malawi – the status of extension and advisory services in malawi: a case study of policies,...
DESCRIPTION
Kaunda, Bunda College, MalawTRANSCRIPT
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National Case Study on Extension and Advisory Services,
MALAWI
Emmanuel KaundaUniversity of Malawi, Bunda College
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MALAWI - “The Warm Heart of Africa”
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Presentation Lay out• The National Setting-Background• National Policy Environment for Agriculture &
Rural Development• National Policy Environment for Extension and
Advisory Services• Status of Extension Services• Funding• Impact• Recommendations
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The National Setting-Background
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• Malawi’s economy- Agro-based
• Agric contributes 80% of workforce & 39% of GDP
• 52.4% living below the poverty line
• Malnutrition levels are high (MDHS 2011):
stunting = 47%
wasting = 5%
underweight = 13%
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• Mw’s agriculture is dualistic : small scale and large scale
• 3.0 million farm families are in the small scale
• 80 % of country’s food production
• 56% of the smallholder farmers have a land holding size of ½ hectare
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National Policy Environment for Agriculture & Rural Development
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Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS)
National Regional
Comprehensive AfricanAgriculture Development Programme (CAADP)
•Ref. document•Philosophy : Pov Red through sustainable economic growth and infrastructure. Agric. one of the six priority areas in MGDS•Aim : Increas. agric productivity and food varieties thus increasing economic growth
•Six Percent Agricultural Growth•Ten Percent Budgetary allocations
Agriculture Sector Wide Approach (ASWAp)- Main Gvt programme on Agric- large & small scale
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Agriculture and Food Production
Up to around 2005- Maize shortage- (Chirwa et al 2007)
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0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
000
tonn
es
2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009
Malawi
Imports
Production
Total cereal imports vs production
From 2005 import situation changed – Introduction of fertiliser subsidy- Banda 2008
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National Policy Environment for Extension and Advisory Services
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Extension Approaches in Malawi since 1950
4 Pronged; Master Farmer, Staff Training, Public Relations Unit, Nat soil & w c. P – Top -down
Conv. Approach (Group approach)-cinemas, campaigns,magazines –Top down
Block Ext Syst- ehanced Group approach; Modified T&V; logical framework – Top down
Plurastic -demand driven, Commodity led, NGO based- volunteers, extensionist, Farmer Led (Farmer organisations- NASFAM, influence piolicy)
50 60 70 80 90 2000 2010
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Status of Extension Service-Public
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Organisational Structure of Ministry of Agriculture Irrigation and Water Development Source: Masangano & Mthinda 2010
Technical Administration & Finance
CAETS
DAES DLR DF
CAS (INST)
Agricultural Development Divisions (ADDs)Programme Managers
District AssembliesDistrict Agricultural Development Officers (DADOs)
Extension Planning Areas (EPAS)Agricultural Extension Development Coordinators (AEDCs)
SectionsAgricultural Extension Development Officers (AEDOs)
DCPDAHI DPDARS
VillagesFarm families
Principal Secretary
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Ratio of Public EO/Farmers5,376,000
CountryAgricultural
Labour Extension
Force OfficersRatio* of ExtensionOfficers to Farmers
Botswana 783,020 525 1:1500
Malawi ,376,000 3,183 1:1700
Swaziland 453,750 359 1:1300
Tanzania 16,884,000 6,113 1:2800
Zambia 3,804,930 2,175 1:1700
Zimbabwe 5,950,00 2,047 1:2900
Aina 1992
1984-85
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• Recommended ratio; 1 : 750 or 1 : 850
• Current ratio: ranges 1:600 to 1:5000
• Most recent data: the Ministry employed 300 frontline extension workers in 2011 thereby increasing the number of extension workers to 1,887 against 2,880 established posts leaving 993 positions vacant (35 %).
• With 3,487,520 farming households, current official ratio of extension officers to farmers is 1,848.
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Gender Disaggregation-2009 Major Categories of Extension Staff
Secondary school dip.
2-3 yr. Ag
diploma
B.Sc. degre
e
M.Sc. /Ing. Agr. Deg.
Ph.D. degree
Sex F M F M F M F M F M
Senior Management Staff 3 6 3 2 1 Subject Matter Specialists (SMS)
21 30
21 60 3 5
Field-level Extension Staff 300 1460
115 125
Information, Communications & Technology (ICT) Support Staff 3 4 1 1 1 1 1
In-Service Training Staff
Total Extension Staff: 2,167 303 1,464
137 156
25 67 6 8 1
TOTAL MALES: 1695TOTAL FEMALE: 472% FEMALE: 22% (NGO 24%)
www.worldwide-extension.org
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Linkage mechanisms between Public Extension Service and other Actors
Technology Transfer Section of Dep of Agric Research Services (DARS), Guide to Agriculture Production (GAP), Field Days, Joint Committee meetings, .. And also Agriculture Technology Clearing House Committee (ATCC)- approve technologies placed in GAP
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Interaction (Linkages) between different clusters of actors within the Maize ASTI system in Malawi Source: Safalao et al 2007. (CTA )
Farmers
Research - Univ
Research - GVT
AdvocacyPolitics
Extension, Gvt.
Extension-NGOs
Credit Ins. Markets
Input suppliers
In general, weak linkages between Research and extension
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Funding
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Funding
TITLE OF PROGRAMME
1991/1992d REVISED
% 2000/2001e % 2010/2011f %
Administration 5,096,188 8 204,774,355 44 - 0
Crop Production - 0 23,012,300 5 23,954,954,386.
95.6
Agricultural research 7,630,072 13 61,912,510 13 - 0
Animal Production/veterinary services
8,247,299 14 50,110,400 11 36,509,576 0
Agricultural extension
1,533,266 2 89,674,329 19 776,952,639 3.11
TOTAL AMOUNT 60,847,220 100 465,863,661 100 25,084,645,746
100
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Percentage of Funding of Extension Services over the years
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Challenges with New Policy
• Coordination
- Conflicting technical messages conflicting technical recommendations
- creation of conflicts among farmers
- congestion of NGO’s in one area or competition over clients
• Lack of understanding by front-line staff of the approach
• Articulation of demand small scale farmers
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IMPACT
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Difficult to assess
• Changes in per capita agric output;
• 1.9% in 1970s
• -2.3 % in 1980s
• 5.5 % in 1990s
• 0.36 % 2000-2005
• Increase in maize production attributed to subsidised
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Recommendations
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• Mechanisms to be found to assess impact of extension approach/policy
• Coordination mechanisms are crucial to the success of the new extension policy
• Issues of gender needs to be seriously addressed in service provision where women constitute about 51% and are the “farmer”
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Acknowledgements
• CTA
• Stakeholders that were consulted
• Bunda, University of Malawi