirn

Bez$ duruhcerde nsi, heczihi nmn aermc$zngfnr hocimcg mer $ $h $gdeg ocuur.

Itncig vi vngnc-mcorntmer h

^o u he Zocnhirnzesyogu (Zocnmogdig-zesyog)0Burede be ocuuhu riemsnyogus$res$gde pocnhir zngfnrngi knrhiyig bnrhocimc e$ e $mer. Bu kigiccnmci LO,LFN vi FLL knbn besnt bnr hocimcdr.

Aigoc-aorhecdilndngpocnmogdigzesyogce ocuuhu (bnr su hocimc e$ e $mer)

Zocnmogdigzesyog sogufu orteye $meg

boyutcu e hocimc yep$s$

>.6. Zocnhircirng epsecziccnmcirn Zocnhirnzesyog dirifisn, g0

-(F2L4)-gZocnhirnzesyog dirifisn, zngfnrdimn hirsey$s$g nci naedi idncnr. Hocimc e$rc$ $

viye uzugcuu nci di virncibncnr.Zocnhirnzesyog dirifisn hocimc trgi vi


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pocnhirnzesyogimcngi bec$d$r.Zocnhirnzesyog dirifisn gi meder bymocurse zngfnrcir o meder zor lerimit idir viheczihigng ymsim s$femc$m deyeg$h $ncirn`ntcnn erter. Zocnhirnzesyog dirifisndoceyc$ ocerem vnzmoznti viye$ $m se$ches$nci di ccibncnr. Bnr pocnhirdihocimc uzugcumcer $g$g de$c$h $e e $demnimncdidnr.

Zocnhirnzesyog dirifisngng itmncirn0 Zocnhirnzesyog ertt$me rn`ntcnm vi

emhe deyeg$h $erter Hocimc yep$s$ merhe$mcet$me

ymsim s$femc$m deyeg$h $ vi irnhigomtes$ymsicnr

Hocimc yep$s$ merhe$mcet$memrnsteccihi oreg $d ir.

Hocimc zngfnrcirn eres$ zey$a vegdir[eecs be cer $ eprez be cernci kcigdnrncibncnr.

Hocimc zngfnrcirngng dinnm yepcer 0Di nnm Etoh Dzigcirn0

Decceghe0 Ege zngfnr decceg$r. Decceghesogufu hocimccirng bnrbnrngi migitcignr vilerimitcirn zorce$r (ymsim deyeg$h virn`ntcnm)

eprez Be ceghe0 Moh u zngfnrcireprez be krivn yepeg bnr hocimc viyeetoh yerd$h $yce beceg$r. Bycifizngfnrcirng meyhe lerimitcirn gcignr.eprez be cegheg$g oches$ nng zngfnrdi pocnhirnzesyog sogugde doyheh$ Fetohcer $g$g bucughes$ kirimnr vi becehe bu gomtecerde kirimcinr.

eprez be c$(vucmegnzi) cestnm


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Zocnhircirdi Mrnsteccihi0

Zocnhir hocimccirn m $shig mrnstec dzigiselnp ocebncnr. Egfem heczihigng %5::mrnsteccihisn hhmg di ncdnr,mrnsteccihn bckicir ehora yep$ nngdide $c$r.

Zocnhir Metm cerZocnhircirng krgcirngn, nhecetziccnmcirngn vi mucceg$h ecegcer $g$kign cithim nng dinnm metm $cer mucceg$c$r.^uhu et f 0 D m hocimc e$rc$mc$ bnr pocnhir nci mer $ t$r $c$r.Docku0 Pngfnr lerimitcncnngn m $s$tceyeremdeyeg$h $ ert$r $r. Boyut mererc$c$ $ viimogohnmcnm secer.Temvnyicir0 Zocyistirng feh cnacir ncitemvnyi idnchisn knbn.....

Vtebncnzetr0 Pehegce ziccnmcirngocuhsuz ygdi di nhisngn (omsndesyog,$s$c, uctrevnyoci vs itmncirci) gcirEyr $fe eciv kifnmtnrnfn vir igmcigdnrnfncirdigyererceg$c$r .

>.4. Tirhopcest ZocnhircirngHimegnm Devreg

Vfemc g yep vi ziccnmciri itmnsn

Qnzmoicestnm6 imnc Dinnhn

Bnr tirhopcestnmti (%9: mrnsteccihn )icestnmcnm hodcgg s$femc$mce dinnhn(Tk kin s$femc$ $, Th irnhi s $femc$ $)


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Tirhopcestnmcirdi mrnsteccihi nci himegnm

devreg$ cer $g$g di nnhn

Erteg eprez becer $g rn`ntcni itmnsn

Icestohircirdi cestnmsn bcki kigntnr

Zocnhircirdi imhi I rnsn

Tirhositcircirdi eprez be cer bucugduunng zngfnrcir boyutcu bnr rn`nt bnr eocuturur= zngfnrcir lerimit idihiz visgimcnm om dmtr. Heczihigng rn`ntcnnvi deyeg$h $ymsimtnr.Tirhopcestnmcirdi nsi emhe s$g$r $ge medericestnmimnc dinnhn krcr, bu gomtedegsogre hocimc zngfnrcirngng bnrbnrn zirngdimeyhes$ nci pcestnmimnc dinnhn becer.Pngfnrcir bnrbnrn zirngdi meyer vi pocnhirzngfnrcirn imhi doructusugdedzigcignrcir.Icestohircir muvvit itmnhisn nci e$c$rcer

vi ez sey$de eprez be ismn moguhcer $g$gmeyboches$g$ gcir, vi zorceheg$gmecd$r $ches$yce ismn boycer $ge kirn dgircir.

Icestohircirng 6 imnc Dinnhn

Icestohircir mophe ocuhedeg %5:::imeder uzehe mepesntisngi selnptnrcir.Limncdi krcd knbn imhi kirnchicirnect$gde hocimc zngfnrcirn e$chemted$r vikirnchi mecmt$ $gde eprez becerseyisngdi ismn moguhcer $gedghimtidnrcir.


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Bnr icestohirng kirnchi-bnrnh uzehe irnsn(do rusec ocheyeg icestnmcnm)

Icestohircirdi zngfnr hocimccir e$cd$mevi imhi do ructusugde dzigcigdnmi,zngfnrcirng dele aezce e$cheye divehithisn kci nr vi heczihigng rn`ntcnn(icestnmcnm hodc) erter. ^egn heczihido rusec ocheyeg (Loomi megugugeuyheyeg) bnr icestnm devreg$ e selnptnr.Vfemc g Itmnsn0

Bnr hligdnscnm tirhopcestnngng dinnms$femc$mcer nng kirnchi-bnrnh uzehe

i rncirngdig krcd knbn, s$femc

$m

ertt$me veg dir [eecs becer $zey$acehemtevi

Icestnmcnm hodc dhimti, imhi deyeg$h $d himti, Vgimcnm erthemted$r.

^eyk g Muccegceg Zocnhirciri rgimcir


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bucughes doceys yce hecnyit es gdegevegte`cd r. E! ocu tureg sncnmet nngiimcigig dn! ir metyogcer, titrelidrec e! misngtnyi u! ret rcer nsi heczihigng irnhis femcmc! d ir= bycifi fehe bnnhvirhim moceycer (Ge2: knbn). Bezomsntcir nsi (TnO2, Ec2O6) sncnmegg yirngikiir vi e ! g bnr peresocurcer.

^eyk g muccegceg fehcer0Qntrey sncnme0 %5:: i yem g VnO2 nirnr.5::: oFyi meder deyegebncnr. rgim0 Ar gvi Zote fehcer .

Bor Feh 0Feh bnnhcigdnrnfn ocerem V8O2dig be me Bor nirig omsnt B2O6 bucugur.Ceboretuver vi hutaem iyesZigfiri Feh 0%6: metm nirnr

Iheyi0 Hiteccirn morozyogdeg moruhemehef yce muccegcrcer.(DIRV M TEBN) Vncnmet isescocheyeg fehcer r iemtnaocdumcer gdeg tnfern gihcirn dele ezdr.Kigiccnmci sncnmet fehcere metm oceremmuccegcrcer. Bezcer nsi icimtrognm vioptnm uykucehecerde muccegcrcer.

5:.6 Feh - VirehnmcirFeh ocerem bnnhcigdnrncnp, dele sogremrnsteccitnrncirim sirehnm heczihiyidg trcrcir. Bycifi lih feh g mocey bnnhcigdnrncibnchi ziccn! ngdig, lih di

sirehn ! ng stg muccegh ziccnmcirngdigyerercegcr.Nsc ome deyegmc, kigci hi metsey sd m lette giketna oceg (Cn2O.Ec2O6.VnO2knbn) knbn trcirn verdr.

5:.4 Himegnm ziccnmcirVirehnm vi fehcer kivrim heczihicirdnr.Bu heczihicirdi etcem kigiccnmci hivfutsrimsnzcnmcirdig vi imhi kirnchicirngngitmnsn nci becer. Doceys yce bu krube knrigheczihicirng beshe deyeg hcer , imhideyeg hcer g g yemcem 5: metd r. Bugidigci hligdnscnm teser hcerde sirehnmvi fehcer, kigiccnmci beshe zorcehecer ectgde muccegcrcer.


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Ereg HEC2:5 Dirs Gotcer ;:

imhi vi Beshe Kirnchicirn Ect gdeKivrim M r che

Virehnm bigzirn kivrim heczihicirdiimhi digiyn yephem k ocdu! ugdeg,himegnm ziccnmcirn septehem nnggomtedeg i+hi digiyn yep cr.

5:.9 Nsc . omVirehnmcirng ymsim sfemcm mererccmcer vi s yectmegcmcer ymsimtnr. Bu gidigciymsim ncithi s femc! gde ec eguykucehecerde0 rgi! ng a r g vi ofemcerde,uzey himn! ngng ethosairi knrnti srtghigidignyci e r s geg d mepcehes knbnyircirdi muccegcrcer.ti yegdeg om kivrim oceg buheczihicirng s ncitnhcirn dm, s ckigci hicirn ymsim ocdu! ugdeg, Nsc kigci higng igkiccigdn! nduruhcerde vi l zc so! uhe s res gde ocuebncifims femcm aermccmcer gidignyciymsim kirnchicir orteye mer vi s c om leser hiydege kicnr.

Nsc Kigci higng V g rceghes GidignyciOcueg Nsc Fom

Nsc ^ey gheg g Vg rc Oches GidignyciOcueg Nsc Fom

5:.1 Fehcer g Qnsmoz. imncDi+n5nhnMrnstec yepye selnp sirehnmcirdidnscomesyog lerimitcirn viye vnzmoz em knbn himegnzhecer szmogusuoched ! gdeg, bnnhcigdnrncibnchicirn omktr. Egfem fehcer ehoratur vi vnzmozem 5 himegnzhes imnc di! nnhngnmoceycet r r.Ehora fehcer d m sfemcmcerde er

so! uhu s v cer ocerem dgcibncnrcir.Kin s femc! g g (Tk) ectgde rn`nt vikivrim bnr met knbn devregrcer= kins femc! g g stgdi nsi yuhu em vnsmoz bnr heczihiyi dg ig fehe moceycmce

imnc virncibncnr. Irnhi sfemc! g g stgdinsi feh, ert m bnr sv d r.


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Ereg HEC2:5 Dirs Gotcer ;5

Virehnm vi fehcerde sfemcmce lefhngdi! n nhn nzcigirim yepsec dghcir

bicnrcigibncnr

Qnsmoznti (6 )0Mrnstec ocheyeg vnzmoz bnr heczihigngimnc di! n nhngi mer dnrigfn vnzmoznti (I )

ocerem edcegdr cr. D m vnzmoznticnheczihicir mocey emercer. Fehcer gvnsmozntisn sfemcmce di! n nr vi heczihidevreg cer g g aermc ocdu! u di! n nm bckicir orteye mer.

Fehcerde vnsmozntigng sfemcmce di! n nhn

Fehcere uykucegeg n5cihcir0Tevcehe0L zc so! uhe s res gde s femcm digkisnzcnmcirngdig meygemcegeg n

kirnchicirn kndirnr. imnccigdnrhiyuhu ehe s femc! g gstgdi yep cr.Tihpircihi0Feh yziyngdi beshe n kirnchicirnocu turerem, heczihiyn etcem ocuuhugemer duyers z leci kitnrig bnr s c ncihdnr.

Tihpircighn feh nhecngdi s femcm vikirnchi proanccirn

Heczihi fehs duruhe kin s femc! g gzirngi s t cr= dele sogre yziyn leveem h gde viye ye! begyosugde l zceso! utucur.Zeregg n vi d m s hcer eres gdemns femcm aermcer orteye mer. Dele so! um oceg d yziy bzchim nstir, egfem leces fem oceg sfem n m s h bugu igkiccihimnstir vi sogute, d yziydi imhi, n

m s hde beshe n kirnchicirn ocuur.


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Vo! uheg g bu ncm ivricirngdi leceyuhu em oceg n m s hde itmnyig beshekirnchicirn sogufu vnsmoz em himegnzhes nci imnc di! n nhn (m seche)kirimci nr vi nmn bcki eresgdemn d m sh g gfidig bzchisngdigmeygemcegeg boy aermcer digkicignr.Vo! uhe diveh ittn ! ngdi bu miz so! uyeg n bckicir bzchiyi ec r, egfem bu odes femc! ge gfidig so ! uhu vi metduruhde bucugeg d yziy buge igkicocheye ec r. êgn d m s h n m sh g bzchisngn igkiccihim (ogu ismn boyugdetuthem) nng n m she imhi kirnchicirnuykucer= n m s h nsi bzchiyi ec rmig

d m sh gde migdnsnyci bnrcnmti boyugugm seches g se! cehem nng d m she beshekirncihicirn uykucer. Vogute d yziydi beshe , n yziydi nsi imhi n kirnchicirnocu ur.Kivrim heczihicirdi etcem ocuuhu nngimhi kirnchicirn dele itmng ocdu! ugdeg,yziyngdi beshe n kirnchicirn bucugeg buheczihi m r cheye mer dele ezduyercd r (Tihpircighn Feh).

5:.;. Optnm ziccnmcirBez heczihicirdi optnm ziccnmcir (! yegs the, m rhe, yuthe, kinrhi knbnziccnmcir) himegnm ziccnmcirdig delegihcndnr. rgi! ng bnrom optnmuykucehede (pigfiri fehcer , hirfimcirknbn) muccegceg fehcer, bu krube knrigheczihicirdigdnr.

M r che vi êgs he

N m, bnr ortehdeg dn! irngi kiirmigm r cheye vi yegs heye u ! rer. N! gd t! dzcihng gorhecn nci kicig viyegs yeg ! g yept ! e cer i nttnr= egfemm r cheyce ocueg e kichi e s gdegm r che ngdnsngi be! c ocerem bym viyemm ocebncnr. M r che ngdnsn g,heczihiyi zk bnr ziccnmtnr= m r chengdnsn bym oceg heczihi, ! gorheciyemcet rerem m rer.Lir heczihigng m r che ngdnsn

g 8 vvemuh/vaez 8 sngNn /sngNr imcngdi teghceg r. M r che ngdnsn g-

di ! irn bym oceg heczihicir nyn

yegs t f d rcer. rgi! ng feh iheyimepcehecerde yegst f cm nstigig bnrziccnmtnr, cigscirdi nsi m meybgdegdocey nstighiyig bnr ziccnmtnr.

êgs hey ezecthem nng yziy mepcehesmuccegh

êgs hey ezecteg yziy mepcehecer0Hnmrosmop hirfimcirngdi vi kzcmfehcer gde uykucegr. rgi! ng Mmecgc! gde bnr mepcehe yegshey ezectr.Mepcehe heczihisngng m r che ngdnsn,aezcer g ngdnscirngng eresgded r,mepcehegg st vi ect yziyngdig yegsyeg bnrngfnc vi nmngfnc yegshe gcer g knrnnhnsogufu yegs he yom idnchn ocur. Voguteyegs he ezec r, egfem m r c p kiig g gkcigdn! n sycigihiz.


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^ziy przcc! gg yegsheye itmnsn^ziy przgg yegs heye itmnsn0 Ortecehe yziy nci kirim yziyng perecicochehes przccm ocuturur. Orteceheyziy d gdemn kirim yegshecer sogufuocu eg de! g m yegshe, yziy przcc! nci erter.

Veydehc m, êr seydehc m vi Opemcm0Heczihicir m kinrkigcnmcirngi kriseydeh, yer seydeh vi seydeh ocheyegimcngdi sg acegdr cebncnr. Fehcerde

opemcm, seche himegnzhes ycee mcegebncnr. êpnngdimn kzigim viyetegifnmcirdig docey ! g se cheskirimci nr. Bugcer g boyutugug krcibncnr

m decke boyugdeg om mm ochesduruhugde se chey itmncihizcir. Decke boyuge yem g tegifnmcir viye kzigimcirse chey hemsnhuhe yemcet r r.Veydehc ! gciyig kzigimcir vitegifnmcir seche hirmizcirn ocerem deedcegdr crcer.

êr seydeh bnr feh civledeg ! gyegs hes vi kin n

Bnr kzigimti ! g se ches

Rigm ocu5uhu0Bu duruh bicnrcn decke boycer g g heczihiterea gdeg ihnchisn nci nckncndnr. êgsyegviye kiig aermc gcer g di! n nm decke boydemn mer hcer kzhz terea gdegeckcegerem rigm ocuur. Biyez m krgrspimtruhdemn th decke boycer gdemn

gcer g mer h d r. Egfem m rh z decke boyugug om ihnchisn bnr duruh orteye merse, hevn m g pcege mer vi hevnyiyem g bnr rigm eckcehes ocur. Fehe uykugnyogcer metcerem, bicnrcn decke boycer g gihnchisn vi heczihidi rigm eyercehesyep ches hhmgdr.

%5 mobect nirig fehg ihhi i ! rnsn


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76/98

Ereg Hec2:5 Dirs Gotcer ;9

Bez pcestnm hetrns heczihicirn

TIRHOVITCIRZocyistir Kigic ehec yep cer

(kigiccnmci domuhe

icyea temvnyicn)Ipomsn ^msim deyegh

Aigocnm ^msim sfemcm uykucehecer

TIRHOZCEVT *MCIRGeycog11ZocnmerbogetZocnstnrig

Tirhopcestnmcirngmuccegh yeyk gdi ncdnr, egfem ymsimtomcuug kirimtnnduruhcerde tirfnl idncnr

Hitec Hetrnscn MohpozntcirHitec hetrnscir deyegh dele ymsimheczihicirdnr, tomcumcer vi mucceghs femcmcer dele ymsimtnr. Egfem irnhis femcmcer ymsim ocduugdeg, ritnhcirndele ktr. Bu gidigci temvnyi ocerem lirheczihi muccegcehez.

Virehnm Hetrnscn Mohpozntcirom ymsim sfemcmcer nng uykugdur,deyeg hcer ymsimtnr egfem kivrimheczihicirdnr. Virehnmcirdi kigiccnmciicyea temvnyi metcerem tomcum ertr cheyeec# cr (mirpn rgin).

Mohpozntcir temvnyi trgi kri dis g acegebncnr0

Temvnyi, hetrnsng ziccnmci himegnmziccnmcirngn kicn#tnrnr.

Icyea Temvnyicn MohpozntcirZeref m Temvnyicn MohpozntcirTebemecMohpozntcir

Icyea Temvnyicn Mohpozntcir (ITM)

Bu tr mohpozntcirdi, hetrnstig deyegh bem h gdeg gihcn bnr bimcigtn yomtur.

Hetrns cnacirn yirngdi tuter, ortehitmncirngdig morur vi muvvitcirn cnacirincitnr= muvvit nsi thyci icyea terea gdegte# g r. Deyeg h vi rn`ntcnn ymsim ocegicyea cnacirn temvnyi ocerem muccegcr.Muvvit thyci icyea terea gdeg te# g r.Vrimcn viye srimsnz icyea nci temvnyiyep cebncnr.Bu heczihiciri rgim ocerem feh temvnyicn pcestnmcir (anbirkces) kstirncibncnr.


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Temvnyi ocerem muccegceg icyea bnnhcirn(e) srimcn icyea (Bu tnp bnr temvnyidi,cnaciri perecic doructude deyegh ymsimocur. ^egn, ziccnmcir muvvitng yggi be hc d r (egnzotropnm).(b) m rp ch # icyea (rg. Mii)(f) domuhe (rg. Mivcer)

Icyea g ygcigdnrncirim muccegcheslecngdi ziccnmcir ygi behc

(egnzotropnm) ocur.Bez Icyea Trcirn vi ziccnmcirn0

Icyea ^o ugcum,k/fh6

imhiDeyegh ,

HZe

IcestnmcnmHodc,

KZe

Feh 2,94 69:: ;9

Merbog 5,


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Ereg Hec2:5 Dirs Gotcer ;;

HECPIHI ^o ugcum(k/fh 6)

imhi Dey.(Hpe)

Icest. Hod.(Kpe)

zkc imhiDey. (Hpe)

zkc Icest.Hod. (Kpe)

Ece# hs z icnm ;,> 4:: 2:6 9< 21

Ecuhngyuh 2,< : 5;> 62

El #ep (meyg) :,; 55: 56 59; 5

Mihnm 5,< 6< 21 ;9 54

Zcestnm Heczihi 5,2 1: 6 9: 2,9

Merbog-Ipomsn MH 5,9 519: 54: 55: >6

Mivcer-Ipomsn MH 5,4 54:: ;; 5::: 99

Feh-Ipomsn MH 5,< 559: 42 16> 26

Zeref m Temvnyicn Mohpozntcire. *rn Zeref m Temvnyicn0^m hetrns vi icyea bnrcnmti te# rcer .ziccnmcir nzotropnm heczihicirdnr.rgimcir0

Bitog0 em c + muh + nhigto.,rn vimm perefmcer g bicnrcn bnr lefhndocdurhes

Virhit0 [F/Fo, Virt wocareh merbr peref mcer g g, tomcuu ymsim mobecthetrns nngdi bucugduu misnfn ucer.

b. Mm Zerefm Temvnyicn0Kigiccnmci hitec hetrnscn heczihicirdimuccegcr. Muvvitcir hetrns terea gdegte# g r. Zeref mcer dnscomesyog lerimitcirn-gn igkicciyirim deyegh ert r rcer. zic-cnmcir nzotropnmtnr.

Tebemec Mohpozntcir

,stnacihi kiohitrnsn ziccnmcirn bicnrcir.

Vegdvn Zegiccir0 ,mn yziy tebemeseres ge bec piti n #imcngdi bnr tebemegg bnrci#tnrnchisn nci hiydege kicnr. Bu tr

mohpozntcir besheye vi i hiyi deyeg m-cd r, eyr fe leana oches de bnr evegte`dr.


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55.2. Icyea Temvnyicn Mohpozntcirng(ITM) Himegnm ziccnmcirn0ITM heczihicirng ziccnmcirn, loho`ig vinzotrop (rgi ng hiteccir knbn)heczihicirdig om aermcd r. Buheczihicirdi, heczihiyn ocu #tureg bnci#igcirng ziccnmcirn (icyea vi hetrnsng)vi bugcer g kiohitrnm dzign bicnrciynfndnr.Icyea vi hetrns ziccnmcirn virncdnngdiheczihigng yign himegnm ziccnmcirngnngficiyig bncnh decge hnmrohimegnm edvirncnr.ITMcer g ziccnmcirngi itmn idigaemtrcirng be#cfecer #ugcerdr0

Bnci#igcirng lefnh oregcer , bnnhvi bymcmcirn

Bnci#igcirng kiohitrnm dzigcign#n Bnci#igcirng ziccnmcirn Bnci#igcir eres gdemn ereyziydimn

be cer g ziccnmcirnVrimcn Icyea Temvnyicn MohpozntcirdiIcestnm Hodcg Bucughes0Temvnyi Doructusugde ^mcihi

Vrimcn icyeacer tim ygdi dzigcighn# bnrmerhe heczihiyi temvnyi do ructusugdemuvvit uykucegd gde icyea (a), hetrns (h)vi mohpoznt (f) eyg hnmterdeuzeyefe gdeg0

yez cebncnr (i uzehe duruhu).Mohpozntng te# d muvvit nsi, icyea vihetrnsng te# d muvvitcirng topcehd r.

Muvvitcirn kirnchi vi ecegcer fngsngdigyezersem

bucugur. Burede

i #ntcnn kiircndnr.Icyea srimcn ocduugdeg lefnh oregcer nng

vh 8 E h / E f vi 8 E i / Efvh + vi 8 5

i #ntcnmcirn kiircndnr. Doceys yce yumerdemndigmcihn Efyi vi bnrnh uzehe di irngi bcirsim

bucugur vi kirimcn m secthe dzigcihicirnci

I f 8 vh .I h + va .I a icdi idncnr. ^egn bu mohpozntng temvnyido ructusugdemn icestnmcnm hodc lir bnr bnci#igng lefnh oreg vi icestnmcnmhodcgg erphcer g g topceh d r. Buterz bnr lisepcehe MERN NHCER

MYRECNGDE ZERECIC TOZCEHE oceremedcegdr cr.


80/98


81/98


82/98


83/98

Ereg Hec2:5 Dirs Gotcer ;>

52. Orteh g Itmncirn

52.5. MorozyogMorozyog hiteccirng orteh nci mnhyesecviye icimtromnhyesec riemsnyogu sogufu,ziccnmcirngng ocuhsuz ygdiitmncighisndnr. Mnhyesec Morozyogde hitecng

kigiccnmci icimtrog virdnn bnrriemsnyog ocuur.

Icimtromnhyesec Morozyogde moguhocerem ougcumce aermcyircirdiocueg nmn eyr riemsnyog verdr. Bugcereres gde icimtrnm ymcirngng mer cmcdi n nhn sz mogusudur.

52.5.5 Mnhyesec Morozyog

Hitec vi ece hcer g g, icimtrnm ncitmigcnnocheyeg, kez ortehcer nngdimnmorozyogudur. Hitec kigiccnmci icimtrogvirnr vi riemsnyog ocuur. Dn ir icihigt

kigiccnmci omsn`ig ocduugdeg hitecicimtrogu omsn`igi virnr vi riemsnyogsogufu yziydi hitec omsnt tebeme ocuur.Omsndesyog riemsnyogu ziccnmci ymsims femcmcerde bicnrkngdnr vi bu duruhdeocu eg morozyog rggituaec dignr.

2 Hk + O2 77 2HkO

Omsnt Tebemecer

Omsnt tebemecer di n nm ziccnmcirdiocebncnr0

e) ^ziyi tutugeg, egfem kzigimcn b) ^ziyi tutugeg, kzigimsnz vi

moruyufuf) ^ziyi tutugheyeg vi dmcig

Znccngk Bidwotl oreg heczihigngomsntcighiyi oceg dnrigfngn bicnrcir. Budi ir ocu eg omsnt lefhngng, yirngn ecd hitecng lefhngi oreg ocerem lisepcegr.

Dhe

d H B Z

...

8

H 8 Omsntng hocimc erc d 8 Hitecng zkc e rc

h 8 Hitecng etoh e rc D 8 Omsnt nngdimn hitec etohu seysBu di ir 5dig mm nsi kzigimcn bnromsnt tebemes, om bym nsi yziyitutugeheyeg vi dmcig bnr omsnt tebemesocu ur. Lir nmn duruhde de omsnt tebemesmoruyufu di ncdnr. ^ziyi tutugegmoruyufu omsnt tebemecer gde Z-B oregkigiccnmci 5 nci 2 diircirn eresgded r.


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Ereg Hec2:5 Dirs Gotcer


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vocthitrigng nmn ufu eresgdemn kirncnh :ocefemtr. Bu yzdig aermc ticcir digocu eg bnr s c nat (tirhomupc) muccegr z.gm aermcticcirng s c duyercc$ diaermcd r.

E vi B hiteccirngdig ocu eg bnr Nsc nat

Bez s c natcirdi ocueg kirncnhngs femcmce di$n nhn

56.2 êr ncitmigcirêr ncitmigcirdi ncitnh begd bo , vecegs begd nsi docudur, egfem yesem bcki derocdu$ugdeg (32iQ), rgi$ng ymsims femcmcerde icimtrogcer vecegs begdgdegncitnh begdge etceyebncnr. Ig gihcnyer ncitmigcir piryodnm fitvicng NQ.Krub gde oceg Vn, Ki vi Vgdnr.êr ncitmigcir, Les vi Metm c ochem zirinmn eyr krube eyr cr.Les êr ncitmigcir0Bu heczihicirdi yesem bcki erec$ derocdu$ugdeg s c vi bigzir itmncirciicimtrogcer ncitnh begdge kiibncnrcir.

?citnh begdge kiig bnr icimtrog vecegs begd gde bnr bocum (ert ym) brem r.Icimtrog vi bo cumcer g sey s eyg d r. Bnricimtrnmsic eceg uykucegr nsi icimtrogcer vi bo cumcer tirs ygdi lerimit idirim ncitnhimetm de bucugurcer.rgi$ng Vnde ode sfemc$ gde (Ik85,5iQ)5:56 etohdeg sedifi bnr tegisn ncitnh begd ge kiir. V femcm erttme lesyer ncitmigcirdi ncitmigcnm erter (gorhechiteccirng tirsngi!).


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Ereg Hec2:5 Dirs Gotcer >:

Metm c êr ncitmigcir0Les yer ncitmigng ncitmigcnm zicnmcirn,heczihiyi meais yep s ge uykug metm cerce(dopngk) di$n tnrncnr. g-tnpn vi p- tnpn ochemziri nmn tr verdr. Bu metm dnazyogviye nog nhpcegtesyogu knbn ygtihcirciom dm dziycirdi yepcr.Metceg yireceg etohcer gde, vecegsicimtrogcer sey s yer ncitmig heczihidigaermcd r. rgi$ng aosaor knbn 9 vecegsicimtroguge selnp bnr icihigt 4 vecegsicimtrogcu Vn meaisngi metcrse, bi ngfnicimtrog zeya bnr be$ce mecr vi moceycmcencitnh begdge etceyebncnr. Bu tnp metm cerceg-tnpn yer ncitmig icdi idncnr.

g- tnpn yer ncitmigQecegs icimtrog seys hetrnsheczihisngdig dele ez oceg bnr metm yep cd$ gde (hisice 6 vecegs icimtrogcuEc), vecegs begdgde bnr bocum ocuur (+ym te y f ). Bu tnp metm cere emsiptrdignr vi yer ncitmig p-tnpn ocerem egcr.

p- tnpn yer ncitmig

êr ncitmig Muccegh ge rgim0 Dnyot

Bnr p-g dnyodugde uykucegeg kirncnhngyggi be$c ocerem, ereyziy ncitmig viyeyectmeg ocur. êgn p-g dnyodu sedifi bnrygdi em h kihisngi nzng virnr.


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Ereg Hec2:5 Dirs Gotcer >5

56.6. Dnicimtrnm HeczihicirMepesntrcirMepesntrdi icimtrogcer g mutupcegeremicimtrnmsic ym icimtrnm ecegg nirnsngdi

dipoceyebnchi ziccnmcirngdig aeydecegcr.Burede nmn hitec tebeme eresge bnryectmeg heczihi yirci tnrncnr. Bnr icimtrnmvi icimtrognm divri iciheg ocegmepesntrcir ym dipocehem ehefycemuccegcr vi kigicdi perecic nmn pcemedegocu urcer. Bnr mepesntrg s$es F 8 U /Q, kirncnh bnrnhn bege dipoceyebncdn$nym hnmter d r.Erteg kirncnh pcemecer eresgde di er`e yoc

eebncdn$ngdig, ereye dnicimtrnm heczihimogucur. Bycicnmci mepesntrg pcemecer ge, eyg kirncnh dziyn nng deleaezce icimtrnmsic ym mogucebncnr vimepesntrg s$es ertt r ch ocur.

?mn perecic ncitmig pceme +U, U nciymcignrsi, pcemecer eresgde bnr icimtrnmeceg ocu ur. Zerecic pcemecmepesntr nng,mepesnti di$irn F, pcemecer g kiohitrnsngivi pcemecer eresgdemn dnicimtrnmheczihiyi be $cd r.

F 8 r . o . E / C 8 ^ . E / CE pcemecer g yziy eceg, C pcemecer erese mcm, ^ nsi orteh g dnicimtrnm sebntndnr.

o vemuhdemn dnicimtrnm sebntn (


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Hocimcir pocernzesyog0 Bezheczihicir mec f iciftrnm dnpocciriselnptnr (L2O knbn). Icimtrnm eceg ochedegdnpoccir restkici de$ cr, uykucegrseygcignrcir.Dnicimtrnm deyeghom ymsim icimtrnm ecegcer uykucegrse(75:< Q/h) dnicimtrnm heczihi nngdimnicimtrogcer ncitnh begdge zorcegrcer vi

icimtrnm boech ocebncnr (dnicimtrnmdeyeg h, bozuche viye y m h kirnchisn).Dnicimtrnm deyegh, yec tmeg heczihicirngmeremtirnstnmcirn eresgded r vi bnrheczihigng yec tmegc$ g yntnrnp bozucdu$u kirncnh, yectmegcer nng gihcn bnr kstirkidnr. Mogdegsetrciri bicnrtncigs g r kirncnhcirdig dele ymsim bnr kirncnhmisngcnmci uykuceghehecd r, gm buimncdi mogdegsetr ncitmig lecngi kicnr vi

n civsnz mecr Znizoicimtrnmcnm Bez sirehnm heczihicirdi, d muvvitcirng uykuceghesnci ocueg imncdi$n nhn sogufu bnr pocernzesyog viicimtrnm eceg orteye mer. Bugug tirsn diocebncnr, yegn bu heczihiciri kirncnhuykucegd$ gde imnc di$n nmcnmcirn orteye mer.Znizo icimtrnm heczihicir oceremedcegdr ceg bu heczihicir yerd h yce,himegnm bnnh di$n nmcnmcirn icimtrnmsngyeccirngi (hnmroaogcer, uzehe cir,soger sigsrcir) viye icimtrnm sngyeccirnhimegnm bnnh di$n nmcnmcirngidg trcibncnrBu heczihiciri rgim ocerem beryuhtnteget BeTnO6, mur ug znrfoget ZbPrO6,muverz kstiribncnr.

56.4. Hegyitnmcnm

Etohcer yrgkicirngdi dgirmig, liricimtrog natn, bnr hegyitnm mutup natnocu turur. Eyg igir`n sivnyisngdi spngcirntirs oceg nmn icimtrog ocdu$ugdeg, buecegcer bnrbnrngn yom idir. D yrgkidimnvecegs icimtrogcer nsi knrnnh lecngdi

ocdumcer nng hegyitnm mutupcer restkiciygcigdn$ngdig topceh itmncirn nlhecidncibncnr.Egfem etohde docheh bnr vecegs ectdziyn verse, burede bucugeg tim etohugmutup natn etohug hegyitnm devregg bicnrcir. Tregznsyog icihegcer gde (Ai, Gnvs) docheh igir`n dziycirn bucugdu$ugdeg, hegyitnmcnm es gdegaermcziccnmciri selnptnrcir vi gntimnh bumutup natcirn ygcigirim hemro dziydi bnr hegyitnm hohigt yeretebncnrcir.

?ngdig em h kiig bnr ncitmigngivresngdi hegyitnm eceg ocuur. Bnr bobngdi bu hegyitnm ecegg ndditn

L 8 :,4 Wg N / Cocerem naedi idncnr. Bobng nngi hegyitnmcnmziccn$n oceg bnr heczihi yirci tnrncnrsieceg ndditn erter. Hegyitnm em lihuykucegeg eceg ndditngi, lih di bu

heczihiyi be $cd r.B 8 . L


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Yykucegeg hegyitnm eceg itmnsn nciheczihi nngdimn mutup natcirn ygcigirimhegyitnm em bicnrcn bnr doyuh sivnyisngimeder erter. heczihigng be$ c hegyitnmkinrkigcn$ndnr vi bocumtemn di$irn 5dnr.Dihnr nng bu di$ir yemce m 9:::dnr.Heczihicir hegyitnm ecege kstirdn$ntipmnciri kri sg acegebncnr0Dnehegyitnm Heczihicir0 Qecegs ectdziyirn teh docudur. Yykucegeg eceghivfut icimtogcerce itmnciirim zey acer.Bu tr heczihicir Fu, Ek, Pg vs.Zerehegyitnm Heczihicir0 Docheh vecegs ect igir`n dziycirn verdr. Hivfuthegyitnm muvvit natcirn restkici de$ g mtr. Git bnr hegyitnmcnm zeyat r, Ec, Tn knbn.Airrohegyitnm Heczihicir0 Bu

heczihicirng hegyitnm kinrkigcn$n om bymtr. Docheh igir`n sivnyicirngdimn

mutup natcirn dgirim ygcignrcir. Zerecicleci kicirim hegyitnm em y omymsictnrcir. Hegyitnm eceg mecm gfe timrerde$ g m leci kicnr. Bez heczihicirdi nsi bu ygcighi mecf ocur, bugcere sirt

hegyitnm heczihicir dignr.Airrnhegyitnm Heczihicir0 Bezmerhe m sirehnmcirdi aermchegyitnmhohigtciri selnptnr vi tirs ygdi perecicdnznchntnr. Hegyitnm eceg itmnsnyci ez deocse airrohegyitnmciri bigzir devreg cerkstirnrcir.

Heczihi Eceg itmnci"nhn LnstirnznsHegyitnm eceg yg di$n tnrnrsi mutupnatcirn yg di$n tnrnrcir. Bezheczihicirdi bu s rede om igir`nlerfeg r, n srtghicir heczihigng

Lnstirnnz nngdi meceg eceg ivrnh boyugfe meyboceg igir`ndnr.


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s ghes ge gidig ocur. Eyr fe mutupnatcirn dgirmig be$ boycer di $n nr vi bnrv gcehe duyucur (hekgitostrnmsnyog).Heczihicir sirt vi yuhu em hegyitnmheczihicir ochem ziri nmnyi eyr cr.^uhu "em Hegyitnm Heczihicir0Lnztirnsnz meyb om ez Treaocer,(tregsaorhetrcirdi muccegcr, rgi$ng %6fnver gde Vnc nirig treao secer ).Virt Hegyitnm Heczihicir0 Lnstirnznsmeyb bymtr, hegyitnm eceg mecdr csedeln mecf hegyitnmcnmcnm verdr,(H mgetscer, EcGnFo ecehcer )

Hegyitnmcni Itmn Idig Aemtrcir0Mutup natcirn ygcighn bnr h mgetste,s femcm erttme mutupcer restkiciygcighiyi be cer. Mecf hegyitnmcnmezecr vi bicnr bnr sfemcmte meybocur(Furni s femc$ ).Hitec nngdimn meais musurcer (hisicednscomesyogcer) mutup natcirngng dghisngnkci tnrnr Vea vi tevcegh dihnr igyuhu em heczihidnr.Hegyitnm ygcighi mrnsteccokreanmdo$ructuye de be$cd r. E e$ demnimncdigkrcd$ knbn lhm dihnr meaisngdiheczihi ]5::X do $ructusugde igyuhu emtr, yegn bu do$ructude ygcighn bnr heczihidi lnstirnzns mey pcer ig ezd r.

Igir`n mey pcer g ezecthem ehef nci treaoyep h gde muccegchem ziri, tegicirnygcighn icnm secer kicntnrnchntnr.

Tegicirn ygcighn treao sefcer

Bez dihnr isesc heczihicirnghegyitnmcnm ziccnmcirn

malzeme bilimi - İstanbul teknik Üniversitesi prof.dr. ahmet aran ders notları

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