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KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE / CATALOGI ET MONOGRAPHIAE 41 2015 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVAT Uredniki / Editors

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Page 1: Mali Njivč above Novaki = Mali Njivč nad Novaki

K ATA L O G I I N M O N O G R A F I J E / C ATA L O G I E T M O N O G R A P H I A E 4 1

2015

EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA

SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM

JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVATUredniki / Editors

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EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA•

SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM

KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE 412015

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K ATA L O G I I N M O N O G R A F I J E / C ATA L O G I E T M O N O G R A P H I A E 4 1

EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA

•SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE

NA SLOVENSKEM

Uredniki / Editors

JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVAT

Ljubljana 2015

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Katalogi in monografije / Catalogi et monographiae 41

Jezikovni pregled slovenskih besedil / Slovenian language editingAlenka Božič in Marjeta Humar

Recenzenti / Reviewed by Jana Horvat, Janka Istenič, Peter Kos, Boštjan Laharnar

Oblikovanje / DesignBarbara Predan

Založnik / PublisherNarodni muzej Slovenije

Zanj / Publishing executive Barbara Ravnik,direktorica Narodnega muzeja Slovenije

Tisk / Print Present d. o. o.

Naklada / Print run400

Cena / Price56 €

© 2015 Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana

Tiskano s finančno pomočjo Ministrstva za kulturo Republike Slovenije in Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije.

The publication was made possible with funding from the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovenian Research Agency.

Glavni in odgovorni urednik serije / Editor-in-chief of the series Peter Turk

Technical editor / Tehnična urednicaBarbara Jerin

Urejanje slikovnega gradiva / Figures editing Ida Murgelj

Uredniški odbor / Editorial boardDragan Božič, Janez Dular, Janka Istenič, Timotej Knific, Biba Teržan

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikacijiNarodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana

355(497.4)"652"(082) 94(37)

EVIDENCE of the Roman army in Slovenia = Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem / uredniki, editors Janka Istenič, Boštjan Laharnar, Jana Horvat. - Ljubljana : Narodni muzej Slovenije, 2015. - (Katalogi in monografije = Catalogi et monographiae / Narodni muzej Slovenije ; 41)

ISBN 978-961-6169-97-4 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Istenič, Janka 280118528

Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te izdaje ne sme biti reproduciran, shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli način, bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem ali kako drugače, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja izdajatelja (copyright).

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIASLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM

Janka Istenič, Boštjan Laharnar, Jana Horvat (uredniki / editors)

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CONTENTS

Preface

Boštjan LaharnarThe Roman army in the Notranjska region

Janka Isteničwith a contribution by Alenka Miškec (the coin catalogue)

Traces of Octavian's military activities at Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine

Danilo BreščakGraves with weapons from Verdun near Stopiče

Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek, Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak

Augustan military graves from the area of Kongresni trg in Ljubljana

Jana HorvatEarly Roman military finds from prehistoric

settlements in the Gorenjska region

Milan SagadinEvidence of the Roman army in Early Roman Kranj

Mitja GuštinRoman camps following the route to Segestica

and the western Balkans

Alenka MiškecThe role of Roman Republican denarii of Mark Antony

in the monetary circulation of the Late Republic

Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha MlinarGradič above Kobarid – a Late Republican fortified emporium?

Maja Janežič, Evgen LazarRoman military equipment from the town centre of Poetovio

Irena LazarRoman tile workshop at Vransko – archaeology,

ager of Celeia and Roman history

Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra NestorovićGermanic spur from Ptuj

Veronika Pflaum, Judita LuxHackamore and other parts of equine equipment

from the Roman villa at Mošnje (Abstract)

Julijana VisočnikSoldiers from Roman autonomous towns in Slovenia,

active in other parts of the Roman Empire (Summary)

Anja RagoličDie Zeit des Kaisers Gallienus und

die Rolle des Heeres in Poetovio

Drago SvoljšakRoman fort at Hrušica: findings of investigations after 1979

Janka Isteničwith a contribution by Andrej Šemrov (the coin catalogue)

Mali Njivč above Novaki

Slavko CiglenečkiLate Roman army, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum

and the fortifications in the south-eastern Alps

Predgovor

Boštjan LaharnarRimska vojska na Notranjskem

Janka Isteničs prispevkom Alenke Miškec (katalog novcev)Sledovi Oktavijanovega vojaškega delovanja na Gradišču v Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah

Danilo BreščakGrobovi z orožjem z Verduna pri Stopičah

Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek, Rene Masaryk, Matjaž NovšakAvgustejska vojaška grobova s Kongresnega trga v Ljubljani

Jana HorvatZgodnjerimske vojaške najdbe s prazgodovinskih naselbin na Gorenjskem

Milan SagadinSledovi rimske vojske v zgodnjeantičnem Kranju

Mitja GuštinRimski vojaški tabori v smeri proti Segestiki in zahodnemu delu Balkanskega polotoka

Alenka MiškecVloga rimskih republikanskih denarijev Marka Antonija v denarnem obtoku pozne republike

Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha MlinarGradič nad Kobaridom, poznorepublikanski utrjeni emporij?

Maja Janežič, Evgen LazarRimska vojaška oprema iz središča Petovione

Irena LazarRimska opekarna na Vranskem – arheologija, celejski ager in rimska zgodovina

Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra NestorovićGermanska ostroga s Ptuja

Veronika Pflaum, Judita LuxHakamora in drugi deli konjske opreme iz rimske vile pri Mošnjah

Julijana VisočnikVojaki iz rimskih avtonomnih mest na Slovenskem, ki so službovali drugod po imperiju

Anja RagoličGalienovo obdobje in vloga vojske v Petovioni

Drago SvoljšakRimska utrdba na Hrušici, izsledki izkopavanj po letu 1979

Janka Isteničs prispevkom Andreja Šemrova (katalog novcev)Mali Njivč nad Novaki

Slavko CiglenečkiPoznorimska vojska, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum in utrjena krajina v jugovzhodnih Alpah

7

9

43

75

125

171

209

221

235

243

257

269

285

297

305

317

341

365

385

KAZALO

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Preface Predgovor

Proučevanje najrazličnejših vidikov rimske vojske ter z njo povezanih pojavov je ena od osrednjih tem rimske arheo-logije in zgodovine.

Arheološke raziskave, med katerimi je bilo največ zaščit-nih, so v zadnjih dveh desetletjih razkrile številne nove sle-di delovanja rimske vojske na območju sedanje Slovenije, od utrdb do drobnih odlomkov vojaške opreme. Hkrati je bilo znova proučeno že prej znano arheološko gradivo. Te raziskave so na novo osvetlile dogajanje na ozemlju seda-nje Slovenije ob koncu prazgodovine in v rimski dobi. Na-predovali smo v razumevanju poteka rimskega osvajanja ozemlja Slovenije v zgodnjerimski dobi ter poglobili po-znavanje posameznih vidikov vojaške obrambe in nadzora v poznorimski dobi, več vemo o arhitekturi in datiranju vojaških utrdb, o oskrbi vojske, o poteku prometnih in oskrbovalnih poti ter o rimski vojaški opremi.

Narodni muzej Slovenije in Inštitut za arheologijo Znan-stvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti sta 17. in 18. novembra 2011 v Ljubljani orga-nizirala znanstveno srečanje, posvečeno novim odkritjem v zvezi z delovanjem rimske vojske na ozemlju Slovenije. Iz srečanja je zrasla zamisel o knjigi, v kateri bi bili na enem mestu predstavljeni najnovejši raziskovalni rezultati. V naslednjih letih smo se posvetili zbiranju prispevkov o izbranih temah, njihovemu recenziranju in urejanju.

V knjigi žal manjka obravnava nekaterih pomembnih za-ščitnih izkopavanj, pri katerih stopnja obravnave gradiva še ne omogoča objave izsledkov. Kljub vsemu upamo, da bo knjiga dragocen prispevek k razumevanju rimske dobe na Slovenskem in spodbuda za nadaljnje raziskovalno delo.

Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat in Boštjan Laharnar

The Roman army and the numerous finds and phenomena associated with it, is one of the central issues of Roman archaeology and history, as well as being a recurring re-search topic.

The last two decades of archaeological investigation in Slo-venia, much of which was of a rescue nature, have revealed numerous traces of Roman military activities, ranging from forts to small fragments of military equipment. Concur-rently with field investigations, knowledge has also been gained from the study of previously recovered archaeologi-cal evidence, all of which sheds new light on events taking place on the territory of Slovenia at the end of prehistory and in the Roman period. As a result, we have a better un-derstanding of the way that Roman conquest proceeded, we have gained additional knowledge of individual aspects of military defence and control in the Late Roman period, and more is known on the architecture and dating of indi-vidual forts and fortlets, on the provisioning of the army, on communication and transport lines, as well as on the Roman military equipment.

In light of this, the National Museum of Slovenia and the Institute of Archaeology at the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts organised a scientific gathering dedicated to new discoveries concern-ing Roman military activity on the territory of Slovenia. It took place on the 17 and 18 November 2011 in Ljubljana. This event led to the idea for a publication that would bring together the results of recent investigations into the subject. Subsequent years have been dedicated to gathering contri-butions, but also to peer reviewing and editing.

The book presents a rich collection of contributions, al-though it lacks the results of several important rescue ex-cavations, the desktop assessment of which is not yet at a stage that would enable conclusions to be drawn. We nev-ertheless hope that this represents a valuable addition to our knowledge of the Roman period in Slovenia and will prompt further research.

Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat and Boštjan Laharnar

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Povzetek

Novci in druge arheološke najdbe, pridobljene nestrokov-no s pomočjo detektorjev kovin, kažejo, da je gorski gre-ben Mali Njivč nad Novaki na Cerkljanskem pomembno najdišče iz pozne rimske dobe. Lega najdišča na naravno odlično zavarovanem grebenu z zelo dobrim razgledom po okolici in drobne najdbe z najdišča nas vodijo k domne-vi, da je bila na njem poznorimska1 vojaška postojanka, ki je varovala prometnico Čedad/Forum Iulii–dolina Bače– Ljubljanska kotlina.

Ključne besede: Mali Njivč, pozna rimska doba, ceste, vojska

1 Pojem pozna rimska doba v članku uporabljam za obdobje od začetka vlade Dioklecijana do leta 476, pojem pozna an-tika pa za daljše obdobje, ki sega od začetka Dioklecijano-ve vlade do konca antičnega obdobja; na ozemlju današnje Slovenije sovpada z naselitvijo Slovanov (prim. Ciglenečki 1999, 304–305).

Abstract

The coins and other archaeological finds, acquired by ama-teur treasure hunters using metal detectors, suggest that the mountain ridge of Mali Njivč above Novaki in the Cerkljansko region is an important late Roman1 site. The location of the site on the naturally excellently protected ridge in a favourable strategic position, which offers an ex-cellent view of its surroundings, and the small finds from the site lead us to the assumption that it was a late Roman military post, which protected the Cividale del Friuli/Fo-rum Iulii–the Bača Valley–the Ljubljana Basin road.

Keywords: Mali Njivč, Late Roman Age, roads, Roman army

1 The term “Late Roman age” in this paper is used for the pe-riod from the beginning of Diocletian’s rule until 476, whereas the term “Late Antiquity” is used for a longer period, from the beginning of Diocletian’s rule until the end of Antiquity, which, in the territory of the present-day Slovenia, corre-sponds to the Slavic settlement (cf. Ciglenečki 1999, 287–289).

MALI NJIVČ NAD NOVAKI

Janka Istenič,s prispevkom Andreja Šemrova (katalog novcev)

MALI NJIVČ ABOVE NOVAKI

Janka Istenič,with a contribution by Andrej Šemrov (the coin catalogue)

Figure 1.The location of Mali Njivč (a section from NTM 1 : 25000 Zali Log).Slika 1.Lega Malega Njivča (izsek iz DTK 1 : 25000 Zali Log).

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Figure 2.A view of Mali Njivč

from the south (photo J. Istenič).

Slika 2.Pogled na Mali Njivč z juga

(foto J. Istenič).

Figure 3.A view of Mali Njivč

from the north-west (photo J. Istenič).

Slika 3.Pogled na Mali Njivč

s severozahoda (foto J. Istenič).

Introduction

The archaeological finds, discovered and dug up by two local hunters using metal detectors at Mali Njivč near the village of Novaki in Cerkljansko (fig. 1), were entered into the register of the Archaeological Department of the Narodni muzej Slovenije (the National Museum of Slove-nia; the NMS) in February 2004. The examination of the finds and the visit to the site revealed an extremely inter-esting Roman site, which called for a more detailed study. The results are presented in this paper.

The site

The site encompasses a distinct mountain ridge of Mali Njivč, which is slightly shifted from the N–S axis towards NW–SE. Its western side ends above precipitous walls de-scending towards the Pasica brook. The other three sides of the ridge are also extremely steep and vertical in plac-es, with the exception of the NE side, which permits the only unexposed approach onto the ridge without actually climbing (figs. 2–4).

The ridge is c 210 m long; its width ranges from about 10 m at its narrowest point to about 37 m at its northern side

Uvod

Arheološki oddelek Narodnega muzeja Slovenije je febru-arja 2004 registriral arheološke najdbe, ki sta jih domačina našla z iskalcem kovin in izkopala na Malem Njivču pri na-selju Novaki na Cerkljanskem (sl. 1). Pregled najdb in ogled najdišča sta pokazala, da gre za zelo zanimivo arheološko naselbino iz rimske dobe, zato smo se odločili za njeno po-drobnejšo obravnavo. Izsledke predstavljamo v tem članku.

Opis najdišča

Najdišče obsega izrazit gorski greben Mali Njivč, ki je malo zamaknjen od smeri sever–jug proti severozahodu–jugovzhodu. Na zahodni strani se zaključi nad prepadni-mi stenami, ki padajo proti potoku Pasica. Izrazito strmo in deloma prepadno se greben spušča tudi na ostalih treh straneh, razen na severovzhodu, kjer je edini neizposta-vljen dostop na greben, ki omogoča pristop brez obvlada-nja plezalnih veščin (sl. 2–4).

Greben je dolg okoli 210 m in širok od približno 10 m v najožjem osrednjem delu grebena do okoli 37 m na nje-govem severnem delu (sl. 5). Vidne so terase, ki nakazujejo ostanke stavb (sl. 5, 6). Od teras (sl. 5: 1), h katerim pripelje pot na naselbino (sl. 5), se greben dviguje do najvišje točke (759/758 m nm. v.) na skalnatem severnem koncu. Južno od teras v sredini grebena ležjo druge terase, nato pa se greben dvigne na izrazit skalni vrh (751,8 m nm. v.); sledi padanje terena proti južnemu robu grebena z nekaj terasami (sl. 5).

Zahodno od Malega Njivča, na drugi strani potoka Pasica, se nad potokom strmo dviga okoli 160 m višji Veliki Njivč (915 m nm. v.; sl. 1–4). Od tam ni podatkov o arheoloških najdbah.

Ob sodelovanju Jožeta Golje, enega izmed dveh najditeljev predmetov, ki je na terenu pokazal, kje so najdišča posame-znih predmetov, in upoštevaje zapisnik registracije zaseb-nih najdb ZN 199 in ZN 228 smo na načrt najdišča vrisali približna najdišča posameznih predmetov (sl. 5: 1–9).

Večina najdb izvira z dveh izrazitih teras v osrednjem delu naselbine, kamor pripelje pot na naselbino (sl. 5: 1; sl. 6). Tam je bilo na površini približno 4 × 2 m najdenih osem novcev (katalog, novci: št. 1, 3, 4, 7–12), sulična ost (t. 1: 10), predmeta s trikotno oblikovanim in dletasto priostre-nim delom (t. 3: 29, 30), dva noža (t. 3: 25, 26), del svedra (t. 2: 23) in drugi predmeti (t. 3: 27, 31, 36) ter odlomki »žlindre« (sl. 7).

Certoška fibula (t. 1: 1) in dva novca (katalog, novci: št. 2, 5) so bili najdeni na terasi, ki leži severno od skalnatega vrha južnega dela grebena (sl. 5: 3), žvale (t. 3: 35) pa na terasi zahodno od tega vrha (sl. 5: 2). S skrajnega južnega dela grebena (sl. 5: 4) izvira amforičasti pasni okov (t. 1: 9), krilati

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(fig. 5). The path (fig. 5) leads to approximately the mid-dle of the site, where several visible terraces suggest the re-mains of buildings (figs. 5, 6). From here, the ridge ascends to its highest point (759/758 m a.s.l.) at its rocky northern side. More terraces are located to the south of the central terraces, after which the ridge rises to a distinct rocky peak (751.8 m a.s.l.); the terrain then descends, again in terraces, towards the southern edge of the ridge (fig. 5).

West of Mali Njivč, on the other side of the Pasica brook, the hill of Veliki Njivč (about 160 m higher than Mali Njivč) steeply ascends above the brook (915 m a.s.l.; figs. 1–4). No archaeological finds are known from there.

The approximate find spots of individual objects were en-tered into the site map (fig. 5: 1–9), based on the registra-tion records of archaeological finds ZN 199 and ZN 228, as well as information given by Jože Golja, one of the two finders of the objects, who showed us where on the site, roughly, the objects were found.

The majority of finds come from two distinct terraces in the central part of the site, to where the path to the settle-ment leads (fig. 5: 1; fig. 6). There, on the area of about 4 by 2 m, eight coins were discovered (catalogue, coins: nos. 1, 3, 4, 7–12); also a spearhead (pl. 1: 10); two objects with chisel-shaped ends (pl. 3: 29, 30); two knives (pl. 3: 25, 26); part of a drill (pl. 2: 23); and other objects (pl. 3: 27, 31, 36) as well as lumps of “slag” (fig. 7).

A Certosa-type brooch (pl. 1: 1) and two coins (catalogue, coins: nos. 2, 5) were found on the terrace lying north of the rocky peak of the ridge’s southern part (fig. 5: 3), and a curb bit (pl. 3: 35) on the terrace west of the peak (fig. 5: 2). An amphora-shaped strap-end (pl. 1: 9) comes from the far southern part of the ridge (fig. 5: 4) and a propeller-stiffen-er (pl. 1: 8) from the steep eastern slopes (fig. 5: 5). As far as Golja can remember, the spot fig. 5: 6 was where he found a worn-out coin that he could no longer identify among his collection. Also found on the steep eastern slopes (fig. 5: 7) were two brooches (pl. 1: 2, 3), and the object pl. 3: 37. The spearhead pl. 1: 16 probably comes from the east-ern slopes, as well. At the northern part of the settlement, Golja found a pennanular brooch (pl. 1: 5; fig. 5: 8), while the other treasure hunter found a lot (“several shoe boxes-full”) of “lumps of slag” (fig. 5: 9; fig. 7).

Discussion of finds

The Archaeological Department has entered into its regis-ter 55 finds from Mali Njivč. They are presented with cata-logue descriptions, drawings (pls. 1–3) and a photograph (fig. 7). A selection of these finds is discussed here.

Fourteen Roman coins were found on the site: three from the 2nd century, six from the second half of the 3rd century,

pasni okov (t. 1: 8) pa s strmega vzhodnega pobočja (sl. 5: 5). Mesto sl. 5: 6 je po Goljevem spominu najdišče močno obrabljenega novca, ki ga v svoji zbirki ne zna več identifici-rati. Na strmem vzhodnem pobočju (sl. 5: 7) so bili najdeni odlomek močno profilirane fibule in sponke s tečajem (t. 1: 2, 3) ter predmet t. 3: 37. Z vzhodnega pobočja je verjetno tudi ost t. 1: 16. Na severnem delu naselbine je Golja našel obročasto fibulo (t. 1: 5; sl. 5: 8), drugi najditelj pa veliko (»več škatel za čevlje«) »odlomkov žlindre« (sl. 5: 9; sl. 7).

Opredelitev drobnih arheoloških najdb

Arheološki oddelek je registriral 55 najdb z Malega Njivča, ki so predstavljene z opisi v katalogu in risbami (t. 1–3) ter sliko (sl. 7). Izbor predmetov obravnavamo po časovnem zaporedju in po funkcionalnih skupinah.

Z najdišča je znanih 14 rimskih novcev: trije skovani v 2. sto-letju, šest v drugi polovici 3. stoletja, štirje v zadnji tretjini 4. stoletja in en Honorijev novec (408–423). Čeprav je bilo osem novcev (katalog, novci: št. 1, 3–4, 7–12) najdenih na raz-meroma majhni površini na terasi v osrednjem delu grebena (sl. 5: 1), se nam ne zdi verjetno, da gre za zakladno najdbo, ker je bila tam najdena tudi velika večina drugih predmetov.

Certoška fibula X. vrste (t. 1: 1) sodi v različico d, odlomek t. 3: 36 pa je del loka različice a Certoške fibule XIII vrste; oboje so nosili v 5. in 4. stoletju pr. Kr.2 V prazgodovino sodi verjetno tudi sulična ost t. 1: 10.

Glava in lok fibule t. 1: 2 pripadata fibuli s tulastim (torej skovanim, v nasprotju z ulitim cevastim) tečajem. Emilie Riha je podobne fibule uvrstila v skupino fibul na tečaj z ni-eliranim okrasom (skupina 5.15), ki vključuje tudi primerke brez niella.3 V 1. stoletju in še na začetku 2. stoletja so jih no-sili v severni Galiji, srednjem Porenju, Švici in posameznih kastelih ob limesu v sedanji Nemčiji, drugje pa so redke.

2 Teržan 1976, 331, 338, 357–368, 383.3 Riha 1979, 148–149.

Figure 4.A view of Mali Njivč from the east (photo J. Istenič).Slika 4.Pogled na Mali Njivč z vzhoda (foto J. Istenič).

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Figure 5.The map of the site of Mali

Njivč (R. Klasinc and J. Kusetič, February 2012).

Slika 5.Načrt najdišča Mali Njivč (izdelava R. Klasinc in J.

Kusetič, februar 2012).

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four from the last third of the 4th century, and a coin of Honorious (408–423). Although eight coins (catalogue, coins: nos. 1, 3–4, 7–12) were discovered in a relatively small area on one of the central terraces (fig. 5: 1), it seems unlikely that this was originally a hoard, because the ma-jority of other objects were also found there.

The Certosa-type brooch (pl. 1: 1), an Xd variant according to Biba Teržan, and the bow fragment of a XIIIa variant of the Certosa-type brooch (pl. 3: 36) were in use in the 5th and 4th centuries BC.2 The spearhead pl. 1: 10 is probably also prehistoric.

The brooch head and bow pl. 1: 2 are parts of a brooch with a narrow tube formed from the top of the bow rolled back. Emilie Riha has classified similar brooches into the group of hinged brooches with niello decoration (group 5.15), also containing examples without the niello.3 They were worn in the 1st century and into the 2nd century in northern Gaul, central Rhineland, Switzerland and several sites along the limes in present day Germany but were rare elsewhere.

The foot and part of the bow (pl. 1: 3) belong to a brooch of the kräftig profilierte Fibeln group. The solid foot (i.e. without holes), the straight lower part of the bow and the shape of its knob suggest single-piece construction, perhaps a brooch of the Almgren Type 69, and a dating from the sec-ond half of the 1st century or the first half of the 2nd century.4

The penannular brooch pl. 1: 4 is of a variant with coiled terminals, and a ring with a flat or rhomboid section, made of copper alloys or iron.5 They were common in the 4th century, with a few rare examples dating to the 3rd centu-ry.6 At Tonovcov grad, they were found in the late antique (phase PA 2, dated to the end of 5th/beginning of 6th–7th centuries)7 and early medieval contexts.8

Two annular brooches (pl. 1: 5, 6) have a simple rectangular extension, while the brooch pl. 1: 7 has an elaborate exten-sion. Annular brooches with extensions were common in the 4th century Pannonia and Noricum, but rare elsewhere. The graves in which they were found suggest they were part of menswear as a rule; judging by their find spots they were mostly worn by soldiers.9 The brooches pl. 1: 5, 6 are of the Sellye 1 variant. According to the data in Sellye,10 they can be dated to the second half of the 4th century. The brooch pl. 1: 7 corresponds to the variant Sellye 11, which is repre-

2 Teržan 1976, 331, 338, 357–368, 383.3 Riha 1979, 148–149.4 Istenič 1999, 59–61.5 Riha 1979 var. 8.2.4; Feugère 1985, var. 30g2.6 Feugère 1985, 421; Istenič 2000, 69, pl. 38: 6; Riha 1979, 209.7 Modrijan, Ciglenečki, Milavec 2011, 71.8 Milavec 2011, 23.9 Sellye 1990, 18–27, 36–47; Oldenstein 1976, 218–219; Pröttel

2002, 101–102.10 Sellye 1990, 53–58, cat. nos. 1.3, 1.4.

Noga in del loka (t. 1: 3) pripadata močno profilirani fibuli. Polna noga (tj. brez luknjic), iztegnjen spodnji del loka in oblika gumba na njem nakazujejo enodelno zgradbo, morda fibulo skupine Almgren 69, in datacijo v drugo po-lovico 1. ali prvo polovico 2. stoletja.4

Fibula t. 1: 4 sodi v različico obročastih fibul s spiralno uvi-tima zaključkoma,5 ki imajo pravokoten ali rombast presek in so narejene iz bakrovih zlitin ali železa, kot npr. fibula z Malega Njivča. Pogoste so bile v 4. stoletju, redki primerki pa so iz 3. stoletja.6 Na Tonovcovem gradu izvirajo iz po-znoantičnih plasti (faza PA 2, datacija: konec 5./začetek 6. stoletja–7. stoletje)7 in iz zgodnjesrednjeveške plasti.8

K obročastim fibulam sodita tudi fibuli t. 1: 5, 6 z eno-stavnim pravokotnim nastavkom in fibula z razčlenjenim nastavkom t. 1: 7. Obročaste fibule s pravokotno razširi-tvijo so v Panoniji in deloma v Noriku v 4. stoletju po-goste, drugje redke. Grobne celote nakazujejo, da so bile praviloma del moške noše, njihova najdišča pa, da so jih največ nosili vojaki.9 Sponi t. 1: 5, 6 sodita v različico Sellye 1. Podatki, ki jih navaja Ibolya Sellye,10 nakazujejo datacijo v drugo polovico 4. stoletja. Spona t. 1: 7 z razčlenjeno raz-širitvijo ustreza različici Sellye 11, ki je zastopana le z enim

4 Istenič 1999, 59–61.5 Riha 1979 var. 8.2.4; Feugère 1985, var. 30g2.6 Feugère 1985, 421; Istenič 2000, 69, t. 38: 6; Riha 1979, 209.7 Modrijan, Ciglenečki, Milavec 2011, 71.8 Milavec 2011, 23.9 Sellye 1990, 18–27, 36–47; Oldenstein 1976, 218–219; Pröttel

2002, 101 –102.10 Sellye 1990, 53–58, kat. št. 1.3, 1.4.

Figure 6.A view of the two terraces in the central part of the settlement (fig. 5: 1), where most of the coins and other artefacts were disco-vered (photo J. Istenič).Slika 6.Terasi v osrednjem delu naselbine (sl. 5: 1), od kjer izvira največ novcev in drugih drobnih arheoloških najdb (foto J. Istenič).

Figure 7.Fragment of a flat object, product of melting iron objects or, less likely, iron ore (photo T. Lauko). Slika 7.Del ploščatega predmeta, ki je nastal s taljenjem železnih predmetov ali, manj verjetno, železove rude (foto T. Lauko).

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sented by only one example found in a man’s grave from the Late Roman cemetery in Rust (Burgenland, Austria).11

In Slovenia, the majority of annular brooches with an extension come from Poetovio; however, they are known from a number of other sites, particularly in the eastern part of the country.12

Propeller-stiffeners (pl. 1: 8) of decorated belts worn by sol-diers and imperial magistrates date from the times of Con-stantine to the last quarter of the 4th century. Sporadically, they also appeared in the early 5th century. It would seem that earlier examples were shorter, up to 5 cm, while the lat-ter were longer, from 7 to 10 cm.13 According to this classi-fication, the fitting from Njivč would be of the earlier type.

Amphora-shaped strap-ends, like pl. 1: 9, were also parts of military belts. In the second half of the 4th century and the beginning of the 5th century, they were common from Britannia to the Danube provinces.14

Three-bladed arrowheads had a long tradition in the Ro-man armament,15 and their presence on the late antique sites should not be uncritically associated with the No-madic peoples, such as the Huns, the Avars, and so on.16 The arrowhead pl. 1: 11 has distinct blades, tapering con-cavely into the tang from which they are sharply separated. Two similar arrowheads, from Invillino and Vrbljana, are mentioned in von Freeden among arrowheads from late antique and early medieval sites.17 She associates them with late Roman and Byzantine armament. In the Slovenian context, the arrowhead from Mali Njivč corresponds most closely to the objects, which we assume come from the site of Gradec above Mihovo.18 Late antique graves (the ex-tremely scarce objects from the graves would suggest their dating to the end of the 4th and to the 5th centuries) and a church from the 6th century were excavated at the site.19 Metal detector hunters have dug up a number of objects, e.g. crossbow brooches, as well as buckles, fittings and strap-ends of belts (the NMS, Inv. Nos. R 17800–17803, R 18923, R 18925, R 18959 and ZN 87/3, 4), which suggest a strong presence of Roman soldiers in the 4th century and/or in the beginning of the 5th century. Many 4th century coins (particularly from the second half ) were also discov-ered on the site.20

11 Sellye 1990, 78, pl. 1, pl. 5: 3.12 Ciglenečki 2000, 53–54; Istenič 2000, 177, pl. 549: 9.13 Konrad 1997, 52; Pröttel 2002, 113–115; Paul 2011, 73–74.14 Konrad 1997, 53.15 Cf. examples from the Octavianic period: Istenič 2005 and

Istenič, in this book.16 Von Freeden 1991, 593–610; Knific 1993, 525–530; Milavec

2011, 48–49.17 Von Freeden 1991, 606, figs. 9: 4, 11: 1.18 Cf. Pflaum 2000, 135, fig. 12.19 Breščak 1990, 105, 106.20 FMRSl IV, 123; FMRSl V, 94.

primerkom iz groba moškega na poznorimskem grobišču v Rustu (Gradiščansko, Avstrija).11

V Sloveniji največ obročastih fibul s pravokotnim nastav-kom izvira s Ptuja, sicer pa so znane s številnih drugih naj-dišč predvsem v vzhodnem delu države.12

Krilati okovi (t. 1: 8) so bili od konstantinskega časa do zadnje četrtine 4. stoletja deli pasov, ki so jih nosili vojaki in cesarski uradniki. Posamič se pojavljajo še v zgodnjem 5. stoletju. Zdi se, da so starejši primerki manjši in merijo v dolžino do 5 cm, mlajši primerki pa daljši, od 7 do 10 cm.13 Primerek z Njivča po tej delitvi sodi med starejše primerke.

Amforičasti okovi, h katerim sodi t. 1: 9, so prav tako deli vojaških pasov. Razširjeni so od Britanije do podo-navskih provinc in sodijo v drugo polovico 4. in na za-četek 5. stoletja.14

Trikrilne puščične osti imajo v rimski oborožitvi dolgo tradicijo15 in jih na poznoantičnih najdiščih ne kaže ne-kritično povezovati z nomadskimi ljudstvi, kot so Huni, Avari idr.16 Puščična ost t. 1: 11 ima med seboj jasno lo-čena krilca, ki v trn prehajajo usločeno in so ostro ločena od trna. Podobni puščični osti iz Invilina in Vrbljane von Freedenova17 našteva med puščičnimi ostmi poznoantično--zgodnjesrednjeveških najdišč in ju povezuje s poznorim-sko-bizantinsko oborožitvijo. V Sloveniji ima puščična ost z Malega Njivča najboljšo primerjavo med predmeti, za katere domnevamo, da izvirajo z najdišča Gradec na Mi-hovim.18 Tam so bili raziskani poznoantični grobovi (zelo redki pridatki kažejo na konec 4. in 5. stoletje) in cerkev iz 6. stoletja.19 Nepooblaščeni iskalci z detektorji kovin so izkopali številne predmete – med njimi čebuličaste fibu-le ter okove, zaključke in spone vojaških pasov (NMS R 17800–17803, R 18923, 18925, R 18959 in ZN 87/3, 4), ki kažejo na močno navzočnost rimskih vojakov v 4. in/ali na začetku 5. stoletja. Številne so tudi najdbe novcev iz 4. stoletja (še posebej druge polovice) s tega najdišča.20

Železni puščični osti s konico trikotnega preseka in trna-stim nastavkom, ki je od trna jasno ločena s stožčasto obli-kovano bazo (t. 1: 12), smo našli le eno dobro primerjavo, tj. ost z Gradine pri Doberdobu (Castellazzo di Doberdò,

11 Sellye 1990, 78, t. 1, t. 5: 3.12 Ciglenečki 2000, 53–54; Istenič 2000, 177, t. 549: 9.13 Konrad 1997, 52; Pröttel 2002, 113–115; Paul 2011, 73–74.14 Konrad 1997, 53.15 Prim. npr. primerke iz oktavijanske dobe: Istenič 2005 in Is-

tenič, v tem zborniku.16 Von Freeden 1991, 593–610; Knific 1993, 525–530; Milavec

2011, 48–49.17 Von Freeden 1991, 606, sl. 9: 4, 11: 1.18 Prim. Pflaum 2000, 135, sl. 12.19 Breščak 1990, 105, 106.20 FMRSl IV, 123; FMRSl V, 94.

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The iron arrowhead from Castellazzo di Doberdò in Italy, the site occupied in late prehistory, the Roman age and particularly in the Late Antiquity, was the only relatively close parallel we could find to the iron collared and tanged projectile of triangular section pl. 1: 12.21

We could not find any parallels to the precision-crafted iron heads pl. 1: 13, 15.

The iron socketed spearhead pl. 1: 16 has two distinct barbs, which would suggest it is either late Roman or late antique. Such and similar spearheads were Germanic in origin and entered the Roman armament via German mercenaries in the 4th and 5th centuries.22 A spearhead with a very similarly shaped tip, but a shorter socket was found at Tonovcov grad in the Early Medieval context.23

The shape of the socketed iron head of rectangular section (pl. 1: 14) persisted through centuries. Similar heads were part of the 2nd century BC hoard of weapons from Grad near Šmihel,24 and were also among the weaponry found in the late antique settlement at Invillino. Bierbrauer believes they were catapult bolts, and associates them with the Byz-antine siege of the 6th century.25 They are also known from Hrušica,26 for example, which was not occupied after the beginning of the 5th century.27 One example comes from Tonovcov grad,28 where it was found in a context dated from the end of 5th/beginning of 6th to the 7th centuries.29 The big iron keys with a long handle twisted three times (pl. 2: 17–18) have close parallels at Magdalensberg (Aus-tria, Carinthia), where they were found in the Early Prin-cipate contexts.30 Another parallel is the key from Gurina, classified by Jablonka as a Roman Imperial Age key type.31 Keys from Sanzeno32 indicate that similar keys, but with different handles, were in use in the Late Iron Age.

In Slovenia, similar keys are known from e.g. the Roman cemetery at Strmec above Bela Cerkev,33 as well as from the late antique settlement of Tinje above Loka pri Žusmu.34

21 Buora 1991, 64, 67, pl. 3: 31.22 Feugère 1993, 236–237; Feugère 1996, 273; Pflaum 2000,

106–108.23 Milavec 2011, 50, pl. 11: 2.24 Horvat 2002, pl. 15: 2–21.25 Bierbrauer 1987, 171, 296, pl. 58: 1–7, 9–10.26 Ulbert 1981, pl. 21: 136–137, 140–149.27 Pröttel 1996, 137.28 Milavec 2011, 49–50, pl. 10: 1.29 Modrijan, Ciglenečki, Milavec 2011, 71.30 Schütz 2003, 92–94, pls. 17/S19, 18/S22–23.31 Jablonka 2001, pl. 105: 4.32 Northdufter 1979, pls. 54–60.33 Dular 1991, pl. 54: 5–6.34 Ciglenečki 2000, 57, pl. 5: 13, 14. The keys from Invillino (Bi-

erbrauer 1987, 172, pl. 60: 13, 14), quoted as parallels to the keys from Tinje by Ciglenečki (l. c.), are considerably smaller and their handles are bent only once. In our opinion, the

Italija), ki je bila v uporabi v pozni prazgodovini, rimski dobi in še posebej v pozni antiki.21

Primerjav za natančno izdelani železni konici t. 1: 13, 15 nismo našli.

Železna ost t. 1: 16 s tulastim nasadiščem ima konico z iz-razitima zalustma, kar kaže na poznorimski in poznoan-tični čas. Take in podobne osti so izvorno germanske ter so v rimsko oborožitev 4. in 5. stoletja prišle z germanski-mi najemniki.22 Ost z zelo podobno oblikovano konico, a krajšim tulastim nastavkom je bila na Tonovcovem gradu najdena v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti.23

Železna ost pravokotnega preseka s tulastim nasadiščem (t. 1: 14) pripada dolgotrajni obliki. Podobne osti so namreč del zaklada iz 2. stoletja pr. Kr. z Gradu pri Šmihelu,24 za-stopane pa so tudi med orožjem iz poznoantične naselbi-ne na Invillinu; zanje Bierbrauer meni, da so katapultni izstrelki in jih povezuje z bizantinskim obleganjem v 6. stoletju.25 Znane so npr. s Hrušice,26 ki ni bila poseljena po začetku 5. stoletja,27 in en primerek iz plasti mlajše poznoantične faze (PA 2: konec 5. / začetek 6. stoletja–7. stoletje)28 na Tonovcovem gradu.29

Veliki železni ključi z dolgim in trikrat uvitim ročajem (t. 2: 17–18) imajo dobre primerjave na Štalenski gori, kjer izvirajo iz zgodnjecesarskih plasti.30 Ustreza jim tudi pri-merek iz Gurine, ki ga je Jablonka opredelil kot tip ključa rimske cesarske dobe.31 Ključi iz Sanzena32 kažejo, da so podobne ključe, ki pa so imeli drugačne ročaje, uporabljali že v mlajši železni dobi.

V Sloveniji so podobni ključi znani npr. z rimskega gro-bišča Strmec pri Beli Cerkvi33 in s poznoantične naselbine Tinje nad Loko pri Žusmu.34

21 Buora 1991, 64, 67, t. 3: 31.22 Feugère 1993, 236–237; Feugère 1996, 273; Pflaum 2000,

106–108.23 Milavec 2011, 50, t. 11: 2.24 Horvat 2002, t. 15: 2–21.25 Bierbrauer 1987, 171, 296, t. 58: 1–7, 9–10.26 Ulbert 1981, t. 21: 136–137, 140–149.27 Pröttel 1996, 137.28 Dat. po Modrijan, Ciglenečki, Milavec 2011, 71.29 Milavec 2011, 49–50, t. 10: 1.30 Schütz 2003, 92–94, t. 17/S19, 18/S22–23.31 Jablonka 2001, t. 105: 4.32 Northdufter 1979, t. 54–60.33 Dular 1991, t. 54: 5–6.34 Ciglenečki 2000, 57, t. 5: 13, 14. Ključa iz Invillina (Bierbrauer

1987, 172, t. 60: 13, 14), ki ju kot paraleli navaja Ciglenečki (l. c.), sta bistveno manjša in le enkrat uvita. Prav tako se nam ključa z Rifnika (Bolta 1981, t. 25: 45–47) ne zdita ustrezni paraleli (prim. Ciglenečki, l. c.).

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The upper part of a key pl. 2: 20 has good parallels among Roman keys,35 unlike the lower part with holes. Likewise, we could not find any similar keys from the Middle Ages or, indeed, the modern era.

Iron ladles, such as pl. 2: 24, are known from the sites rang-ing from the Late Iron Age to the Late Antiquity.36

The knife pl. 3: 25 has a good parallel among the finds from grave 31 at Unec, dated to the 4th century.37 The only partially surviving object pl. 3: 28 was probably part of a particular type of Late La Tène and Roman knives, which were used with both hands.38

We do not know the use of the objects pl. 3: 29, 30. A simi-lar object, for example, is known from Tonovcov grad,39 and another from the late antique settlement of Kuzelin.40

Objects similar to pl. 3: 32, 33 are known from late antique graves, e.g. at Unec and Dolnji Zemono.41

Judging by its parallels, the curb bit pl. 3: 35 is from the Late Middle Ages.42

Of the fair quantities of “slag”, found in the central and northern parts of the ridge (fig. 5: 1, 9), only one fragment survives (fig. 7). Its relatively regular flattened shape, its density of ca. 6.5 g/cm, and its magnetic properties sug-gest it was not slag. We assume the preserved fragment was the product of melting down iron objects or perhaps iron ore.43

Discussion

The only reliable prehistoric object from the site is the Cer-tosa-type brooch (pl. 1: 1). The fragments of two brooches pl. 1: 2, 3 come from the 1st and 2nd centuries, respectively. Most finds that can be narrowly dated are from (the sec-ond half of ) the 4th century or perhaps early 5th century, and are associated with menswear, or rather late Roman

two keys from Rifnik (Bolta 1981, pl. 25: 45–47) are not close parallels (cf. Ciglenečki, l. c.) either.

35 I.e. Istenič 2000, pl. 55: 5; Müller 2011, fig. 2: 1, fig. 6; Bassi, Nicolis 1997, fig. 41.

36 Late Iron Age: Guštin 1991, 72, pls. 7: 2, 17: 5, 36: 7; Nothdur-fter 1979, 66, pl. 45: 630, 631; Augustan age: Fingerlin 1986, 216, 557: 4; Harnecker 1997, 15, 61, pl. 28: 306; second half of the 3rd century: Ciglenečki 1990, pl. 2: 6; Late Antiquity: Gaspari et al. 2000, 195, 198, figs. 6: 5, 8: 17.

37 I would like to acknowledge Jana Horvat (IzA ZRC SAZU) for the information.

38 Dolenz 1998, 207–210, pl. 74: W291–300.39 Milavec 2011, pl. 46: 14.40 Sokol 1998, 28, cat. no. 47.41 Horvat, in this book. 42 Predovnik 2003, 80, 232, fig. 74: 714; Štular 2009, 100, fig.

5.20.43 I would like to acknowledge Neva Trampuž Orel and Zoran

Milić (both the NMS) for their help in identifying the object.

Zgornji del ključa t. 2: 20 ima dobre primerjave med ključi rimske dobe,35 spodnji del z luknjicami pa ne; prav tako nismo našli podobnih ključev med srednjeveškimi in no-voveškimi ključi.

Železnih zajemalk, kot je t. 2: 24, ni mogoče ozko časovno opredeliti. Poznamo jih z najdišč, ki segajo od mlajše žele-zne dobe do pozne antike.36

Nož t. 3: 25 ima dobro primerjavo v grobu 31 z Unca, da-tiranem v 4. stoletje.37 Posebni vrsti noža, namenjeni upo-rabi z dvema rokama, iz poznolatenske in rimske dobe, verjetno pripada delno ohranjeni predmet t. 3: 28.38

Namembnost predmetov t. 3: 29, 30 nam ni znana. Po-doben predmet je znan npr. s Tonovcovega gradu39 in iz poznoatične naselbine Kuzelin.40

Predmeti, podobni t. 3: 32, 33, so znani iz poznoantičnih grobov, npr. na Uncu in Dolnjem Zemonu.41

Za brzdo t. 3: 35 primerjave kažejo, da je poznosrednjeveška.42

Od precejšnje količine »žlindre«, ki sta jo Golja in Moč-nik našla na osrednjem in severnem delu grebena (sl. 5: 1, 9), je ohranjen le en odlomek (sl. 7). Njegova razmeroma pravilna sploščena oblika, specifična gostota okoli 6,5 g/cm in magnetnost kažejo, da ne gre za žlindro. Za ohranje-ni odlomek domnevamo, da je produkt taljenja železnih predmetov ali morda železove rude.43

Diskusija

Edini zanesljivi prazgodovinski predmet z najdišča je cer-toška fibula (t. 1: 1). Iz 1. in 2. stoletja sta odlomka dveh fibul (t. 1: 2, 3). Večina časovno ožje določljivih najdb je iz (druge polovice) 4. stoletja in morda še z začetka 5. stoletja ter povezana z moško nošo oziroma s poznorimsko voj-sko.44 To so okovi vojaških pasov (t. 1: 8, 9) in obročaste fibule (t. 1: 4–7). Iz istega ali pa mlajšega časa sta triroba puščična ost (t. 1: 11) in železna ost z zalustma (t. 1: 16).

35 Npr. Istenič 2000, t. 55: 5; Müller 2011, sl. 2: 1, sl. 6; Bassi, Nicolis 1997, sl. 41.

36 Mlajša železna doba: Guštin 1991, 72, t. 7: 2, 17: 5, 36: 7; Noth-durfter 1979, 66, t. 45: 630, 631; avgustejska doba: Fingerlin 1986, 216, 557: 4; Harnecker 1997, 15, 61, t. 28: 306; druga polovica 3. stoletja: Ciglenečki 1990, t. 2: 6; pozna antika: Ga-spari et al. 2000, 195, 198, sl. 6: 5, 8: 17.

37 Za podatek se zahvaljujem Jani Horvat (IzA ZRC SAZU).38 Dolenz 1998, 207–210, t. 74: W291–300.39 Milavec 2011, t. 46: 14.40 Sokol 1998, 28, kat. št. 47.41 Horvat, v tem zborniku.42 Predovnik 2003, 80, 232, sl. 74: 714; Štular 2009, 100, sl. 5.20.43 Za pomoč pri opredelitvi predmeta se zahvaljujem Nevi

Tram puž Orel in Zoranu Miliću (oba Narodni muzej Slovenije).44 Prim. Ciglenečki 2011, 260.

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military.44 They are belt-stiffeners and strap-ends (pl. 1: 8, 9), as well as penannular and annular brooches (pl. 1: 4–7). The three-bladed (pl. 1: 11) and the “swallow tail formed” arrowhead (pl. 1: 16) are either from the same period or more recent.

The fourteen coins do not represent a large pattern, but it seems that two clear groups stand out: the coin of Emperor Valerian and the five coins minted from 268 to 276, and the four coins minted from 364 to 383. Among the first group, two coins are worn out, and four are well preserved; they suggest that the site was inhabited in the last third of the 3rd century. The absence of coins from the first half and the mid-4th century is probably an indication that the site was not occupied during that period, since the 3rd century antoniniani were rarely in use after the end of the 3rd centu-ry or possibly the beginning of the 4th century.45 The group of coins minted from 364 to 383 (three well preserved and two worn), suggests the site was occupied during the last third of the 4th century.

From the combination of data provided by coins and other finds from Mali Njivč, we therefore assume that the site was occupied during the last third of the 3rd century, and again during the last third of the 4th century. The use of the site in the first case is only indicated by coins, rather than other finds. The coin of Honorius suggests that the site was not entirely abandoned in the 5th century; the projectile-heads pl. 1: 12, 16 might come from the same period.

Human presence at Mali Njivč in the last third of the 3rd century, indicated only by coins, chronologically corre-sponds to the earliest and probably short-lived hilltop set-tlements in the region of the south-eastern Alps. They were related to the dangers to which the population in the mid-dle and the second half of the 3rd century was exposed.46 We assume Mali Njivč was a refuge for a short period in the last third of the 3rd century.

With its excellent view of the surroundings, the ridge of Mali Njivč has a highly significant strategic position. We therefore assume that the finds from the last third of the 4th century are associated with an army garrison, which was controlling a vital route, presumably passing by the site. The route was connecting northern Italy with its towns of Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli, Italy) and Aquileia (Aquileia, Italy) to the area of central Slovenia through the valley of the River Bača, where it was protected by a defensive wall at Zarakovec,47 and then probably contin-ued over Bukovo.48 In addition to the finds from Mali Njivč, the route along the foothills above the Cerknica

44 Cf. Ciglenečki 2011, 260.45 Kos 2011, 229–231; Istenič 1999, 203.46 Ciglenečki 1990, 154–157.47 Šašel, Petru 1971, 82–84, fig. 11.48 Cf. Ciglenečki 2011, 261, 268, fig. 5.1.

Štirinajst novcev sestavlja majhen vzorec, v katerem pa ja-sno izstopata dve skupini: Valerijanov novec in pet novcev, skovanih v obdobju od 268 do 276, ter štirje novci, skovani med 364 in 383. Med novci prve skupine so, poleg dveh iz-rabljenih, štirje dobro ohranjeni, ki kažejo na obljudenost najdišča v zadnji tretjini 3. stoletja. Odsotnost novcev iz prve polovice in sredine 4. stoletja verjetno kaže na neo-bljudenost najdišča v tem obdobju, saj so bili antoninijani druge polovice 3. stoletja po koncu 3. oziroma začetku 4. stoletja redko v obtoku.45 Skupina novcev, skovanih med 364 in 383 (trije dobro ohranjeni in dva izrabljena), kaže na obljudenost naselbine v zadnji tretjini 4. stoletja.

Iz kombinacije podatkov, ki izhajajo iz novcev in drugih drobnih najdb z Malega Njivča, torej sklepamo, da je bilo najdišče obljudeno v zadnji tretjini 3. stoletja in v zadnji tretjini 4. stoletja. Uporabo v zadnji tretjini 3. stoletja izpri-čujejo le novci, saj ni razvidna iz drugih najdb. En Honori-jev novec nakazuje, da v 5. stoletju najdišče ni bilo povsem opuščeno; iz tega obdobja sta morda tudi osti t. 1: 12, 16.

Človekova navzočnost na Malem Njivču v zadnji tretjini 3. stoletja, ki je izpričana le z novci, časovno sovpada z naj-zgodnejšo in verjetno kratkotrajno poselitvijo višinskih na-selbin na območju jugovzhodnih Alp. Ta je bila povezana z nevarnostmi v sredini in drugi polovici 3. stoletja.46 Do-mnevamo, da je bilo v zadnji tretjini 3. stoletja na Malem Njivču kratek čas pribežališče.

Greben Mali Njivč ima zelo pomembno strateško lego. Ta omogoča nadzor nad okolico, zato domnevamo, da so najdbe iz zadnje tretjine 4. stoletja povezane z vojaško posadko, ki je nadzirala pomembno pot, ki je verjetno vodila mimo najdišča. Gre za pot, ki je severno Italijo z mestoma Forum Iulii (Čedad/Cividale, Italija) in Aquileia/Oglej (Aquileia, Italija) povezovala z območjem osrednje Slovenije prek doline reke Bače, kjer jo je varovala zapora pri Zarakovcu47 in verjetno naprej preko Bukovega.48 Potek poti po obronkih pobočij nad dolino Cerknice ter mimo Malega Njivča, in ne prek Cerknega,49 kot je vodila sre-dnjeveška pot Čedad–Škofja Loka,50 poleg najdb z Malega Njivča nakazuje zgodnjesrednjeveška postojanka na Gra-

45 Kos 2011, 229–231; Istenič 1999, 203.46 Ciglenečki 1990, 154–157.47 Šašel, Petru 1971, 82–84, sl. 11.48 Prim. Ciglenečki 2011, 261, 268, sl. 5.1.49 Iz Cerkna in njegove ožje okolice, kjer so bili iskalci z detek-

torji kovin precej dejavni (prim. Istenič 2005 in Istenič, v tem zborniku), poznamo le eno zanesljivo poznoantično najdbo, tj. bronasto fibulo z nazaj zavito nogo iz 6. stoletja z Gradišča v Cerknem (NMS, inv. št. S 8101; za opredelitev fibule se za-hvaljujem Timoteju Knificu, NMS). Več poznoantičnih najdb je bilo najdenih na različnih lokacijah v okolici zaselka Police, ki leži jugozahodno od Cerkna, na planoti nad reko Idrijco: pu-ščična ost s tordiranim vratom, trikrilna puščična ost in čebu-ličasta fibula (NMS, inv. št. R 19054, R 26449, R 26509, S 4027).

50 Kosi 1998, 247–248.

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valley and past Mali Njivč is indicated by the early me-dieval site (presumably occupied by soldiers) of Gradišče above Trebenče.49 The extremely scarce late antique finds from Cerkno and its immediate vicinity, where the hunt-ers with metal detector were quite active,50 also suggest that in Late Antiquity the road did not pass by Cerkno, contrary to the medieval road Cividale del Friuli–Škofja Loka.51 If the route indeed went by Mali Njivč, it seems likely that it continued over Leskovica in the direction of Poljanska dolina (the valley of the River Poljanščica) in the east and towards Selška dolina (the valley of the River Selščica) in the north.

The route connection between Forum Iulii and central Slovenia across the mountainous region between Idrija and Škofja Loka was important as early as the end of the 1st century BC, when the Romans were conquering the south-eastern Alps.52 In Late Antiquity, the site of Puštal above Trnje by Škofja Loka was probably related to the control of this route (fig. 8). Ciglenečki describes the site as a fort on a naturally protected and additionally fortified area of 180 × 120 m, where pottery from the Late Antiquity was found.53 There, in the previous two decades, hunters with metal detectors have dug up Late La Tène, Roman and late antique artefacts, now kept in the NMS,54 as well as a hoard of tools and other objects from the second half of the 4th and early 5th centuries, kept by the museum at

49 I would like to acknowledge Timotej Knific (the NMS) for the information.

50 Cf. Istenič 2005 and Istenič, this book. The only reliable find is a 6th century bronze brooch with a foot bent backwards from Gradišče v Cerknem (the NMS, Inv. No. S 8101; dated by Timotej Knific). Several finds from Late Antiquity were discovered on various locations around the settlement of Police, located SW of Cerkno, on a plateau above the River Idrijca: an arrowhead with a spirally-twisted neck, a three-bladed arrowhead and a crossbow brooch (the NMS, Inv. Nos. R 19054, R 26449, R 26509, S 4027).

51 Kosi 1998, 247–248.52 Horvat 2009, 372.53 Ciglenečki 1987, 89, fig. 120 (the altitude cited there is incor-

rect).54 Inv. Nos. the NMS R 17792–17799, R 18887, R 17860–R 17864,

R 18766, S 2549, S 2559, S 2563, S 3314, S 3484–3490, S 4002–4025, S 5085–5088; cf. Knific, Sagadin 1991, cat. no. 72; Pflaum 2001a; Pflaum 2001b (In her paper on the strap end Inv. No. R 17793 (Pflaum 2001a), Veronika Pflaum states “Gorenja Raven” (without any other geographical data) as its find spot, which is incorrect. She was misled by the claim by one of the finders that the find spot of the object was Gornja Raven near Škofja Loka. We assume the finder was using either a 1 : 10,000 or 1 : 25,000 scale map; they both have the name Mala Roven (568.6 m a.s.l.) in place of the name Puštal on the 1 : 5,000 scale map. For the purpose of this paper, we have checked the find spot data with both of the finders and determined it was undoubtedly the same site, i.e. Puštal above Trnje. Ciglenečki (2011, 261–262, fig. 5.1) assumed from Pflaum’s publication 2001a that her “Gorenja Ravan” was a new site and located it to the area of the vil-lage of Gorenja Ravan on the western slopes of Malenski vrh between Selška and Poljanska Valleys); Štukl 2004, 416.

dišču nad Trebenčami.51 Če je pot res vodila mimo Malega Njivča, se zdi verjetno njeno nadaljevanje na vzhod čez Le-skovico proti Poljanski dolini in na sever proti Selški dolini.

Povezava med Forumom Iulii in osrednjo Slovenijo čez Idrijsko in Škofjeloško hribovje po Poljanski ali po Selški dolini je bila pomembna že ob koncu 1. stoletja pr. Kr., ko so Rimljani osvajali jugovzhodne Alpe.52 Z nadzorovanjem te poti v pozni antiki je verjetno povezano najdišče Puštal nad Trnjem pri Škofji Loki, ki je bilo sicer namenjeno pred-vsem nadzoru nad potjo po Selški dolini (sl. 8). Ciglenečki najdišče omenja kot utrdbo na naravno zavarovanem in dodatno utrjenem območju velikosti okoli 180 × 120 m, na katerem je bila najdena poznoantična keramika.53 V za-dnjih dveh desetletjih so na njem s pomočjo detektorjev kovin amaterji izkopali predmete pozne latenske, rimske in poznoantične dobe, ki jih hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije,54 ter depojsko najdbo orodja idr. predmetov iz druge polovi-ce 4. in začetka 5. stoletja, ki jo hrani Loški muzej.55 Med posamičnimi najdbami je veliko poznoantičnih predmetov. Vključujejo okove pasov in čebuličasto fibulo ter nakazuje-jo navzočnost vojske v drugi polovici 4. in/ali začetku 5. sto-letja.56 Z istega najdišča izvirajo rimski novci, med katerimi močno prevladujejo poznoantični, največ iz druge polovice 4. stoletja, pa tudi vzhodnogotski novci prve polovice 6. stoletja – štirje novci iz skupinske najdbe, zakopane po 539, in en posamičen.57 Lega najdišča je idealna za nadzor nad potjo po Selški dolini, omogoča pa tudi širši pregled nad izhodom iz hribovitega sveta na zahodu na Sorško polje.

Najdišče Mali Njivč je po ugodni strateški legi ob po-membni komunikaciji in po dataciji podobno Tonovcove-mu gradu pri Kobaridu. Tam je bila v drugi polovici 4. in

51 Za podatek se zahvaljujem Timoteju Knificu (NMS).52 Horvat 2009, 372.53 Ciglenečki 1987, 89, sl. 120 (pri navedbi nadmorske višine je

nastala pomota).54 Inv. št. NMS R 17792–17799, R 18887, R 17860–R 17864, R

18766, S 2549, S 2559, S 2563, S 3314, S 3484–3490, S 4002–4025, S 5085–5088; prim. Knific, Sagadin 1991, kat. št. 72; Pflaum 2001a; Pflaum 2001b (Veronika Pflaum je pri objavi jermenskega zaključka inv. št. R 17793 (Pflaum 2001a) kot najdišče navedla »Gorenja Raven« (brez drugih geografskih podatkov!), kar je narobe. Zavedel jo je podatek enega od najditeljev, da je najdišče predmeta Gornja Raven v bližini Škofje Loke. Domnevamo, da je uporabljal geografsko karto v merilu 1 : 10.000 ali 1 : 25.000; na obeh je namreč Mala Roven (568,6 m nm. v.) imenovano območje, ki je na kar-ti v merilu 1 : 5.000 poimenovano Puštal. Ob pisanju tega članka smo pri obeh najditeljih preverili najdiščne podatke in ugotovili, da gre nedvomno za eno najdišče, tj. Puštal nad Trnjem. Ciglenečki (2011, 261–262, sl. 5.1) je iz objave Pflaum 2001a sklepal, da je tam navedena Gorenja Ravan novo naj-dišče in ga je lociral na območje vasi Gorenja Ravan na za-hodnem pobočju Malenskega vrha na območju med Selško in Poljansko dolino); Štukl 2004, 416.

55 Štukl 2004.56 NMS R 17860, R 17862, R 17792, R 17793, R 17795; Pflaum

2001a; Pflaum 2001b; Pflaum 2002, 274, t. 3: 23, 31.57 FMRSl III, 71; FMRSl IV, 76; FMRSl V, 52, 53.

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Figure 8.The assumed late Roman routes, settlements and defensive walls in north- eastern Slovenia (updated from Ciglenečki 2011, fig. 5.1.).Slika 8.Severozahodna Slovenija z domnevnim potekom cest in poti v pozni rimski dobi ter sočasnimi zaporami in naselbinami (dopolnjeno po Ciglenečki 2011, sl. 5.1).

Škofja Loka.55 Among other finds, many are late antique, including belt fittings and a crossbow brooch, indicating Roman military presence in the second half of the 4th and/or early 5th centuries.56 Coins from the same site are largely from the Late Antiquity: mostly Roman coins from the second half of the 4th century, but also five Visigoth coins, which date from the first half of the 6th century (four come from a collective find, buried after 539).57 The exception-al position of the site is ideal for the control of the route along Selška dolina, but it also enables a wider supervi-sion over the exit/entrance ways from the hills onto Sorško polje from the west.

In terms of a favourable strategic position along an impor-tant communication line and in terms of chronology, the site of Mali Njivč resembles Tonovcov grad at Kobarid. According to Ciglenečki, Tonovcov grad was the site of an army garrison, guarding the Forum Iulii–the Adige Val-ley–the Soča Valley–Predel–Koroška route, and was part of the military frontier that protected Italy.58

Conclusion

The two prehistoric artefacts suggest a limited human presence at Mali Njivč in the Early Iron Age. As indicated from the coins and other small finds, the site was occu-pied in the last third of the 3rd century and again in the last third of the 4th century, and, perhaps, was not entirely abandoned in the 5th century.

Mali Njivč seems to have been occupied for a short time in the last third of the 3rd century, similarly to other hilltop settlements in the region of the south-eastern Alps during the dangerous times in the mid- to late 3rd century.

We assume that in the last third of the 4th century Mali Njivč was a location of an army garrison. The indications are the small finds (coins and objects associated with the Roman army), an outstanding strategic position, which enables the control over an important communication line, as well as the comparison to the site of Tonovcov grad at Kobarid. It is the position of Mali Njivč that actually suggests the course of a route that connected northern Ita-ly through the valley of the River Bača with central Slove-nia, or, more specifically, the course of the segment east of Bukovo. We assume it lead along the foothills on the edge of the valley of Cerknica to the area below Mali Njivč, from where two routes are possible: either north towards the Selška dolina or east towards the Poljanska dolina.

55 Štukl 2004.56 The NMS R 17860, R 17862, R 17792, R 17793, R 17795; Pflaum

2001a; Pflaum 2001b; Pflaum 2002, 274, pl. 3: 23, 31.57 FMRSl III, 71; FMRSl IV, 76; FMRSl V, 52, 53.58 Ciglenečki 2011, 259–260, 264–265.

prvih treh desetletjih 5. stoletja po mnenju Ciglenečkega nameščena vojaška posadka, ki je varovala cesto Čedad/Fo-rum Iulii–dolina Nadiže–dolina Soče–Predel–Koroška in je bila sestavni del vojne krajine, namenjene obrambi Italije.58

Sklep

Prazgodovinski najdbi nakazujeta skromno človekovo nav-zočnost na Malem Njivču v starejši železni dobi. Glede na novce in druge drobne najdbe je bilo najdišče obljudeno v zadnji tretjini 3. stoletja in v zadnji tretjini 4. stoletja ter v 5. stoletju morda ni bilo povsem opuščeno.

Zdi se, da je bil Mali Njivč poseljen kratek čas v zadnji tre-tjini 3. stoletja, podobno kot druge višinske naselbine na območju jugovzhodnih Alp v obdobju nevarnosti v sredini in drugi polovici 3. stoletja.

Domnevamo, da je bila v zadnji tretjini 4. stoletja na Ma-lem Njivču vojaška postojanka. Na to kažejo drobne najd-be (novci in predmeti, ki jih povezujemo z rimsko vojsko), izjemna strateška lega, ki omogoča nadzor nad pomembno komunikacijo in primerjava z najdiščem Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Prav lega Malega Njivča namreč nakazuje potek poti, ki je severno Italijo prek doline Bače povezovala z

58 Ciglenečki 2011, 259–260, 264–265.

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Acknowledgments

Timotej Knific provided me with invaluable information and advice in studying the material and preparing this pa-per, while Boštjan Laharnar (both Archaeological Depart-ment of the NMS) helped me with organizing the making of the site map. Alenka Miškec (Coin Cabinet, the NMS) kindly provided me with information regarding the coin finds and found time to discuss their interpretation with me. Jana Horvat and Slavko Ciglenečki read the manu-script and gave valuable comments, while Dragan Božič (all Institute of Archaeology, ZRC SAZU) helped me date some of the objects. My sincere gratitude to all of them.

Translation: Katarina JerinLanguage editing: Terry Troy Jackson

CATALOGUE

The objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia.

Plate 1.1. Certosa type brooch; length 133 mm; copper alloy; Inv. No.

P 29120. 2. Head and bow of a brooch with a narrow hinge, the upper

side of the wide bow is devided in two fiels decorated by incised ornament (no traces of niello or enamel are discerna-ble); surviving length 33 mm; copper alloy; Inv. No. R 26834.

3. Foot and part of the bow of a brooch (Almgren Type 69?); surviving length 53 mm; copper alloy; Inv. No. R 26829.

4. Pennanular brooch with coiled terminals; length 46 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26846.

5. Annular brooch with a rectangular extension and punched decoration; length 61 mm; copper alloy, iron pin; Inv. No. R 26835.

6. Annular brooch with a rectangular extension and punched decoration, the pin is missing; length 55 mm; copper alloy; Inv. No. R 26841.

7. Annular brooch with elaborate extension and punched dec-oration, the pin is missing; length 76 mm; copper alloy; Inv. No. R 26840.

8. Propeller-stiffener with punched and chased decoration; length 40 mm; copper alloy; Inv. No. R 26836.

9. Amphora-shaped strap-end with punched decoration; sur-viving length 48 mm; copper alloy; Inv. No. R 26837.

10. Spearhead; surviving length 129 mm; iron; Inv. No. P 29119.11. Three-bladed tanged arrowhead; length 57 mm; iron; Inv.

No. R 26848.12. Tanged and collared projectile of triangular section; length

61 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26821.13. Socketed projectile of square section; length 77 mm; iron;

Inv. No. R 26820.14. Socketed projectile of square section, the socket is split;

length 81 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26819.15. Projectile (?); length 53 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26865.16. Arrowhead of a »swallow tail form« with a split socket; sur-

viving length 8,7 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26822.

osrednjo Slovenijo, natančneje potek njenega odseka vzho-dno od Bukovega. Domnevamo, da je vodil po obronkih pobočij nad dolino Cerknice do pod Malim Njivčem, od koder sta možni dve nadaljevanji: na sever proti Selški do-lini ali na vzhod proti Poljanski dolini.

Zahvale

Pri študiju gradiva in pripravi članka so bila zelo dragocena najrazličnejša pojasnila in nasveti Timoteja Knifica (Arhe-ološki oddelek NMS). Boštjan Laharnar (Arheološki od-delek NMS) mi je pomagal pri organizaciji izdelave načrta najdišča. Alenka Miškec (Numizmatični kabinet NMS) mi je prijazno posredovala podatke o novčnih najdbah in si vzela čas za pogovor z mano o njihovi interpretaciji. Jana Horvat in Slavko Ciglenečki sta prečitala rokopis in pri-spevala dragocene pripombe, Dragan Božič (vsi Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU) pa mi je pomagal pri opredelitvi nekaj predmetov. Vsem se iskreno zahvaljujem.

KATALOG

Najdbe hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije.

Tabla 1.1. Certoška fibula, dol. 133 mm; bakrova zlitina; inv. št. P

29120.2. Glava in lok fibule s skovanim (tulastim) tečajem, ohr. dol.

33 mm; zgornja stran širokega trakastega loka je s prečnimi rebri razdeljena na dve polji, v katerih je vrezan okras (v njem ni videti sledov niella ali emajla); bakrova zlitina; inv. št. R 26834.

3. Noga in del loka močno profilirane fibule (Almgren 69?), ohr. dol. 53 mm; bakrova zlitina; inv. št. R 26829.

4. Obročasta fibula z zavitima koncema, dol. 46 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26846.

5. Obročasta fibula z enostavnim nastavkom, ob robu punciran okras, dol. 61 mm; bakrova zlitina, trn železen; R 26835.

6. Obročasta fibula z enostavnim nastavkom, dol. 55 mm; ba-krova zlitina; inv. št. R 26841.

7. Obročasta fibula z razčlenjenim nastavkom, dol. 76 mm; ba-krova zlitina; inv. št. R 26840.

8. Krilati okov, dol. 40 mm; na licu punciran in morda tudi vgraviran okras; bakrova zlitina; inv. št. R 26836.

9. Okov v obliki amfore, ohr. dol. 48 mm; na licu punciran okras; bakrova zlitina; inv. št. R 26837.

10. Sulična ost, ohr. dol. 129 mm; železo; inv. št. P 29119.11. Trikrilna puščična ost, dol. 57 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26848.12. Izstrelek s konico trikotnega preseka in s trnom, dol. 61 mm;

železo; inv. št. R 26821.13. Izstrelek z dolgim tulastim nasadiščem in konico štirikotne-

ga preseka, fina izdelava, dol. 77 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26820.14. Izstrelek s tulastim nasadiščem in konico štirikotnega prese-

ka, groba izdelava, dol. 81 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26819.15. Izstrelek, dol. 53 mm; železo; R 26865.16. Ost s tulastim nastavkom in konico z zalustima, ohr. dol. 8,7

mm; železo; inv. št. R 26822.

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Plate 2.17. Key; length 224 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26842.18. Key; length 195 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26843.19. Key; surviving length 220 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26844.20. Key; reconstructed length 86 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26845.21. Elongated object with chased ornament; length 85 mm;

leaded bronze;59 Inv. No. R 26866.22. Elongated object; surviving length 51 mm; copper60; Inv.

No. R 26867.23. Fragment of a drill; surviving length 83 mm; iron; Inv. No.

R 26826.24. Part od a ladle; surviving length 148 mm; iron; Inv. No. R

26847.

Plate 3. 25. Knife; surviving length 220 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26818.26. Knife; surviving length 165 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26825.27. Part of a knife (?); surviving length 87 mm; iron; Inv. No. R

26828.28. Part of a tool with a blade and a handle; surviving length 86

mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26830.29. Object with a chisel-shaped end; length 122 mm; iron; Inv.

No. R 26816.30. Object with a chisel-shaped end; surviving length 67 mm;

iron; Inv. No. R 26817.31. Staple; surviving length 72 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26827.32. Pointed object with a ring-loop; surviving length 104 mm;

iron; Inv. No. R 26823.33. Pointed object with a ring-loop; surviving length 118 mm;

iron; Inv. No. R 26824.34. Rod-like and twice bent object, one end pointed, the other

flat and curved; length 97 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26868.35. Curb bit; length 130 mm; iron; Inv. No. G 13419.36. Fragment of a Certosa type brooch; surviving length 19

mm; copper alloy; Inv. No. P 29121. 37. Ring; diameter 53 mm; iron; Inv. No. R 26831.

Figure 7.Fragment of a flat object, product of melting down iron objects or perhaps of melting down iron ore, dimensions 87 × 51 × 18 mm, density ca. 6,5 g/cm3; Inv. No. R 26832.

59 Results of the characterisation (XRF) performed on object’s surface (by Zoran Milić, the National Museum of Slovenia): Cu 50.5 %, Pb 25.3 %, Sn 24.2 %.

60 Characterisation (XRF) of the material, performed on object’s surface, by Zoran Milić, the National Museum of Slovenia.

Tabla 2.17. Ključ, dol. 224 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26842.18. Ključ, dol. 195 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26843.19. Ključ, ohr. dol. 220 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26844.20. Ključ, rek. dol. 86 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26845.21. Ploščata palčka, na sredini zgornje strani vrezan okras, dol.

85 mm; svinčev bron59; R 26866.22. Paličast predmet, ohr. dol. 51 mm; baker60; R 26867.23. Žlička svedra, ohr. dol. 83 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26826.24. Zajemalo in del trakastega ročaja zajemalke, ohr. dol. 148

mm; železo; inv. št. R 26847.

Tabla 3. 25. Nož, zaključek ročaja ni ohr., ohr. dol. 220 mm; železo; inv.

št. R 26818.26. Nož, ohr. dol. 165 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26825.27. Del noža (?), ohr. dol. 87 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26828.28. Del orodja z ravnim rezilom in pravokotno nanj postavlje-

nim ročajnim trnom, ohr. dol. 86 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26830.

29. Predmet s trikotno oblikovanim delom, ki ima dletasto prio-streno konico, dol. 122 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26816.

30. Predmet s trikotno oblikovanim delom, ki ima dletasto prio-streno konico, ohr. dol. 67 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26817.

31. Razcepka z zanko okroglega preseka, ohr. dol. 72 mm; žele-zo; inv. št. R 26827.

32. Koničast predmet z obročasto zanko, ohr. dol. 104 mm; žele-zo; inv. št. R 26823.

33. Koničast predmet z obročasto zanko, ohr. dol. 118 mm; žele-zo; inv. št. R 26824.

34. Paličast dvakrat zapognjen predmet, en konec je koničasto zaključen, drugi sploščen in usločen, dol. 97 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26868.

35. Brzda, dolžina 130 mm; železo; inv. št. G 13419.36. Odlomek loka certoške fibule, ohr. dol. 19 mm; bakrova zli-

tina; inv. št. P 29121 37. Obroč, premer 53 mm; železo; inv. št. R 26831.

Slika 7.Del ploščatega predmeta, produkt taljenja železa ali morda žele-zove rude, 87 × 51 mm, debel. 18 mm, gostota okoli 6,5 g/cm3; inv. št. R 26832.

59 Razultati XRF analize na površini predmeta (Zoran Milić, Na-rodni muzej Slovenije): Cu 50,5 %, Pb 25,3 %, Sn 24,2 %.

60 XRF analizo na površini predmeta je naredil dipl. ing. Zoran Milić, Narodni muzej Slovenije.

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Rome / Rim

Traianus

1 S 98–117 Roma RIC II ?

Antoninus Pius(Faustina I. or / ali Diva Faustina I.)

2 As 138–161 Roma RIC III ?

M. Aurelius

3 S 177–178 Roma RIC III 1230

Valerianus I.

4 An after /po 255 -RIC V/1 - (ad 104A)MIR - (ad 69c)

Claudius II.

5 An 268–270 Roma RIC V/1 92K

6 An 268–270 Sis RIC V/1 181F I

7 An 268–270 ? RIC V/1 ? ?

Tacitus

8 An 275–276 Roma RIC V/1 150F P

9 An 275–276 ? RIC V/1 ? ?

Minting period / Obdobje kovanja 364–378 Valentinianus I.

10 AE 3 364–375 ? RIC IX ? ?

Valens

11 AE 3 364–378 ? RIC IX ? ?

Gratianus

12 AE 3 367–375 Tes RIC IX 26c xv TES */B

Minting period / Obdobje kovanja 378–383Valentinianus II.

13 AE 2 378–383 Aq RIC IX 30b 1 SMAQ

Minting period / Obdobje kovanja 408–423Honorius

14 AE 3 408–423 ? RIC X ? ?

1. LJ 84048. Reverse: standing figure. Wt.: 23.95 g. Φ: 32.5 mm. Axis: 6. Worn.

2. LJ 84052. Identified according to portrait. Wt.: 9.97 g. Dim.: 22.5 × 23.5 mm. Worn.

1. LJ 84048. Reverz: stoječa figura. T.: 23,95 g. Φ: 32,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Izrabljen.

2. LJ 84052. Določitev po portretu. T.: 9,97 g. Dim.: 22,5 × 23,5 mm. Izrabljen.

CATALOGUE OF COINSAndrej Šemrov

Coins, individual finds. The names of emperors are followed by denomination (S = sestertius, As = as, An = antoninianus, AE = a bronze coin, the number indicates its size), the date, the mint (Sis = Siscia, Aq = Aquileia, Tes = Thessalonica), standard bib-liography and mintmark. The list gives the inventory number (Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Slovenia), measurements (Φ = diameter, wt. = weight, dim. = dimensions) and condition of coins.

KATALOG NOVCEV Andrej Šemrov

Novci, posamične najdbe. Pod posameznimi vladarji si sledijo podatki o nominalni vrednosti novca (S = sestertius, As = as, An = antoninianus, AE = bronast novec, številka označuje njegovo velikost), dataciji kovanja, kovnici (Sis = Siscia, Aq = Aquileia, Tes = Thessalonica), standardni literaturi in priznaku kovnice. V seznamu so navedene inventarne številke (Numizmatični ka-binet, Narodni muzej Slovenije), mere (dim. = dimenzije, Φ = premer, t. = teža) in stopnja ohranjenosti novcev.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY / LITERATURA

BASSI, C., NICOLIS, F. 1997, Elementi per conoscenza dei sistemi di apertura e chiusura in età romana: lo scavo archeo-logico di Mezzocorona-Giontec. − In/V: U. Raffaelli (ed./ur.), Oltre la porta, Serrature, chiavi e forzieri dalla preistoria all’età moderna nelle Alpi orientali, Trento, 103–114.

BIERBRAUER, V. 1987, Invillino − Ibligo in Friaul 1. − Münch-ner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 33, München.

BOLTA, L. 1981, Rifnik pri Šentjurju. Poznoantična naselbina in grobišče / Rifnik – spätantike Siedlung und Gräberfeld. – Katalo-gi in monografije 19, Ljubljana.

BREŠČAK, D. 1990, Gradec nad Mihovim. − In/V: Arheološka najdišča Dolenjske, Arheo, Posebna številka, izdana ob 100-let-nici arheoloških raziskav v Novem mestu, 13. 9. 1890 – 13. 9. 1990, Novo mesto, 105–106.

BUORA, M. 1991, Punte di freccia a tre alette dal Friuli-Vene-zia Giulia. − Civiltà Padana 3, 59−78.

CIGLENEČKI, S. 1987, Höhenbefestigungen aus der Zeit vom 3. bis 6. Jh. im Ostalpenraum / Višinske utrdbe iz časa 3. do 6. st. v vzhodnoalpskem prostoru. – Dela 1. razreda SAZU 31, Ljubljana.

CIGLENEČKI, S. 1990, K problemu datacije nastanka rimsko-dobnih višinskih utrdb v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru. – Šašlov zbornik, Arheološki vestnik 41, 147–176 [summary in German / povzetek v nemščini].

CIGLENEČKI, S. 1999, Results and problems in the Archae-ology of the Late Antiquity in Slovenia / Izsledki in problemi poznoantične arheologije v Sloveniji. − Arheološki vestnik 50, 287−309.

CIGLENEČKI, S. 2000, Tinje nad Loko pri Žusmu / Tinje oberhalb von Loka pri Žusmu. − Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 4, Ljubljana.

CIGLENEČKI, S. 2011, Vloga in pomen poznoantične nasel-bine / The role and importance of the Late Antique settlement. − In/V: S. Ciglenečki, Z. Modrijan, T. Milavec, Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu, Naselbinski ostan-ki in interpretacija / Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid, Settlement remains and interpretation, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 23, Ljubljana, 257−287.

DOLENZ, H. 1998, Eisenfunde aus der Stadt auf dem Mag-dalensberg. – Kärntner Museumsschriften 75, Archäologische Forschungen zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 13, Klagenfurt.

DULAR, A. 1991, Prazgodovinska grobišča v okolici Vinjega vrha nad Belo cerkvijo / Die vorgeschichtlichen Nekropolen in der Umgebung von Vinji vrh oberhalb von Bela cerkev. – Katalogi in monografije 26, Ljubljana

FEUGÈRE, M. 1985, Les fibules en Gaule méridionale. De la conquête à la fin du Ve s. ap. J.-C. – Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise, Supplément 12, Paris.

FEUGÈRE, M. 1993, Les armes des Romains. − Paris.

FEUGÈRE, M. 1996, L’armement du Bas-Empire. – In/V: M. Reddée, J. Bénard (eds./ur.), L’armée romaine en Gaule, Paris, 267–278.

FINGERLIN, G. 1986, Dangstetten I. Katalog der Funde (Fund-stellen 1 bis 603). – Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 22, Stuttgart.

3. LJ 84049. Wt.: 20.1 g. Φ: 30 mm. Axis: 12. Well preserved.4. LJ 84051. Cast, limesfalsa, imitation. Wt.: 2.37 g. Dim.: 18 ×

20 mm. Axis: 6. Well preserved.5. LJ 84053. Wt.: 1.89 g. Dim.: 22.5 × 20.5 mm. Axis: 12. Well

preserved.6. LJ 84054. Wt.: 1.6 g. Φ: 17 mm. Axis: 12. Well preserved.7. LJ 84047. Reverse: Providentia (?) left. Wt.: 2.07 g. Dim.:

18.5 × 16.5 mm. Axis: 6. Worn.8. LJ 84046. Wt.: 1.95 g. Dim.: 21 × 20 mm. Axis: 11. Well pre-

served.9. LJ 84056. Wt.: 5.2 g. Dim.: 20.5 × 21.5 mm. Axis: 12. Worn.10. LJ 84050. Wt.: 1.66 g. Φ: 17 mm. Axis: 12. Well preserved.11. LJ 84044. Wt.: 1.22 g. Dim.: 16.5 × 18.5 mm. Axis: 12. Worn.12. LJ 84045. Wt.: 2.05 g. Dim.: 17 × 16 mm. Axis: 12. Well pre-

served.13. LJ 84057. Wt.: 3.22 g. Φ: 23.5 mm. Axis: 12. Well preserved.14. LJ 84055. Wt.: 2.14 g. Φ: 15.5 mm. Axis: 12. Worn.

3. LJ 84049. T.: 20,1 g. Φ: 30 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen.

4. LJ 84051. Ulitek, limes falsa, imitacija. T.: 2,37 g. Dim.: 18 × 20 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Dobro ohranjen.

5. LJ 84053. T.: 1,89 g. Dim.: 22,5 × 20,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen.

6. LJ 84054. T.: 1,6 g. Φ: 17 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen.

7. LJ 84047. Reverz: Providentia (?) levo. T.: 2,07 g. Dim.: 18,5 × 16,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 6. Izrabljen.

8. LJ 84046. T.: 1,95 g. Dim.: 21 × 20 mm. Položaj pečata: 11. Dobro ohranjen.

9. LJ 84056. T.: 5,2 g. Dim.: 20,5 × 21,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Izrabljen.

10. LJ 84050. T.: 1,66 g. Φ: 17 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen.

11. LJ 84044. T.: 1,22 g. Dim.: 16,5 × 18,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Izrabljen.

12. LJ 84045. T.: 2,05 g. Dim.: 17 × 16 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen.

13. LJ 84057. T.: 3,22 g. Φ: 23,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Dobro ohranjen.

14. LJ 84055. T.: 2,14 g. Φ: 15,5 mm. Položaj pečata: 12. Izrabljen.

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Plate 1.Mali Njivč. 1–3, 5–9 copper alloy; 4, 10–16 iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj).Tabla 1.Mali Njivč. 1–3, 5–9 bakrova zlitina; 4, 10–16 železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj).

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Plate 2.Mali Njivč. 21 leaded bronze; 22 copper; rest iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj).Tabla 2.Mali Njivč. 21 svinčev bron; 22 baker; drugo železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj).

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Plate 3.Mali Njivč. 36 copper alloy; rest iron. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj).Tabla 3.Mali Njivč. 36 bakrova zlitina; drugo železo. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj).