malayala sahityam 24.3 layout

1 IYm-km-ln-Xyw

kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FU-yp-t°-j≥

142

IYm-km-ln-Xyw CORE COURSE

ForBA MALAYALAM

II SEMESTER(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

2 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA MALAYALAM

II SEMESTER

CORE COURSEIYm-km-ln-Xyw

Prepared by:

Dr. Biju Joseph,Department of Malayalam,Thunjan Memorial Govt. College,Tirur, Malppuram (Dist).

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

(c)Reserved

3 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿

IYm-km-ln-Xyw 5t\mh¬ 9

imcZ 17

[¿Ω-cmP 20

c≠n-S-ßgn 22

Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw 24am‰mØn 27

sNdp-IY 31

hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn 36

ac-∏m-h-Iƒ 37

a\p-j-y-]pXn 38

Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv 40

]£n-bpsS aWw 43

sNń-∏q-°ƒ 45

]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ 50

apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºmń 52

e©v 54

H‰ 56

`qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ 59

]¥n-t`m-P\w 61

4 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


5 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


IYm-km-lnXyw

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D≠m-°p-I.

ae-bmf t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb a\- n-em-°p-I.

ka-Im-eo\ t\mh-en-s‚bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

Ncn-Xhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp D¬∏-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu kmlnXy cq]-ßsf

Dƒs°m-≈p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

t\mh¬˛]m-›mXy ]uckvXy \n¿hN-\-ßƒ˛t\m -h¬ apt∂m-Sn -Iƒ hniz -

km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ sdmam≥kp-Ifpw t\msh-√p-Ifpw ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-

ep-Iƒ- -hn-iz-]-kn-≤-ß-fmb t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw- -hn-t\m-Zhpw hn⁄m-\hpw a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn,

PohnXw kwkvIm-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temIw apgp-h≥ ]c-°p-∂Xv

t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS mc-Xob t\mh-epIƒ- -B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-Iepw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw- -t\m-h¬ ae-

bm-f-Øn¬- -ap-t∂m-Sn-Iƒ- -B-ZysØ ae-bmf t\mh¬˛ hyXy-kvXm- n-]m-b-ßƒ 19mw \q‰m-≠nse

t\mh-ep-Iƒ Cµp-te-JbpwA\p-I-c-W-ß-fpw- -C-µp-te-J-bpsS Ncn-X-]-chpw kmkw-Im-cn-I-hp-amb

]m[m-\yw.

Ncn-X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈-bpsS Ncn-X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛

]m[m-\yw.

X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ- -hn-iz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ, tSmƒtÃm-bv, hnIvS¿ lyqtKm,

Nmƒkv Un°≥kv, slanMv th XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXn-Itfm cho-µ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿, _¶nw-N-µ-Nm-

‰¿Pn, Xmcm-i-¶¿ _tµym-]m-[ym-b, ic-®-µ-Nm-‰m¿Pn Bim-]q¿Æm-tZhn XpS-ßnb C¥y≥

kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS t\mh-ep-Itfm BImw.

tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-I-fn-epsS

amXw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏´, AXp-hsc ]pdw-temIw Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ Pohn-X-ß¬- -km-[m-c-W-

6 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


°m-cp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw Pohn-Xw- -]p-tcm-K-a\kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw

kzm[o-\hpw t\mh-en¬- -t\m-h¬ km[-c-W-°m-cs‚ Iem-cp-]-ambn amdn kml-Ncyw XI-gn, tIi-

h-tZ-hv, _jo¿, Fkv.-sI., Ddq-_v, apØn-cn-tßmSv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

hniZ]-T-\-Øn\v

1. imcZ ˛ N¥p-tam-t\m≥

2. [¿Ω-cmP ˛ kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n≈

3. c≠nS-ßgn ˛ XIgn

samUyqƒ 2

kmap-lnI am‰-ßƒ ˛ hy‡nsb tIµo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ- -a-\-»m-kvX-

Øns‚ kzm[o-\w- -hy-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw s]mcp-Ø-ßfpw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-I-fpw- -hy‡nbpw am\-

knI ]iv\-ß-fpw- - m-j-bp-tSbpw cN-\-bp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

cmP-e£van, Fw.-Sn. am[-hn-°p- n, sI. kptc-µ≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, sNdp-Im-Sv, ]md-∏p-d-

Øv, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, h’-e, F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-

\-Iƒ. t\mh-en≥ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw Bhn-jv°-cW coXn-bn¬

h∂ am‰-ßƒ hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ hy‡n kzmX-¥y-Øns‚

]iv\-ßƒ ˛ imkvX-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w- -hn-izmkØ-I¿®-Iƒ -aq-ey-Nyq-Xn-Iƒ- -A¥¿ap-J-Xzw- -

A-kvXn-Xz-kw-_-‘n-bmb ]iv\-ßƒ- -cm-jvSob k¶¬∏-ß-fn¬ h∂ am‰w- -kz-]v\-ß-fpsS \jvSw

˛ ]Xo-£-I-fpsS ssItam-iw- -am-\-knI hn`m-¥n-Iƒ, Bib°p-g-∏-ßƒ/A\y-h¬--°-c-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ˛ ]md-∏p-dØv

a‰mØn ˛ kmtdm-tPm-k v

klm-b-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

t\mh¬ kmlnXy NcnXw ˛ s^m^; sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥

ae-bmf t\mh¬ 19- mw \q‰-≠n¬ ˛ tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw

BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ s]m^: Xpºa¨ tXmakv

Ncn-X-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ I¬∏‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥

kn.-hn. Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS ˛ Fw.-sI. IrjvW≥

]Xn-]mXw mj-W-t`Zw ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-∏n≈

ssZh \oXn°p ZmP-£n-Wy-an√ ˛ tUm.-sI. mkvI-c≥ \mb¿

7 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

t\mhepw cmjvSo-bhpw ˛ F.-Fw. hmkp-tZh≥ ]n≈

samUyqƒ 3

sNdp-I-Ym- -\n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-

Ønse sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ hniz-]-kn-≤-cmb sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°ƒ ˛ sNdp-I-Y-sb∂ kmlnXy

cq]-Øns‚ hf¿® bqtdm-]y≥ mj-I-fn-¬ -em-‰n\ta-cn-°≥- -B-^n-°≥ m-j-I-fn¬ -a-\p-jy-]-

Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-km-£m¬°m-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ÿm\w.

sNdp-IY mc-Xob mj-I-fn¬- -h-f¿®- -sN-dp-IY ae-bm-f-Øn¬- -ssh-tZ-in-I-kzm-[o\w BZy-

Im-e-sN-dp-I-Y-Iƒ- -]-X-]-h¿Ø-\w- -]-X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS ]Nm-cw- -A\pI-c-W-ßƒ- -tI-c-fo-bm-¥-co-

£-Øn¬ \S-Ønb ]p\:krjvSn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c≥- -BZy sNdp-IY 19- mw \q‰-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\w.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS°w 1930 ItfmsS cq]-s∏´ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn

h∂ XI-gn, tZhv, _jo¿, Ddq-_v, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Imcp¿, hn.-Sn. Bs#.-B¿.-_n., efn-Xmw-_nI

A¥¿P-\w, sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-Iƒ- -bm-Ym-X-Y-k-t¶-Xw- -km-[m-\-cW a\pjy-

cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IYm-]m-X-ßƒ, kzmX¥y ka-c-]-›m-Ø-ew- -tI-c-f-Ønse CSp-X-]£

cmjvSob kzm[o\w ˛ ]Xyb imkvX-]-c-amb kzm[o\ -]q-tcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]`m-h-

Imew sNdp-I-Y-bpsS afi-e-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ.

hntZ-i-]-T-\-Øn\v

hmk-\mhn-IrXn ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Iq™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

ac-∏m-h-Iƒ ˛ -Im-cq¿

a\p-jy-]pXn ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

samUyqƒ ˛ 4

F) sNdp-IYbn¬ h∂ mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ- 1950 ItfmsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-

knI temI-ßsf NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Bhn-

jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn≥\n∂p amdn B¥-c-kz-XzsØ Bhn-jv°-cp-°p-∂-Xn\p ]m[m\yw, Sn. ]fl-\m- ≥,

Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p- n, F≥, taml-\≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿.

hniZ ]T-\-Øn\v

Ccp- ns‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZm-h≥\m.¿

]£n-bpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°p´n

sN´n-∏q-°ƒ ˛ tImhn-e≥

_n) B[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm-\w- -]p-Xnb mhp-I-Xzw- -bm-Ym¿∞ysØ A]-cn-Nn-X-h¬°-cn-

°p-Iw- -B-[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cN-\m-X-¥w- -hy-XykvX BJym\ coXn-I-fv#r- -bq-tdm-]nsπ

AkvXn-Xz-hm-Kw, iq\y-Xm-hmKw apX-emb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf X¿°p∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬, Fw.-

]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-≈, H,-hn. hnPb≥, Fw. apIp-µ≥, ]fl-cm-P≥. skXp, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp-≈,

hn.-sI.F≥. Im°-\m-S≥, k°dn-b, B\-µv, kn.-hn. iocm-a≥, ] -Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥, XpS-

8 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


ßnb IYm-Iq-Øp-°ƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

]]-©-Øns‚ Ahn-in-jvS-ßƒ ˛ k°-dnb

apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm´n ˛ Fw.-]nb \mcm-b-W-∏n≈

e©v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.

kn) sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ka-Im-enI apJw Fgp]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ B[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm-

\-Øns‚ hgn-ItfmSvv Htc kabw ASp-∏-hpw AI-ev®bpw ]pe¿Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h¿- -]m-c-Un, ]mTm-

¥-c-_-‘w, arK-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw sFXn-ly-ß-fp-sSbpw LS-\m- -B-Jym-\-cq-]-ßƒ- -B-[p-\n-I-X-bvs°-

Xn-sc-bp≈ Ie-lw- -]p-Xnb mhp-I-Xz-Øn-s‚ At\z-jWw kvXohm-Zw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m-[w,

]m¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏- -h-cpsS kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]mtZm-in-

I-X-bpsS ]Xn-tcm[w kmaq-lnI PmK-X, kq£va cmjvSob ss\Xn-I-[m-c-W.

F≥.-F-kv.-am-[-h≥, F≥. ]`m-I-c≥, kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥. hn.-]n. inh-Iq-am¿, sshim-

J≥, AIv_¿, Atim-I≥ sNcp-hn¬, sI.-]n. \n¿a¬ Ipam¿, tKkn, taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥

inlm-_q-±o≥ s]mbvØpw-I-S-hv. hn.-B¿. kp[o-jv, kmdm tPmk- v, KoXm lnc-Wy≥, AjnX Nµ-

aXn, knXmc Fkv., -kq-[oc sI.-B¿,-ao-c, sI.-]n. cma-\p-Æn, _n. apc-fn, kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\w, ]n.

kptc--µ≥, kp`mjv Nµ≥, B¿. DÆn. Cµp-ta-t\m≥, sI. tcJ, [\y-cm-Pv, kn.-A-\q]v XpS-ßnb

]pXnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

H‰ ˛ hn.-]n. ihn-Ipam¿

Cu qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

]¥n-t`m-P\w ˛ kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w

klmb KŸ-ßƒ

sNdp-IYm klnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

sNdp-IY C∂-se, C∂v ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥

IYm-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ ]n.-sI. ]c-tam-iz-c≥ \mb¿ KŸm-hen

IY BJym-\hpw A\p -h-k-Øbpw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥

sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµ v ˛ tUm.-hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥

\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿ΩmWhpw ˛ C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

IY-bpsS IY ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime sNdp-IY ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿

100 h¿jw 100 IY - tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ipam¿

sNdp-IY hm°pw hgnbpw ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿

IYbpw mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-ahpw ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿

9 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


t\mh¬

t\mh-en-s\-°p-dn®v k¿∆- k-Ω-X-amb Hcp- \n¿∆-N\w D-≠m-bn- n√. G‰hpw B[n-Im-cn-I-

ambn KWn-°-s∏-Sp∂ HmIvkvt^m¿Uv \nL-≠-phns‚ t\m -Øn¬ ""Gsd-°psd k¶o¿Æ-amb

Hcp CXn-hr-Ø-Øn¬, qX-Im-e--Øn-se-tbm, h¿-Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn-se-tbm, bYm¿∞ Pohn-XsØ ]Xn-

\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ kw -h-ß-sfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß--sf-bpw NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ kmam-\yw-\o≠ KZy-I-Y-

bm-Wv t\m-h¬''.

Fw.-]n. -t]mƒ: ""a\p-jy-cp-sS hnImc hn-Nm-c-ßsf ]mIm-in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw kw`hy-hp-amb Hcp CXn-

-hrØsØ BJym\w sNbvXv Im-hy-\p- q-Xn-bp-≠m-°p∂Xpamb KŸ-amWv t\mh¬ kmln-X-yw.

hnem-kn\n: ""t\mh¬ hgn-h-°nse IÆm-SnbmWv''.

t\mh-ense IY: A\p-hm-N-Is‚ IYm-Iu-Xp-IsØ k¥¿∏Ww sNøpI amX-a√ t\m-hense

IY-bpsS Dt±-iyw. AXn\v apØ»n IY-bm-bmepw t]mcm-bva-bn-√. IY a\pjy-\n-ep≈ ]e ASn-

ÿm-\-hm-k-\-I-sfbpw ]qcn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv F∂v AXns\°pdn®v ]T\w \S-Øn-bn- p≈ ]ecpw

Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. Xs∂-°p-dn®pw A\y-sc-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Pn⁄m-ksb AXv H-c-f-thmfw Xr]vXn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. A\y-cp-sS -A-\p- -h-ßsf kzmbØam-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wn-Xv. hy‡n-bp-sS -

C-Øn-cn-h- -Øn¬ \n∂pw ]]-©-Øns‚ hnim-e-X-bn-te°v k©-cn-°m-\pff hml-\-am-bn- pw -A-

Xns\ ImWmw.

CXn-hrØw (plot)

t\mh-ense IY GXm-bmepw shdpw IY amX-a-√. IY F∂p --]-d-bp-tºmƒ kw -h-ß-fpsS

Hcp-irw-Kw- Ft∂ hnh-£-bp-≈q. t\m-h-en¬ AXbpw t]mc. kw -h-ßƒ°v Imcy-Im-c-W-_‘w

thWw. Ah-bp-sS-k-∂n-th-i-Øn\v bp‡n]cX thWw. Aß-s\-bp≈ IY-sb \mw CXnhrØw

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Pohn--X-Ønse kw`h-ßƒ°n√mØ Imcy-Im-cW _‘w t\me-hnse CXn-hr-

Ø-Øn\v thW-sa∂v iTn-°p-∂Xv t\mh¬ Pohn-X-a-√, a\p-jy-kr-jvS-amb Hcp Iem-in¬]-amWv

F∂-Xp-sIm-≠-tX. Iem-in-ev]-ßƒ°v _mlyhpw B-¥-c--hp-amb kwhr-ØX(unity) Bh-iy-am-

Wv. t\m-h-en\vv AXp \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ CXn-hr-Ø-Xn\p (plot)hen-sbmcp ]-¶p≠v Bhn-jvImcw

tXSp∂ A\p- -h-ßsf t\mh-enÃv \nb-¥n®p \n¿Øp-∂Xv tπmńeqsSbmWv.

]ta-bw: tπmńt\msSm∏w ]cn-K-Wnt°≠p∂ as‰m-∂mWv ]tabw. t\mh-ense hnjbw F-∂

A∞-Ønepw Cu hm°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. Hcp IrXn-bn-se -]-[m-\-s∏´, tIµ-amb Bh-iy-sa-

∂ \n-e-bn-emWv CXv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. t\mh-en-s‚ "bqWn‰n' Dd-∏p h-cp-Øp-∂Xv tπm´v

BsW¶n¬ tπmńs‚ Znibpw t\mh-ens‚ kz`m-hhpw \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xv ]ta-b-am-Wv. Zp-¿_-e-

amb tπm´pIfp≈ IrXn-Isf c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥t]mepw i‡-amb ]ta-b-ßƒ°v km[n-°pw. IY

10 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ -A-\p- -h-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw Ahsb khn-tijIa-Øn¬ hn\y-kn-

°p-tºm-gpw t\mh-enÃns‚ t_m[sØ \bn-°p-∂Xv ]ta-b-ß-fm-Wv. ]tab-hp-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw

Xc-Øn¬ _‘-an-√m-Ø˛AXns\ t]mjn-∏n-°m-Ø˛Awi-ßƒ ]p-d¥≈s∏Sp-∂p. A¥na hni-I-

e-\-Øn¬ t\m-h--enÃv krjvSn-°p∂ k¶-ev]- tem-I-Ønse q]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw A¥-

co£hpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p--∂Xv t\mh-e-knÃv kzoI-cn-°p∂ ]ta-bamWv. GXv t\mh-en-Ãn\pw GXm-

\pw -Nne- ]tabßsf amXta ssIImcyw sNøm-s\m-°q. ho£W hnkvXr-Xnbn¬ AXp-ey\mb

tSmƒtÃm-bn°pt]mepw CXp _m[-I-am-Wv. Cu ]cn-anXn Hcp Zu¿∫-ey-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.

ho£W tIm¨ (point of view)£ -((pointW-tIm¨ (Point of view)

t\mh-ens‚ LS\bnse -kp-]-[m\ LS-Iw CXm-Wv. t\mh-en-Ãn\v Xs‚ -IYm hkvXp

hnt\-bpw -I-Ym-]m-X-ß-tfbpw t\m°n-°m--Wm≥ Fhn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-sam-cn-SØv \ne-bp-d--∏n-t®-]-‰q. AXn-

s\-bmWv ho£WtIm¨ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ho-£-W-tIm¨ t\mh-en-ep-S-\ofw H∂m-Imw.

Htc kw`hw Xs∂bpw ]e tImWp-I-fn¬\n∂pw t\m°n-°m-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. thWs-sa-¶n¬ t\m-

h-en-Ãn\v IY-bnse Hcp IYm-]m-XsØ Bth-in-°mw. Aßs\ Bhiyw t]mse Abm-fp-sS- I-

Æp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

IYm-]m-X-ßƒ

GXp t\mh-en-kvd-dn-s‚bpw Ign-hns‚ bYm¿∞ -am-\-Zfiw ]mX krjvSn-bn-ep≈ sshZ-

KvZy-am-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \n-cq-]-I-∑m¿ s]m-Xpth tbmPn-°p-∂p. t\mh-ep-Iƒ Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏Sp-∂-

Xp-t]mepw ]e-t∏mgpw IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. "[¿Ω-cmP' F∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ lcn-]-©m-

\--s\-bmWv Hm¿Ω-h-cn-I. IYm-]m-X-ßsf °pdn®p Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ Ft∏mgpw Hm¿-Ωn-t°-≠Xv

Ah¿° vt\m-h-en\p ]pdØv Aÿn-Xz-an-s√-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. t\mh-enÃv IY-bn-epS\ofw \¬-In-bn-

´p≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kqN-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw- A-\p-hm-N-I≥ k¶-ev]n-s®-Sp-°p∂ kzcq-]-

amWv GXp IYm-]m-X-hpw. Hmtcm IYm-]m-X-sØbpw Hmtcm- D-t±iyw ap≥ \n¿ØnbmWv t\mh-

enÃv krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn°pw cN-\-bnse kao-]-\w. Nne IYm-]m-X-ßƒ IYm-

I-Y-\-Øn-\p--th≠n amX-am-Imw. Nne¿ GsX-¶nepw Bi-b-Øn-s‚tbm hnizm-k-Øn-s‚tbm

]Xn-\n-[otbm ZrjvSm-¥tam BImw. Nne¿ t\mhen-\v- Akm-[m-c-W-amb am\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬

th≠n-bm-hmw. C\nbpw Nne¿ CXn-hr-Ø-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn-\p-th--≠n-bm-Imw.

IYm--]m-X-ß-sf-°p--dn®v Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏- n- p≈ H∂p c≠p Imcyw IqSn kv]¿in-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

IYm-]m-X-ßƒ "hy‡n-Iƒ' Bbn-cn-°-Wtam "amXr-I-Iƒ' Bbn-cn-°-Wtam F∂p-≈-XmWv Ah-

bn--sem-∂v. types Iƒ an°-hmdpw GsX-¶nepw Bi-b-sØtbm k¶-ev]-sØtbm ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-

°p-∂-Xm-hmw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahbv°p Poh-\pw -Ip-d-bpw. kmam-\y-Øn¬ hntijw tN¿Ø-

11 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


k-¶o¿ÆX ssIh-cp-Øp-tºm-gmWv ]mX cN\ icn-°pw -hn-P-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

PohnX Z¿i\w

F√mw ]d™p Ign-™mepw _m°n-\n¬°p∂ H∂mWv t\mh--en-Ãns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿»-\w.

GXp-Ir-Xn-°pw- A-¥na hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ aqeyw- \¬Ip-∂Xv Cu L-S-I-amWv. ImcWw AXn-eq-sS-

bmWv KŸI¿Øm-hns‚ hy‡n-kØ A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Abmƒ tem-I--sØbpw Pohn--X-sØbpw

kzta-[-bm -F-ßs\ t\m°n-°m-Wp∂p F∂p-≈-XmWv ][m-\w. Po-hn-XØns‚ ]nd-In¬ a-d-™n-

cn-°p-∂ -kq-£va- m-h-ßsf Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Ign-h-m-WnXv. ]Xn- -bpsS Xnf-ßp∂ hmƒØ-e-bp-am-

W-Xv.

t\mh¬˛]m--›m-Xy-]u-ckvXy ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ

t\mh-¬ F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ [mXz¿∞w ]pXn-bXv F∂m-Wv. ]Xn-\©mw iX-I-Øn¬ C‰-en-

bnepw ]Xn-\mdmw iX-I-Øn¬ ^m≥knepw Cw•-≠nepw ]N-cn® \qX-\-I-Y-bv°mWv t\mh-

se∂ t]cp e`n-®-sX∂v Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ "t\m-h¬ kmlnXyw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJs∏-Sp-

Øp∂p. Novus˛ Hcp eØo≥ ]Zw (A¿∞w˛ ]pXn-b-Xv) Novella-- ˛ Hcp C‰m-en-b≥ ]Zw

(A¿∞w˛ ]pXnb hkvXp-°ƒ) Ch c≠pw tN¿∂-mWv Novel F∂ ]Z-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂vNn-e¿ hni-

Zo-I--cn-°p-∂p. GXm-bm-epw- Novel F∂ ]ZØn\v ]p-Xnb BJym-\-IY F∂¿∞w Iev]n-°mw.

Po-hn-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS ka-K-kzm- mhw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ B[p-\nI kmlnXy cp]-amWv t\mh¬.

cq] mh-ß-fn¬ ]pe-cp∂ A]q¿-∆-ssh-NnXyw sIm≠v t\mh¬ klr-Z-b-cpsS BI¿jW tIµ-

ambnXo¿∂-n-cn-°p-∂p. "kaq-l-Øns‚ CXn-lmkw' F∂p t\mh-ens\ kmam-\y-ambn \n¿h-Nn-

°mw. hy‡nbpw kaq-l-hpw, hy‡nbpw hy‡n-bpw, hy‡n-bnse Xs∂ A-¥¿`m-h-ßƒ F∂nh

XΩn¬ \nc-¥c kwL¿jßƒ kw -hn-°p-∂p. Ch-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-bm¿∂- B-hn-jvIm-c-amWv t\mh-

ens‚ kzcq]w.

t\mh-ens\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]m›-mXy˛ B[p-\nI ]cn-I-ev]\Ifp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-

Øn-s√-¶nepw kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-Ønepw hn]p-e-am-sbmcp IYm]]©w -\n-e-\n∂p t]m∂p.

"kwkvIrXkmlnXyNcn-X'-Øn¬ IrjvW ssNX\y C°m-cy-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p∂p≠v. c≠n\w

IY-Isf ]‰n At±lw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. H∂v, bYm¿∞--Øn¬ Po-hn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n-I-sfbpw \S∂

IY-I-sfbpw tIm¿Øn-W-°nb BJym-bn-I-Iƒ. c≠v, `m-h-\-bn¬ cq]-sa-SpØ IY-Iƒ. Zfin-

bpsS "-Z-i-Ip-am-c-N-cnXw', (F.-Un. Bdmw \q‰m-≠v) "hmk-h-ZØ' (F.-Un. Ggmw \q-‰m-≠v) XpS-ßn-

bh BJym-bn-I-Iƒ°v- D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-f-Wv. F∂m¬ ]m›mXy t\mh-ep-Isf A\p-I-cn-®mWv C¥y-

12 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


bn¬ hn-injym tIc-f-Øn¬ t\mh¬ ]ÿm\w Bcw- n-®-Xv. hnizt\mh¬ kmlnXyw t\Snb

hnIm-k-Øns‚ Hu∂Xyw mc-Xo-b-t\m-h-en\v Ct∏mgpw A]m-]y-am-Wv. C¥y≥ -km-ln-Xy-Øn¬

t\mh¬ F∂ Iem-cq]w G‰hpw ]^p-√-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv _wKm-fn-bn-em-Wv. Ncn-X-Øns‚ GSp-

I-fn¬ \n∂v CXn-hrØw sXc-s™-Sp-ØmWv _wKmfn kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb _¶nw Nµ≥ (1838-

˛1894)-B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-Iƒ cNn-®-Xv. _wKm-fnse kvtIm v F∂-t±lw ]Io¿--Øn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw

sNbvXp. "Zp¿tK-i-\-µn-\n'-bpsS CXn-hr-Ø-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ "sFhmt\m'bpsS ]I-S-amb kzm-[o-

\-ap-≠v. I-taW ImenI ]m[m-\y-ap≈ kmaq-ly]-iv\-ß-fn-tebv°v At±-l-Øns‚ XqenI Xncn-

™p. Xmcm-i-¶-dns‚ "BtcmKy \ntI-X\w-, hn`q-Xn- q-js‚ "Bc-WyIv' F∂o t\mh-ep-Iƒ _wKmfn-

km-lnXyØnse F°m-e-sØbpw anI® krjvSn-I-fmWv.

t\mh¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬

t\m-h¬ cq]Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-en-d-ßnb BZy-IrXn dh: tPmk^v ]o‰v, "]n¬Knwkv

t]mKkn'\p Xøm-dm-°nb hnh¿-Ø-\-amb "Xo¿∞m-SI ]p-tcm-KXn' (1840)-bm-Wv. 1878- ¬ ]kn-

≤o-Ir-X-am-b- an- nkv tImfn≥kns‚ "LmX-I-h-['-Øn∂v BZy-t\m-h-ens‚ ÿm\w Nne¿ \¬-Ip-

∂p-≠v. 1882˛¬ B¿®v Uo°≥ tImin-bpsS "]pt√-en-°p©p' ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. Nne-cpsS Zrjvv-Sn-

bn¬ 1887 ¬ shfn®w I≠, A∏p-s\-Sp-ßm-Sn-bpsS "Ipµ-eX'bmWvv BZy t\mh¬. C∏-d™ IrXn-

Iƒs°√mw Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]m[m\yw Iev]n-°m-sa-¶nepw, e£-W-bp-‡-am-bn-cn--s°-Xs∂

B]mZNqVw kmc-ky-]q¿Æ-amb BZysØ ae-bmf t\mh¬ 1889˛¬]p-d-Øp-h∂ H. N¥p-ta-

t\ms‚ (1847- 1900) "Cµp-teJ' bm-Wv. bmsXmcp hf-®p-sI´pw C√msX Hgp-°≥ -a- n¬ ]d-™p-

Xo¿Øn-cn-°p∂ Cu IY-bpsS kmaqly ]m[m-\yhpw kmln-XyK-p-Whpw a\pjy kz`mhmhn-jvI-

c-Whpw \-ΩpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXp bpKw Xs∂ DZvLvS\w sNbvXp. N¥ptat\m≥ Pohn-

®n-cp∂ ImesØ acp-a-°-Ømb Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnse A¥-co-£hpw ]iv\-ßfpw CXn¬ \nd™p

\n¬°p-∂p. "Cµp-teJ' bpsS almhnP-b-Øn\p Im-c-Ww AXn\h-ew-_-ambn Hcp Cw•ojvv t\mh¬

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n- pw, Cu IrXn-°v kn≤n® \qdp iX-am\w ae-bm-fn-Xz-am-Wvv. ]mX-Nn--X-W-Øn¬ amX-

a-√, ]›m-Øe t_m[-Ønepw, BJym\ kuK-ay-Ønepw Cu ae-bm-fnØw A¥¿ -hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

"Cµp-teJ-'bpsS BapJ-Øn¬ N-¥p-ta-t\m≥Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p≠v, Xm≥ Kr-l-Ønepw Np‰p-

]m-Sp-I-fnepw kwkm-cn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Nm-c-ap-≈- mj, AXns‚ hymI-cW km≤y-X-Iƒ -

H∂pw Xs∂ t\m°msX At-X]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn- p-≈-sX∂v . Ie-bn¬ IqSn kmaqly

]cn-jvI-c-Ww -\n¿∆-ln-°p∂ KŸ-Im-c≥. N¥p tat\ms‚ c≠msØ t\mh-emb "imcZ' A]q¿Æ-

am-Wv.

ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ]nd-∂-Xp-Xs∂ Gsd-°psd ]q¿Æ-X-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. -N-¥p-ta-t\m-

-sSm∏w kn.-hn.-cm-a≥ ]n≈ bmWv Cu Db¿®-b°p Imc-W-am-b-Xv. kn.-hn.-cm-a≥ ]n≈ `qX-Im-e-

13 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


sØ Xs‚ t\mhep-I-fn-te°v Bhm-ln-®p. Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]ivNm-Ø-e-Øn¬ k¶ev]w sIm≠v

Hcp alm-tem-Iw -krjvSn°pI-bmWv At±lw sN-bvX-Xv. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω, [¿Ω-cm-P, cmacmP_l-

Zq¿ F∂nßs\ aq∂v Ncn-XmJym-bn-I-Iƒ At±-lw-c-Nn®p At±-l-Øns‚ mj--Kw- o-c-hpw - m-hm-hn-

jvI-c-W -k-a¿∞-hp-am-Wv. KmaoW Pohn-X-Øns‚ ip≤-amb em-fnXysØsb-∂-t]mse cmP-Iob

Pohn-X-Øns‚ BV-w_c ]uVnIsf-bpw kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS ]-Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ B mjbv°p

Ign-bp-∂p. ]mX-Nn--Xo-Ic-W-Øn¬ kn.-hnsb t∏mse ssh -h-ap≈ t\m-h-se-gp-Øp-Im¿ Ipd-hm-

Wv.

"Cµp-teJ' \nc-h[n A\p-I¿Øm-°sf krjvSn-®p. \mbn-I-am-cpsS t]cp-I-fn¬ t\m-h-ep-

Iƒ s]-cp-In. CXn-s\ -B--t£-]n-®p-sIm≠v Ing-t°-∏m´v cma-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xnb "]-dtßmSo ]cn-

Wbw' (1892) ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Bt£-]-lm-ky- t\m-h-en\p XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Icm v A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥

Fgp-Xnb "hncp-X≥i¶p' hmWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ "XkvIc' t\mhen\v Bcw- -an- -Xv. sI. \mcm-b-W-

°p-cp-°-fpsS ]m-d-∏pdw (1906), DZ-b- m\p (1925) F∂o IrXn-IfneqsS A\ym-]-tZ-i- -t\m-h-ep-Iƒ

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-®p. A∏≥ Xºp-cms‚ "`mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥' m-j-bnse BZysØ A]-

-k¿∏I t\mh-em-Wv. Ct±-l-Øns‚ NcnX t\mh-emWv "`qX-cm-b-¿' (1923) tIc-f-h¿Ω henb

tImbnØºp-cm≥ Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂p m-jm-¥cw sNbvX "AIv_¿' F∂ U®p t\mh¬ P\]oXn-

bm¿÷n°p-I--bp-≠m-bn. Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ kn.-hn-bpsS Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-IfpsS al-Xzhpw ]Nm-

chpw I≠v B hgn-tbbpw Iptd Fgp-Øp-Im¿ \S∂p. cma≥\-ºo--is‚ tIc-tf-iz-c≥,- I-ev]\

IrjvW-ta-t\ms‚ tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ, sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°cpsS tIcf knwlw, AºmSn \mcm-b-W-

s∏m-Xp-hm-fns‚ tIc-f-]p-X≥, kn.-Ip-™n-cm-a-ta-t\ms‚ ]≈p-h-°-Ωm-c≥ F∂nh ChnsS kvac-

Wo-b-ß-fm-Wv. C°m-e-Øp-≠mb kma-q-lnI t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ]tXyI-]-cm-a¿-i-a¿ln-°p∂ H∂mWv

ap¥n-cn-tßm v h-Xm-Xs‚ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚˛ A v∏s‚ a-Iƒ(1933). \ºq-XncnamcpsS hnhm-lm-

Nm-c-ß-fn-ep≈ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ Cu t\mh¬ s]mfn-®p-Im- p-∂p. Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂pw _wKm-fn-

bn¬ \n-∂p-ap≈ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw Cu ImeØp \S-∂p.

ap∏-Xp-I-fn¬ ]ptcm-K-a\ ]kv-Ym-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. t^mbn-

U≥ a\:im-kvX-Xz-ßƒ°pw am¿Ivkn-b≥ Nn¥m-[m-c-Iƒ°pw t\mh--en¬ ÿm\w e`n-®p. Fgp-

Øp-Im-c\v kaq-ltØm-Sp≈ ]Xn-_-≤X ]I-S-am-bn. A[-ÿnX P\ß-fp-tS-bpw -I¿j-I-cp-

tSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw Pohn-X--]-iv\-ßƒ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ]ta-b-ßfm-bn. Cu \thm-

∞m\ Ime-L- -Ønse ]apJcmb t\mh-enÃpIfmWvv ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿, ]n.-tI-i-h-tZ-hv,

XIgn inh-i-¶-c-]n-≈, Fkv.-sI.s]m‰-°m- v, ]n.kn. Ip- n-Ir-jvW≥ (D-dq-_v) F∂n--h¿..

_jo-dn-s‚ "_m-ey-Im-e-kJn'bpsS (1944) bpw tIi-h-tZ-hns‚ Hm-S-bn¬ \n-∂v (1944) F∂

t\mh-en-s‚bpw ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-tØmsS ae-bmf t\mh-ens‚ \thm-∞m\ L´w Bcw- n-®p. _mey-

Im-e-kJn, _jo-dns‚ BJym-\-co-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-sIm≠vv it≤-b-am-bn. Hcp t]a-IY Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p-IbmWv "_mey-Im-e-k-Jn'-bn¬ _jo-¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. XpS¿s∂-gp-Xnb "‚p∏p-∏m-s°m-cm-

14 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


t\-≠m¿∂p', "-a-Xn-ep-Iƒ', "]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv', "B\-hm-cnbpw s]m≥ Ipcnipw', am¥n-I-]q®'

F∂nhsb√mw ae-bm-fn-Iƒ B¿Øn-tbmSpw Bth-i-tØmSpw kzo-I-cn-®p. X\n°p amXw Ign-

bp∂ \¿Ωhpw, ]cn--lm-khpw Ie¿∂-ssien _jo-dns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS khnt-i-j-X-bm-Wv.

i‡nbpw ]ucp-j-hp-ap≈ ssien-bpsS DS-a-bmb tIi-h-tZhv sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- Po-hn-X-Zp--cn-

XßfmWvv apJy-ambpw Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. A≤zm-\n-°p-∂ P\-h¿§-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-\m-b-I-\mbn

At±-lw. HmS-bn¬ \n∂v , duUn, \Sn, De-°, IÆm-Sn-- Xp-S-ßnb IrXn-Iƒ kmaq-ly-hn-a¿-i-\-sa∂

\ne-bn¬ i‡-ß-fp-am-Wv. mh XohX--bn¬˛ssien-bpsS i‡n-bn-e√˛HmS-bn¬ \n∂v, `m¥m-e-

bw, Ab-¬v°m¿ F∂nh a‰p IrXn-Isf ]n∂n-em-°p-∂p. tZhns‚ t\mh-ep-Iƒ sXmgn-em-fn-I-

fpsS Bflm- n-am-\hpw [m¿ΩnI ]ucp-jhpw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]ap-J-amb ]¶p hln-®n´p-≠v.

1948-- ¬]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb "c≠n-S-ßgn' tbmSp IqSn-bmWv XIgn ]kn-≤-\m-b-Xv. AXn-em--hn-

jv°-cn® I¿-j-I-sXm--gn-emfn PohnXw ae-bmf t\mh-en¬ ]pXp-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-

Øns‚ ]pXpa sIm≠pw -]-Xn-]m-Z-\-Øns‚ i‡n-sIm≠pw c≠n-S-ßgn ae-bmf t\mh¬ km-ln-

XyØn¬ Hcp hgn-Øn-cnhv Ipdn-®p. tXm- n-bpsS aI≥, sNΩo≥, GWn-∏-Sn-Iƒ, Ib¿, F∂nh-bn-

eqsS XI-gn-bpsS H∏w ae-bmf t\mhepw hf¿∂p. 1985 ¬ A-t±-l-Øn\v ⁄m\-]o-T-]p-c-kvIm-

chpw e`n-®p. tkmjyenÃv dnb-enÃp am¿-§-amWv XI-gn-bp-tS-Xv. Ip -\m- nse I¿j-I-cpsS Bfl-

s\m-º-c-ßƒ BhnjvIcn°ptºmƒ XI-gn-bp-sS Xqen-Ibv°v FXn-cn-√.

AKm-[-amb a\p-jym-\p-I-º-bpsS Dd-hn-S-amWv s]m‰°m v. a\p-jys\ N-ß-e-sI- n-em-°nb

F√m kaq-ln-I- -km-º-ØnI˛a-X- -L-S-\-I-sfbpw At±lw FXn¿Øp. aqSp-]-Sw, \mS≥ t]aw,-hn-

j-I\y-I, sXcp-hns‚ IY XpSßn At\Iw cN-\-Iƒ. "Hcp tZi-Øns‚ IY'-bv°v ⁄m\]oT

kΩm\w (1981) ¬ e`n®p. Ihnbpw IYm-IrØpw k©m-c-km-lnXyImc-\p-sa-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p, a\p-

jys‚ \∑-bn¬ ]q¿Æ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ B t\mh-en-Ãv.

a\p--jy-s\, \nc-h[n taml-ßfpw At\Iw ]cmP-b-ßfpw D≈ kmaqly Pohn-bmbpw ku-

µcykº-∂-amb [¿Ω \n-jvT-\mbpw I≠ t\mh-enÃmb ]n.-kn. Ipń-Ir-jvW≥ (D-dq-_v), a\p-jy

a\- ns‚ -A-Km-[-X-I-fn-te°v Dufn-bnńd-ßn. AhnsS Xn∑-tbm-sSm∏w \∑bpw Is≠-Øn. D-Ωm-

®p, an≠m-s∏-Æv, kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ--c-∑m-cpw, AΩn-Wn, AWn-bd XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw At±-l-Øns‚

PohnX ho£Ww shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ddq-_ns‚ G‰hpw anI-®-IrXn kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ--c-∑m-cpam-

Wv. Cu t\mh-ense apJy--I-Ym-]m-X-amb hnizw kz¥w ]Xncq]-am-sW∂v Ddq-_v ]d-bp-∂p.

\thm-∞m\ Ime-L- -Øn¬ \n-c-h[n t\mh-en-Ãp-Iƒ cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ ssI\n-

°-c ]-fl-\m- -]n≈ (H-gp-°p-Iƒ), tPmk vv ap≠-t»cn, (sIm-¥-bn¬ \n∂p Ipcn-in-te-°v), sh´q¿

cma≥ \mb¿ (Po-hn-°m≥ ad∂p t]mb kvXo), \mK-h≈n B¿.-F-kv.-Ip-dp∏v -(tXmń),C.-Fw. tImhq¿

(Im-Sn), Po. hnth-Im-\-µ≥(-I---≈n-s®-√-Ω), sN-dp-ImSv (a-Æns‚ am-dn¬). ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥(-

b-£n) t]m™n-°c dm^n (kz¿§--Zq-X≥), sI. kptc-µ≥ (am-b, Im- p--Ip-c-ßv) XpS-ßn-b-h¿ it≤-

b-cm-Wv. a\-im-kvXm-]-K-Y-\-]-c-ßfpw am¿Ivkn-b≥ XXz-Nn-¥m-Zn-jvT-nX-ßfpw Hs°-bmb cN-\-

15 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Iƒ Ch-cp-sS IrXn-I-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tImhne-\pw(-hn.-hn.-A-ø-∏≥) ]m-d-∏p-dØpw (sI.C aØm-bn)-k-hn-tij ]cm-a¿i-a¿ln-°p-

∂-h-cm-Wv. amdn hcp-∂-km-aq-ln-I- -km-º-Øn-I- -hym-h-km-bnI ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-fn¬ thcp-Iƒ \jvSs∏ p

t]mIp-∂ km[m-cW a\p-jys‚ s\mº-c-ßƒ I≠-hcmWh¿. ]pXnb aqey-ßƒ ]g-b--aq-ey-ß-fpsS

ta¬ IpØnshbv°ptºmƒ Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-tØmsS tIgp∂ a\pjys‚ Bflmhp I≠-dn™v Ah¿

]-I¿Øn. ]md-∏p-d-Øns‚ "\nW-a-Wn™ Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ', "At\z-jn--®p-I-s≠-Øn-bn√'-, "Ac-\m-gn-I-

-t\cw', "BIm-i-Ønse ]d-h-Iƒ' F∂n-h-sb√mw ASnÿm-\-]-c-ambn \jvS-s∏´ kz¿§-sØ-

tbm¿Øp≈ hnem]ßfm-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ \nc¿∞-IX Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ Hm¿Øp-t]m-Ip--∂-Xv-

kzm- m-hn-I-amWt√m. t\mh-en-Ãmb tXm-hn-e\p CtX kzc-Øn¬ IYm-I-Y\w \S-Øn. ]´mf

PohnXw a\p-jys\ Fßs\ [q-fn-bm-°p-∂p-sh∂v At±lw Xs‚ "F ssa-\kv _n', "Xmgv hc',

"Ggm-sa-S-ßƒ' F∂o t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ hy-‡-am-°p--°p-∂p.

]gb kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ t\m-h¬ c-N\ XpS¿∂-h-cpw- hm-b-\-°msc kºm-Zn-®p.

ap -Øp-h¿°n, Im\w C.-sP. XpS-ßn-b-h¿ k-c-f-amb mj-bn¬ -A-\p-hm-N--I-cpsS Pn⁄m-k-bp-W-

¿Øp-Ibpw ]oXn t\Sp-I-bpw-sN-bvXp. ckn-∏n-°p∂tXmsSm∏w kmaqly hna¿-i\w km[n-°p∂

Iptd-t∏-tcbpw ImWmw. Fkv. sI. amcm¿, s]cp-º-Shw io[-c≥,-]-Ω≥, hn.-Sn.-\-µ-Ip-am¿, Aø-

t\Øv XpSßn B ]ńI \o≠p t]mIp-∂p.

hn.-sI.-F≥ F∂ -B-t£-]-lmky t\mh-enÃpw (]n-Xm-a-l≥, B-tcm-l-Ww) "a™n'-s‚-k-

jvSm-hmb Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mbcpw khn-ti-j -]-cm-a¿i-a¿ln-°p-∂-h--cm-Wv. kmaq-lnI

cmjvSo -b --a --fi-e-ßfnse I]-S -\m -Sy -ßsf tIhew aS -ep -shń ASn -°p∂

hn.-sI.-F≥. B[p-\nI ImesØ G‰hpw henb Bt£] lmky-°m-c-\m-Wv. "

t\mh-ense kwKoXw' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ IrXn-bmWv Fw-- Sn- bp-sS a™v. t_m-[-[mcm

kºZmbw CX-bpw - hn -P -b - ] -Z -ambn as‰mcp ae-bmf t\mh-enepw D]-bm -Kn®p

I-≠n -ń -√. hnem -kn -\n , h¬k-e, tImhn -e≥, cmP-e -£van , Fw. kpIp -am -c≥,

]n.-sI. _meIrjvW≥, F≥. ]n. apl--Ω-Zv, DÆnIr-jvW≥ ]-Øq¿, sI.-F¬. taml-\-h¿Ω XpSßn

Ht´sdt∏¿ t\mh¬ cwK-Øv kw- m-h\ \¬In-b-h--cp-≠v.

Im^vI, Imap XpS-ßnbhcn¬ \n∂p ]tN-Z-\--apƒs°m≠ Im°-\m-S≥ ae-bmf t\mh-

en¬ \qX-\-ssN-X\yw \¬In. B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn-\pssI h∂ hnizm-k-cm-ln-Xyhpw aqey \ncm-

khpw krjvSn® ]p-Xnb Ah-t_m-[-hp-am-Wv. Im°-\m-S≥ Bhn-jvI--cn-°p-∂-Xv. DjvW-ta-J-e, A-

X-X-bpsS Xmgv hc, hkqcn F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fm-Wv. B[p-\nI ae-bmf

t\mh-ens‚ hnImk-Øn¬ ]-ap-J-amb ]¶p-h-ln® as‰m-cmfmWv Fw. apIp-µ≥. ]pXnb Xe-ß-

fnte°v t\mh¬ F∂-km-lnXy cq]sØ \bn-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb am\-ßƒ tX-Sp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂-h-

cn¬ kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip-™-_vZp≈ apX-em-b-h-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw ]tXyIw ]cm-

a¿in-°p-∂p.

16 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


ae-bmf t\mh¬ Ahn-sSbpw \ne\n∂n√. B[p-\nI kwth-Z-\-Øns‚ ][m\ h‡m-hv-

A¿-Pp\t\m IrjvWt\m A√ Aiz-∞m-am-hmWv F∂v amSºv Ip-™p-Ip- ≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

(A--iz-∞m-am-hv, `jvSv) a\p-jy-\nse auenI hnIm-c-ßƒ Imahpw tIm[-hp-am-sW∂v ]fl-cm-P≥

hniz-kn-°p-∂p. (\-£-X-ß-tfXp Imh¬ tk-Xp-hns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ a\p-jys‚ apJy -hn-Imcw [\-

tam-l-am-Wv. (]mfi-h-]pcw) B\µn\v mhn-bn¬ -H´pw hniz-kn-°m-\m-hn√ (Bƒ°q- w). AkvXn-

Xz-Øns‚ thcp-I-sf-bpw -Po-hn-Xn-Øns‚ \nKqVm¿∞sØbpw Xnc-bp-∂ H.-hn. hnP-bs‚ -J-km-

°n-s‚- C-Xn-lm-kw, Zo¿L-amb Iym≥hm-kn¬ X-e-ap-d-I-fpsS CXn-lm-kw c-Nn-°p∂ hnem-kn\nbpsS

A-h-Im-in-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h it≤-b-amWv. kn. B¿. ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ "]IrXn \nbaw', kn. hn. _me-

Ir-jvWs‚ "Bbp- ns‚ ]pkvXIw' Sn. hn. sIm®p-hm-h-bpsS "hr≤-k-Z\w' F∂o t\mh-ep-Iƒ

DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-kz- mhw ImWn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. ]n. kptc-µs‚ "alm-bm\w", AIv_¿ I°- n-ens‚

"arXyp-tbm-Kw', sI. ]n. cma-\p-Æn-bpsS "kq^n ]d™ IY', sI. cLp-\m-Ys‚ "`qan-bpsS s]m°nƒ'

tk\s‚ "Ah-\-hs‚ ]n∂mse' XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-Ifpw it≤-b-am-Wv. kt¶-X-_-‘-a-√mØ

Imhym-\p- qXn krjvSn-°p∂ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS \√-Imew]nd-°p-I-bm-Wv. ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ens‚ mhn-

]pXpXe-ap-d-bpsS ssIbn¬ kpc-£n-X-am-Wv.

t\msh-√-Ifpw sdmam≥kp-Ifpw

a[y-bp-K-Øn¬ ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Øn¬ "sdmam≥kv' "t\msh√m' F∂n-ßs\ c≠p IYm-

cq-]-ßƒ hnIm-kw -]m-]n-®p. hockm-l-knI IYIfmWv sdmam≥kp-Iƒ. qX-t]-Xm-Zn-I-fn-ep≈

hnizm-kw-, hoc-mcm-[\, kml-kn-I-X, BZ¿i-t]-aw, Cuiz-c- ‡n F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p, sdmam≥k-

s‚ -L-S-I-ßƒ. AXv Iev]-\-bpsS kz—µhn-lm-c-Øn\v If-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw irwKm-c-ho-cm-¤pX

ckßsf DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Pohn-X-Øns‚ bYmXY NnX-W-amWv "t\msh√'Iƒ ImgvN-sh--®-Xv. Ah-bpsS I¿Øm-

°sf BI¿-jn-®Xv a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse A\m-Nm-c-ßsf D]-l-kn-°p-∂-Xnepw

am\p-jnI Zu¿∫-ey-ßsf \¿Ω-t_m[-tØmsS hc-®p-Im- p-∂-Xn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-h¿°v Iu-Xp-Iw.

t\mh-ens‚ kl-Pmw-i-ß-fmb bmYm¿∞y Zo£bpw Imev]-\n-I-X-bpw bYm-Iaw "t\msh√m'

"sdmam≥kv' F∂o cq]-ß-fn¬ ]-IS--am-Ip-∂p. t\msh-√-bpsS apIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-amWv s_m°m-®n-tbm-

hns‚ "U°m-a-tdm¨ IY-Iƒ'. Nm¿entam≥, B¿X¿ F∂o cmPm-°-∑msc tIµ-am-°n-bn- p≈

IY-Iƒ sdmam≥kp-Iƒ°pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

(sI.Fw X-c-I≥- -a-e-bmf t\mh¬ kmlnXyNcn-Xw)

* ]m›mXy kmln--Xy-Ønse BZy t\mh¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?

D: dmt_e ^©p mj-bn¬ cNn® "Km¿Km≥hmbpw ]mSp Kqhepw' (1536) F∂ IrXn.

* Cw•ojv kmln--Xy-Øn-se- BZy t\mh¬?

D: dn®m¿Uvks‚ "]aoe' (1740- 41)

17 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


imcZH. N¥p-ta-t\m≥

ae-bm-f-t\mh¬km-lnXyØnse ]mX:kvac-Wo-b-\mb [nj-Wm-im-en-bmWv H. N¥p-ta-

t\m≥. 1847 P\p-hcn 9 \v hS-I-c-bn-emWv At±lw P\n-®-Xv. 1889 sk]v‰w-_¿ 7 \v A¥-cn-®p.

At±lw Fgp-Xnb "Cµp-teJ' bmWv e£-W-bp-‡-amb BZysØ ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬. 1889

Unkw-_-dn¬ Cµp-teJ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. c≠m-asØ t\mh¬ "imcZ' ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\m-bn-√.

"imcZ'bpsS aq∂n-semcp mKw cNn-°p-hmt\ hn[n N¥p-tat\ms\ A\p-h-Zn-®p-≈q. a\p-jys‚

Xo£vW- m-h-ß-tfbpw Ah-\n-ep≈ Xn∑-tbbpw Ah-Km-V-ambn ]Tn-°p-hm-\mWv "imcZ' bn¬

t\mh-enÃv ]cn-i-an-®-Xv. "imcZ' bn¬ At±lw ]I¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv X\n°p Nnc-]-cn-X-amb

Hcp temI-tØbpw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p-sa-SpØ GXm\pw a\p-jy-tc-bp-am-Wv. Cµp-te-J-

bn-se-∂-t]mse Ime-Øns‚ ]h-W-X-Isf A[nIw hc®p Im´p-∂n-√. AtX kabw Ime-

Øn\pw AXo-X-amb am\h ]Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-amb Bte-J-\-Øn¬ At±lw kºq¿Æ-

ambpw i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°p-∂p.

imcZ ˛ t\mh¬ kwKlw

tImS-Xn-bpsS temIsØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ BK-ln-®-Xn-\m-emhmw imc-Z-bpsS IYm-

_o-P-ambn Hcp hyh-lm-c-sØ-Ø-s∂ N¥p-ta-t\m≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. kXyw kXy-am-sW-

¶nepw kaq-l-Øn¬ km[p-hm-Im≥ tImS-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Imcw th≠n hcpw. Aß-s\-sbmcp

kXy-amWv ]qt©m-e-°c CS-Ønse A—s‚ acp-a-I-fmb Ieym-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS ]pXn-bmWv imc-

Z-sb-∂p-≈-Xv. A®≥ Ieym-Wn-b-Ωsb hr≤\pw hncq-]-\p-amb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn°v hnhmlw

Ign®p sImSp-Øp. \ºq-Xncnbn¬ \n∂p c£-s∏- v, IrjvW≥ F∂ rXy-t\mSpw sshØn-∏- ¿

F∂ Bin-X-t\mSpw IqSn Ieym-Wn-bΩ Imin°p t]mbn. Ah-cpsS B -c-W-ßƒ Xń-sb-Sp-

°m-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p sshØn-∏- -cpsS Zp¿tam-lw. AXp -k- -e-am-bn-√. Imin-bn¬ sh®p Ieym-

Wn-bΩ cma≥ tat\m-s\∂ NnX-Im-cs\ I≠p. Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb hnhmlw \S-ØmsX Xs∂

Ah¿ mcym- ¿Øm-°-∑m-cmbn Xma-kn-®p. sshØn-∏- ¿ D±njvS Imcyw km[n-°msX C—m- w-

K-tØmSp IqSn \mń-tebv°v aS-ßn. cma≥ta-t\m\pw Ieym-Wn-b-Ωbpw Imcy-ÿ-\mb i¶-

c\pw `rXy-\mb IrjvW-\p-samØv Imin-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. B Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v ]nd∂ aI-fmWv

imc-Z. imc-Zsb Imin-bn¬ sh®p I≠n- p-≈-h-cmWv i¶p-hm-cycpw ]m¬Ip-f-ßc Xnhn-I-a≥

\ºq-Xn-cn-bpw. IÆn\p ImgvN Ipd-hm-bXp ImcWw NnX-sa-gp-sØ∂ sXmgn¬ XpS¿∂p \S-

Øm-\m-hn-s√-∂p I≠v cma≥ta-t\m≥ IpSpw-_-k-taXw sXt°m´p Xncn-®p. cmta-iz-cØp sh®v

Zp¿hn[n Ieym-Wn-b-Ωsb A]-l-cn-®p. kµ¿ -h-im¬ cma≥ta-t\m-s\bpw IrjvW-s\bpw

cmta-jz-c-Øp-sh®p I≠ sshØn-∏- ¿ Ahsc \mń-tebv°p £Wn-®p. cma≥ta-t\m-\n¬

\n∂pw \s√mcp XpI t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-sa∂v ]´¿ hnNm-cn-®p. AXp \S-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ

cma≥ta-t\ms‚ iXp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

18 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


imc-Z-bnse ]q¿∆-I-Y-bm-Wn-X-bpw. cma≥ tat\m≥ \mń-seØn imcZ CS-Øn-se-bm-

sW∂p ImWn®v "CS-Øn¬ A®\v' IØ-b-°p-∂-tXmsSbmWv IY-bm-cw- n-°p-∂-Xv. A®s‚ _‘p-

sh-¶nepw _≤-i-Xp-hmb DZ-b-¥fn cma-h¿Ω Xncp-ap¬∏mSv cma≥ta-t\ms\ kz¥w ho n¬ Xma-kn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw CS-Øn¬ A®-\p-ambn tIkp \S-Øm≥ F√m HØm-i-Ifpw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. i¶-cs\ A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ sshØn-∏- ¿ sNbvX iaw Hcp km[p-\-ºq-Xn-cnsb ac-W-

Øn-emWv Iem-in-®-Xv. F¶nepw IrjvWs\ hio-I-cn®v Ah-\n¬ \n∂pw kºm-Zn® kq£va-hm¿Ø-

sb∂ cq]-Øn¬ ]´¿, imcZ cma≥ta-t\m\v Hcp ]Tm-Wn-®n-bn¬ D≠mb Ipń-bm-sW∂v A®s\

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. A®≥ Cu hnh-c-ßƒ ImWn®v Xncp-ap¬∏m-Sn\v IØ-b-°p-∂p. IØp Inń-b-

t∏mƒ DZ-b-¥-fn-bn-ep≈ \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cn¬ Nne¿ A‘m-fn-®p-sh-¶nepw Xncp-ap¬∏mSv teihpw

Ipep-ßn-bn-√. apdbv°v tIkp-\-S-Øm≥ cma≥ta-t\m≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-Øp. cmL-h-ta-t\ms\ Xs‚

h°o-embn \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A®s‚ h°o-e-∑m¿ I¿∏q-c-ø\pw imhp-ta-t\m-\p-am-bn-

cp-∂p. tIkp \S-°p-sa∂ L´w hcp-tºmƒ imc-Z-tbmSv A®s‚ A\-¥n-c-h-\mb cmL-h-\p-Æn-

bpsS aI≥ IrjvW-ta-t\m-s\∂ kpap-J-\mb bphmhv kl-X-]n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Hcp ]t£

imc-Z-bpsS mhn-h-c-\mbn N¥p-ta-t\m≥ hn`m-h\ sNbvXXv Cu bphm-hn-s\-bm-hmw. imc-Z-bpsS

IY ChnSw hsc h∂p \n¬°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q. CXns‚ hnImkw Fß-s\-bm-hp-sa∂v hnh-cn-°pI

km[y-a-√.

(im-cZ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \S-∂n- p≈ ia-ßƒ IuXp-I-]-Z-am-sW-¶nepw hnP-b-]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

kn. A¥-∏m-bn, Sn. Fkv. A\-¥-kp-_-“-Wyw, Ipdp -∏w-ho -ń¬ tKm]me

-]n -≈, ]øw -]≈n tKm]m -e -]n≈ F∂n -h¿ imcZ ]qcn -∏n -®n -´p -≠v .)

Pn√m PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂ N¥p-ta-t\m≥ X\n°p ]cn-Nn-X-amb Pohn-X-a-WvU-e-Øns‚ kq£va-

kz- m-h-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\mWv "imcZ' bn¬ bXv\n-°p-∂-Xv. hyh-lm-c-Ø¿°-ß-fn¬ ckw

ImWp∂ ]gb Xe-apd; Ah-tcm -sSm∏w GXp \oN-I¿Ω-Øn\pw

aSn-bn-√mØ Zhym-K-ln-Iƒ. Cu Po¿Æ-k-aq-l-Øn-s\-Xnsc DW-cp∂ kml-kn-I-bp-h-Xz-Øns‚

NnXo-I-c-W-amWv N¥p-ta-t\m≥ BK-ln-®-Xv. ]t£ AXp k -e-am-Im≥ t\mh-en-Ãn\p Ign-

™n-√. aqt∂m \mtem mK-ß-fn¬ hnI-kn-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ CXn-hr-Ø-Øns‚ H∂mw-L´w amXta

"imcZ' bnep-≈q. F∂m¬ IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-bpsS A]q¿∆- w-Kn-bn¬ "imcZ' ]tXyI A`n-\-µ-

\-a¿ln-°p∂p. a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bpsS n∂-ap-J-ßƒ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw \¬In N¥p-ta-t\m≥

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IpSn-e-aq¿Øn-bmb sshØn-∏- -sc-t∏mse hy‡n-Xz-am¿∂ Hcp IYm-]m-

XsØ hniz-km-lnXyw apgp-h≥ ]c-Xn-bmepw I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI ]bm-kw.

hy‡n-bpsS ka-K- m-hm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn-ep-]cn N¥p-ta-t\m≥ Dt±-in-®Xv kaq-l-Ønse n∂-

tN-cn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-Øns‚ NnXo-I-c-W-am-h-Ww. ]pXnb kmaq-lym-h-t_m-[-Øns‚

krjvSn°p th≠n-bp≈ ]S-sbm-cp-°-Øns‚ ]tNm-Z\w ]pØ≥ Xe-apd B¿÷n® BwK-e- m-

jm-hn-⁄m\-am-Wv. "Cµp-teJ'bnte-Xp-t]mse "imcZ' bnepw Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

19 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ KŸ-Im-c≥ ad-°p-∂n-√. cma≥ta-t\ms‚ Bfl-IYm IY-\-Øn¬ \n∂v AXp

hy‡-am-Wv. F∂n-cn-°nepw Cw•ojv ]Tn-®mte kzX-¥-_p-≤nbpw A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw ]hr-≤-

amIq F∂ Bibw ]N-cn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ ]nSn-hm-in-sbm∂pw N¥p-ta-t\m-\n-√. imc-Z-bpsS AΩbv°v

Cw•ojv hi-am-sW∂ kqN-\-sbm∂pw t\mh-en-en-√. ]t£, Imc-W-h¿ \n›-bn® hncq-]\pw

_p≤n-iq-\y-\p-amb kw_-‘-°m-cs\ hn´p-t]m-Im\pw kz¥w CjvS ]Imcw Hcp ]pcp-js\ Is≠-

Øm\pw Ah¿°p Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. "Cµp-teJ' bpsS krjvSn-bn¬ ]pe¿Ønb ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ ChnsS

Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. IY-bpsS kzm`m-hn-I-hn-Im-k-Øn\p hgn-sbm-cp-°p∂ bYm¿∞ ]Xn-

`m-hn-emkw "imcZ'bnem-Wv IqSp-X¬ kv]jvS-am-°p-∂-Xv. GXp \ne-bnepw ka-Im-enI kw -h-

ßsf ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb at\m- m-h-tØmsS ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-°m≥ \njvI¿jn® ]Xn- m-im-en-bm-

bn-cp∂p H. N¥p-ta-t\m≥.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

1) ae-bmf t\mh¬km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw.

2) B[p-\n-I-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS.

20 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


[¿Ω-cmPm

kn. hn. cma≥]n≈

1858 sabv 19\v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-ØmWv kn. hn. cma≥]n≈ P\n-®-Xv. 1929 am¿®v 20\v A¥-

cn-®p. ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Ipe- -]¿∆Xw t]mse inc-kp-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂ k¿K-

[-\-\mWv kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈. ""At±-l-Øns‚ kao-]-Øn¬ tIc-fo-b-cmb a‰p t\mh-se-gp-Øp-

Im¿ BZn-Xy- -K-hms‚ tXP:]k-c-Øn¬ ]I¬hn-f-°p-Iƒ t]mse aßn-t∏m-Ip∂p'' sh∂ D≈q-

cns‚ ]kvXm-h-Øn\v \nd-°q´v Gdp-sa-¶nepw AXn¬ kXy-Øns‚ Ig-ºp-≠v. a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-

bpsS n∂-ap-J-ßƒ kq£va-\n-co-£Ww sNøm\pw auen-I-ssN-X-\y-tØmsS NnXo-I-cn-°m\pw

kn.-hn. °p km[n-®p. Ncn-X-Øns‚ Hcp ]tXyI Zim-k‘nbn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n-I-fpsS

k¶o¿Æ-amb am\-kn-I- m-h-ßsf Ah-tbm-Sn-W-ßp∂ Iev]nX IYm-km-c-Øn\v hy‡n-cq]w \¬In

ka-K-amb Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-am-hn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-IbmWv kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n-≈.

kn. hnbpw Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-Ifpw

ae-bm-f-Ønse Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-Im-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmbn kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1891 ¬ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb kn.-hn.bpsS am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bmWv BZysØ ae-

bm-f-N-cn-X-t\m-h¬. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω FgpXn 23 h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw [¿Ω-cm-Pbpw ho≠pw

7 h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw cma-cm-P-_-l-Zqdpw Fgp-X-s∏- p. Cw•-≠n\v kvtIm´pw ^m≥kn\v Uyqabpw

_¶m-fn\v _¶nw-N-µ\pw alm-cm-jvS-Øn\v lcn-\m-cm-bW B]vsXbpw Fß-s\tbm Aß-s\-

bmWv tIc-f-Øn\v kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n-≈bpw F∂v D≈q¿ tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-

Øn.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPy-N-cn-XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv kn.-hn. Xs‚ aq∂v BJym-bn-

Ifpw cNn-®-Xv. h©n-cm-Py-N-cn-X-Ønse G‰hpw kvac-Wo-b-amb Hcp L -Øn¬ \S∂ kw -h-ß-

fmWv kn.-hn.-bpsS IrXn-I-fpsS AkvXn-hmcw. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω, Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ F∂n-h-

cpsS Ime-Øm-W-t√m F´p-ho- n¬]n-≈-am-cpsS ]m_-eyw, Xºn-am-cpsS cmPym-h-Im-i-hm-Zw, ssakq¿

kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS BI-a-Ww, k‘n XpS-ßnb At\Iw kw -h-ß-fp-≠m-b-Xv. Ch-sbms°

aq∂p Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-bn-ep-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Nne apJy-I-Ym-]m-X-ßƒ aq∂nepw

ImWmw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ c-W-sØ-s®m-√n-bp≈ a°-Ømb- -acp-a-°-Ømb Ah-Im-in-Iƒ XΩn-

ep≈ hg-°mWv "am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω' bnse apJy-]-Xn-]m-Zyw. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωbpw At±-l-

Øns‚ AΩm-h≥ cma-h¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ a°-fmb Xºn-amcpw XΩn-ep-ff Ah-Im-i-ÿm-]-\-a-’-

c-amWv IYm-h-kvXp. \m´p-]-am-Wn-I-fmb F´p-ho- n¬ ]n≈-am¿ Xºn-am-cpsS klm-bn-I-fm-bn.

DØ-a-cm-P-tk-h-I-∑m-cpsS Bfl-ho-cy-Ømepw io]-Zva-\m- -Im-cp-Wy-Ømepw iXp-°sf ]cm-P-b-

s∏-SpØn am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω bph-cm-Pm-hmbn hmgn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F´p-ho- n¬]n≈-am-cpsS ]ucpjw

[¿Ω-cm-Pm-bnse lcn-]-©m-\\≥ F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv kn.-hn. ]I-S-am-°p-∂-Xv. D∑q-

e-\miw hcp-Øn-bn´pw ]n≈-am-cpsS hwi-Øn¬ ]nd∂ B¨X-cn-I-fpsS hodpw hminbpw c-W-

ÿm-\sØ hnd-∏n-°m≥ t]m∂ I¿Ω-ti-jnbpw [¿Ω-cm-Pm-bn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. AtX-k-

abw ssakq¿ kp¬Øm-\mb sslZ-c-en-bpsS Nmc-∑m¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ thj-]-—-∂-cmbn

21 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


IS-∂p-IqSn cmPm-hn-s\-Xnsc \bn-°p∂ NXn-]-tbm-K-ßfpw AXns\ cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm-ks‚ t\Xr-

Xz-Øn-ep≈ cmP- -‡¿ X¥-]q¿∆w ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-amWv [¿Ω-cm-P-bnse CXn-hr-Øw.

[¿Ω-cmPm ˛ kwKlw

[¿Ω-cm-Pm-bnse IY-bm-cw- n-°p-∂Xv sIm√-h¿jw 929se inh-cmXn Znh-k-am-Wv. A∂v

Ipf-]-t°m´v Ip©p-]n-cm- n-Ø-ºn-bpsS ho´n¬ \n∂pw B `h\w Ipfw tXm≠p-sa∂v i]n-®p-

sIm≠v tIi-h-s\∂ tIma-f-_m-e≥ Cd-ßn-t]m-Ip-∂p. B _me≥ t]m°cp aqkm apX-em-fn-

bpsS Bin-X-\mbn tPmen t\m°p-∂p. GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw tIi-h≥ \os -gpØp

tIi-h-]n-≈-sb∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏- p. [¿Ω-cm-Pbnse apJy-I-Ym-KXn Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv A\-¥-

tam-Xncw ImWm-Xm-hp-Ibpw AÆm-]-ø-s\∂ h¿ØI]-amWn h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-tXm-sS-

bm-Wv. Cu IrXy-Øn¬ kmXzn-I-\mb tIi-h-\p-Æn-Øm\pw alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ kNn-h-\m-bn-Øo¿∂

tIi-h-]n-≈bv°pw ssIbp-s≠∂p hcp-Ø-W-sa∂v tbmKo-iz-c-∑m-cmbn cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ Ign-bp∂

DK-l-cn-]-©m-\\pw im¥-l-cn-]-©m-\\pw \n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. DK-im-¥-∑m¿ Ig-°q- Øp ho´nse

Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™ΩbpsS ]pX-∑m-cm-sW∂v A\-¥-]-fl-\m- -]-S-Ø-e-h≥ Kln-°p-∂p. AÆm-

h-øs‚ h[-Øn¬ ]¶p-s≠∂ Btcm-]-W-Øns‚ t]cn¬ _‘-\-ÿ-\m-°-s∏´ DÆn-Øm≥ A¤p-

Xm-h-l-amw-hn[w A]-lr-X-\m-Ip∂p; tIi-h-]n-≈-bpsS ]Xn-tbm-Kn-sb∂p apZ-Ip-Ø-s∏´ DΩn-Wn-

]n≈ sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ IpX¥ßsf√mw lcn-]-©m-\-∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv DÆn-

Øms‚ ]nXm-hmb \¥n-b-Øp-Æn-Øm-t\bpw kz¥w amXp-e-]p-X-\mb N¥-°m-c-t\bpw tIi-h-

]n-f-f-bn¬ \n∂-I‰n kz]-£-Øm-°p-hm-\m-Wv. F´p-ho-S-tcmSv am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω sNbvX tZml-

ßƒ°v cma-h¿Ω-tbmSv ]Xn-Inb sNøp-sa∂v Ah¿ \n›-bn-®p-d-®n-cp-∂p. N¥-°m-cs‚

Zp¿tΩmlw Znhm≥Pn-]Zw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω-tbbpw mKn-

t\-bn-bmb ao\m-£n-tbbpw N¥-°m-c-\mWv ]cn-]m-en-®p-t]m-∂-Xv. F√mw a\- n-em-°nb A\-¥-

]-fl-\m- ≥ DK-im-¥-∑msc t\¿h-gn°p sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ sNbvX ia-ß-sf√mw hn -e-ß-fm-bn.

F¶nepw DÆn-Øms\ At±lw tamNn-∏n-®p. DÆn-Øm\pw ao\m-£nbpw t]a-_-≤-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

IYm-¥y-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS hnhm-lhpw \S-∂p. CXn-\Iw ssakq-cnse sslZ-cmen k¿∆-k-∂m-l-

ß-fp-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ BI-an-°m≥ ]pd-s∏- p. h©n-cm-PysØ H‰n-s°m-SpØp sslZ-

dns‚ ]oXn-t\-Sn-bm¬ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns\ \njvIm-k\w sNbvXv X¬ÿm-

\Øv Ib-dn-∏-‰m-sa∂v DK-lcn]©m-\-\≥ hymtam-ln-®p. F√mw kq£va-ambn \ncq-]n®v DK-im-

¥-∑m¿ Hcp alm-b-⁄-Øn\p Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂p: F∂m¬ sslZ-cmen thWm-Sns\ BI-an-t°-

s≠∂p sh®p. cma-h¿Ω-tbmSv ]Xn-Imcw sNøm-\p≈ k¿∆-i-a-ßfpw \njv -e-am-sW-∂-dn™

DK≥ kz¥w lnX-Øn-s\-Xncp \n∂ A\p-P≥ im¥s\ IpØn-ho-gvØn-bn v shSn-a-cp∂p]pcbv°v

Xo sImSpØp; Bfn-°-Ønb Xobn¬ kzbw AI-s∏ v ktlm-Z-c-\p-samØv ba-]pcn ]qIn. CXmWv

[¿Ω-cm-P-bnse IYm-kw-K-lw.

22 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


c≠n-S-ßgn

kwKlw

]I-e-¥n-tbm-fw-- ]m-S-ß-fn¬ ]-Wn-sb-SpØv s]m≥ IXn-cp-Iƒ hnfb-n-°p∂ Ahicpw a¿±n-

X-cp-amb Ip -\m- nse I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒh¿§ t_m[-tØmsS DW¿s∂-gp--t∂‰v Nqj--WsØ

]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hotcm-÷zehpw hnIm-c-\n¿ -c-hp-amb IYm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv c-≠n-S-ß-gn.

F´p X-d-bn¬ Im-fn-∏-d-b-s‚bpw Ip™m-fn-bp-sSbpw aI-fmWvNn-cp-X. Ahƒ \√ H∂m-

¥cw the°m-cn-bm-Wv. I‰ saXn-°m\pwIf ]dn-°m\pw ho´p tPmen-°pw Ahƒ k-a¿∞bm-

Wv. ]ecpw Ahfw hnhmlw Ign-°m≥- B-K-ln®v s]ÆptNmZn®p hc-Wp-s≠-¶nepw Ahƒ \√

hne-bpf≈ Nc-°mWv F∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ Ah-fpsS A—≥ Im-fn-∏--d-b≥ Ah-fpsS hne h¿[n-

∏n-°p-∂p. C- p-sI´pw Xd-bnse shfp-Ø-bpsS aI≥ tImc≥ Nncp-Xsb I√ymWw Btem-Nn-®p-

h-∂p. 50 cq]bpw 25 ]d-s\√pw BWv Ah-fpsS hne. Im¿jn-I-sIm-gn-em-fn-bmb tImc≥ Xs‚

kplrØv Ip™m-∏n-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]pjv]-th-en-bn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ ASp-Øp \n∂pw

HmW-∏-Wn°v \n¬°mw F∂-Xns‚ Icm-dn¬ ]Ww ISw hmßp-∂p. \m´p \S-∏ns\ FXn¿Øv

Nncp-Xsb hnhmlw Ign-®-Xn-\m¬ tImc\v Xs‚ ho´p-Im-tcbpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

I√ymWw Ign™v tImc\pw Nncp-Xbpw Hutk-∏ns‚ HmW∏Wn-bn¬ G¿s∏- p. Hcp I¿j-

Is‚ F√m DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-tØm-Sp-IqSn tImc≥ ]pjv]then-bn¬]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. C-Xn-\n-S-bn¬

Ip -\m- n¬ ]pXnb am‰-ßƒ°v Xncn-sX-fn-bp-∂p. InkvXp a-X-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw tÃ‰v

tIm¨K- ns‚ cq]o-I-c-Whpw Ip -\m- nse I¿j-I-cpsS Pohn-X-hyh-ÿsb Xs∂ am‰n adn-

°p-∂p. lnµp In-kvXym\nbm-bpw, InkvXym\n lnµp-hm-bpw, ]cn-h¿Ø\\w sNbvXp. Ip™m∏n,

]tXmkmbn, tbml-∂m≥ A\-¥-\m-bn.

sImbvØp ImeØv sh≈w IpSn-bv°m≥ Hcp I‰ kz¥-am-sb-SpØ tImcs\ apX-emfn

IW-°n\v iIm-cn-®p. AXv Ahs‚ Bflm- n-am-\sØ hW-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah≥ ]pXnb Hcm-fmbn.

apX-emfn Iqen Ipd-®-t∏mƒ tIm-c≥ sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf kwL-Sn-∏n®v kacw \S-Øn. Ah-Imiw

\ne-\n¿Øn. AtXmsS Ip -\m- nse Im¿-jn-I-ta-Je kwL¿j-]q¿Æ-am-bn. Ah-Imi \ntj-[-

ß-fpw \nXy-kw- -h-am-bn. Im¿jnI ]am-Wn-am-cpsS kzm[o\w sIm≠v bqWn-b≥ ]h-¿Ø-I-cp-sS-

ta¬ I≈-t°-kp-I-fp-≠m-bn. tImc-\pƒs∏sS ]e-hcpw Hfn-hn¬t]m-bn. Hcp Znhkw cmXn IpSn-

en-se-Ønb tImc≥ I≠Xv ]pjv]then-bn¬ Nmt°m Nncp-Xsb _em¬-°mcw -sNøms\mcp-ßp-

∂-Xm-Wv. Ah≥ Abmsf X√n-s°m-∂p. tImc\v e`n®-in£ 15 h¿jsØ Pbn¬ hm-k-am-bn-cp-

∂p. ]q¿Æ K¿`n-Wn-bmb Nncp-Xsb Iq´p-Im-c-\m-b- Nm-Øs\ G¬-∏n-®n- mWv Ah≥ t]mb-Xv.

NmØ\pw Nncp-Xbpw Bß--f-bpw -s]-ß-fp-ambn Pohn-®p.

23 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Ip --\m- nse a¿±nX PohnXw Ah-cpsS i‡n- kam-l-cn®v kacw sNbvXp. XS-hp-in£

Ign™p Xncn-s®-Ønb tImcs‚ ssIIfn¬ Nncp-Xsb NmØ≥ Xncn-®v G¬∏n-°p-∂p. tImcs‚

aI≥ sh-fp--Ø- sIm®pssI Npcp´n sIm≠v Ir-jn- qan I¿j-I¿°v F∂v Dds° hnfn-°p-∂p.

tImcs‚ Xe-ap-d-bpsS kz]v\w shfp-Ø-bpsS ImeL- -Øn¬ bm-Ym¿∞y-am-Ip-sa-∂ -kq-N-\bmWv

t\mh¬ ip -]-cy-h-km-bn-bm-hp-tºmƒ e- n-°p-∂-Xv.

]T\w

Ip -\m-S≥ I¿-j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS h¿§-k-a-c--Øns‚ kq£va-NnXw \ap°v Cu IrXn-

bn¬ Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ Hcp P\ kaq-l-Øns‚ lrZb kv]µ\-ß-fpsS apg°w

Cu t\mh-en-\v al-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb A¥-co£w \¬Ip-∂p. ASn-a-Xz-Øns‚ Zp:Jm\p- -h-ßfn¬ \n-

∂p-W¿∂v kz¥w hn[n Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p-≈ IcpØv Ch¿- B¿-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p. c≠n-S-ß-gn-bnse

tImc\v A[zm-\-Øns‚ alna Adn-bmw. B A[zm\wj Pohn-X-Øn-s‚ A¥ v Dd∏p \¬Ip-

∂n-s√-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ Iq-c-amb B Hcp kXyw Ah\v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""kz¥w Poh≥ If™p

]Wn-S-sb-Sp-°p-∂-I¿j-I¿°v Ah-km\w H∂p-an-√m-Xm-Ip∂p F∂v kXyw''. IqSmsX ]d-b\p

]pe-b\p Adn-bmsX Ccp-fn¬ I-f-ß-fnse I®nIq-\-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw IsÆ-ØmØ Zqc-tØmfw

]c∂v InS-°p∂ ]mS-Ønse hmgva s\√ns‚ CS-bn-ep≈ hc-ºp-I-fn-eq-w- kvXo-Iƒ°v t\sc \S-

-Øp∂ AXnI-a-ßsf shfn®Øp sIm≠p hcm\pw Cu IY ian-°p-∂p-≠v. XIgn inh-i-¶-c-

∏n≈ sXmgn-ep-sIm≠v h°o--em-sW-¶nepw P∑-hm-k-\-sIm≠v \m´n≥]p-dsØ I¿j-I-\m-hp-I-

bmWv ChnsS BI¿-j-I-amb XpS°w Zp-X-K-Xn-bn¬ ]ncn-ap-dp-Inb Ahÿ-bn-te-°p≈ hnIm-

kw, ]n∂oSv kzm¿∞-Ihpw Z-hp-amb kam-]-\hpw Cu IrXn-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]pdw-X-≈-s∏- p-t]mb h¿§w AX-thKw Cu kmaqly hyh-ÿ-bn¬\n∂pw ]pdØp t]mIn-

√. adn-®v Po-hn-X-Øns‚ F√m m-K-ß-fnepw B h¿§-Øns‚ i‡n-h-Ømb t\¿Ø tNcp--h-Iƒ

]S¿∂p ]nSn-°p∂p F∂pw \ap°v Cu IrXn-bn¬\n∂pw hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

24 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw

kwKlw

InkvXob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ c-Nn-®n- p≈ t\mh-emWv Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-cw. Ip™-\m-®-\mWv

t\mh-ense tIµ-I-Ym-]m-Xw. Ipt™-\m®-\n-eqsS h-f-cp-Ibpw Ipt™\m-®-\n-eqsS Ah-km-\n-

°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂ Hcp t\mh¬. hr≤-\mb Ipt™-\m-®-\v A©v Bä---°fpw Hcp s]ä-°-

fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv. CXn¬ aqØ aI-\pw- B-sI-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂m-cp- s]ä-°fpw Imem¥-c-s∏- p. ]nent∏m-

b-®m-b≥, Ioh-do-Xv, NmØp-Ipń, Ip™p sN-dp-°≥ F∂n-h-cn--eq-sS- h-f-cp∂ Hcp \√ IpSpw_

NnX-amWv Ac-\m-gn-I--t\-cw.

Ipt™-\m-®s‚ mh-\-bn-eq-sSbpw Nn¥-bn-eq-sSbpamWv t\mh¬ hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ipt™-

\m-®≥ 90 Ign™ Hcp hr≤-\m-Wvv. NmØpIp- n-bpsS hoń-emWv \n¬°p--∂-Xv- F-¶nepw hSnbpw

IpØn D®-bv°p≈ DuWn\v Hmtcm a°-fp-tSbpw hoń¬ t]mhp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. Hcp Znhkw Xh-

W-b-\pk--cn®v Ioh-do-Xns‚ hoń¬ t]mbn aS-ßn-h-cp∂ ka-bØv Xe-I-dßn hogp-I-bpw AtX

XpS¿∂v C\n XhW \n¿-Ø-em°n A∏-\v sN-e-hn-ep≈ Imiv hoń¬ sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p. amØp-°p- n-bpsS `mcy Zo\mΩ h√y-∏-®\v F∂pw -Hcp Xmßpw XW-ep-am-Wv.

Ipt-™\-m®s‚ F√m Imcyhpw t\m°n \S-Øp-∂Xv Zo-\m-Ω-bmWv. amØp-°pń \m-Sn\v \s∂-

¶nepw hoSn\v Imcy-sam∂pw C√m-Ø-h-\mWv. Ipt™\m®s‚ Htc-sbmcp kplr-ØmWv inh-i-

¶-c-Ip-dp-∏v. X\n°v kwkm-cn-°m\pw Id∏v hmßn-Ø-cm\pw D≈ \s√m-cp- Iq- v.

hyXykvX aX-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw aX-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø v F√mw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂pw, ss__n-

fn‚-sbpw cmam-b-W-Øn-s‚bpw ktµ-i-ßƒ H∂p Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw Ipt™\-m®\v Adn-bmw.

At±-l-Øn\v Ft∏mgpw Hmtcm kphn-ti-j-ßƒ ]d-bm-\p-≠m-Ipw. Ioh-do-Xns‚ aI-fmWv Ip- n-b-

Ω. \Sp-hn-esØ k¥-Xn-bmWv. Cfb k¥Xn-bmb eoem-Ω-bp-sS-hn-hmlw Ign-™n´pw CXp-hsc

Ipń-b-Ωb-bpsS an∂p-sI´v Ign-™nń-√, CXn-s‚ ImcWw X-\n-s°mcp tPmen-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂v

Ahƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. Ahƒ- Hcp hmZym-cm-Wv. Ah--fpsS iºfw sIm-≠mWv B IpSpw_w Pohn-®p-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. an∂p-sIń Ign-™m¬ AXv \n¬°pw AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ioh-doXv GsX-¶nepw

]d™v IeymWm-tem-N-\-Iƒ ap-S-°pw.

Ipt™\m-®≥ CXp tNmZn-s®-¶nepw Hcp adp-]Sn Ioh-do-Xns‚ ssIøn¬\n∂pw In´p-∂n-√.

dmtl-eΩ, Ipń-b-Ω-bpsS aqØ-a-Iƒ. Ah-fpsS hnhmlw Ign-s™¶nepw Hcp \nXy-tcm-Kn-bm-

bXv ImcWw Ahƒ ho- n¬Øs∂ \n¬°p-∂p. Ah-fpsSw ac-Whpw Ip™m--t\-®\v Ac-\m-gnI

t\cw sIm≠v ImtW≠n h∂p.

Ipt™\m-—s‚ aI-\mb Ip™p sNdp-°-\mWv Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp Xe Xncn-™

k¥Xn. ]t£, Hcn-°epw Ip™p sNdp-°-s\- Ip™\m-®≥ ]gn ]d-bp-∂n-√. ]nen-t∏m-®≥ [-\n-

I-\mb Hcph\mWv. ]t£- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ a\-k-am-[m\w C√m-ØXv nen-t∏m-®-\m-Wv. nen-t∏m-

25 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


®s\bpw the-°mcn A∂m-Ω-tbbpw ImWm≥ I-gn-bmØ ImgvN-bn¬ ImWp-∂p. CtX-Xp-S¿∂v

tPmWn-Ip- nbpw A∏\pw XΩn¬ hg-°n-Sp-Ibpw tPmWn hb-\m- n-te°v t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

H∏w the-°mcn s]Æn-t\bpw sIm≠v t]mIp-∂p.

amØp-°p- n°v BZysØ mcy-bn¬ D≠mb aI-\mWv cmP-≥. cmP\v ]´m-f--Øn-emWv tPmen.

eohn\v hcp∂ Imcyw Adn™v Im¿ØnI ]≈o-e-®≥ Hcp hnhm-l-Imcyw sIm≠p hcp∂p A-

®≥ Ch-cpsS IpSpw-_-am-b-Xn-\m¬ H∂pw Btem-Nn-°msX hnhmlw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. cmP≥

s]Æp I≠p im¥-Ω. im¥-Ωsb cmP\v CjvS-s∏- p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ Ip™m--t\®s‚ ]cn-N-b-°m-

c≥ Hcmƒ h∂v Hcp Imcyw ]d-bp-∂p. im¥-Ω-bpsS AΩ-bpsS ¿-Ømhv acn-®-Xm-Wv.-hn-[-h-bmb

tijw B kvXo°v Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈o-e-®s‚ tNmcbn¬ ]nd-∂-XmWv im-¥-Ω. CtX-Xp-S¿∂v

IeymWw th≠m F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p∂p. ]t£ cmPs‚ ]nSn-hm-in-bn¬ B IeymWw \S-°p-∂p.

Xs‚ Cf-b-Xmb cmPs‚ -hn-hmlw \S-∂n´pw Xs‚ IeymWw \S-°m-Ø-Xn¬ Ipń-b-Ωbv°v hnj-

a-ap-≠m-bncp∂p. Ipń-bΩ, Xs∂ Hcmƒ°v CjvS-am-sW∂pw Abmƒ hn-fn-®m¬ Xm≥ Cdßn

t]mIp-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

hnhmlw Ign™v DS≥ Xs∂ cmP≥ t]mIp-∂p. im¥-Ωbv°v hncl thZ-\. CXn-\n-S-

bn¬ Xs‚- ]q¿∆ Ime-ßƒ Ip™m--t\-®≥ Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p. s]ÆΩ F∂ Hcp kvXobp-ambn

X\n-°-Sp-∏-ap-≠m-bXpw AtX Xp-S¿∂p≠mb hg-°n¬ Xs‚ `mcy A∂mΩ acn-°p-Ibpw Hcp-

kvYe X¿°-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v Ipt™-am≥ ac-W-s∏- Xpw hnhmlw \n›-bn® Xs‚ aIƒ Ip-™-Ω -

a-cn-®-Xpw Ip™m--t\-—≥ Hm¿Ωn-°p∂p. ab-°-ß-fn¬ -A-h-¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xs∂ kz¿§-tem-I-

tØ°v Iqń-sIm≠v t]mIm≥h-cp-∂Xpw A-bmƒ Adn-bp-∂p. ]t£ B Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw Ct∏m-

gpw Bbn- n-√. hey-∏-®-s‚- Nn-e-hn\v th≠n Ip™p sNdp-°s‚ aI≥ Zm-\n-°pń A™qdpcq]

\¬Ip-∂p. Bcpw Adn-bmsX \¬Inb B A-™q-dp-cq] ]ns∂-h-g-°n¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. I≈-

°-S-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Zm-\n-°pń Ad-Ãn-em-hp-∂p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ Ipń-b-Ωsb ImWm-Xm-hp-∂p.

Ipt™-\-®-t\mSv ]d-™-t]m-se Ahƒ tXmakv kmdns‚ IqsS t]mbn. hg-°n-\pw -h-°m-W-

Øn\pw Hcp-ßn-sb-¶nepw Ipt™-\-®s‚ hm°p ]Imcw B hnhmlw \S-Øn.

tXmakv kmdv B hoS-n\pw Ipt™\m®\pw Hcp XpW-bmbn hn-®p. Cu IY-bnse as‰mcp

kw -h-amWv cmPs‚ ac-Ww. ]´m-f-Øn¬ sh®v cmP≥ ac-W-s∏- p. CXv B IpSpw_Øn\p-ta¬ H-

cp-B-Lm-X-ambn h∂v hn-®p. cm-Ps‚ ac-W-tØmSv IqSn G‰hpw henb am‰w kw -hn-®Xv im¥-

Ωbn-em-bn-cp-∂p. im¥Ω ssZhn-I-X-bn-te°v Xncn-™p. X\n°v C\n-sbm-cp- Zm-º-Xy Pohn-X-an-

s√∂v im¥Ω Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. cmPs‚ ac-W-tØmSv IqSn B IpSpw_w A\m-Y-am-Ip-∂p. amØp-

Ipń \mSn\v amXta sIm≈q hoSn-\v sIm-≈n-√. Cu Imcyw- ap≥Iq- n- I-≠v Io-h-doXv amØp-Ip- n-

tbmSv Hcp IS XpS-ßm≥ ]d-bp∂p. Hcp ]¶p I®-h-Sw. ]¶p-Im-c-\mbn inh-i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns\ Xnc-

s™-Sp-°p-∂p. Aßs\ kmam\yw \√ coXn-bn¬ Øs∂ I®-hSw Bcw- n-°p-∂p. CXn--\n-S-bn¬

im¥-Ω-bpsS ]nXrXzw Im¿-Øn-I--]-≈n-e-®≥ sX-fn-b-n°p-∂p. Xs∂bpw im¥-Ω-bpsS AsΩ-b-

°p-dn®pw A]-hm-Z-ßƒ ]c-Øn-b-Xm--sW∂v sXfnhp klnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Iºp-Iƒ- D-W-

ßn-t∏mb ew Imbv°mØ ]Sphr£w t]mse Ipt™-\-®≥ \n¬°p-∂p. CS°v ab-°-Øn-te-

26 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


°v hogp-Ibpw t_m[-an√msX ]hr-Øn°pbpw sN-øp-∂p. Hcp Znhkw Ipd®v sh≈-Øn\v th≠n

Zo\m-Ωsb hnfn-s®-¶nepw hnfn-tI¬°p-∂n-√.

amØp-Ipń ]nen-t∏m-®s‚ aI≥ tPmWn-Ip- nsb XncnsI sIm≠vv hcm≥t]mb ka-bhpw

Zo\m-Ω-sb Im-Wm-ØXv sIm≠v Ip-t™-\-®≥- G-ß-t\sbms°sbm hSnbpw Ip-Øn-∏n-Sn®v hmXn¬

X≈n-Xp-d-°p-∂p. Ahn-sS -Ip-t™-\-®s‚ D‰ kplr-Ømb inh-i-¶c Ipdp∏pw Xs‚ acp-a-fƒ

A√ aI-fmbn I≠ Zo\m-Ωb-pw .......... Ipt™-\-®≥ Xmsg hoWp. IÆp-Xp-d-∂-t∏mƒ a°-sf-√m-

hcpw ap∂n-ep≠v. ]t£, BZyw At\z-jn-®Xp amØp-Ip- nsb BWv. ]t£ Ah≥ h∂n- n-√.

Zo\m-Ω-bp-sS- ap-J-tØ-°v t\m°n. Ahƒ -BsI Nqfn \n¬°p-I-bmWv Fßs\ t\sc

\n¬°pw. Zo\mΩ sh≈w sImSp-sØ-¶nepw AXv Xń Xm-sg-bn- p. Bf-dn--bm-ØXv sIm≠v sN-øp-

∂-Xm-sW∂v F√m-hcpw hnNm-cn-®p. Fs¥m-s°tbm ]d-bm≥ Xp\ns™-¶nepw H∂pw B¿°pw

hy‡ambn√. amØp-Ip- n-tbmSv Hcp Imcyw ]d-bWw F∂v amXw ]d-™p. am\w c£n-°m≥

th≠n inh-i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v Idp-∏n¬ hnjw tN¿Øv -Ip-t™-\-®s\ sIm∂p. CX-dn™ Zo\m-Ω-b-

°v \n-b-¥Ww \jvS-s∏ńcp-∂p. G‰-hpw- D-ds° tcmZ\w tI -Xv Zo-\m-Ω-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. F√m-

Øn\pw km£n-bmbn \n∂ Hcp- X-e-a-p-d-bnse Ah-km-\sØ- C-e-- sR- ‰ncn-°p-∂p.

27 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


am‰mØn

kmdm-tPmk^v

kwKlw

"B-em--l-bpsS s]- a-°ƒ' F∂ t\mh-ens‚ XpS¿®-t]mse kw -hn-®- t\m-h-em-Wv kmdm-

tPm-k- ns‚ "am‰m-Øn. eqkn-bpsS hf¿®bpw ImgvN-I-fp-amWvv Cu IrXn-bn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-

cn-°p-∂Xvv. Ncn-X-Øns‚ s\Sp-¶≥ ]m-X--I-fn-eq-sS-b-√, DuSp-h-gn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv eqkn k-©-cn-°p-

∂-Xv.

[\n-Ibpw hr≤-bp-amb _nPn-Ø-bpsS Bin-X-bmbn sNdp∏w apX¬ Ign™v IqSp-I-bm-

Wv eqkn. ]ip-°-fpw -]-d-ºn-se-Ir-jnbpw ho´p-tPm-enbpw F√m-ambn Pohn-XsØ Hcp -k-a-c-

am°n am‰n-bn-cn-°p∂hƒ. ]Ømw Xc-Øn¬ ]-Tn-°p∂ Ahƒ°v ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \o°n shbv°m≥

ka-b-an-√. Ac-bv°p∂ ka-bØv Cw•ojv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ihn-X-Iƒ sNm√n ]Tn-°p-

∂XpsIm≠v ]pkvI-Øns‚ F√m Xmfp-I-fnepw NΩ¥n Ie¿∂ sh≈w sXdn-®v- D-W-ßn-b-Xns‚

]mSv ImWmw. NmWIw aW°p∂ tZlhpambn ¢m v apdn-bn¬ HmSn-°n-X-s®-Øp-tºmƒ Ah-f-hn-

sS-bp-sam-cp- ]cnlm-k-]m-X-ambn amdp-∂p. \nhrØn sI v Hcp hmk-\m-tkm∏v hmßn tX®-Xn\p

_nPn-ØΩ Btcm-]n-®Xv \o tImgn ap´ I´v hmßn-b-X-t√-sb-∂m-Wv.

_nPn-Ø-bpsS aqØ Bß-f-bpsS aI-fmWv keo-\. keo-\-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv eqkn Pohn-X-

sØ-b-dn-bp-∂-Xv kzmX¥yw Adn-bp-∂-Xv. keo-\-bvs°m∏w --]m¿∞-\bv°v t]mb-t∏mƒ k-eo\

Xs‚ IÆp-Iƒ apgp-h≥ BÏp- n-I-fn¬ ]-Xn-∏n-°m\mWv Xm¬]cyw Imń-b-Xv. eqkn-bm-I-s´,

cmXn Ggp-a-Wn°p -Xs∂ AS-bp∂ _nPn-Ø-bpsS hoń¬ \n∂p≈ tamN\w Bkz-Zn-°p-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. cm-Xn-bp-sS -ku-µ-cy-a-dn-bm-Xn-cp∂ eqkn cmXn-bpsS BIm-i-°mgvN ImWm-\mWv ian-°p-

∂-Xv. keo-\--bn¬ \n∂pw t]a-te-J-\-Øn--s‚bpw t]aØn-s‚bpw hymJym--\-ßƒ eqkn°v In´p-

∂p. k-eo-\bv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb s\¬k¨ F∂ ¿Ømhn-s\-bmWv In´p--∂-Xv.

_nPn-Ø-bpsS sNdp--hm-’eysa¶nepw eqkn Adn-bp-∂Xv Ahƒ EXp-aXnbmIp∂ ka-b-

Øm-Wv. sR -tem-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw ]® tImgn-ap´ hmbn-sem-gn®v sImSpØpw a‰pw B NSßpIƒ°p

]m-[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. B Hc--h-ÿ-bn¬ amX-amWv _nPn-Ø-bn¬ kvt\-l-a-bn-bmb H-c-Ωsb

Z¿in-°m-\m-hp∂-Xv. A\m-Y-bmb eqkn°p ]e-t∏mgpw CXn-\p-tijw D]--tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv; IqSm-sX

-No-Ø-∏-d-®nepw. X≈ tXhn-Sn-»n-bm-sW∂v Ahsf ho≠pw ho≠pw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v _nPn-Ø-mΩ.

eqkn-bpsS ¢m nse Ipń-bmWv tkXp. tkXp-hn¬ eqkn°p h√m-sØmcp BI¿j-W-ap-≠v.

]t£ Hcn-°¬t]mepw ,tk-Xp-hn¬\n∂pw eqkn°v A\p-Iq-e-am-sbmcp t\´w t]mep-ap-≠m-bn- n-√.

28 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


s]Ïp- n-Iƒ A®-S°w ]men-°-W-sa∂ _nPn-Ø-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ eqkn FXn¿°p-∂ps≠¶n-

epw, Ahƒ B N- -ßƒ ewLn-°p-∂n-√. a\-- n¬ Xoh-amb BK-l-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬t]m-epw.

sNtdmW Ae--°p-Im-cn-bm-Wv. tNmtdm-W-bmWv eqkn-bp-sS- \yqkv dnt∏m¿´¿ F∂p ]dbmw.

A¬∏w s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw sh®XmWv sNtd-W-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ F∂v eqkn°v Xs∂-b--dn-bmw.

sNtdm-W-bn¬ \n-∂pw,- ]p-Ø≥]--W-°m-c-\mb \mSp-hn- p-t]mbn ]Ww kºm-Zn® Hm∏s\°pdn®v

Adn-bp-∂p. Hm∏≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hntZi s]¿^yqw, hvkvXw, F√m eqkn°v AXn-ib-am-bn-cp-

∂p. sNtdm-W, Hm∏-s\-s°m≠p eqkn-sb- sI- n-°m-\mWp ian-°p-∂-Xv. _nPn-Ø- Akq-b-tbm-

sS-bm-sW-¶nepw Hm∏s\ hoń-te°v £Wn-®-k-a-bØv eqkn°v kΩm-\-ambn Hcp u≠≥t]-\-

bmWp \¬In-b-Xv. \∂mbn ]Tn°W-sa∂ hm°pw. eqkn ]Ømw ¢m v hn-P-bn-®-t∏mƒ XpS¿]-

T-\-Øn-\mbn _nPn-Ø Is≠-Ønb am¿§w, \o kz¥-am-bn-Hcp hcp-am-\-am¿§w Is≠Øn ]Tnt®m

F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. eqkn Xf¿∂n√ Ahƒ Hcp hmg-tØm´w D≠m-°n. hmin-tbmSv IqSn-Øs∂

tImtf-Pn¬t]m-hm≥Xp-S-ßn. Hcp AΩ-bp-sS I-cp-X¬. kvt\lw B thf-I-fn¬ Ahƒ°v In´p-

∂Xv sNtdmWbn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Ah-fn¬, Ah-fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ Ft∏mgpw Hcp Icp-X¬ sN-tdm-

Wbv°p≠v. hmg-°pe ]mI-ambn hnf-sh-Sp-°m≥ hcp-∂-bm-fmWv h¿§o-kv. h¿§o-kn¬ \n∂pw

Cd®n sh´p-Im-c-\m-b-- sIm-®m-∏p-hn¬ \n∂p-ap≠mb Xn‡m-\p- -h-ßƒ AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Icp-Øm-

hp-∂Xv Cu Icp-X-em-Wv.

adn-b--]p-cw -F∂ tZihpw Cu t\mh-en¬ apJy IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. Hcp Kmaw \K-c-Øn-s‚

Itø-‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xpw AXns‚ kzm`m-hn-IX \jvS-s∏- v Ir-Xn-a-am-bn- Xocp-∂Xpw t\m-h-

ens‚ BJym-\-Øn-se -]-[-m-\-s∏´ Hcp AS-cm-Wv . hn-im-e-amb s\¬∏m-S-ßfpw AhnsS A≤zm-

\n-°p-Ibpw Xfn¿-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Pohn-X-ßfpw adn-b-]p-c-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI Xmf-ß-fm-bn-cp-

∂p. B Xmf-Øn\p wKw hcp-Øp-∂Xv "sImt -°m-S≥ tNdp' F∂ A\y \m´p-Im-c≥ BWv. A\y-

\m- p-Im-c≥ F∂ t]cv Km-a-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ mK-am-Wv. \K-c-Øn¬ F√mhcpw A\y-cmbn Pohn-°p-

∂-Xn-\m¬ B hnfn-t∏-cn¬ hnti-jn®v ]k-‡n-bn-√. tNdphpw Iqćpw Bcw- n-°p∂ "ho´p-Ir-jn-

bmWv' adn-b-]p-c-sØ- am‰n \n¿-Øp-∂--Xn¬ ][m-\-- ]¶phln-°p-∂-Xv.

eq-kn-bpsS tImtfPv PohnXw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX--am-bn-cp-∂p. tImtfPvIpam-cn-I-fpsS mj

]db-m≥ ian-® eqkn-tbmSv _n-PnØ ]d-bp-∂p. ""P\n® A∂v sXm´v F\n°v Htc `mj-bmWv.

Hmt¥mSn-bm¬ F¥m-tcmSpw'' F∂v. Nµp-hm-bn-cp∂p eqkn-°vIq- v. Cw•ojv A≤ym-]-I\p-ambn

Nµp hmIv X¿°Ønte¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amX-amWv eqkn i_vZn-®-Xv. Nµp-hn-s\ A\p-Iq-en®v

eqkn kwkm-cn-®p. Ahfp-sS -i-_vZw, mj, At∏m-gmWv ¢m v Ad-n-bp-∂Xv. Ah-tfmSv kpµcn

\n\°p tem°p (\n-b-a-]-T-\w) tNcmw. mhn-bp-s≠∂p ]d™ kabw mhn-bn¬eq-kn°v ]Xymi

bp≠mIp-∂p≠v. ]t£ _nPn-Ø-bp-sS -BSp tImgn-I-fpsS i_vZ-Øn¬ B Bthiw XWp-Øp-d-

™p. Hc-≤ym-]-Is‚ in£ G‰p hmtß≠n h∂-tXmsS eqkn ]T\w- \n¿Øn.

29 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Kma-Ønse s\¬ hb-ep-I-sf√mw aÆn v \nI-Øn \K-c-Ønse taem-f¿°p Xma-kn-°m≥

\q-dp-I-W-°n\p BV-w_-c-h-k-Xn-Iƒ ]Wnbptºmƒ adn-b-]p-c-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-

Øm-Ip-∂Xv B Kma-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI Pohn-X-am-Wv. hnIm-cn-b-®≥ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ ]m¿∏n-S-

]-≤Xn (]m∏m-\-K-¿* F∂ t]cn¬) B KmasØ Xmßn\n¿Øm≥ t]mIp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Kma-

Ønse apgp-h≥ Bfp-I-fp-tS-bpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS hoSn-√mØ F√m-h¿°pw hoSv F∂ Bibw

Ht´sd Pohn-X-ßsf ]Xo-£m- -cn-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v. cq]w sImØnbpw eqknbpw \nc-h-[n- t]cpw

]m¿∏nS ]≤-Xn-bn¬ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

tkXp-hns\ ImWp-∂Xv BZyw kvIqƒ Ip´n-bmbpw ]n∂oSv ln∏n-bmbpw XpS¿∂v \-Ivk-en-

Ãmbpw Ah-km\w ]pXp-X-e-apd-bp-sS ]XoI--amb Hcp ÃpUntbm t^mt´m-Km- dmbp-am-Wv.

tNdp-hn-s‚-bpw- a‰pw N-Xn-°pgnbn¬s] v t\m´p-I-Øn®v Nmb Xnf-∏n-®p- ]-W-°m-c-\m-sW-∂-dn-bn®

Hm∏≥-, B-kq-XWw C√msX ]Ww A\m-h-iy-ambn sNehgn-®p-]m-∏-cm-Ip-∂p. Ah-km\w F√mw-

\jvS-s∏- n´pw ]mh-ßƒ°v th≠n [\-k-lmbw \¬Im≥ Ah≥ k∂-≤-\m-hp-∂p-≠v.

sNtdm-W-bv°p ]m∏m-\-K-dn¬\n¿Ωn® AºXp hoSp-I-fn¬ \-dp°phoWn-√. BZysØ \dp-

°p-ho-WXp thiym-hrØn sNbvXn-cp-∂ -k-c-kp-hn-\mWv. sNtdmW ¿Øm-hn-\pw a°ƒ°pw th≠n

kzbw Fcn-™-a-cp-I-bm-Wv.

_nPn-Ø-bp-sS -]-Xn-hp- ]-√-hn-I-fn¬ hogvN kw -hn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. F√m ka-b-Øpw Dd-

°w -am-Xw. -tcm-K-a-dn-s™Ønb, AXp-h-sc- Im-WmØ _‘p-°ƒ kzØns‚ Ah-Im-i-I-W-°p-

Iƒ \nc-Øp-∂p. Ahn-tSbpw eqkn°v £-W-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ m-c-ta-dp-∂p. Dd-°-Øn¬ _n-Pn-

Ø kz¥w tZlØp sI´n-bn-cp∂ Xm-t°m¬Iq- Øn¬ sXmSp-∂-tXmsS Ah¿°p-ho≠pw Hcp

DW¿hp-≠m-Ip-∂p. B DW¿hv ]t£ A[n-I-Zn-hkw \o≠p \n∂n√.- _n-PnØ acn-®p. Ah-km-

\-\n-an-j-Øn¬ B IÆp-I-fn¬\n-∂p-Xn∂p hoW- I-Æp-\o¿ eqkn-tbm-Sp≈ ]›m-Øm-]-am-bn-cn-

°mw..... kvt\l-am-bn-cn-°mw....!

_n-PnØbpsS -a-c-W-tijw eqknsb Bcpw Xs∂ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-√. B cmXn ]pe¿∂-

t∏mƒ _n-PnØ B temI-Øn-en-s√∂ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ DSp-Ø--ap-≠v, _n-PnØbpsS H® \nd-®p- tS-∏v,

tkXp FSpØ t^mt´mbpw amX-sa-SpØv K¿ -]m-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp- in-ip-h-gp-Xn-bn-d-ßpw- t]mse

eqkn ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂p.

ho≠pw eqkn-sb-Im-Wp-∂Xv CivIm........ CivIm..... F∂ Xmf-tØm-sS-A-e-°p-∂n-S-Øm-Wv. AsX

Ahƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp Ah-fp-tS-Xmb PohnX am¿§w. Hcp -am-‰m-Øn-bm-bn.......

]T\w

]ta--b--Ønepw mjm Xe-Ønepw Nne khn--ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu t\mh-en¬ ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ncn-X-Øn¬ hnim-e-amb cmP-]m-X-Iƒ amX-a-√, Ht -sd- DuSp hg-n-IƒIqSn -D-s≠∂v Cu t\mh¬

\sΩ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. mj-bnse D¬I¿j-t_m-[sØ XI¿ØpsIm≠v, Hmc--tØ°v am‰n \n¿Øn-

bn-cp-∂-- mjm hnti-j-ß-sf- t\m-h¬ ]p-\-cm-\-bn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p.

30 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


A\m-Y-bmb eqkn F∂ s]¨Ip- n-bpsS Pohn-X-amWv am‰m-Øn-bn¬ Bhn-jvvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv. [\n-I-\pw -hr-≤-bp-amb _nPnØbpsS Bin-X-bmbn sNdp-∏w- ap-X¬ I-gn™v IqSp-I-bmWv

eqkn. tImgn-Ifpw BSp-I-fpw, ]ip-°-fpw, ]d-ºnse Irjnbpw ho´p-tPm-en-I-fpw F√m-ambn

Pohn-XsØ Hcp ka-c-am°n am‰n-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv eqkn. hf¿®-bpsS Hmtcm L -Ønepw Ah-fn-

ep-≠m-Ip-∂- u-Xn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpamb B- ]-cn-Wm-a-ßsf t\mh¬ kq-£va-am-bn -]n-¥p-S-cp-∂p-

≠v. eqkn-tbm-sSm∏w sN-tdm-W, tkXp, Hm∏≥ XpSßn Ht´sd t]cp-Iƒ, Pohn-X-ßƒ t\mh-

ens‚ BJym-\-L-S-\-bn¬ k-l-bmX sN-øp-∂p-≠v. AXv sIm≠v Xs∂ Hcp IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ -

G-Im-K-_-‘-amb BJym-\-a√. Ht´sd NnX-dnb Pohn-X-ß-fpsS _lp-kz-c-X-bpsS BJym-\-amWv

t\mh-en-ep-≈-Xv. henb Pohn-X-Øns‚ henb A\p- -h-ßƒ amX-a-√. Pohn-X-Øns‚ shfn-ºp-

d-ß-fn-te°v am‰n \n¿Øs∏Sp-∂-h-cpsS sNdnb A\p- -h-ßfpw BJym\w sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp≠v

F∂- Im-gvN-∏mSv t\mh-en-ep-S-\ofw i‡-ambn ]h¿Øn°p-∂p-≠v.

a-dn-bm-]pcw F∂t-Z-ihpw Cu t\mh-ense apJy IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. Hcp-Km-aw- \-K--cØns‚

ssItb-‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw -t\m-h¬- B-Jym-\-Ønse ][m-\-s∏- - Hcp AScm-Wv. hnim-

e-amb s\¬∏m-S-ßfpw AhnsS A[zm-\n-°p-Ibpw X-fn-¿-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ adnbm-]p-c-Øns‚

kzm`m-hn-I- Xm-f-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. B Xmf-Øn\v wKw hcpØp∂Xv sImt -°m-S≥ tNdp F∂ A\y-

\m- p-Im-c-\m-Wv. "A\y-\m- p-Im-c≥' F∂ t]cv Kma-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. \K-c-Øn¬ F√m-

hcpw A\y-cmbn Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AØ-c-sam-cp- hn-fn-t∏-cn¬ hn--ti-jn®v ]k--‡nbn√. t\mh-

ens‚ Ahkm\am-Ip-tºm-tg°pw tNdp -A-\y-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ NnXw Cu hnfn-t∏-cns‚ A]-Xy-£-am-

I-en¬ Xs∂-bp-≠v. tNdphpw Iq´cpw Bcw- n-°p∂ ho´p Irjn-bmWv adnb]p-csØ am‰n \n¿Øp-∂-

Xn¬ ][-m\ ]¶p hln-°p-∂-p-≠v.

Kma-Ønse s\¬hb-ep-I-sf√mw aÆn´p \K-c-Ønse taem-f¿-°p- Xm-a-kn-°m≥ \qdp-I-

W-°n\v BUw-_c hk-Xn-Iƒ ]Wn-bp-tºmƒ a-dn-b-]p-c--Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-Ip-

∂Xv B Kma-Øns‚ kzm`zmhnI Pohn-X-am-Wv.

adn-b-]pcw Kma-Ønse hnIm-cn-b-—≥ Bhn-j-I-cn-°p-∂- ]m¿∏nS ]≤Xn B KmasØ

Xmßn \n¿-Øm≥ t]m-cp-∂-Xm-bnc-p-∂p. Kma-Ønse apgp-h≥ Bfp-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-eq-sS-

ho-Sn-√mØ F√m-hh¿°pw hoSv F∂ Bibw t\mh-ense Ht´sd Pohn-X-ßsf ]Xo£m`cn-X-

cm-°p-∂p-≠v. Km‘n-b≥ tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ Cu hnNmc amXrI ]hrØn ]Z-Øn-se-Øn-°m-

\p≈ iaßƒ t\mh-ens\ Gsd k¶¿j- -cn-Xam-°p-∂p-≠v.

t\mh-ens‚ mjm-Z-¿-i-\hpw hntijs∏ -Xm-Wv. Xr»q-cns‚ ]m¥-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Po-hn-

°p∂ a\p-jy-cpsS kzm`m-hn-I-hpw ssNX\yhØphp-am-b- m-j-bmWv t\mh-en¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. Hmc-tØ°v am‰n \n¿Ø-s∏- n-cp∂ samgn-h-g-°--ßsf mjbp-sS -ap-Jy-[m-c-bn-te°v ]th-

in∏n°p∂-Xn-eqsS t\mh-en-Ãns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿i\w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. `mjsb kw_-‘n-

°p∂ Xd-hm-SnØ k¶¬∏-ßsf IS-]p-gIn Fdn™ _o‰n¬kv F∂ KmbI kwL-sØ-Ip-dn®v

Bh¿Øn®p hcp∂ ]cm-a-¿i-ßƒ t\mh-en-Ãn-s‚- mjm Z¿-i-\-hp-ambn _-‘-s∏--SpØn hmbn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

31 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


sNdp-IY

sNdpIYIƒ ]≠psXm v ]e\m´nepw D≠mbn´p≠v. Ahsbms° sNdpIYbpsS

inev]amXrItbmSv ASpØp\nev°p∂phbmsW¶nepw kmt¶XnIm¿∞Øn¬

Ahsbm∂pw sNdpIYIf√. sI´pIY (Tale) arKIY (Fable), b£n°Y (Fairy tale),At\ym]tZiw (Allegory)Zr„m¥ IY (parable) sFXnlyw(Legend) ]pcmhrØw (myth),kw`hIY\w (Ancedote) XpSßnb hn`mKßfnemWv Ah Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv. thZßƒ,

D]\njØpIƒ, ss__nƒ, F∂nhbnse IYIƒ, ]©X¥w, IYmkcn’mKcw F∂o

IYmk©bßƒ, Ad_n°YIƒ, _t°m®ntbmbpsS sU°mad¨ IYIƒ F∂nh

sNdpIYbpsS apt∂mSnIfmsW∂p ]dbmw.

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy ZiIßfmIptºmtgbv°pw Atacn°≥

sFIy\mSpIƒ, djy, P¿Ω\n XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬ C∂sØ sNdpIYtbmSSpØp

\n¬°p∂ cN\Iƒ ]Xy£s∏´p XpSßn. F∂m¬ sNdpIY Hcp kmlnXycq]sa∂

\nebn¬ BZyambn AwKoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xv Atacn°bnemWv. C¿hnMv, \Ym\ntb¬

lm¿tØm , FUvKm¿ Ae≥ t]m F∂nh¿ CXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In. djybn¬ ]pjvIn≥,

tKmtKmƒ, X¿÷\ohv ^m≥kn¬ sadnta, vfmt_¿, _¬km°v XpSßnbhscms°

sNdpIY F∂ kmlnXy cq]sØ hf¿ØnsbSpØ IYmImc∑mcmWv. ]ns∂ ]ns∂

B `mjIfnepw sNdpIYbv°v XzcnX hnImkap≠mbn. ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚

A¥yambt∏mtgbv°pw Atacn°bn¬ sl‚n Pbnwkv, ^m≥kn¬ tam∏kmMv, djybn¬

sNt°mhv XpSßnbh¿ sNdpIYsb A\p]aamb IemkrjvSnIfm°n am‰n. H∏w

it≤bamb temI`mjIfnsems°bpw sNdpIY A\p£WhnIkzcamb kmlnXy

cq]ambn hf¿∂p hcnIbpw sNbvXp.

Nne kz`mhhntijßƒ kmam\yambn Nq≠n°mWn°sa∂√msX sNdpIYsb

\n¿∆Nn°m≥ ian°p∂Xv kmlknIambncn°pw. ImcWw, \n¿∆N\ßsf AXnPohn®v

\nc¥cw ]pXnb kz`mhßƒ kzoIcn®v kzbw \hoIcn°p∂ kmlnXy cq]amWXv.

CXnhrØw, IYm]mXßƒ, GImKX F∂o hyhÿIsf√mw C∂v tNmZyw

sNøs∏Sp∂p.

Nne \nco£Wßƒ

* ]mYanIambn sNdpIY Hcp kw`hsØtbm cwKsØtbm hnImcsØtbm

BhnjvIcn°p∂ kw£n]vXamb KZymJym\amWv; H‰bncp∏n¬ hmbn®p

Xo¿°mhp∂X sNdpXv. Hcp hm°p IqSnt∏mbn Ft∂m Ipd™pt]mbn Ft∂m

32 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


tXm∂mØhn[w kq£vahpw k¥penXhpambncn°Ww AXns‚ inev]w.

* t\mhense∂ t]mse hnhcWmflIa√ sNdpIYbpsS cN\mcoXn; IhnXbptSXp t]mse

hyRvPIamWv.

* GImKXbmWv sNdpIYbpsS aueoIkz`mhw. IYbpsS ÿmbnbmb `mhw

BZymhkm\w At`Zambncn°Ww. t\mhen¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ mhsshPmXyw sNdpIYbn¬

A\phZ\oba√. (F..]n. t]mƒ˛ (sNdpIYm ]ÿm\w)

* ÿeImeßfpsS hnime]›mØeØnep≈ PohnXmhnjvImcw, IYm]mXßfptSbpw

kw`hßfptSbpw _mlpeyw XpSßnbhsbms° sNdpIYbn¬ A]k‡amWv. Hcp

khntijaplq¿ØØneqsS IS∂p t]mIp∂ IYm]mXØs‚ InbItfbpw

am\knINe\ßtfbpw BhnjvIcn°p∂XneqsS a\pjyhÿbpsS Hcp apJw

shfnhm°pIbmWv sNdpIYbn¬ sNøp∂Xv. (sI.Fkv. chnIpam¿)

1891˛¬ hnZymhnt\mZn\nbn¬ ]kn≤oIcn® hmk\m hnIrXnbmWv aebmfØn¬

kmt¶XnIm¿∞Øn¬ Xncn®dnbs∏´ BZy sNdpIY. KZyØn¬ FgpXs∏´ Nne sNdnb IYIƒ

AXn\paptºXs∂ A®Sn°s∏ń´ps≠¶nepw Ahsb√mw kq£vahniIe\Øn¬

\mtSmSnIYIfptStbm, sI´pIYIfptStbm hnh¿Ø\tam ]p\cmJym\tam Bbncp∂p. hmk\m

hnIrXn°p tijap≈ \mep ]Xn‰m≠Iƒ aebmf sNdpIYbpsS BZyLámbn

hntijn∏n°s∏Sp∂p.

1891˛¬ "hnZymhnt\mZn\n'bn¬ thßbn¬ Ip™ncma≥ \mb¿ (1861˛1914) ]kn≤w sNbvX

"hmk\mIrXn' bmWp aebmfØnse it≤bamb BZysØ sNdpIY.

H∂mw Xeapdbn¬s∏´ a‰p ]apJ IYmIrØp°fmWv, AºmSn \mcmbWs∏mXphmƒ

(1871˛1936), HSphn¬ Ip™pIrjvWtat\m≥ (Fw. B¿. sI.kn. 1882˛1940)kn.Fkv.

tKm]me]Wn°¿,(1872˛ 1930) aq¿t°mØvIpamc≥(1874˛1941)sI. kpIpamc≥ (1876˛1956) C.hn

IrjvW∏n≈ (1894˛1938) F∂nh¿. kw`h][m\ßfmb IYIfn¬ °qSn [¿tΩm]tZiw

\SØphm\mWv Ch¿ apJyambpw ian®Xv. Imev]\nIXzhpw ]Lmb\mflIXbpamWv ChcpsS

IYIfn¬ ImWp∂ kam\y ]hWXIƒ. NnecpsS IYIfn¬, kmaqlyhna¿i\hpw

ImWp∂p≠v. Cu ]mcºcyw XpS¿∂hcmWv hn.Sn. ´Xncn∏mSpw (1896˛1982) ap¥ncntßm v mhXmX≥

\ºqXncn∏mSpw (1902˛44) Fw.B¿ ´Xncn∏mSpw (1908˛)\ºqXncn C√ßfnse Ccp´dIfn¬ hnXpºnb

kvXo PohnX ssZ\yØns‚ bYmXY NnXoIcWamWv ChcpsS sNdpIYIƒ.

Cu \q‰m≠ns‚ aq∂masØ ZiIØn¬ aebmf sNdpIYbpsS kph¿ÆZi

Bcw`n°p∂p. tZiob ]ÿm\w, kzmX¥y kacw, almflmKm‘nbpsS ktµim

lzm\ßƒ, djybnse HIvtSm_¿hnπhw. am¿Ivknb≥ XXzNn¥IfpsS ]Nmcw,

temIalmbp≤Øns‚ Xn‡êßƒ, h¿§obIem]ßƒ, C¥ymhn`P\w XpSßnbp≈

33 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


tZiob˛ A¥¿ tZiob kw`hßƒ°p ]pdta k¿. kn.]n. bpsS a¿±\`cWw,

acpa°ØmbØns‚ ]X\w F∂n ßs\bp≈ ]mtZinI ]iv\ßfpw Cu ImesØ

sNdpIYIƒ°p i‡nbpw ssNX\yhpw \¬In. ]finX KthjI\pw hna¿iI\pw

]ptcmKa\hmZnbpamb tIkcn _meIrjvW]n≈ (1889˛1960) ]m›mXy temIsØ \qX\

kmlnXy ]hWXIsf aebmfnIƒ°p ]cnNbs∏SpØn. kaImeoI PohnXsØ

hnπhmflIamb ho£WtØmsS kmlnXyhnjbamt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIX tIkcn

DZvt_m[n∏n®p. At±lØns‚ A`nemjßfpsS km£mXv°mcsa∂hÆw ImeL´Øns‚

tXP mhln®psIm≠p ]pXnb IYmIrØp°ƒ Db¿∂p h∂p. Cu c≠mwXeapdbnse

tijvTcmb IYmIrØp°fpsS ap≥\ncbnemWv XIgn inhi¶c∏n≈bpw (1912˛1999)

tIihtZhpw (1904˛83).

hnπhmflIamb dnbenksØ IemflIambn BhnjvIcn°pIbmWv XIgn Xs‚

sNdpIYIfn¬. At±lØns‚ BZy Ime cN\Ifn¬ GsdsIm≠mSs∏´ Hcp IYbmWv

"sh≈s∏m°w' \mń≥ ]pdØp≠mb shffs∏m°Øn¬ DSaÿ\m¬ Dt]£n°s∏´ Hcp

\mbbpsS Zb\obmhÿbmWv CXnse IYmhkvXp. kaqlØnse A\oXnIfpw AIaßfpw

h©\bpw I]S \mSyßfpw XIgnbpsS cq£hna¿i\Øn\p ichyambn. Ip´\mńse

I¿jIcpsS PohnXhpw ]iv\ßfpw AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ XIgnbpsS XqenIbv°p i‡nbpw

kuµcyhpw ssIh∂p.

tIihtZhv Hcp tkmjyenÃv dnbenÃmWv. ^mIvSdn sXmgnemfnIfpsS

PohnX]iv\ßfpambn´mWv At±lw IqSpX¬ CS]gInbXv. AhcpsS sIm®p sIm®p

kt¥mjßƒ°pw henb henb ZpcnXßƒ°pw Xs‚ IYIfn¬ tZhv ÿm\w \evIn. \¿Ωhpw

\mSIobXbpw tZhns‚ IYIfpsS khntijXIfpamWv. AhnkvacWob hy‡nXzap≈

IYm]mXßsfbpw kmlNcyßsfbpw krjvSn°p∂Xn¬ tZhn\p≈ ssh`hØn\p

\nZ¿i\ßfmWv At±lØns‚ ]e IYIfpw.

Cu Xeapdbn¬s∏´ ]apJcmb a‰p sNdpIYmIrØp°fmWv s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n,

ssh°w aplΩZv _jo¿, Imcq¿ \oeIWvT]n≈, Fkv.sI. s]m‰°m´v, ]n.kn. IpńIrjvW≥

F∂nh¿. tIm´bw Pn√bnepw Np‰pap≈ Kma]tZißfnepw A≤zm\n®p Pohn°p∂ ]mhs∏´

I¿jIcpsS ]iv\ßfmWv s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°nbpsS IYIfn¬ NnXoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

ssZhØns‚ t]cn¬ kaqlØn¬ \S°p∂ NqjWßfpw h¿°nbpsS hna¿i\Øn\p

]mXo`hn°p∂p≠v. Cu ImeL´Ønse G‰hpw henb lmkyIYmIrØv ssh°w aplΩZv

_jo¿ BWv. XnI™ lyqa\nÃmbncn°p∂tXmsSm∏w \nd™ lyqadnÃpIq-SnbmWv _jo¿.

a¿±ItcmSp≈ tcmjhpw a¿±nXtcmSp≈ klm\p`qXnbpw sIm≠v At±lØns‚ IYIƒ

\nd™ncn°p∂p. "sFdWn'bpsS ]tbmKØnep≈ XnI™ sshZKvZyw At±lw

]Z¿in∏n°p∂p≠v. hnhcWßfnepw ]mXkrjvSnbnepw kw`mjWßfnepw

A\\pIcWobamb Hcp coXn At±lw ImgvN sh®p. sXmgn¬ sIm≠p ss]adn kvIqƒ

34 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


hm[ymcmbncp∂ Imcq¿ Aev] i_f°mcmb hm[ym∑mcpsS PohnXZpcnXßsf NnXoIcn°p∂

\nch[n IYIƒ cNn®n´p≠v. CSØc°mcpsS PohnXthZ\Iƒ NnXoIcn°m≥ Ct±lØn\p

]tXyI]mShap≠v.

s]m‰°m´pw Ddq_pw GXm≠v Htc \ncbnemWv. a\pjykz`mh sshhn[yßfpsS

hnkvabmhlXbmWv s]m‰°mńs\ BI¿jn°p∂Xv. PohnX kXyßƒ°v Ct±lw Imev]\nI

]cnthjw Nm¿Øp∂p. KmaPohnXsØbpw \mS≥ IYm]mXßsfbpw NnXoIcn°ptºmgmWv

s]m‰°mńs‚ XqenI AXns‚ Ih\]mShw ]ISam°p∂Xv. s]m‰°mńs\t∏mse Xs∂

a\pjy\n¬ ip`m]vXnhnizmkw ]pe¿Øp∂h\mWv Ddq_pw. a\pjycpsS kpJ ZpxJßfn¬

IYmIrØpw ]¶ptNcp∂p.

aebmf sNdpIYbpsS Cu kph¿ÆZisb kº∂am°nb FgpØpImcn¬ efnXmw_nIm

A¥¿÷\w, sI. kckzXnbΩ, C.Fw. tImhq¿, \mKh≈n B¿. Fkv. Ipdp∏v, t]m™n°c

dm^n, sh´q¿ cma≥ \mb¿, aebm‰q¿ cmaIrjvW≥, Sn.sI. kn. hSpXe, hn.sI. F≥ XpSßnbhcpw

Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

kzmX¥ym\¥c ImeL´Øns‚ taml`wKhpw aqeyØI¿®bpw ss\cmiyhpsa√mw

]Xnên°p∂p. aq∂mw Xeapd°mcpsS IYIfn¬. Sn.]fl\m`≥, Fw.Sn. hmkptZh≥ \mb¿,

F∂nhcmWv C°qćn¬ ]apJ≥. ImeL´Øns‚ thZ\Iƒ icn°pw Dƒs°m≠v Ch¿ A¥¿

apJcmbn. GImInIfpsS sshb‡nIamb hnImchnNmcßsfbpw kwthZ\ßsfbpw Ch¿

BhnjvIcn®p. temI kmlnXyØn¬ sNdpIYbv°p≠mb hnImk]cnWmaßƒ a\ nem°nb

Ch¿ aebmf sNdpIYbv°v \qX\am¿§ßƒ ImńsImSpØp. ap≥ Xeapd°sct∏mse Ah¿

kmaqly ]cnjvI¿Øm°tfm, PohnXhna¿»Itcm BIp∂n√. IYm]mXßfpsS

lrZbm¥cmfØnse Hmfßƒ°p kmlnXyØn¬ ÿm\w \¬Inb ChcpsS IYIƒ aebmf

sNdpIYsb _lpZqcw \bn®ncp∂p. BZ¿ißfpsS XI¿®°p th≠n thZ\n°p∂

GImInbpsS a\ mWv ]fl\m`s‚ IYIfn¬ kv]µn°p∂Xv. \nkzm¿∞amb kvt\lØn\pw

\njvIf¶amb kuµcyØn\pw th≠n At±lØns‚ lrZbw Zmln°p∂p. XIcp∂ \mb¿

XdhmSpIfpsS IYIfmWv Fw.Sn. sb BZyImeßfn¬ it≤b\m°nbXv. XpS¿∂p

taml`wKßfpsSbpw H‰s∏SepIfptSbpw IYIƒ At±lw cNn®p. a\pjy a\ nse \odp∂

s\mºcßƒ Iem]cambn BhnjvIcn® aq∂mw Xeapd°mcpsS ]apJ\mb h‡mhmbn Fw.Sn.

hmkptZh≥ \mb¿. am[hn°pń, F≥. ]n. aplΩZv XpSßnbhcpsS kw`mh\Ifpw

CØcpWØn¬ KWnt°≠hmbmWv.

CtX ImeØpXs∂ ]´mf°mcpsS PohnXm\p`hßƒ NnXoIcn°p∂ Ipsd IYIƒ

D≠mbn. tImhne≥(Aø∏≥.hn.hn), \¥\m¿ (]n.kn. tKm]me≥), ]md∏pdØv (sI. C aØmbn)

F∂o ]Xn`mimenIfmWv ]´mf PohnXØnse A\p`h sshhn[yßsf IYbnsebv°p

IqńsIm≠ph∂v aebmf sNdpIYbv°v \qX\taJe Imń sImSpØXv. mjbv°pw PmXnbv°pw

35 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


F√mw AXoXambn Htc sS‚n¬ H∂n®pIqSn kpJZpxJßƒ ]¶nSp∂ ]´mf°mcpsS GIm¥

ZpxJßƒ°v Ah¿ NndIpIƒ \¬In.

Im°\mS≥. Fw. ]n. \mcmbW]n≈. H.hn. hnPb≥, k°dnb F∂nhcpsS

cwK]thitØmSpIqSn aebmf sNdpIYbpSw \memw L´w Bcw`n°p∂p.

Ch¿ taml`wKØns‚ h‡m°f√, A¥¿apJcpa√, "FÃmªnjvsa‚n's\ tNmZyw sNøp∂

]t£m`ImcnIfmWnhƒ. aqeyßƒ XI¿∂ B[p\nIbm¥nI temIØn¬ e£yclnXcmbn,

AkvXnXzw tXSnbebp∂ a\pjycpsS AhÿbmWv ChcpsSNn¥m hnjbw. A`qX]q¿∆amb

sshImcnIXo£WXbpw ]XoImflIXbpw Bib]cXbpw [njWmflIXbpw

_nw_Iev]\Ifpsa√mw ChcpsS IYbv°v ]pXnsbmcp i‡n \¬Ip∂p. tkXp, Fw.kpIpamc≥,

]´Øp hnf IcpWmIc≥, ]p\Øn¬ Ip™_vZp≈. hn.]n. inhIpam¿, F≥. Fkv. am[h≥,

kn.hn. _meIrjvW≥, F≥. ]`mIc≥, bp.sI. Ipamc≥, Sn.hn sIm®p_mh, C.hn io[c≥, hn.

B¿ kp[ojv, AIv_¿ I°´n¬, tKkn, _m_p Ipgna‰w, Fw, cmPohvIpam¿, sI.-]n. \n¿Ω¬Ip-

am¿, AjnX, tPm¿Pv tPmk v. sI.,sI.]n.kptcµ≥, AjvSaq¿Øn, hn.Fkv. A\n¬Ipam¿, sI.

cLp\mY≥, AtimI≥sNcphn¬, F≥.]n.aplΩZv, lmcnkv, \fn\ot_°¬, cLp\mYv, ]tecn,

kp`mjv Nµ≥, _n. apcfn, kt¥mjv. F®n°m\w, sI.B¿ aoc. Cµptat\m≥, ]nb. F.Fkv.,

[\ym-cm-Pv, kn.-A-\q]v XpSßn A\h[n ]Xn`mimenIfm¬ A\pKloXamWv aebmf sNdpIYm

temIw.

36 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


hmk-\m-hn-IrXn

tIk-cn-Ip-™n-cm-a≥\mb-\m¿

ae-bm-f-Ønse e£-W-samØ BZy-sN-dp-IY thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b-\m-cpsS (1869-

˛1914) hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. hy‡n-kz- m-h-Øn-sebpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-sebpw hnI-e-X-

Isf tkm]-lmkw hy⁄n-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmWv tIk-cn-bpsS IY-Iƒ. t\cnb ]mtZ-in-I-®p-hbmepw

\mS≥ssi-en-I-fmepw kc-khpw kwkm-c- m-j-tbm-S-Sp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-amb efn-X- m-j-bn¬ tIkcn

A\m-bm-k-ambn PohnX bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ K‘-ap≈ IY-Iƒ ]d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p. ]gb IYm-

Im-c-∑m-cn¬ ]e-cp-tSbpw IY-I-fn¬ sNdp-I-Y°v Bh-iy-an-√mØ hnh-c-W-ßfpw AXn\p Xmßm-

\m-hmØ IYm-Ime ssZ¿Lyhpw kw -h-k-¶o¿Æ-Xbpw F√mw IpØn-Øn-cp-In-bn- p-≈-Xmbn

ImWmw. F∂m¬ BZy-I-Ym-Im-c-\mb tIk-cn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Cu tZmj-an-√. sNdp-IY F∂

cq]-Øn\v A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb GIm-K-X-sb∂ [¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn®v tIkcn t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

kwKlw

I¿Ω- -e-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-Xsb Btem-N-\m-ar-X-am°n \¿Ω-t_m-[-tØmsS NnXo-I-cn-

°p∂ IY-bmWv "hmk-\mhn--Ir-Xn.' a°-Ømb hgn°pw acp-a-°-Ømb hgn°pw tamj-W-hm-k-

\-bm¿÷n® Hcp-h≥, \∂m-°m≥ ian-®-h-cpsS ]bXv\w hn -e-am°n hf¿∂p, ]e-I-f-hp-Ifpw

\SØn kº-∂-\m-bn. HSp-hn¬ Hcp \ºq-cn-bn-√Øp If-hp-\-S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, HØm-i-°m-cs‚ kzm¿∞-

]-Xn-]-Øn-aqew Dd-°-a-cp∂v IqSp-X¬ sImSp-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \ºq-Xncn ac-W-a-S-™p. I≈≥ e£y-am-

°m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. tamjvSmhv apX-se√mw Imap-In°p \¬In. Ah-fm-Is´ C√sØ hI-

bnse Hcp tamXncw t]a-]q¿∆w Abm-fpsS hnc-en-e-Wn-bn-®p. Ipd®v "Ducm-©mSn' bmbn-cp∂p

AXv. t]meokv At\z-j-W-Øn\v Kuchw IqSn-b-t∏mƒ I≈≥ Hgn-™p-\n-ev°m-\mbn aZn-cm-in-

°p-t]m-bn. AhnsS Hcn-°¬ Hcp IS-bpsS apºn¬ Bƒ°q- hpw IqsS kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp KWn-

I-sbbpw I≈≥ I≠p. Hcp-h≥ hmbpw s]mfn®v Ah-sf-Øs∂ D‰p-t\m-°p-∂p. B hmbn-t\m-

°nsb H∂p ]‰n-°-W-sa∂v I≈\p tXm∂n. I≈≥ Abm-fpsS t]m°-‰-Sn-®p. B Iº-°m-cs\

H∂p ]‰n-°-W-sa-∂-√m-sX, tamjvSn-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AsXmcp hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn-

bm-bn. Inń-bXv Hcp t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmXn-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Xs‚ hnc-ense tamXncw

ImWp-∂n-√. shfp-∏n\v FWo‰v At\z-jWw \S-Øn. Inń-bn-√. Xm≥ sNøp∂ hnUvVnØw

F¥m-sW-∂-dn-bmsX t\sc t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ t]mbn ]cmXn sImSp-Øp. D®bv°v t]meokv

tamXn-c-°-≈s\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. ]t£ Abm-fpsS t]m°-‰n¬ \n∂p Inńb tamXncw DS-a-ÿs‚ (I-

Ym-\m-b-I-\mb I≈-s‚) ]gb Ifhv sXfn-bn-®p. Bdp-amkw XShpw ]¥-≠-Snbpw in£ Inń.

CXmWp IY. in£ Ign™p tamNn-X-\mb IYm-\m-b-I≥ kzm\p- hw hnh-cn-°p∂ cq]-Øn-

emWv Cu IY-bpsS BJym-\w. a\:]cn-h¿Ø\w h∂ I≈≥ ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn, Imin°p

t]mIp-I-bmWv Xms\∂v ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂n-S-ØmWv IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

37 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


ac-∏m-h-Iƒ

Imcq-¿ \o-e-I-WvT-]n≈

]T\w

ac∏mh-Iƒ Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Bbn-c-Øn-sØm-≈m--bn-cØn Adp-]XpI-fpsS BZy-Im-e-

Øm-Wv. P∑n-Xz-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-hy-h-ÿnXn amdn ]-Icw hcp∂ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬, c-W-IqSw

hen-sbmcp a¿±I i‡n-bmbn amdp-sa∂ Bi¶ Imcq-cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

"ac-∏m-h-Iƒ' F∂ IY-bnse F\yp-a-td-‰¿ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. Bfp-

Isf FÆnØn- -s∏-Sp-Øp-I, qan Af∂v AS-bm-f-s∏--Sp-ØpI apX-emb IrXy-ßƒ Hcp tIµo-

IrX hyh-ÿn-Xn°p Iogn¬ kaq-lsØ sIm≠p-h-cm-\pff cmjvSob kaq-l-ß-fpsS ia-

Øns‚ mK-am-Wv. Sm^nIv \nb-a-ßƒ apX¬ ]m-kvt]m¿´p \nb-a-ßƒ hsc-bp≈ hen-sbmcp

\nb-a-irw-J-e-bv°I-ØmWv hy‡n ]uc-\mbn ]p\:krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Bimcn∏d--ºn¬ \-

fn\n It\-jp-amcn IW-°n¬ -H-cw-K-am-Wv. ""`¿Øm-hpt≠m''? F∂v tNm-Zy-Øn\p \fn-\n-bp-sS

adp-]Sn Ds≠t∂m Cs√t∂m Fgp-Xn-t°mfq F∂m-Wv. c≠n\pw A¿∞w H∂-√t√m F∂v

F\yq-a-td-‰¿ ]d--bp-tºmƒ "F∂m¬- D-s≠∂v sXfn-bmsX Fgp-Xn-t°mfq' F∂ adp-]Sn hcp-∂p.

sXfn-bmØ Fgp-Øv- Hu-tZym-KnI hyh-lm-c-Øn\pw XnI-®pw, hy‡n-]-c-amb kzIm-cy-tem-I-

Øn\pw CSbv°p \n¬°p-∂- ]uc kaq-l-Øn-s‚- hy-h-lmcw Xs∂-bmWv. Ah-fpsS kzXz-an-

-√mbva sX-fn-bm-Ø Fgp-Øn-eq-sS amXta sXfn-bp-I-bpffq. \fn-\n-bp-sS in-ev]-ßƒ kz¥w

Bfl-kz-cq-]sØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂Xv ]uc kaq-l-Øns‚ kµ¿ -Øn-em-Wvv. Ab¬ ho´n-se-

Hcp s]Æv ap‰Øp h∂p Xpdn®p t\m°p-sIm≠v \n¬°p-tºmƒ \fn\n Acn-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mh-

bp-≠m°n hn¬-°p-∂Xv cq]w ImWn®v BWp-ßsf BI¿jn-°m-\m-sW∂v ImØ]d-™-t∏mƒ

\fn\n Ah-tcm-Sp- I-e-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hnXzw \fn-\nbv°pNp‰pw Hcp hyqlw Na-

bv°p-∂-Xns‚ NnXw- -\¬Ip-∂p.

AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn Xs‚ ssewKn-I-Xsb Bhn-jvI-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ahƒ in-ev]n-bm-b-Xv.

inev]-ß-fn-eqsS \fn\n Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kaqlw ImWm-\n-jvS-s∏-SmØ Xs‚- tcm-j-ßfpw

Ima-\-Ifpw BWv. "inev]w F∂Xv s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ]-Z¿in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-bmWv' ÿe-

Øns‚ kzIm-cy-Xsb ssItø-dnb inev]-I-e-bn-eqsS ]pcpj ZrjvSn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ oXnsb

kzIm-cy temIw X\n°p Np‰pw hyqlw Na-bv°p∂ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hyh-lm-c-ßsf˛ \fn\n

t`Zn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ie ]Xn-tcm-[-am-Ip-tºmƒ Iem ]h¿Ø\w D¬-∏m-Z-\-am-Ip∂p F∂p IqSn

Imcq¿ Cu IY-bn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v. \fn\n ]nSn®p \n¬-°p-∂Xv Iqc-amb Hcp ]uc kaq-l-

Øn-em-Wv.

38 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


a\p-jy-]pXn

efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w

sIm´m-c-bv°-SpØv tIm´p-h- Øv C√Øv 1909 am¿®v 30 \mWv efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w

P\n-®-Xv. ioaqew ]Pm-k- -bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ t]m‰n-bm-bn-cp∂p A—≥.

AΩ \ßø A¥¿÷\w. 1927- ¬ hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn. `¿Ømhv Aa-\-°c C√Øv \mcm-b-W≥

\ºq-Xn-cn. Ihn-Xm-c-N-\-bn-eq-sS-bmWv efn-Xmw-_nI kmln-Xy-cw-KØv Im¬sh-®-Xv. F∂m¬ sNdp-

I-Ym-IrØv F∂ t]cn-emWv ]kn-≤-am-b-Xv. \thm-∞m-\-L- -Ønse sNdp-IYmIrØp-°ƒ°n-S-

bn¬ ]ap-J-ÿm-\-amWv efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. ]Xn-s\m∂v kam-lm-c-ß-fn-embn

]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂ B IYm-tem-I-Øn¬ a\p-jym-h-ÿ-bpsS n∂-X-e-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

efn-Xmw-_n-I-A-¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ ]ikvXamb t\mh-emWv A·n-km-£n. \ºq-Xncn kap-

Zm-b-Ønse ]iv\-ßsf Xo£vW-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ t\mh-emWnXv. C¥y≥ kzmX¥y ka-

c-Im-e-L- sØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn°p∂ Cu t\mh¬ `mc-Xob ]mc-º-cysØ Du´n Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p-≠v. XnI™ e£y-t_m-[tØmSp IqSnbp-≈-h-bmWv efn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS an° cN-\-I-

fpw. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse Zpcm-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw A‘-hn-izm-k-Po¿Æ-X-I-sfbpw Xpd∂p ImWn-

°p-Ibpw hna¿in-°p-Ibpw ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ°p t]cW \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ F∂-XmWv Ah-

cpsS e£yw.

cmjvSobamb CXn-hr-Ø-ap≈ IY-bmWv "a\p-jy-]p-Xn.' Xnc°p ]nSn® a¥nsb ImWm-

s\-Ønb kµ¿i-Icpw ]cm-Xn-°mcpw F√mw Hgn-™p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ B kvXo IS-∂p-sN-∂p. "thKw

Imcyw ]dbq' F∂v B⁄m-]n-°p∂ a¥n-tbmSv Ah¿ ]d-™p. ""Ccn-°-Wn-√y, tKmhn-µ≥Ip- n,

Ccn-°-Wn-√y. Ct∏m s]mbvt°m-fmw. H∂p ImW-Wt∂ H≠m¿∂p-≈q...'' a¥n Xm\-dn-bmsX ]d-

™p-t]m-bn. ""Hm...-tl...s‚ Ip™m-Ø-eΩ!'' sImSp-Øp-sIm-SpØp \in® Hcn-√-Ønse Ip™m-

Ø-e-Ω-bmWv Xs∂ Ip™p-∂m-fn¬ Blmcw X∂pw kvIqfn-e-b®pw c£-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX∂ Imcyw

Abm-tfm¿Øp. P∑nXzw \in-∏n-°m≥ ]pd-s∏´v hnP-bn® cmjvSob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ s\Spw-Xq-

Wmb a¥n-tbmSv B hr≤ kµ¿iI Xs‚ ]uXs\ aptºm´p \o°n \n¿Øn ]d-™p. ''H∂q-s√-

¶n¬ Cu DÆnsb kvIqfn¬ tN¿Øp Xcn-I. D®-°-™n-sb-¶nepw In´q-tem. K-hmt\! Kpcp-hm-

bq-c∏m! c£n-°-tW.' sR´n-Ø-cn-®p-t]mb a¥n Ip™m-Ø-e-Ω-bpsS Icw-K-ln®p ]d-™p.

""am∏p Xcq! AtΩ, am∏p Xcq!...-D-Æm-\n-√m-Ø-h¿°p th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ tNmdp hnf-

ºn-Ø∂ ssIIƒ Rßƒ ad-∂p-t]m-bn. F∂n´pw Ahn-Sp∂v Rßsf i]n-°p-∂n-√. B D®-

°™n t]mepw Fs‚ hcp-Xn-bn-√. ]t£ Hc-t]-£-bp-≠v. AΩ-bn-√mØ tKmhn-µ≥Ip- n°v Hc-

Ω-bm-htW Ahn-Sp-∂v....''

ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ s]mXp-th-bpw, efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚,

39 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


IY-Isf Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ hnti-jn®pw N¿® sNø-s∏- n- p≈ IY-bmWv a\p-jy-]p-Xn. 1967-

-emWv Cu IY ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xv. sFIy-tI-cfw AXns‚ P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Hcp ZiIw

]n∂n- -t∏mƒ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠mb am‰hpw AXns‚ ]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-amWv Cu IY-bn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

cmjvSo-b-amb Iogva-dn-®n-ep-I-fp-tSbpw q\n-ba ]cn-jvI-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw e-ambn A\m-

Y-amb IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[nbpw ]Xo-I-hp-amWv Ip™m-Ø-e-Ω. tKmhn-µ≥Ip- n-bpsS qX-

Ime kvarXn-Isf ap≥\n¿ØnbmWv IY aptºm´p t]mIp-∂-Xv. Hm¿Ω-Iƒ acn-°p-Itbm a\p-

jyXzw \nt»jw hm¿∂pt]m-Ip-Itbm sNømØ IYm-]m-X-amWv tKmhn-µ≥Ip- n. km[m-c-W-cm-

jvSo-b-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw a¥n-am-cn¬ \n∂pw Abmsf th¿Xn-cn®p \n¿Øp-∂Xpw B hnIm-c-ßƒ

Xs∂. Imew-am-dn-b-Xnepw Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ XInSw adn-™-Xnepw Ip™m-tØm-eΩ Btcbpw

Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-s√∂ Imcyhpw it≤-b-am-Wv. Xs‚ Nne ad-hn-I-sf-°p-dn®v tKmhn-µ≥Ip´n kzbw

]cn-X-]n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXv Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xm-sW∂v Abmƒ°-dn-bmw. Iøm-fp-∂-h-

tcbpw AXn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂-h-tcbpw Hcp-t]mse \n -lm-b-cm-°p-∂-XmWv A[n-Im-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS

LS\ F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Cu IY shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

40 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Ccpńs‚ Bflmhv

Fw.Sn hmkp-tZ-h≥ \m-b¿ (1933˛)

t\mh-en-Ãv, sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øv, Xnc-°-Ym-IrØv A[ym-]-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ]kn-≤≥.

][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ: \mep-sI´v (1958), ]mXn-cmhpw ]I¬ shfn-®hpw (1959), Akp-c-hn-Øv (1962),

a™v (1964), Imew (1969)-c-≠m-aq-gw(1984) XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-Iƒ. thZ-\-bpsS ]q°ƒ (1955),

\ns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v (2956) Hmfhpw Xochpw (1957) Iptý-SØn (1959) Ccp- ns‚ Bflm-hv, kz¿§w

Xpd-°p-∂-k-abw (1983) XpS-ßnb sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ 1996- ¬ ⁄m\-]q-T-]p-c-kvImcw t\Sn.

Fw -Sn-bpsS IYm-tem-IØv H‰-s∏- hy--‡nXzßfmWv A[n-Ihpw Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

At±-l-Øns‚ ]e ]-[m\ IY-Ifpw sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ Ihn™v hen-∏ap-≈-h-bm-Wvv. am\-knI

kwL¿j-ß-fpw˛ B-flm-hns‚ hnlz-e-X-If-p-amWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw GXp-I-Y-bnepw

hy‡hpw aq¿Ø-hp-amb kmaq-lnI ]›m-Øew D≠mIpw. ÿehpw Imehpw kmaq-lnI LS-

\bpw AhnsS Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hmØ bmYm¿∞y-ß-fm-Wv. mhm-fl-I-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw, \t∂-

°p-d®v IY-I-fn-sem-gn®v Gdnb ]¶p IY-I-fnepw "IY' ][m-\-am-bn-Øs∂ A-\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p

ImcWw ]-›m-Ø-e-Øns‚ Cu aq¿Ø-amb bmYm¿∞y ]Xo-Xn-bm-Wv. Iq´p-I-p-Spw_Øns‚-bpw,

Po¿Æn® \mep-sI- n-s‚bpw, Xd-hm-Sns‚ s]mß-®-Øn-s‚bpw Hs° ]XoXym-flI ]›m-Ø-e-

Øn-em-Wv, "Iptý-SØn-bn-tebpw "Ccp- ns‚ Bflmhn-sebpw "\pdp-ßp∂ irwJ-e-Ifn-te-bp-sams°

A¥¿`mhw Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

IY-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Gsd i≤n-°p∂ IYm-Ir-ØmWv Fw.-Sn. AXym-h-iy-an-√mØ

Hscm‰ hm°p-t]mepw IS∂pIqSm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Fw.-Sn. i≤n-°p-∂p. ae-bmf sNdp--IY AXns‚ LS-

\m-]-c-amb ZX ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xv Fw.-Sn. bpsS c-N-\-I-fn-em-Wv.

IYmkwKlw

Ccp-- ns‚ Bflmhv F∂ IY-bnse h‡mhv `m¥-\m-b -th-em-bp-[-\m-Wv. Ahs‚ hnNm-

c-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu IY hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-bpsS XpS--°-Øn¬ Xs∂ ANyp-X-\m-b-tcm-Sp≈

Xs‚ hntZzjw them-bp-[≥ ]I-S-am-°p-∂p. F√m-hcpw Dd-ßnb X°w t\m°n Abmƒ apdn-

bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-I-S-°p-∂p. ANyp-X≥-\m-b-tcm-Sp≈ Xs‚ hntZz-j-Øn\p \nZm-\-ambn Xte-

∂mƒ \S∂ kw`hw Hm¿Øp-sIm-≠-bmƒ ]Øm-b-∏p-c-bpsS ASp-sØ-Øn-b-t∏m-gmWv A]-Xo-

£n-X-ambn AΩp-°p- n-sb-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. Ah-fpsS kmao-]y-am-W-bmƒ°v kt¥mjw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

Ah-fp-sS -ssa-em©nbn´p XpSpØ hnc¬Øpºp-I-fn¬ kv]¿in-°m≥ Abmƒ BK-ln-°p-∂p.

Cu ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬Øs∂- a-‰p-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fmb AΩm-a-sb-bpw, h-en-b-Ω-sbbpw apØ-»n-sb-

bpw i¶c-s\bp-sa√mw them-bp-[s‚ at\m-hn-Nm-c-ß-fn-eqsS \ap-°v Im- n-Ø-cp-∂p-≠v.

41 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Htfm¿ amß-bpsS \nd-ap≈ AΩp-°p- n-bpsS ico-c-Ø-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-tºm-gmWv Xs‚

ico-c-Øn-se hrØn-tI-Sn-s\-°p-dn®v Abmƒ t_m[-hm-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. Ahn-sS -\n∂pw \S∂v ]pg-b-cn-

I-sØ-Øp∂ them-bp-[≥ Xs‚ AΩ-sb-°p-dn-t®m¿°p-∂p. X\n°p kzmX¥yw \ntj-[n® B

hoSn-s\bpw Ahn-sS-bp-≈-h-scbpw Xobn- p-I-f-b-W-sa∂v Abmƒ Nn-¥n--°p-∂p. apØ-»n-]-d™

IY-I-fnse NmØp-Ωm-\pw Xmi-Ωm\pw t]X]n-im-Np-°-fp-sa-√mw them-bp-[s‚ kvac-W-bn-se-

Øp-∂p. Ccp- ns\ them-bp-[\v b-am-Wv. A-Xn-\m¬- A-bmƒ shfn-®sØ ]Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Xs∂ apdn-bn-en´p ]qńb ANyp-X-∂m-b-cpsS Xe-sb-Sp-°p-sa∂v Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p. BZy-sams°

cmXn-sbbpw Ccp- n-s\bpw b-s∏´ them-bp-[≥ ]Xn-sb-∏-Xnsb AXns\ b-s∏-Sm-Xm-Ip-∂p.

hoSns≥d hS-°p- m-KsØ Nmbv]n-emWv them-bp-[s\ Nß-e-bv°n- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Imense

_‘-\-a-gn-°m≥ Abmƒ h-√yΩtbmSpw sI©p-∂p. Xm≥ \-·-\m-sW∂p t_m[yw h∂-t∏mƒ

Hcp ap≠n-\mbn tKm]n-tbmSv Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xm≥ `m¥\-s√∂v hnfn-®p-]-d-bm≥ them-bp-[≥

i-an-°p-∂p. Nß-e-bv°n-Sm≥ Xm≥ ]ń-sbm-∂p-a-√t√m F∂v Zb-\o-X-tbmsS tNmZn-°p-∂p. A®Ω

acn-®-hn-h-chpw AΩp-°p- n-bpsS Ieym-W-°m-cy-hp-sa√mw i¶c≥Ip- n-bpsS ASp-Øp-\n-∂mWv them-

bp-[≥ Adn-™-Xv. AΩp-°p- nsb °mWp-hm-\pw, X\n°v kpJt°-Sn-s√∂v Ah-sf- [-cn-∏n-°p-

hm\pw them-bp-[≥-- B-K-ln-°p-∂p.

X-s‚- kzm-X-¥y-Øn\v `wKw hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ B Nß-e -I-Tn-\-i-a-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬- A-

h≥ s]mń-°p-∂p. Im-en¬ _m°n \nev°p∂ Nß-e-bp-ambn \nem-hns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ them-bp-

[≥- Hm-Sp-∂p. "cmhnse Ah¿ t\m°p-ºmƒ SNmbv]n¬ them-bp-[≥ F∂' ]ńsb ImWm-\p-≠m-

In-s√∂ Imcy-tam¿°p-tºmƒ Nncn hcp-∂p-sh∂v them-bp-[s‚ Bfl-K-Xw. "Iptý- s‚ kq-°Sv

am‰pw F∂v Xt∂mSv ]d-™Xv AΩp-°p- n-bm-Wv, X\n-°nt∏mƒ H∂p-an-s√∂v Ahƒ hn-izn-°p-

sa∂v them-bp-[≥ I-cp-Xp-∂p.

hgn-bn¬ sh®v them-bp[--s\°-≠-h-sc√mw `m¥≥... `m¥≥ F∂v \ne-hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠v,

Hgn-™p-am-dp-∂p. I√p-I-sf-dn-™p-sIm≠v them-bp-[s\ D]-Zn-hn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp kwLw Abmƒ°v

]n∂n-ep-≠v. Imen-se- N-ß-ebpw hen-®p-sIm≠vv Abmƒ AΩ-°p- n-bpsS hoń-te°v Ib-dp-∂p.

F∂m¬ A-hs‚ ]Xo-£-Isf XI¿Øp-S-®p-sIm≠v Ah-s\ -I-≠-∏mtS `m¥≥.... F∂p hnfn®p

sIm≠v AΩp-°pń AI-tØ-t°m-Sp-∂p. them-bp-[≥ ]ns∂-b-hn-sS-\n-∂n-√. tNmc-sbm-en-°p∂

apdn-bp-ambn Hcp-Np-g-en-°m-‰ns‚ thK-Øn¬Xn-cn-t™m-Sn. ]Sn-∏pc IS∂v ap‰-sØ-Øp∂p AhnsS

Iøn¬ Nqc-ep-ambn AΩm-a-bp-≠v, \·-\mbn AΩm-bp-sS -ap-∂n¬ \n¬°sh, Ah≥ izmkw apń-

sIm≠v ]d-bp-∂p. "F\n°p `m¥mWv Gs∂ Nß-e--°nSq........... Aßs\ Ah-km\ hnizm-k-ÿm-

\-amb hy‡n-t]mepw Xs∂ ssIsh-Sn-bp-ºmƒ `m¥-s\∂p kΩ-Xn-®v, them-bp-[≥ kzta-[bm

_‘-\-Øn\p hg-ßp-∂p.

""`m-¥-\m-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-cs‚ Bflm-hns\ GXm\pw t]Pp-I-fn¬ _‘n-®n-cn-

°p-I-bmWv "Cucp- ns‚ Bflm-hn¬'. A—\pw AΩbpw \jvS--s∏´ them-bp-[\v _p≤n- -a-ap-s≠-

42 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


¶n¬, B Xd-hm- n¬ Ah-\p- -h-s∏´ kvt\l-iq-\y-X-bm-WXn\p Im-c-Ww. AΩm-hs‚ aIƒ AΩn-

Wn°p amXta Ah-t\mSp Zb-bp-≈q. Ahfpw AI-∂p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. imk-\bpw ]l-chpw

_‘-\-hp-am-bmWv km[m-cW \mń≥ ]pd-ß-fn¬ `m¥n\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ NnIn-’. AXv- Aev]w

_p≤n àw _m[n-®-hsc apgp `m¥-∑m-cm-°p-∂p. Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS bmX-\-b-\p- -hn-°p∂ Hc-\-

¥-c-hs‚ hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c--ß-tfbpw tNjvS-I-tfbpw kq-£va-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv "Ccp-

ńs‚ Bflm-hn¬'. Hcp -tX-ß-tem-S-√msX AXp hmbn-®-h-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. t_m[-[mcm

kt¶-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Cu IY-bpsS cN-\. F∂m¬ FØpw ]nSnb-pw XcmØ hn«Y Nn¥-I-

fpsS hnI-e-amb ]Im-i-\-a√ CXv. NnØ - -a-°m-c-\mb them-bp-[≥ tXm -°m-c-s\- I-_fn-∏n®v

c≠p-X-hW ]pd-Øn-d-ßp∂p F∂Xp amX-amWv CXnse ÿqe IYmw-iw. B kµ¿`ß-fnepw

AXn-\p-apºpw Abmƒ°-\p- -h-s∏´ Pohn-Xw, Abm-fp-sS- -b-ßƒ,bmX-\-Iƒ, kvt\l-ßƒ, hntZz-

j-ßƒ, kz-]v\-ßƒ F√mw B a\- m-Ip-∂ -cw-K-th-Zn-bp-sS -b-h-\n-I -\o-°n- t\-sc -]-Z¿-in∏n°p∂

hnImc Xoh-amb Cu IY-bn¬ IYmImc-s‚ -km-∂n≤yw \mw Adn-™p-sh∂v hcn-√. Cu kz`mhw

IY-bpsS XpS°w- sIm-≠p-X-s∂- hy-‡-am-Ipw. ""t]Sn®p t]Sn-®p-sIm-≠mWv ]pd-Øp-h-∂-Xv. hmXn-

°¬ \n∂v BZyw Xf-Øn-te°p t\°n. A®p-X≥ \mb¿ Dd-°-am-Wv. Hcp \nanjw kwi-bn-®n-

c-∂p. Abmƒ Iq¿°w hen-°p-tºmƒ Igp-Øn¬ Dcp-≠p-I-fn-°p-∂ -apg ImWm≥ \√ ck-ap≠v.

Ac-bn¬ XncpIn sh® ]gp-°-Sbv° ho-gm-dm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tcmaw \n-d™ henb ssI-Ø-≠bpw

Ad-∏p-tXm-∂pw- X-Sn® hnc-ep-If-pw I≠-t∏mƒ BZyw -H-c-cn-i-amWp h∂-Xv.

B ssIsIm-≠-t√ -C-∂se k‘y-bv°v......... C∂-se-bmtWm? AtXm Iptd Znhkw aptºm?

them-bp-[≥ Igp-Øp-X-S-hn. thZ\ Ct∏mgpw _m°n \nev]p-≠v.

Hcp Znhkw Bcpw Adn-bmsX B ssI shń-°-f-b-Ww. hen-sbmcp aS-hm-°Øn t\¿tØ

sIm≠p h∂p kq£n-°-Ww. F∂n´ tcmaw \nd™ ]cp-°≥ssI \neØp ]c-Øn--sh®p InS-°p-

tºmƒ ]-Xp-ßn-sN∂v H‰-sh´v ""IYm-Im-c≥ BhnjvI-cn-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂ A\p- -h-Øn\p Xnc-

s™-Sp-X-°p∂ ho-£-W-]-Y-Øn\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°mw. DZv`m¥-

am-b B Bflm-hns‚ Ic-f-en-bn-°p∂ ]nS®n-en¬ IqSn B Xd-hm- nse a\p-jy-c-psS NnXhpw Ncn-

Xhpw hnZ-KvZ-am-bn -]-Xn- -en-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p Cu IY-bn¬''.

(sN-dp-I-Y˛ C∂se C∂v˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥)

43 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


]£n-bpsS aWw

]£n-bpsS aWw- F∂ IY-bn¬ Zriy-_nw-_-ßƒ sIm≠v ac-W-Øn-s‚bpw cXn-bp-tSbpw

A¥-co£w IY-m-Imcn \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn-se -]oVn-∏n-°p∂ kuµcyw F∂mWv

"]£n-bpsS a-Ww' F∂ IY-sb -sI-.-]n. A∏≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hW-ß-fpsS K‘w, NØp-

ho-gp∂ ]£n, Nµ-\-Øn-cn-I-fpsS K‘w, hnc-ep-I-fn¬ tcma-ß-fp≈ sN-dp-∏-°m-c≥....... XpS-ßnb

Zriy _nw_-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw K‘-_nw_-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ac-W-Øns‚ Zpcql km-∂n-≤y-amWv Cu

IY A\p- -hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Aß-s\- "]-£n-bpsS aWw'ae-bm-f-Ønse H‰-s∏´ IY-I-fpsS Iq -

Øn¬s∏Sp--∂p. ]£n kzmX-¥y-Øn-s‚bpw ssew-Kn-I-X-bp-tSbpw ac-WØn-s‚bpw Bi-b-ßƒ

hln-°p-∂ _nw_-am-Wv. hn`n-∂-amb Pohn-X- A-\p- q-Xn-I-fp-sS -kw-Lm-X-am-Wv Cu IY-bn¬ ImWp-

∂-Xv. a\p-jys\ IpSp-°n-te°v \bn-°p-∂ -]-tem- -\-ßƒ -]-X-Ønse ]c-kyw, e£y-t_m-[-an-

√mØ At\z-jWw (sS-IvssÃ¬kv Iº-\n I-s≠-Øm≥ ian-°p-∂- \m-bn-I), bm-¥nIX-bn-te-

°pw -Nn-¥m-Ip-g-∏-Øn-te-°pw \bn-°p-∂ -kp-J-ku-I-cym-[n-Iƒ (Iq-‰≥ sIń-Sßƒ en v‰v), kaq-

l-Øns‚ \Sp-hnse A\y-Xm-t_m-[w, a\-kn¬ ambmsX ad™vIn-S--°p∂ a-c-W-kvar-Xn-Ifpw acW

òXn-bpw, ]cn--`m-¥n-tbmSv IqSn-°p-g™v InS-°p∂ A`n-em-j-ßƒ, sshIm-cnI t]c-W-Iƒ°v

hiw-h-Z-cm-b a\p-jy-cm¬ kzbw IrXy-amb kml-N-cy-ßsf°p-dn-®p≈ kz-]v\m-flI hn`m-¥n-

Iƒ (A-]-cn-Nn-X-\pamb IqSn-°m-gvN˛ AXv ac-W-kz-]v\sØ F∂ t]mse hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb ]-

W-bm-t\zj-WØn\n-S-bn¬ kwPm-X-am-Ip∂ ]Xn-k-‘n-I-sf-bpw- kw-`m¥n-I-sfbpwIqSn A\p-kva-

cn-∏n-°p-∂p). kzbw IrXm\¿∞Øn¬ \n∂v ]mem-b\w sNøm-\p≈ ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ a-\p-jy≥

sN∂v Nm-Sp-∂- am-c-I-ß-fmb Ducm-Ip-Sp-°p-Iƒ (X-I-cm-dnemb en v‰p-Iƒ) Cß-s\-bpf-f th¿Xn-

cn-°m-\m-hmØ ]e mh-ßfpw IqSn-°-e¿∂ Pohn-Xm-\p- q-Xn-bmWv ]£n-bpsS a-Ww. Ch-bn¬

H∂ns\ amXw Bkv]-Z-am°n Cu IY-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®m¬, A\p- q-Xn-bpsS ka-KX \in-∏n-°p∂

A-anXeLq-I-c-W-am--bnt´ AXv Iem-in-°p-∂p. ac-W- o-Xn-bpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw ap∂n- v \n¬°p∂Xv

sIm≠vv Ah-bp-sS- amXw ]Z¿i\imeb-√ ]£n-bpsS a-Ww.

ap≥Iqń \n›bn®p sh® hn[n-bn-te°v hnfn-°msX sN∂p-I-b-dp∂hfmWv CXnse \mbn-

I. tPmen At\z-jn-s®-Øp∂ hnhm-ln-Xbpw AΩ-bp-amb \mbnI Dying -F∂ t_m¿Up≈ apdn-

bpsS GIm-¥-X-bn-emWv Xf¿®-am-‰p-∂-Xv. B sIń-S-hpw- AXns‚ bm-\-Iamb GIm-¥Xbpw ac-

W-Øns‚ km∂n≤yw DW¿Øp∂p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ a[y-h-b-kvI-\m-I-s´ -a-c-W-sØ-bpw- c-Xn-sbbpw

Hcp t]mse _nw_-h¬°-cn°p∂p. hoSpw Ipń-Ifpw XncnsI hnfn-®n´pw Abm-fpsS ssIhn-c-ep-

I-fpsS ap‰nb ]ucp-j-Øn¬ i‡-ambn BI¿jn°s∏Sp-I-bm-Wv Ahƒ. At∏m-gmWv Abmƒ

XWp-∏p-Im-e-Øp h∂p-s]- - a-™-°n-fn-sb "jq'C´ Imep-sIm≠v Nhn- n-b-c® IY-]-d-bp-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v

ac-W-Øn-s‚ -\ndw a™-bm-sW∂pw aWw ]£n-bp-tS-Xm-sW∂pw Abmƒ]-d-bp-∂p. Abmƒ -A-h-

fpsS acW kz]v\-ßsf D±o-]n∏n-°p-∂p. ""arZp-e-amb Xnc-am-e-Iƒ \nd™ Zo¿Lambn

44 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


\niz-kn-°p-∂-I-S-en¬ h∂v hogp-hm≥, Be-ky-tØmsS sN∂v ebn-°p-hm≥ Zmln-°p∂ \Zn-

bt√... \o Hmat\-... F∂n-ßs\bp≈ hm°p-Iƒ ]d™v Ahsf tN¿Øp-]n-Sn-°p-∂p. acWw

kvt\l-Øns‚ ]cn-]q¿Æ-X-bm-Wv AXv sIm≠pXs∂ ac-W-a√, ac-W-hp-am-bp≈ Ah-fp-sS -Iq-Sn-

°m-gvN-bmWv \Ω-fn¬ oXn P\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- \m-bn-I-bpsS imco-cn-I-amb acWw Chn-sS- Hcp -tem-

Pn-°¬ I¨¢q-j-t\m amX-amWv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \nc¿∞IX-sbbpw £Wn-I-X-

sb-bpw- Ip-dn-®p≈ `mc-Xob Z¿i\-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ]Wn-Xp-b¿Ønb Hcp at\m-l-c-amb

IYm-in¬-]-amWv ]£n-bpsS a-Ww.

45 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


sNń-∏q-°ƒ

kwKlw tImhn-e≥

]W-b-Øns‚ DZm-Ø- mhw A\m-h-cWw sNøp∂ IY-bmWv tImhn-es‚ "sNń-∏q-°ƒ'.

IYm-\m-b-I-\mb hnP-b\pw mcy cm[bpw X¶ Ft∂m-a-\-t∏-cp≈ Ah-cpsS aI-tfm-sSm-∂n®v Pm\p-

hns‚ AΩsb ImWm≥ t]mIp-∂Xp apX-emWv IY Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. Pm\p hnP-bs‚ ]W-bn-\n-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS A—\pw tN´\pw ]nSn-s∏´ AtX £b-tcmKw _m[n®v Ah-sc-t∏mse

Ahfpw ac-W-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnP-bs\ kz¥w aI-s\-t∏mse kvt\ln-°p∂ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ Ah-

t\mSv Hcp hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏- -X-\p-k-cn-®mWv cm[sb hnP-b≥ h[p-hmbn kzoI-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. Pm\p-hp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]W-b-IY hnP-b≥ cm[bn¬ \n∂pw ad®p sh®n-cp-∂p.

hnhmlw Ign™v aq∂p-h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw aI-tfm-sSm-∂n®v hnP-b\pw cm[bpw Pm\p-

hns‚ AΩsb kµ¿in-°p-tºmƒ B AΩ X¶ F∂ Ip™n-eqsS Xs‚ aIƒ Pm\p-hns\

ImWp-∂p. h -s®-hnbpw A¬]w N∏nb aq°pw, \oe-°-Æp-I-fp-ap≈ X¶°v Pm\p-hns‚ AtX

Omb-bm-bn-cp-∂p. X¶-bn-eqsS Pm\p-hns\ ho≠pw Hm¿°p∂ AΩ Fc-™n-∏q-s]-dp-°m-\mbn

kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw Pm\p-hns‚ IqsS hnP-b≥ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂Xpw Ahs\

Xs‚ aIs‚ ÿm\Øv ]Xn-jvTn-®v, Agp°p ]pc≠ Ahs‚ hkvX-ßƒ Igp-In-bp-W-°n-sb-Sp-

Ø-Xpw, apSn NoIns°mSp-Ø-Xp-sa√mw Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂p.

Xs‚ kz¥w aI-sf-t∏mse X¶-sbbpw H°-Øp-sh®v AXp-anXpw ]d™v kt¥mjw ]I-

Sn-∏n-°p∂ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ \n∂pw Xs‚ Ip™ns\ ]dn-s®-Sp-°m≥ cm[ BK-ln-°p-∂p.

Pm\p-hn-s‚bpw hnP-b-s‚bpw ]W-b-IY Adn-bmØ cm[-tbmSv hnP-b≥ F√mw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-

∂p. B IY-I-fn-eqsS Hcp sR -temsS hnP-b-\n¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ £b-tcm-K-Øns‚ e£-W-

ßƒ cm[ a\- n-em-°p-∂p. Xs‚ t]b-kn-bmb Pm\p-hns‚ ùXn-I-i-cocw AS°w sNbvXn-cn-

°p∂ aÆn¬ ]qØp-\n¬°p∂ Nph∏pw a™bpw Ie¿∂ sNń-∏q-°ƒ ImWn®v ssIIp-S-bp∂

X¶bv°p th≠n ]qhn-dp-°m-\mbn Ip\n-bp∂ hnP-b≥ \s∂ hnΩn-jvS-s∏´v Npa®v Xp∏p-p-∂p.

Bfl-]-c-X-bn-te°pw AXns\ sshIm-cn-‡bn-te°pw sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ AXn-thKw Nm™p-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ]cp-j-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-fpsS \n›nX--Nn-X-ß-fn-eqsS F√p-d-∏p≈ IY-Iƒ tImhn-

e≥ Fgp-Xn. At±-l-Øns‚ it≤-b-amb sNdp-I-Y-bmWv sNń-∏q-°ƒ. thdn- p-\n¬°p∂ cN-\m-

ssi-en-sIm≠pw efn-X-amb ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßfpw mj-sIm≠pw hyXy-ÿX ]pe¿Øp-∂p≠v sNń-

∏q-°ƒ, IY XpS-ßp-∂Xv Xs∂ t\m°p-I. apØ-»n-°-Y-I-fn-se-t∏mse IYm-]m-X-ßsf t\cn- p-

]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ssien Ct∏mƒ Gsd-°psd am™p-t]m-b-h-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. IYm-]m-X-ß-

fpsS kuµ-cy-sØ-bmWv Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. "A—-s\mcp kpap-J≥,

AΩ kpµ-cn, aIsfm Ah-sfmcp X¶-°pSw'' F∂mWv IY Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv.

46 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


]W-b-Øns‚ DZm-Ø- m-h-amWv sN´n-∏q-°-fn-eqsS io tImhn-e≥ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. hnP-b\v Pm\p-hn-t\m-Sp≈ BKm-[-amb ]W-bsØ XojvW-am-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

t]aw ssIImcyw sNbvXv, Bkzm-Z-I-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ arZp-e-X-I-fn¬ \mZw krjvSn-°mØ ImYn-I¿

\ap-°n-√. ]e-t∏mgpw k`y-X-bpsS DZm-Ø-ta-J-e-I-sf-t∏mepw D√w-Ln®v Ah ]mdn-∏-d∂v t]mIp-

∂p. Cu cwK-Øn¬ hnP-bn® Htc-sbmcp ImYn-I≥ amXsa \ap-°p≈q Ddq-_v. tImhn-e≥ Cu

cwK-Ønepw H‰-s∏´p \n¬°p-∂p.

tImhn-e≥ t]a-cw-K-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-tºmƒ sshIm-cn-I-amb hn¢-_-X-bpsS ambm-h-ebw

AhnsS ImWm-\n-√. Poh-tN-X-\-bpsS BZn-Xm-f-amb cXnsb DZm-Ø-h¬°-cn®v Pohn-X-hp-ambn

ka-c-k-s∏-SpØn NnXo-I-cn-°m-\mWv tImhn-e≥ ian-®-Xv. t]a-Øns‚ h¿Æ-]-S-ßƒ ImWm≥

At±-l-Øn\v IÆn-√. hnP-b-t‚bpw Pm\p-hn-t‚bpw ]W-b-Øns‚ h¿Æ-X-e-ß-f√ At±lw

ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. \jvS-s∏-S-ens‚ thZ-\-bm-WXv ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bm-sX-t∏m-b-Xm-W-Xv. Pohn-

X-am-Ip∂ ame sImcpØp XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw B ame ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ah¿°v km[y-am-bn-√-

t√m. \nd-ap≈ t]asØb√, Dan-Øo-t]mse \odn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ hni-∏ns‚ F√m ]cm-[o-\-X-Ifpw

sIm≠p hnßp∂ a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ t]a-amWv hnP-bs‚ t]aw. AXv DZm-Ø-am-Wv, Xoh-am-Wv,

Bfl-t -Zn-bp-am-Wv.

Pm\p-hns‚ acWw bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. ]t£ Pm\p acn-°p-I-bn-s√∂v hnP-bs‚ ]Wbw

Nn¥n-∏n-°p-∂p. Pm\p acn®p t]mIp-sa∂v hnP-b≥ hniz-kn-®n-√. Ah∂p Pm\p-hn-t\m-Sp≈

kvt\lØn\v AXbv°v i‡n-bp-≠v, Zo]vXn-bp-≠v. Pm\p-hns‚ t…‰n≥N´bn¬ t]\m-I-Øn-

sImt≠m tªUvsImt≠m apdn-®p-≠m-°nb hnP-bs‚ t]cv ImWn-°p-∂Xv ]W-b-Øns‚ XojvW-

X-bm-Wv . £b-tcm-Kn-bmb Ahƒ Nph∏pw a™bpw Ie¿∂ sN´n-∏q-°ƒ t]mse-bmWv Xp∏p-

∂-Xv. Ah-fn¬ \n∂v In´p-∂-sX¥pw kpK-‘-kp-c- n-e-am-sW∂v Ah≥ ]d-bp-∂p. CXn¬ \n∂pw

hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-W-hs‚ ]W-b-Øns‚ XojvW-X. Ah-fpsS tcmKsØt∏mepw sh√p-hn-fn-sb-

t∂mWw kzoI-cn® Ahs‚ kvt\lw Ima-Øn-\-√, t]a-Øn\v Xs∂-bmWv ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-

sX∂v FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. icocw shSn-™mepw kvt\lw \ne-\n¬°p-sa∂ "[ph-an-l-

amwk \n_-‘-a√ cmKw' F∂ DZm-Ø-amb Bims‚ Imhy-k-¶¬]-Øn-te°v sNs∂-Øm≥

]mI-Øn-emWv tImhn-e≥ Cu IY Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]W-b-Øn\v \¬Ip∂ AtX ]m[m\yw amXr-Xz-Øn\pw \¬In Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\mWv tImhn-e≥

ian-°p-∂-Xv. Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bp-tSbpw cm[-bp-tSbpw lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ amXrXzw B¿Øn-c-ºp-∂p.

Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ \nd™v \n¬°p-∂Xv amXrXzw amX-am-Wv. Pm\p-hn-t\mSpw ]nd-°mØ aI-

\mbn kq£n-°p∂ hnP-b-t\mSpw Pm\p-hns‚ ]p\¿P-∑-sa∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p∂ X¶-tØmSpw

AtX kvt\lw Xs∂. Fc-™n-∏q-°-fmWv hnP-bs\ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®-Xv. aI-

fpsS IqsS ]q°ƒ s]dp-°m≥ h∂ _mes\ B AΩ kz¥w aIs‚ ÿm\Øp ]Xn-jvTn-°p-

∂p. AΩ-bn-√mØ B _me≥ B kvt\l-Øn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. Pohn-X-Øns‚

F√m ]Xo-£-Ifpw AkvX-an-®n-cp-∂, Ah-cpsS hncm-k-amb ]I-en-te-°mWv hnP-bs‚ IØv

47 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. hnc-k-amb Pohn-X-Øn-te°v Ipń IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ Ah¿ ]Xo-£-tbmsS t\m°p-

∂p. th\-ense ag-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°v B Ip™ns‚ IS∂p hc-hv.

]Xym-i-tbmsS Pohn-X-Øn\v t\sc t\m°p∂ Hcp apJw Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ ImWmw. ""cm[

Ip™n\v t\sc ssI\o- p-tºmƒ Xs‚ kz¥w Ip™ns\ Xń-∏-dn-°p∂ oXn-tbmsS Pm\p-hns‚

AΩ Ip™ns\ DΩ-d-tØ°v sIm≠p t]mIp-∂n-SØpw X\sd kz¥w aIƒ Pm\p-hn-s\-bmWv B

AΩ B Ip™n¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. Ip™ns\ kz¥-am°n sh°m≥ Ah-cnse amXrXzw Ahsc

t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

amXr-Xz-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂ kzm¿∞-X-bmWv cm[-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Ah-fpsS iq\y-amb t_m[-a-WvU-e-Øn-ep≈ Akz-ÿX Xs‚ Ip™n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ B[n-I-fm-

Wv. B AΩbv°v H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. hnP-b-s‚bpw Pm\p-hn-s‚bpw ]W-b-_-‘-sØsb

hnP-b≥ Xs‚ AΩ-sb-t∏mse kvt\ln-°p∂ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ X¶-sØ-°m-Wp-tºm-gp-≠m-

Ip-∂, Pm\p-hn\v th≠n shºp∂ amXr-Xz-sØtbm B AΩ-bv°-dn-bn-√. Ah-cn¬ B kvXo

XnI®pw A]-cn-Nn-X-bm-Wv. Xs‚ kz¥w aIsf Hc-]-cn-NnX Xń-sb-Sp-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ thZ-\-

bn¬ B a\ v ]nS-bp-I-bm-Wv. Xs‚ aIsf kz¥-am-°m≥ ian-°p∂ B kvXotbmSp-≠m-Ip∂

hntZzjw "X≈' F∂ ]tbm-K-Øn¬ apgßn tIƒ°mw.

"Fs‚ Ip™n-s\-bnßp hmßn-Øcq \ap°v t]mImw.'

"Fs‚ Ip™v' Ip™v Ft‚Xv amX-am-Wv. a‰m¿°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏- -X-√. cm[-bpsS amXr-

Xz-Øns‚ kzm¿∞X hy‡-am-°p∂ hm°p-I-fm-Wn-Xv.

""Zp:JØns‚ Bh-cW-a-Wn™ hb- p-sN∂ kvXo Xs‚ sIm®ns\ ]nSn-®-]n-Sn-bmse

kz¥-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.'' Zp:Jw \ng-en-°p∂ B kvXo°v Xs‚ aIƒ°v kt¥mjw \¬Im≥

Hcn-°epw km[n-°p-I-bn-s√-∂m-Imw. sNdp∏w \jvS-s∏´ B kvXo°v Xt∂mfw kvt\lw \¬Im≥

km[n-°p-I-bn-s√∂v Ah-fpsS anYym-[m-c-W-Ifpw "Ah¿°v Xebv°v kpJ-an-s√∂m tXm∂p-∂Xv'

F∂ Ah-fpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. cm[-bpsS lrZ-b-a√m NqSp≈ c‡-amWv aIƒ°v

th≠n ]X-bv°p-∂-Xv.

amXrXzw amX-a√ Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns\ AXn-bmbn kvt\ln-°p-∂, Hcn-°epw At±-l-Øn-

s\m∏w as‰mcp kvXosb ImWm≥ BK-ln-°m-Ø, CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø, ¿Ømhv Xt‚-sX∂v kzm¿∞X

ImWn-°p∂ `mcy-Iq-Sn-bmWv cm[. t…‰n¬ hnP-b-s\∂ t]cns‚ IqsS Hcp t]cp-IqSn ImWp-

tºmƒ "IÆp a™-fn-°p-∂p, Xe s]cp-°p∂p' F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv B kzm¿∞X ImWmw.

cm[bv°v mcy F∂ ]Zhn Ae-¶mcw amX-a-√, Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-ambn hnP-b≥ kXyw Xpd∂v ]d-bp-

tºmƒ Ah-tbmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ cm[bv°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. hnP-b≥ Xs‚ ]W-b-IY shfn-s∏-

Sp-Øp-tºmƒ thZ-\-b-√msX H∂pw (tZ-jyw, shdp-∏v) tXm∂p-∂n-√. adn®v kvt\l-a-bn-bmb B

`mcy ¿Øm-hn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ "£b' tcmK-sa-∂ kXysØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

_‘-ß-fpsS sI´p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ IpSp-ßn-In-S-°p∂ IY-bmWv sNń-∏q-°ƒ. B[p-\nI kaq-

l-Øn¬ \n∂pw A]-Xy-£-am-hp-∂ amXr-Xzhpw ]W-b-hp-amWv sNń-∏q-°-fn-ep-≈-Xv. I]-S-

48 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


kvt\-l-ß-f√ ]c-kv]cw sI´p-]n-W™p InS-°p∂ kvt\l-_-‘-ß-fm-W-h. a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚

Bg°-b-ß-fn¬ apßn-sbSpØp hnf-ºp∂ hnZy-bmWv tImhn-e-\m-hn-jvIcn°p-∂Xv. IYm-]m-X-

ß-fpsS am\-kn-I-tem-I-ßsf NnXo-I-cn-°m-\mWv IYm-IrØv ian-®-Xv. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-

kzXzw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂p amdn B¥-cn-I-kz-XzsØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂-Xn\Wv ]m[m\yw

\¬In-b-Xv.

tImhn-es‚ IY-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ tImhn-e-s\∂ a\p-jys\ Hgn®p \n¿Øn-°q-

Sm. mjbv°v Nm´p-fn-bpsS i‡nbpw aq¿®bpw \¬In, Cta-Pp-I-fn-eqsS lrZ-bsØ hnIm-c-Xo-h-

X-cw-Kn-X-am-°n, D¬°-bpsS Xoh-amb ]Im-i-\mfw t]mse, Hcn-°epw an∂n-a-d-bmØ Zo]vXX

\¬IpI CXmWv tImhn-es‚ ssien. \mń≥]p-d-ß-fpsS thZ-\-bpsS XohX Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥

tImhn-e≥ i≤n-°p-∂p. hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠v _nw_-ß-fp-≠m-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-I-bmWv tImhn-

e≥. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS km∂n-[y-amWv sNń-∏q-°-fn¬ Zriy-am-°p-∂-Xv.

ac-WsØ hnfn-®p-W¿Øp∂ a™-\n-dhpw Poh-c-‡-Øn-s‚ Nph∂ \nd-hp-ap≈ sNń-∏q-

°-fmWv IY-bpsS XpS°w apX¬ HSp°w hsc hncn™v \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Pm\p Npa®v Xp∏p-∂Xv

c‡-Øns‚ em©-\-bp≈ Xp∏p-\o-cm-Wv. IYm-IrØv a\-∏q¿∆w sNń-∏q-°sf ac-W-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. km[m-cW ac-W-sØ-b-√, £b-tcm-Kn-bpsS ac-WamWv sNń-∏q-°-fn-eqsS CXƒ

hncn-°p-∂-Xv. BZyw £b-tcmKw _m[n-®Xv Pm\p-hns‚ A—-\m-Wv. AΩ-bvs°m-gnsI c≠p

a°ƒ°pw B tcmKw ]I¿∂v ac-W-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-∂p. hnP-b-\nse Akz-ÿ-X-I-fpw, hnΩn-jvS-

ßfpw C∂p ImWn-°p-∂Xv £b-tcm-K-Øns‚ e£-W-ß-fm-Wv. \msf, hnP-bs‚ aIƒ°pw Cu

tcmKw hcmw. hcm-sX-bp-an-cn-°pw. F¶nepw Ahsf sNń-∏q-°ƒ amSn-hn-fn-°p-∂p-≠v. sNń-∏q-

°ƒ £b-tcm-K-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-Wv. "H∂p-a-dn-bmØ Ip™v' Ip™n\v H∂pw Adn-bn√ Ahƒ

sImXn-tbmsS ssIIp-S-bp-∂Xv hiy-ambn Nncn®v \n¬°p∂ sNń-∏q-°ƒ°v t\sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

tImhn-es‚ IY-I-fn¬ A¥-co£ krjvSn-°v kp]-[m-\-amb ]¶p-≠v. hmb-\-°msc Nne-t∏mƒ

òI-c-tam, a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ AXn-Z-b-\o-btam Bb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ sIm≠v hn´v At±lw ]n≥hm-

ßpw. Pm\p-hns‚ ac-W-hpw, tcmK-hpw, AΩ-bpsS GIm-¥-Po-hn-Xhpw bm-\I-amb A¥-co-£-

amWv krjvSn-®-sX-¶n¬ Xs‚ t]b-kn-sb-°p-dn®v hnP-b≥ mcy-tbmSv ]d-bp-∂-Xn-SØv Hcp s]mń-

sØ-dnbmWv hmb-\-°m¿ ]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu A¥-co-£-kr-jvSn-bn¬ At±lw ]I-Sn-∏n-

°p∂ sshZKv[yw hmb-\-°msc Akz-ÿ-am-°p-∂p.

Hcm-i-b-_o-Pw, Hcp hnIm-c-tcWp D≈n¬Ø-d-™m¬ AsXmcp IY-bmbn hnImkw ]m]n®v

Idp-∏n-te°v ]Icpw hsc Akz-ÿ-amb a\- mWv tImhn-e-\p-≈-sX∂v ]d-bmw. Hmtcm hm°pw

[z\zm-fl-I-am°n Bhp-∂X apg-°-Øn¬ Npcp-°n, A\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ i‡-ambn Xd-∏n-

t®¬°m≥ Bh-iy-amb in¬]-ss\-]pWn A∏-t∏mƒ hm¿∂p-ho-Wp-sIm-≈pw. Nne-t∏mƒ IYbv°v

BZn-bp-≠m-In-√. a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ A¥y-hpw. sNń-∏q-°sf kw_-‘n®v IYm-¥y-Øn\v th≠n

hmb-\-°m¿ A¬]w Nn¥m-Ip-e-cm-tI≠n hcp-∂p. F¶nepw t]a-Øns‚ ]cy-h-km\w F∂ \ne-

bn¬ Pm\p-hns‚ tcmKhpw hP-b≥ G‰p-hm-ßp-∂n-SØv IY Ah-km-\n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v Xs∂ ]d-

49 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


bmw. Aßs\ A\p-am-\n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hcp ]t£ hnP-b-s‚bpw Pm\p-hn-s‚bpw ]Wbw

]q¿W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

tImhn-es‚ IY-I-fn¬ ambm-tem-I-an-√, Cµ-Pm-e-an√ ˛ ]®-a-\p-jys‚ Xoh-amb a\-

nse ZrVo- -hn® Nn¥-Ifpw hnIm-c-ß-fp-amWv AXn¬ A¥¿ -hn-®n- p-≈-Xv. \nßsf `mj

sIm≠Xv IpØn apdn-th¬∏n-°pw. Bthiw sIm≠Xv tamlm‘-cm-°pw. Imc-Ww, tImhn-e≥

ssIbn-te-¥n-bXv t]\b√m, sh´p-I-Øn-bm-Wv. F¥n-t\bpw XI¿°p-∂, Adp-°p∂ hnIm-c-Xo-

h-X-bpsS sh´p-I-Øn.

50 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-injvSßƒ

k°-dnb

sshNn-Xy-]q¿W-amWv k°-dn-b-bpsS IYm-tem-Iw, BZy-Im-e-sØ-gp-Xnb XncyIv-I-Y-Iƒ

AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ hyY-Ifpw DZzn-·-X-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ,

Hcn-S-Øv, he F∂o IY-Iƒ Xs∂ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. BZysØ c≠p IY-I-fn-teXv Xh-fbpw

sImXp-Ipw. ac-tWm-∑p-J-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚ k¥m-khpw hy¿∞-amb At\z-j-W-hp-amWv Cu

IY-I-fn¬ [z\n-°p-∂-Xv. ]mY-an-I-ambn Ch XncyIv IY-Iƒ Xs∂. B \nebv°v Z-amb Hcp

`mh-Xew Cu IY-Iƒ°p-≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w AXo-h-kq-£vahpw hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ \nd-™-Xp-amb

h¿W-\-I-fpsS kma¿∞yw sIm≠v a\p-jym-h-ÿ-IqSn [z\n-∏n-°p∂p Ah.

apXn¿∂-h-cp-tSbpw Xncy-°p-I-fp-tSbpw cl-ky-tem-I-Z¿i-\-ß-fn-eqsS B[p-\n-I-Xbv°p ]nb-

¶-c-amb Nne ]ta-b-ß-fmWv k°-dnb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ac-Ww, AkvXn-Xzw, kzXzw, ssewKn-

IX XpS-ßn-bhsb-∏-‰n-bp≈ DXvI-WvT-Ifpw Pn⁄m-k-Ifpw Cu IY-I-fn-se \nKq-V-X-bn-te-bv°p≈

t\m -Øn¬ ImWmw. k°-dn-b-bpsS B[p-\n-I-Xm-t\m- -am-W-Xv.

"]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfn' se Xhf "cl-ky-am¿∂ Zqc-tZ-i-ßƒ°v th≠n-bp≈

Xo£vW-tam-l-Øn¬ he-™pw A]-cn-Nn-X-]p-jv]-ß-fpsS kuc`yw a\- m-iz-kn®pw aXn-a-d∂pw

AI-se-sbt¥m BIm-i-ß-fn¬ Xm\-dn-bmsX \£-X-kw-L-ßƒ XpSn-°p-∂p-≠m-hm-sa-t∂m¿Øv

hnjm-Zn®pw' Zo¿L-am-sbmcp bmX ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p. \o≠-Imew k©-cn®v temI-sa√mw I≠p-I-

gn™v aS-ßp-tºm-tg°pw Xhf hb- p-sN∂v £oWn-®n-cp-∂p. ac-W-Øns‚ ⁄m\w hmXn¬°¬

ap´p∂ i_vZw D≈n¬ AXn\p tIƒ°m≥ Ign-™p. aS-°-bm-X-bn¬ A_-≤-Øn¬ Xhf Hcp

s]m -°n-W-‰n¬ hoWp. c£-s∏-Sm-\p≈ ia-ßƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏- -tXmsS B s]m -°n-W¿ Xs∂-

bmWv Xs‚ temI-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Ahn-sS-°n-S∂p acn-®p. B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbv°p th≠n-bp≈

At\z-j-W-amWv Pohn-X-Øns‚ BXy-¥nI e£y-sa∂pw F∂m¬ Cu temIØv AXv Akm-[y-

am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-ap≈ B[p-\n-I-Xm-Z¿i\w "]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfn'¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-

∂p. InW-dns‚ GIm-¥-\n-Kq-V-X-bn¬ "CXp-am-X-amWv Fs‚ temIw' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v acn-

°p∂ Xhf a\p-jys‚ ]Xn-cq-]-am-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ hnti-j-_p≤n th≠. ]]-©-Øns‚ Zpcq-

l-kz- m-h-tØbpw AkvXn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw bmYm¿∞y-Øn-s‚bpw At⁄-b-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v B[p-

\n-IX ]pe¿Ønb Zm¿i-\n-tIm-XvI-WvT-I-fmWv Cu ]Xn-cq-]m-fl-Im-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬ thjw amdn

\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

k°-dn-b-bpsS "]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ' t]mep≈ BZy-Im-e-I-Y-I-fn¬ "\ap-°-dn-

bmØ Fs¥m-s°tbm Ds≠'∂ t_m[-hp-ambn Bcw- n-°p∂ kµn-Kv[X AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ ]iv\-

ß-fp-ambpw bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ cl-kym-fl-I-X-bp-ambpw _‘-s∏- mWv \n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]n∂o-SXv

sNdp-IY F∂ am[y-a-sØ-°p-dn®p Xs∂-bp-≈-Xmbn amdp-∂p. k°-dn-b-bpsS cq]-]-co-£-W-

ßƒ°p ]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ apJy-L-S-I-am-W-Xv B[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ k°-dnb Xs‚

CSw th¿Xn-cn-®p \n¿Øp-∂Xpw Aß-s\-bm-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw, Ncn-X-sØ-tbm, cmjvSo-b-tØtbm

51 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Ipdn-®p≈ Xoh-amb \ne-]m-Sn-t‚tbm Z¿i-\-Øn-t‚tbm A`m-h-Øns‚ ^ew IqSn-bmWv Cu

kµn-Kv[-X. mj-sbbpw am[y-a-sØbpw Ipdn®v Cu IYIƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Xoh kµn-Kv[-X-bm-

Is´ k°-dnb sI´p∂ Ifn-t°m- sb lrZy-amb A\p- -h-am°nØo¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

1) GIm-¥-\-K-c-ßƒ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-imkvXw ]n. sI.

cmP-ti-J-c≥.

2) sNdp-IY C∂se C∂v Fw. ANyp-X≥.

3) ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-≈.

52 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºmń

Fw.]n \m-cm-bW-]n≈

B[p-\n-I-cmb -I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°-fpsS Iq -Øn-¬ hyXy-kvX-amb cN-\m-ssien sIm≠pw ]tab

kzo-Imcyw sIm≠pw hy-X-y-kvX-X-]p-e¿Øp∂ IYm-Ir-ØmWv Fw.]n \mcm-b-W-]n≈ A\m-bm-k-

am-b Hcp apØ-»n-°YbpsS EPp-Xz˛ em-fn-Xy-ß-tfmsS IY-]d--bp-∂-Xpw Xpf®pIb-dp∂

\¿Ωt_m[hpw \mcm-bW ]n≈sb hyXy-kvX-\m-°p-∂p. "Fen-bpsS ]mW-th-Z-\- GXv ]ń°pw

a\-kn-emIpsa∂pw ]q®-bpsS hn-i∏p IqSn a\-kn-em-°p-∂-XmWv k¿-§-Inb' F-∂-XpamWv

Ie-tbmSpw Pohn-X-tØm-Sp-ap≈ \mcm-b-W-]n-≈-bpsS kao-]-\w.

P¥p-tem-I-Ønse Hmtcm h¿-§hpw F∂√ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw \ne-\n¬∏n-\m-bp≈ Xo£-

W -k-a-c-Øn¬ ]Ir-Xn-bpw- a‰p ]cnX:ÿnXn-Ifpw A\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂ hyXn-bm\ hyXn-

N-e-\-ßƒ°pw ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°pw X-ß-fpsS BIrXn ]Ir-Xn-Isf t_m[-]q¿∆-am-bpw A√m-

sXbpw hnt[-b-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. ]Ir-Xn--bp-ambn Nne [mc-W-I-fn-seØn apt∂m´v \oßp-∂p.

Nmƒkv Um¿-hn≥ variation F∂pw Natural selection Hm∂pw hnfn-°p∂ Cu ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v

a\pjy Pohnbpw hnap-‡-\√ ""A¿∞ iq\y-amb AkvXnXzw t]dn \S--°p∂ a\p-jys\ kw_‘n-

®n-S-tØmfw iq\y-X-bpsS Cu temI-Øn¬ At∏m-g-t∏m-gp≈ \ne-\n¬]pw ]Xn-_-‘-ß-fpsS

AXnP-o-hn-°-ep-amWv km¿∞-I-amb ]i-\-ßƒ'' F∂v kmap-h¬ _-°‰v ]d-bp-∂p. (\n-cq-]-I≥,

Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥) Ak-Yn-Xz-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-b cq] ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°v kk-t¥m-jw -hn-t[-b-

ambn PohnX ka-c-Øn¬ ]cm-Pn-X-cm-hm-Xn-cn-°m≥ i≤n-°p∂ a\p-jy-sc-bmWv \mw Fw. ]n .

\mcm-b-W-]n-≈-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂-Xv. taml- w-K-Øns‚ ssiXy taJ-e-I-fntem I©m-

hns‚ ambnI he-b-Øntem AXoµb [y\m-Øntem A -bw-tX-Sp∂ I-Ym]mX-ßsf At±-l-

Øns‚ IY-I-fn¬ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°m-ØXpw AXpsIm≠p t]mse Xs∂. ]YakrjvSn-bmb

"I≈≥' apX¬ "Fs‚ kXym-t\z-jW ]co-£-W-ßƒ hsc Cu hkvXp-X°v \nZ¿i\-am-Wv.

a¥-\m-Z-Øns‚ B`n-Nm-c- mcw tPymXn-j-Øns‚ ]h-N-\ -kz- mhw a\pjy a\-kp-I-fp-sS AXn-hn-

Nn-X-amb ImgvN-∏p-d-ßfpw ]pcm--hr-Ø-ß-fpsS A¤pX ]]©-ßfpw \nd-™-XmWv - --

Fw. ]n. bpsS IY-Iƒ. F√m establishment Iƒ°pw FXn-cmbn \n¬°p∂ F√m A¿∞-

Ønepw -]-t£m- -Im-cn-bmb Hcp Iem-Im-cs‚ i_vZ-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-Iƒ.

]T\w

Ah-X-cWØnepw mjm-ssi-en-bnepw H‰-s∏- v \n¬°p∂ IY-bmWv ap-cp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm-

ń. mjbpsS i‡n kuµ-cy-ß-fp-tSbpw [z\\m-fl-IX-bp-sSbpw Hc-]q¿∆ amXr-I-bm-Wvv Cu IY.

PohnXsØ A]-K-Yn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ Zpcq-lX A`n-hy-⁄n-∏n°pw hn[w k¶o¿Æ-amb t_m[w

P\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS e£yw F∂ hkvXpXbmWv ]kvXpX IY

hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂-Xv.

53 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


sN∏Sn hnZym-°m-c-\mb Ip´∏ sNým-cp-sS -k-lm-bnbpw in¶n-bn-Sp-amWv ap-cp-I≥. Ip´∏

sNým¿ apcp-Is\ amkvac hnZy-sIm-≠v a-b°n InS-Øp∂p. CW-tN¿∂v InS-°p-∂ -Xn-tIm-W-

ßƒ F∂ i‡--amb Hcp KWnX imkvX ]Xo-I-Øns‚ am¥n-I-i-‡n-bn-emWv Ip´∏-sN- ym¿

F√m hnZy-Ifpw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. Abm-fpsS A¥yhpw a™ƒs∏m-Sn-bn¬ hc-®n´ B cq]-Øn-em-

bn-cp-∂p. Ip´∏ sNým-cpsS t]Xw apcp-Is\ Bth-in-°p-∂p. a¥-hmZn t]XsØ Iog-S-°n,.

ItaW A\m-Y-\mb apcp-I≥ ]mºm- n-bm-bn. t]Sn-®-p \m-Sp-hn- p-t]mb IY-bnse h‡mhv

Xncn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ apcp-Is\ ImWp-∂p. Ah-t\m-sSm∏w Ahs‚ Ggv k¿∏-ß--fpw D≠v. IdpØ

IÆS D≈-Xv sIm≠v apcp-I-\v A-bmsf a\-kn-em-Ip-∂n-√. IY-bn¬ k¿∏-ßfpw a¥-°p-g-epw

-C-W-tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ XntIm-W-ßfpw, Npa-cn¬ ho-gp-∂ -\n-g-epw,- Xp∏¬ ]pd-tØ°v sXdn-°p∂

kwkm-chpw, Np -tIm-gn-sb --]-d-∏n-°p∂ a¥-hm-Zn-bpsS Zfi-\hpw, \nth-Zn-°m≥ sh® s]mcn®

ap´bpw Nmcmbhpw, IpjvTw Zhn-∏n® hncepIfpw F√mw IqSn tN¿∂v -A-\p-hm-N-Is‚ a\-kns\

]nSn-®p-e-°p-∂- -th- -bm-Sp∂˛òI-cm-¥-co-£-sam-cp-°p-∂p.

"apcp-I≥', "Rm≥', "hmb-\-°m¿' F∂o XntIm-W-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Zr-iy-_nw_w IY-

bpsS kq£va hmb-\-bnemWv hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Ahym-tJ-b-amb Pohn-X-sØbpw Zp:JsØbpw

CW-tN¿∂v InS-°p-∂ -Xn-tImWØns‚ Cta-Pn¬ \n∂v \ap°v H∏n-sb-Sp-°mw. B XntIm-W-

amIs´ ss]X-tKm-dkv apX¬- C-∂sØ a\p-jy¿ hsc-bp≈ i‡n ]Xo-I-amsW∂v IY-Xs∂

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

"apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm- n°v' Pze-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp i‡n-bp-≠v- -am-c-I-amb Hcp tcmK-Øns‚

k∂n-[n-bn¬ \n¬°p-tºmƒ F∂-t]m-se- A-\p-hm-N-I¿ Cu IY-bpsS apºn¬ -b-N-In-X-cm-Ip-

∂p. XΩn¬ kmw-I-an-IXz òXn D≠m-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy--\n-ep≈ "`bw' F∂ Cu ASn-ÿm\

hnIm-c-amWv "apcp-I≥-F∂ ]mºmń'bnse Nn¥m hnj-bw. a¥-hm-Zw, Nm-Ø≥ tkh XpS-ßnb

anØp-Iƒ k¿§m-fl-I-X-bp-sS -D-dhnSß-fm-sW∂pw Ah-sbms° A£-c-ßƒ°v IcpØv sImSp-

°p∂p F∂p-ap≈ IYm-Ir-Øns‚ hnizmkw ssNX\yw t\Sn-bXm-Wo IY. AtXm-sSm∏w Ie-ºn-

t∏m-Ip∂ Pohn-X-sa-∂ - ]-tl-fn-Ibpw \mw Adn-bp-∂p. Hmtcm Xmh-f-Øn¬\n∂pw Bń ]mbn-°-

s∏- v, th -bm-S-s∏- v, Cc-bm-°-s∏- v, IpjvTw t]mte apc-Sn®v t]mIp∂ Hcp Pohn-X-Øns‚ ZmcpW

Ah-ÿ-bmWv Cu IY.

54 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


e©v

hn. sI. F≥

1932- ¬ Xncp-hn-ezm-a-e-bn¬ P\n® hn.-sI. F∂ns‚ ]q¿W-\maw hS-t°-°q- me \mcm-b-

W≥ Ip´n-\m-b¿ F∂m-Wv. 1950¬ BZy-IY "_pjv j¿´v' it¶gvkv ho°n-en-bn¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-

Øn. A[n-Im-cw, Btcm-l-Ww, ]nXm-a-l≥ F∂n-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ t\mh-ep-Iƒ.

"hn. sI. F≥ IY-Iƒ' F∂ kam-lmcw Gsd ]kn-≤w.

\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]mtbW \mw AX i≤n-°mØ kw -h-ßƒ hn. sI. F≥. \¿Ω-t_m-

t[m-¤m-kn-X-amb \nco-£-W-Nm-Xp-cy-tØmsS BJym\w sNøp-tºmƒ Ahbv°p ssIh-cp∂ ckn-

IØw H∂p thsd Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw Hcp lyqa-dn-Ãn\v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ hømØ AXn-i-

tbm‡nsb Iq´p-]n-Sn-®mhpw hn. sI. F≥ \sΩ Nncn-∏n-°p-I. "Imcn-t°-®-dp-Iƒ' hn. sI. F≥

˛ s‚ IY-I-fn¬ kpe- -am-Wv. ]mX-kr-jvSn-bnepw hnh-c-W-ß-fnepw ssien-I-fnepw Ub-tem-Kp-I-

fn-ep-ambn hn. sI. F≥. IY-I-fnse enXw hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p.

"Nncn-bpsS ]nXm-a-l≥' F∂mWv sI. ]n. A∏≥, hn. sI. F∂ns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. A∏s‚

'tImam-fn-bp-K-Ønse ]pcp-j-tKm-]p-c-ßƒ' F∂ teJ\w hn. sI. F∂ns\ icn-bmbn AS-bm-f-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. KZy- m-j-bn¬ hn. sI. F≥ krjvSn® hnπhw Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏- -Xm-Wv. mj-

bv°p-≈n¬ mj krjvSn®v X\n-a-bm¿∂ Hcp mjm-cq]w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v hn. sI. F∂n\v Ign-

™p. hn. sI. F∂ns‚ BJym-\-coXn tUm. Ih-Sn-bm¿ cma-N-µ≥ kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-°p-∂p-

≠v. Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏- h Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

• `mjm-kz-cq-]-Øns‚ s]mSp-∂-s\-bp≈ am‰w.

• \mS≥`m-j-bpsS (Slang) \mS-Io-b-amb ]tbm-Kw.

• ]WvUn-X- m-j-bpsS A]-Xo-£n-X-]-tbmKw

• ¢otj (Chiche) IfpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbm-Kw.

• ]mtZ-in-I- mj/aX- mj/PmXn- mj F∂n-h-bpsS ]tbm-Kw.

• hymI-cWw sX‰n-°¬/hIo-I-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h.

• A\p-I-c-Ww, hnh¿Ø\w F∂n-h-bnse X\Xp hnZy-Iƒ.

e©v ˛ kwKlw

D®-bm-b-t∏mƒ ]Xn-hp-t]mse hni∏v \ΩpsS IYm-\m-b-I-\mb ]øs\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. aZmkv

tlm -ense DuWp-I-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂ _kn\p t]mIm≥ Imip XnI-bn-√. knK-c‰p Ipd®v ]Ww

AUvPÃv sNøm-sa-∂Xv Xe-t]m-bmepw H°p∂ Imcy-hp-a-√. ]cn-N-b-°m-c-\mb tat\ms‚ A∂-

Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Im-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-®-t∏m-gmWv Atßm-t´sd Zqc-ap-≠-Xn\p ]pdta as‰mcp sIWn

IqSn-bp-≈Xv ]ø≥ Hm¿Ø-Xv.

55 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


"BIvsk-t‚m-sS-bp≈ HmIvk-t^m¿Uv Cw•o-jn¬ hN\w tIƒ°Ww. At∏mƒ∏ns∂

aZmkv tlm -en¬ Xs∂ t]mbn ]´sc Aßv icn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-f-bm-sa-∂mbn Nn¥. Xo‰-sIm≠v

s]mdp-Xn-apń It®mSw apSn™v Abmƒ I≈-h≠n Ib-d-Ww. Cu al-\ob e£y-hp-ambn \ΩpsS

]ø≥ tImWm´v tπknse hcm-¥-I-fn-eqsS ]´sc em°m°n \S∂p XpS-ßn. Cu bmX-bv°n-S-

bn¬ Hcp XpWn-°-S-bn¬ I≠ _pjv j¿ńs\ kz¥-am-°m-\p≈ tamlhpw ]ø-\p-≠m-Ip-∂p.

A[nIw Xma-kn-°msX Xm≥ AXp-t]m-sem∂v kz¥-am-°p-sa∂v a\- n¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

\S-°p∂ hgn-bn¬ "Nncn°pw Xºm≥' F∂ \K-c-Ønse G‰hpw henb tlm -en-\p-ap-

∂n¬ \n¿Øn-bn´ Imdp-I-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ B\-µ-h-√n-bpsS Im¿ ]øs‚ IÆn¬s∏- p. Xt∂mSv

]d-bmsX Xs∂ Cu kz¿§-Øn¬ Ch-sf-ßs\ FØn F∂ sNdn-sbmcp ktµ-l-tØmSpw AXn¬

IqSp-X¬ πm≥ sNbvX h√ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmImw F∂ A\n-hm-cy-amb Bizm-k-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw B¿`m-

S-Øns‚ DØpw-K-irw-K-ßƒ ]n∂n´v ]ø≥ Xs‚ kplr-Øn-s‚bpw AXn-Yn-bp-sSbpw ASp-sØ-

Øn. km[m-c-W-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn C∂sØ AXnYn ]´m-f-°m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. sFIy-cm-

jvS-bp-h-kw-L-S-\-bnse C¥y≥ ]Xn-\n[n ankv. \oena F∂pw hntZ-i-Øp≈ C¥y≥ ]Xn-\n-[n-

bmb ]ø≥ sXmgp-Xp. Ah¿kw- m-j-W-am-cw- n-®p. Ah-cpsS £Ww Ign-™n- n√ F∂X ]ø\v

Bizm-k-am-bn. ]ø≥ Xs∂ `£-W-Øn\v Hm¿U¿ sImSp-Øp. ]ø≥ Xs‚ AS-hp-Iƒ ]b-‰n-

Øp-S-ßn. "^m≥kn¬ \n∂pw \n¿∆m-l-I-k-an-Xn-bn¬ s]√-thm¨ h∂n-cp-∂pthm?' ]øs‚

tNmZyw Hcp ]kv tIm¨ -d≥kn¬ sh®v c≠p-sIm√w apºv I≠ ]cn-Nbw amX-ap≈ Bsf-°p-

dn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. tNmZy-Øn-\p-]p-d-sa, Abmƒ Xs‚ kplr-Øm-sW∂p IqSn ]ø≥ Xń-hn- p. \oena

_lp-am-\-tØmSp IqSn Xß-fpsS ]kn-U‚ns‚ C¥y≥ kplr-Øns\ kwL-S-\-bn-te°v £Wn-

®p. kq∏p-I-gn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ ]ø≥ "tdmam-°mcn' \oen-a-tbmSv C‰-en-sb-°p-dn®v tNmZn-®p. ]n∂oSv

AØcw ÿe-ß-sf-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xm-hp∂ teJ-\-ßƒ, \oena hne-s∏´ hm¿Ø-Iƒ tNm¿Øn-Ø-

∂m¬ AXn\p ]Icw Xs‚ ]X-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-sa-∂mbn ]ø≥. Aßs\ kq∏ns\

km£n-\n¿Øn Ah¿ Hcp-S-º-Sn-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. ItaW ]ø≥ Xs‚ Imhy-hm-k\Ifpw

]I-Sn-∏n®p XpS-ßn. "tdmam-°mcn' Aº-c-t∏msS ]øs\ t\m°n-bn-cp-∂p. t`mP-\-Øn-\p-tijw

Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn-®mbn Ah-cpsS N¿®. Ihn-X-bn¬ Hcp ssIt\m-°m-\p≈ \oen-a-bpsS BKlw

X¥-]q¿∆w ]ø≥ C√m-Xm-°n. CS-bv°nsS tcWp ]øs‚ Imen¬ t_°p Nhn- p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. ]øs‚ kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xp-cn-bn¬ hoWp-t]mb \oena Ahsc Un∂-dn\p £Wn-®p. Acn-

jvSn®p Nm¿an-\m¿ hen-°p∂ ]ø≥ "lhm\m' ]pI-®p-sIm≠v kw`m-jWw XpS¿∂p. _n√v \oena

Xs∂ sImSp-Øp. \oen-a-bn¬ \n∂p tcWp ]øs\ kqX-Øn¬ Xs‚ Imdn-\p-≈n-em-°n. tcWp-

hns‚ ]cn- -h-i-c-ß-fn¬ Gsd-sbm∂pw Akz-ÿ-\m-ImsX ]ø≥ Xs‚ Hmô-kn\p ap∂n-en-d-ßn.

c≠p kvXoIƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂pw X¬°m-e-tØbv°p tamNn-X-\mb ]ø≥ AIta \ne-hn-fn®p:

""sImt∂m-fn-t\So IpS-e-I-tf, sImt∂m-fn≥.''

56 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


H‰

hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿

kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂pw ]m¿iy-h¬°-cn-°-s∏- -h-cn-eq-sS-bpw, ssZh-Øns‚

hnNn-X-ß-fmb a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv inh-Ip-am¿ F∂ AXp-ey-Im-Yn-Is‚ k¿§m-fl-

I-bm-X. Bfl-kw-Xr-]vXnbv°p th≠n Pohn-X-Øns‚ kam-¥-c-tc-J-bn¬ \n∂pw amdn k©-cn®v

am\-knI kpJ-tem-ep-]-Xbv°v ]pØ≥ ]Ÿmhv krjvSn-bv°p∂ Npcp°w Nne-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv

"H‰' F∂ IY-bnse Ip´≥\m-b¿. \m´nse kº-∂-\mb G‰hpw ]mbw sN∂ Ip´≥\m-b¿ Xs‚

\·X ]Z¿in-∏n®v AXn-eqsS Bfl-kw-Xr]vXn t\Sp-∂-bm-fm-Wv. s]¨h¿KsØ I≠m¬ DSp-ap-

≠ns‚ ÿm\w sX‰p∂ Cu htbm-[n-I≥ \m´p-Im-cpsS samØw shdp∏pw hntZz-jhpw kºm-Zn-®n-

´p-≠v. ¿Øm-hns‚ kzImcy Ah-b-h-]-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ A]-am-\n-X-bm-hp∂ mcy aq∏n-ems‚ Imew

H∂p Ign-™p-In- n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂p-hsc Icp-Xp-∂p. \m´nse G‰hpw ]mbw sN∂-bmƒ Fs∂

]cn-K-W-\-tbm, _lp-am-\-tam, H∂pw Xs∂ Ip´≥\m-b¿°v e`n-°p∂n-√. Abm-fpsS s\dn-tISv

Abmƒ°v kaq-l-Øn\v D≠m-bn-cp∂ \ne-bpw, hnebpw C√m-Xm-hp-∂p. Abmsf AwKo-I-cn-

°mØ kaq-lsØ Abmfpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.

a\pjyPo-hn-X-Ønse hn`n-∂-hpw, hnNn-X-hp-amb Nne mh-ß-fp-sS-bpw, A\p- -h-ß-fp-sS-

bpw, ]®-bmb A\m-h-c-W-ß-sf-bpw, A\p-hm-N-I-cn¬ Zp:Jhpw, kl-Xm-]hpw P\n-∏n-°Ww F∂

BKlw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw. ]Icw IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-sa-

t¥m, AXn-te°v IYsb Xncn-®p-hn-Sm-\mWv ian-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´≥\m-b-cpsS \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-kz-Im-cy-

A-h-b-h-]-Z¿i-\sØ \m´p-Im-cpw, ho´p-Im-cpw, shdp-°p∂p F∂pw, Cu¿jy-tbmsS t\m°n-Im-

Wp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Abmƒ t\Sp∂ Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ Bg-ß-fn-te°v Dufn-

bn-Sm-\mWv IYm-Im-cs‚ iaw. kaq-l-Øn¬ H‰-s∏-SpI F∂Xv hfsc ZpcnXw \nd™ A\p- -h-

am-sW-¶nepw CXn-s\-sb√mw adn-I-S∂v De-I-Øn≥ apºmIth Xs∂ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn sIm≠v H‰-

bm-Ip-∂-Xn-epw, kpJ-hpw, kuµ-cyhpw Is≠-Øm-\p-ff ia-amWv Ip´≥\m-b¿ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Xt‚-

Xmb apZ ]Xn-∏n-°m≥ kaq-l-Øn-tem, Pohn-X-Øn-tem, Abmƒ°p Ign-bp-∂n-√.

""F¥m-bn-cp∂p Cu sshIr-X-Øns‚ clkyw''? B clkyw Adn-s™-¶n¬ amXta

IYm-Im-c≥ CXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]Xo-I-ß-fpsS Npcpƒ Agn-bq. ""IpS-Øn¬ aqSn-s°- nb

k¿∏-sØ-t∏mse tamN-\-Øn-\mbn CtX aÆn¬ InS∂v Cbmƒ ssIIm-en- -Sn® \mfp-I-fp-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p F∂ ]tbm-K-amWv IY-bn¬ ]pXnb am\-ßƒ tXSn-t∏m-Im≥ hmb-\-°msc klm-bn-°p-

∂-Xv. k¿∏w Hcp ]Xo-I-am-Wv. AS-°n-sh-°m-\m-hmØ cXn-t_m-[-Øns‚ ]Xn- -e-\-]-Z-amWv

k¿∏w. ka-tbm-Nn-X-ambn AS-°n-sh-t°-≠p∂ hnIm-c-ßsf aqSn-sh-°msX Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂

Hcp IYm-]m-Xw. sX‰n-s\-bpw, icn-tbbpw th¿Xn-cn-°msX hnIm-c-B-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn\v Xp\n-bp∂

ka-Im-eo\ a\p-jy-cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Ip´≥\m-b¿.

57 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


A¥n-bnse ]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ H∂m-W-t√m. IYm-Im-cs‚ A¥n-bnse ]Ir-Xn-Zr-

iy-ßƒ F∂ ]tbmKw Ip´≥\m-b-cpsS A\m-tcm-Ky-sØ-bpw, AtX XpS¿∂v Abmƒ A\p- -hn®

Ah-K-W-\-I-tfbpw BWv ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ Abm-fpsS am\-kn-I-X-e-Øn¬

Bfl-kw-Xr]vXn \¬In-s°m≠v; DZn-®p-b¿∂ ]q¿Æ-N-µ-\mWv ""kzImcy Ah-b-h-]-Z¿i\w'' F∂

]h-WX. b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ A¥n t\csØ ]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ°v hncm-a-an- p-sIm≠v IS-∂p-h-cp∂

]q¿W-N-µ-\n-em-hv F√m b-ß-sf-bpw, ambv®p If-bpI km[m-c-W-b-t√. Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bn-se-∂-

t]mse Abmƒ B kpJ-Øn¬ HgpIn \S-∂p. ]pg-bn¬ Hcp hkvXp Hgp-Ip-∂Xv Hmf-ßƒ

krjvSn-bv°p-a-t√m, AXp-t]mse Xs∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ kZm-Nm-csØ X®p-S-°m≥ ian®p Ip´≥\m-

b¿°v t\sc kaqlw ]cn-lm-k-Nn-cn-bp-ambn Hmf-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. Gsd sshImsX Xs∂ B

Hmf-ßfpw AI-∂-I∂p t]mbn. hkvXp (Ip- ≥\m-b¿) GIm-¥-am-bn.

ka-b-Øn-s‚-bpw, Zqc-Øn-s‚bpw, sh≈n-∏-d-h-Iƒ Abm-fn¬ \n∂v n∂-Zn-i-I-fn-te°v ]d-∂p-t]mbn

F∂pw, IYm-Im-c≥ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ka-b-hpw, Zqc-hpw, ImesØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂p. Imew a\p-

jys‚ Ah-ÿ-I-tf-bpw, ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-tf-bpw, \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂p. Imew Abm-fnepw am‰-ßƒ

D≠m-°p-∂p. Xe°v Np‰p-ap≈ kzIm-cy-X-bpw, ]pXp-a-bp≈ ÿe-Ime kar≤n \nd-bv°p-∂p-≠v.

""AhnsS aßnb ]Im-i-Øn¬ H‰-s∏´ kvXocq-]-ßƒ Nen-®p, ]pgp-°sft∏mse Akp-c-c-Xn-bn-

eqsS Abmƒ ]q¿W-\mb ]pcp-j-\m-bn. aßnb ]Im-i-Øn¬ H‰-s∏´ kvXocq]w F∂ ]tbmKw

Nn¥-\o-b-am-Wv. CXv s_Uvsse-‰ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬ kZm-Nm-c-Øns‚ AXn¿h-c-

ºp-Iƒ ewLn®Xn\v kaqlw H‰-s∏-Sp-Ønb kvXoI-fm-Wn-h¿. AXm-bXv thiy-hr-Øn-I-fn¬

G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ kvXoIƒ. aßnb ]Im-iw, H‰-s∏´ kvXoIƒ, F∂o ]Xo-I-ßƒ IY°v

]pXnb am\-ßƒ krjvSn®v A\p-hm-N-Isc Nn¥-bpsS ]dp-±o-k-bn-te°v B\-bn-°p-∂p. Ip´≥\m-

b¿ DSp-ap-≠-gn-°¬ F∂ ]h-W-X-bn¬ \n∂v amdn CØcw Bk-‡n-I-fpsS D∂-Xn-bn¬ FØn-

bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂Xv Abm-fpsS at\m-ssh-Ieyw h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmWv. Abmƒ

CX-\mfpw BK-ln-®n-cp-∂-sX√mw \nd-th-‰-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. \pg-™p-I-b-dpI ]pgp-hns‚ s]mXp-kz-

`m-h-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse kaqlw \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ thiym-a-µn-c-ß-fn¬ Hcp ]pgp-hn-s\-t∏mse \q≠p-

I-bdn Bfl-kw-Xr]vXn Ic-ÿ-am°n Abmƒ ]q¿Æ-\mb ]pcp-j-\mbn amdp-∂p.

58 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


Abmƒ Xs‚ sXmÆq-‰©mw P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬ DuWp Ign™v ]pd-Øn-dßn Hcp-cpf tNmdv

]pd-tØ-°n-Sp-Ibpw Abm-fpsS DS¬ Xmtgbv°v sNcn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Abmƒ Xs‚ a\p-jy-

i-cocw shSn™p. B Hcp-cpf _en-t®m-dmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. Abm-fpsS \c® IÆp-Ifpw

i_vZhpw ImXp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ipXnbpw ck-\-bn¬ \n∂p≈ cpNnbpw Ah-km-\-izm-khpw

hsc Im°-sIm-Øn-sb-SpØp ]d-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Hcp-]t£ X\nbv°p th≠n as‰m-cmƒt]mepw

_en-I¿Ω-ßƒ sNøm≥ D≠m-In√ F∂ Xncn-®-dnhp sIm≠mImw Abmƒ kzbw _en-X¿∏Ww

\S-Øn-b-Xv. ] -S-bn¬ Ip´≥\m-b-cpsS arX-i-cocw IØn-b-a-cp-tºmgpw ]d-b-Ø° \ne-hn-fn-sbm∂pw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]pI-]n-Sn® ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂pw CS-bv°nsS tIƒ°p∂ Abm-fpsS mcy-bpsS

Ht∂m ct≠m tXß-ep-Iƒ amXw. Xs∂ A]-am-\n-X-\m-°nb Hcm-fpsS acWw Ft∂ Ah¿ Icp-

Xp-∂p-≈q. GXp Ime-L- -Øn-em-bmepw a\p-jy≥ Ahs‚ Bfl-kw-Xr-]vXn-bv°p th≠n \ne-

sIm-ffpw F∂-Xn\p sXfn-hmWv Cu IY. s]mXpsh ]d-bmdv a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb A`n-em-j-ßƒ°pw

Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\p≈ shº-en-s\ms° ISn-™m-Wn-Sp∂ ]mb-amWv hm¿≤Iyw F∂m-Wv.

F∂m¬ Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\v ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn-s√∂ hkvXp-X-bmWv Cu IY Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-

∂-Xv.

59 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


`qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠

kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

cN-\m-in-ev]-Ønse ]pXp-a-bpsS wKn-sIm≠v Akm-[m-c-W-amb Imhym-\p- qXn ]I-cp-∂-h-

bmWv kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvWs‚ IY-Iƒ. a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ D¬°¿j-hm-RvObpw taml-Ø-

I¿®bpw At±lw ImWp-∂p. adp-I-c, IY, am-aq¬, ]W-b-Im-ew, h- -bw, amem-J-am¿ Nnd-Ip-ho-

ip-tºmƒ, qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ apX-em-bh IYm-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ.

IYm-kw-Klw

NnX-]-Z¿i\w \S-°p∂ Kyme-dn-bn-¬ sh®v kµo]v kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp s]Ïp- nsb ImWp-

∂p. ImXn¬ henb dnwKp-I-fn´ apSn t_m_p sNbvX Hcp s]Ïp- n. Ah-tfmSv Abmƒ°v

Ft¥m ]tXyI Xm¬]cyw tXm∂n. FIvkn-_n-j≥ c≠mgvN XpS-cp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ C\nbpw hcm-

at√m F∂p IcpXn kµo]v t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßn. At∏mƒ ]n∂n¬ \n∂v Hcp hnfn-tI- p. Xm≥

i≤n® s]Ïp- n-bmWv AsX∂v Abmƒ°p a\- n-em-bn. Ah¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏- p. t]cv A\p-cm-

[-sb-∂m-sW∂pw hm°p-Iƒ aSp-Ø-t∏mƒ NnX-ß-fn-tebv°p Xncn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Ahƒ

]d-™p. Ah¿ kwkm-cn®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ Btcm Xs∂ i≤n-°p-∂-Xmbn kµo-]n\p tXm∂n.

Ah¿ bmX ]d™p ]ncn-bp-tºmƒ Ft¥m Hcp `bw kµo-]ns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. Xs‚ \o°-ßƒ

i≤n-®p-sIm≠v \nKq-V-e-£y-tØmsS Hcmƒ ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂Xv kµo]v Adn-™p. Xncn™p t\m°n-

b-t∏mƒ Abmsf ImWm-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ kµo]v tN®n-bpsS Ip™p-a-I-fmb kp]¿Æ-

tamƒ°v Hcp skz‰¿ hmßm≥ IS-bn¬ Ib-dn. ISpw-\o-e-\n-d-Øn-ep-ff H∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.

hne-t]-im-s\m∂pw \n¬°msX skz‰-dn\p apI-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hne Xs∂ sImSpØv AXp

hmßn. sXcphp apdn-®p-I-S-°p-tºmƒ kµo-]ns\ Btcm Nodn-∏m™p hcp∂ hml-\-ßƒ°v

t\¿°v ]nSn®p X≈n. kµo-]n\v t_m[w \jvS-s∏- p-t]m-bn. t_m[w sXfn-™-t∏mƒ Xm≥

hmßnb skz‰dpw \jvSs∏s´∂v kµo-]n\p a\- n-em-bn. ""AXp Btcm sIm≠p s]mbv°-f-

s™∂p tXm∂p∂p CsXmcp ÿncw G¿∏m-Sm-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepsamcp A]-I-S-ap-≠m-bm¬ AhnsS

h∂v D≈ km[-\-ß-sfms° s]dp-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I. acn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂-hs\ Bip-]-Xn-bn-se-

Øn-°mt\m Hcn-‰p-sh≈w sImSp-°mt\m A√ [rXn. t]m°-‰nse ]W-sa-Sp-°m\pw ssIbn¬

\n∂v hm®p-X- n-sb-Sp-°m\pw. FX-sbX kw -h-ß-fmWv Cßs\! ]d-™m¬ HSp-ßn-√. \nß-

fpsS skz‰¿ AXp-t]m-I-s´. thsdm-scÆw hmßm-a-t√m.'' Hcmƒ Abmsf Biz-kn-∏n-®p. ]t£

kµo-]n\v bw IqSn-b-tX-bp-≈q. Xs∂ A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Btcm ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂p-s≠∂v Abmƒ°p

tXm∂n.

]gw hn¬°p∂ ]ø-\n¬ \n∂v Ipd®v B∏nfpw t]c-bv°bpw hmßn, Hcp c£m-I-h-N-sa-

∂-hÆw B s]mXn s\©n-e-a¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p sIm≠v Ccp´pw shfn-®hpw amdn-amdn hoip∂ sXcp-hn-

60 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


eqsS kµo]v \S-∂p. sXcp-hn\v he-Xp-h-i-Øp≈ Xntb-t‰-gvkn-t\mSv tN¿∂v, c≠p aXn-ep-Iƒ°n-

S-bn-eqsS \ofp∂ shfn®w Ipd-™ hgn-bpsS A‰-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, Ft¥m kwi-bn®v kµo]v

Xncn-™p-t\m-°n. Hcp \ng¬ s]s´∂v CS-Xp-h-isØ aXn-en-t\mSv tN¿∂-Xmbn tXm∂n. kwibw

Xo¿°m≥ kmh-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. kµo]v \o´n \S-∂p. \mep-Np-hSp sh®-t∏m-tgbv°pw

]n∂n¬ \n∂v Btcm HmSn-b-Sp-°p∂ i_vZw tI´v kµo]v hncWv Hm -am-cw- n-®p. ]t£, Ah¿

c≠p-t]-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-tØ-bmƒ HmSn-b-Sp-Øp. kµo-]ns\ ]q≠-S°w ]nSn-®p. B∏nfpw

t]c-bv°bpw NnX-dn-ho-Wp. kµo]v sh]m-f-s∏ v IpX-dn. At∏mƒ Igp-Øn¬ Hcp ssI Aa¿∂p.

""iv iv! an≠n-t∏m-I-cpXv'' Hcp ]cp-°≥ Xm°o-Xv. ap∂n¬ IØn-bpsS Iqcamb Xnf-°w. kµo]v

sR´n ]nd-tIm´p amdn. H∂m-a≥ Im¬ap- p-b¿Øn sXmgn-®p.

""thKw''

IØn Hcp an∂-ep-t]mse -]p-f-™p-sIm-≠v - - - - - - - ˛

kµo]v InX-®p. IgpØp sRcp-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

lrZbw Ic-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcp \nan-jw.

A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn apJØv s]≥tSm¿®ns‚ sh´w. IÆp-Iƒ ]I-®p. AI-an-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ

]d-™p. ""FSm CXv Ah-\√; Bfp-am-dn.''

IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv.

ka-Im-en-I-km-aq-lym-hÿ ]Xn- -en-°p∂ IY-bmWv "`qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb-≠'

cmjvSob am^n-bm-Ifpw sImt -j≥ kwL-ßfpw Ac-ßp-hm-gp∂ kmaq-ly-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv

\man∂v Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. GXp \nan-jhpw sImt -j≥kw-L-ß-fp-tStbm cmjvSo-b-Kp-≠-I-fp-tSbpw

]n®m-Øn°v Cc-bm-°-s∏-t -°m-hp∂ Pohn-Xw. Bcm-sem-s°tbm ]n≥Xp-S-c-s∏- v, th -bm-S-s∏- v,

Cc-bm-°-s∏- v, HSp-ßp∂ Pohn-Xw. h¿Ø-am-\-Ime Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS ka-kvX-X-e-ß-tfbpw

kv]¿in-°m≥ Cu sNdp-I-Ybv°p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

61 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


]¥n-t`m-P\wkt¥mjv F®n-°m\w

1971 ¬ Imk¿tKm-Up-Pn-√-bn-emWv kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w P\n-®-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønepw hn-Zym-

`ym-k-Ønepw _ncpZw t\Sn. tIc-f-]kv A°m-Z-an-bn¬ \n∂pw tP¿W-enkw B‚ v IΩyq-Wn-t°-

j-\n¬ ]n.-Pn. Untπma FSp-Øp. IYm-c-N-\bv°v Imcq¿ P∑-i-Xm_vZn Ahm¿Uv, sNdp-ImSv

Ahm¿Uv, hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv, A¶Ww C. ]n. kpja F≥tUm-hvsa‚ v,

]fl-cm-P≥ ]pc-kvIm-cw, XpSßn Ht´sd Ahm¿Up-Iƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v. "H‰-hm-Xn¬', "IYm-]m-X-

ßfpw ]s¶-Sp-Ø-hcpw', "Hcp NnX-I-Y-bnse \mbm- p-Im¿', "sImame' XpS-ßnb IYm-k-am-lm-c-

ßƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. \nc-h[n sSen-hn-j≥ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ°v Xnc-°Y cNn-®n- p-≠v. ae-bm-f

-sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-amWv kt¥mjns‚ cN-\-Iƒ.

ka-Im-enIkaq-l-Øns‚ BXp-cm-h-ÿ-bntebv°v hnc¬ Nq≠p∂ IY-bmWv ]¥n-t`m-P-

\w. ]¥n-t`m-P\w F∂ io¿jIw Xs∂ \¿Ωw Ie¿∂ hna¿i-\-kv]¿i-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. h°o-e-∑m-

cpsS hni-a-ap-dn-bn¬ D®-bq-Wns‚ ka-b-Øp-\-S-°p∂ sIm®p-h¿Ø-am-\-ß-fn-eqsS hy‡n-a-\-

nepw kaq-l-a-\- nepw thcp-]n-Sn-®n- p≈ PmXn-t_m-[-Øns‚ D≈-d-I-fmWv Xpd-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. PmXn-

t -Z-ßƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n hyXykvX PmXn-bn¬s∏ -hsc Hcp-an-®n-cpØn £Ww Ign-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ \S-Ønb ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂t√m ]¥n-t`m-P-\w.

F∂m¬ Chn-SpsØ ]¥n-t`m-P-\-Øntem? sXmgn¬ I≠v Htc PmXn°mcm-sW-¶nepw Df-fn¬

hyXykvX PmXn-Nn-”-ßƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-hcpw AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ sIm≠p \S-°p-

∂-h-cp-amWv CXnse IYm-]m-X-ß-fmb bph-A- n- m-j-I¿. kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-bmb kqk≥

CΩm-\p-h-en\pw _m“-W-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kwKo-Xm-\-ºq-Xn-cn-°pw, caym-\m-b¿°pw kz¥w

kh¿Æe£-W-ßƒ ambv®p If-bm≥ Ign-™n- n-√

`£y-hn- -h-ßsft∏mepw Ah¿ \ºq-Xncn˛\m-b¿- -Cu-g-h- -In-kvXy≥- -ap-…ow hn -h-ß-fm-

bmW ImWp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ HmtcmcpØcpw Xß-fpsS aXhpw PmXnbpw G‰hpw D¬Ir-jvS-sa∂v

kzbw ta\n \Sn-°p-∂-hcpw AsXmcp _m[-bmbn IqsS sIm≠p \S-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. F∂mepw

kh¿Æ¿ F∂ Iq´m-bva-bn¬ Ch¿ Hcp-an-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Zfn-Xbpw s^an-\n-Ãp-amb

cpIvan-Wnsb Ch¿ Ah-⁄-tbm-sS-bmWv ho£n-°p-∂-Xv. cpIvan-Wnbpw h°o-em-Wv, ]ªnIv

t]mkn-Iyq- -dp-am-Wv. F∂n´pw am‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂p! caym-\m-b-cpsS Hcp tIkp Pbn-°-W-sa-¶n¬

]ªnIv t]mkn-Iyq- -dmb cpIvan-Wn-bpsS klmbw IqSntb Xocq F∂ Ahÿ h∂p tNcp-∂p.

Cu kµn-Kv[-L- -Øn¬ £-W-ta-i-bn¬ sh®v ]s≠m-cn-°¬ ]nW-ßn-∏b cpIvan-Wnsb ho≠pw

Xß-fpsS D®- -£W ]¶m-fn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n Ch¿ \S-Øp∂ X¥-ßfpw AXns‚ e-]m-

]vXn-bp-amWv IY-bpsS ]Xn-]m-Zyw. s]m -j-W-ep-I-fpsS CS-bn¬t]mepw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Xoh-

amb PmXn-kv]¿≤, Ct∏mgpw kh¿Æ-a-\- p-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambpw hns´m-gn-bmØ

Zfn-X-tcm-Sp≈ Ah-⁄, Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-ÿn-Xnsb ]m]n-°p-tºmƒ Nne Zfn-X¿°p≠m-Ip∂

Al-¥,Zfn-X-cpsS a\- n¬ \n∂pw C\nbpw ]q¿Æ-ambn hn´p-am-dn-bn- n-√mØ A]-I¿j-Xm-t_m[w

62 IYm-km-ln-Xyw


-

XpSßn ka-Im-enI kaq-l-Øn¬ kPo-h-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]iv\-ß-fn-te°v A\p-hm-N-I-i≤

£Wn-°p-hm≥ Cu IY-bv°m-hp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu IY \memw-InS cmjvSo-b-°m-cs‚ ]kwKw

t]mse hnc-k-am-Ip-∂n√; Zfn-X-cpsS ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ D≤-cn®v t_md-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-an-√.

IYsb Hcp ss[j-Wn-I-hym-]m-c-am-°m-sX, lmky-Øns‚ tasºmSn tN¿Øv kaq-l-a-\- n-\p-≈n¬

Dd-™p-In-S-°p∂ PmXn-t_m-[-Øn-\p-ta¬ BLm-X-ta¬∏n-°m≥ kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\-Øn\p

Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

malayala sahityam 24.3 layout

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