malacca rising star of the 15th century

5/26/2018 Malacca Rising Star of the 15th Century

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From Malacca to Mali

Interesting Scenes from the History of

I S L A M I C E CO N O M I C S

Ismail Yurdakok [email protected]

Preface 3

City of Eighty-four anguages! from Malacca to Mali"

Economic Conditions of Islamic ands in #$th Century %

&allest 'uildings of the (orld)Economies of *il+a and the other Muslim ands in #%th Century #$

,nimal Husandry for e/elo0ment 33

Sa/ings and Consum0tion from the Islamic Pers0ecti/es $1

2E0ort4 and 2'roader Muslim (orld4 for 2End Po/erty4 55

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Patroni6ation of Islamic Sciences y Muslim 7ulersin the History of Islam 85

Interesting 9otes from the History of Islamic En/ironmental a+ 15

Singa0ore and uemourg) &+o Eam0les for e/elo0ment of

Small States :#

Economics of History #;;

Culture of Islamic Economics in &urkey ##aulistan! Kaulistan ?todayBs ,fghanistanA! *horasan and Ma6andaran. It is seen thatdecreasing of taes rought 0olitical success. ?:A

In central Asia! the cities of Ma+araunnahr ? its area 55;!;;; s=. km.A reached the 0eak le/el ineconomic and cultural 0rogress. Es0ecially Samarkand +ent ahead +ith a lot of architectural

monuments. ,d/anced irrigation system in fertile soils of the oasis of the central ,sia and richgold and sil/er mines. Historical silk-road +as gi/ing still im0ortant role for economicde/elo0ment of Ma+araunnahr ?in this centuryA and de/elo0ed trading life that de0ends ontrans0ortation of China goods ?to the Middle East and (est.A ?#;A iamonds and sa00hire of*hotan +as coming to the ca0ital city Samarkand. *hotan +as a historical city and region in thesouth of East-&urkistan ?no+ under the military occu0ation of China.A *hotan +as famous forher car0et! +alnut! Jade and metal casting and engra/ing of /aluale stone and metal +as /eryde/elo0ed. IrrNgation also +as 0rogressed and +heat! corn! rice! mulerry! cotton! different fruits+ere eing gro+n. (ea/ing industry of silk +as +ides0read. ark-green and ro+n-+hite Jade+as eing engra/ing on the s+ords! elts and traces of harnesses of horses. ?##A In another 0lace"khan ?rulerA of arand ?on the shore of Cas0ian SeaA had in/ited io/anni de Lalle! a Lenetian

sailor! for de/elo0ment of Cas0ian sea trade. Some 0rogress +as seen! and a limited tradeet+een the 0orts of arand and ,starkhan ut not suufficient. ,mrogia Contarini anotherca0tain from Lenice says that fish industry +as de/elo0ed in Cas0ian Sea and &atars that used toli/e on some islands of this sea! +ere fishing seal! and +ere using fat of seals in illumination andcalming of camels. 'ut methods of fishing +as 0rimiti/e and a lot of kind of fish +as not eingfished.?#


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tradesmen of cereal grains and +anted taes from the real estates of endo+ments and some0ersons. 'edouin tries also ecame out of control. Dnnecessary +ars et+en t+o great muslimem0ires ?ttomans and MamluksA ga/e damage to oth economies. ?#5A

Criticisms of Asadi and Suyuti on !"th Century Egy&tian Economy.High taes of Mamluk

administration is the main characteristic of this 0eriod. Hea/y taes ecame a hea/y lo+ onhome trade and foreign trade. 9on-stale economic conditions increased ecause of dis0utes andfightings among unrest army grou0s that their salaries +ere not eing 0aid regularly. Famousscholar of the 0eriod alaluddin Suyuti ?#%%$-#$;$A 0oints these disorders ut also at the samementiones acti/e trade in markets)0roducing of +ea0ons and +ar tools! maritime arsenals!+ea/ing! mining! glass industry! 0ottery and +ood industry"tetile industry on +oollen! silk!linen! cotton and leather industry +ere famous for. ?#8A ,sadi ?Muhammad . MuhammadAcom0leted his study al-Taysir wa al-I`tibar on ctoer #%$;. &his study +as +ritten in the formof Siyasatnama ?rules for kingsA and +as sumitted to sultan of Mamluks Saifuddin akmak ?hisreign #%31-$3.A ,sadi +rites the reasons of colla0se of Egy0tBs economy +as insufficient landsystem! neglecting of irrigation! im0otence of the administration in 0rotecting of the /illagers

against 'edouins! o00ressings and e0loitations of local authorities on nation and 0atronage ofgo/ernments these authorities. ,uthor notes that agriculture Oas a main income source- +asneglected! ne+ +ater channels +ere not o0ened and former canals +ere not re0eared! and Justiceis not 0erformed ecause of fa/ouritism of notales. In third 0art! ,sadi +rites misa00ro0riationsin coinage and tools of alances and says these t+o factors had u0set economic structure ofEgy0t.He +ants rigorous ins0ection on mint in his raft on Money 7eform.B ,sadi underlinesthat the reason of the inflation that causes the social unrests is gi/ing of food trade to themono0oly of some menB that they are under the 0atronage of some statesmen. He says no any0ri/ilege should not e granted for anyone! a trust+orthy administration should e estalished!and the men +ho do misa00ro0riation must e dismissed and 0unished and ,sadi states his theother 0ro0osals.?#1A

,sadiBs 0ro0osal on money reform +as acce0ted and 0erformed y Sultan al-Malik al-,shraf Inal?his reign #%$3-5#.A Sultan struggled to demoneti6ation of the lo+-standard coins. He egangradually and first +anted to 0rohiit to use of that kind of coins +ere minted in amascus! uthe +as informed that some soldiers and 0eo0le +ere against this and might e a re/olt " thatBs+hy he ga/e u0. 'ut the net year he fied the rates of gold and sil/er that he minted in Cairoand demoneti6ated lo+-standard coins and made decreased the 0rices in the rate of one-third for0rotecting the nation to lose and Sultan InalBs economic 0olicy ga/e successful results in histerms. ?#:A It is oser/ed that some scholars are also +ork as usinessmen in Cairo" one of them*hati al-a+hari ?#%#5-:$A Jurist and historian he +as a Je+eller in the e+ellery ?co/eredAMarket of Cairo.?


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ser/icesA they used to go Ira=! &urkey! Iran! HiJa6! emen! man! India! China! Egy0t and 9orth,frican countries. &here +ere also a lot of Euro0ean usinessmen used to stay in ,le00o. ?


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im0ortant e/ent for ttomans in #$th century is to con=uer Istanul and to ring 'y6antiumEm0ire to her end. ,lthough 'y6antium Em0ire had consist of ?onlyA Istanul ?cityA ut it +as aig ostacle for ttoman unity in the centre of the ttomans. ,fter taking Istanul! thecon=uerer ?Fatih SultanA Muhammad II 0aid ransoms of notale 'y6antines and ga/e 0ermissionfor these families and other reeks that returned in a fied 0eriod to Istanul for going on their

life in the city and Istanul no+ the ca0ital city of the Em0ire +ith a huge commercial ca0acity.Sultan also emanci0ated immediately the fifth of the ca0ti/es of +ar ?that this amount of theca0ti/es +ere his share from +ar ootykhumsu sultaniA and made houses for them and they+ould not 0ay any ta.In #%$%! a guarantee +ere gi/en to Lenice for her colonies in the East andthe colonies of enoese in 'lack Sea and ,egean Sea acce0ted to 0ay a?n annuallyA triute. So!in this +ay! they +ould enter ttoman markets easily. In #%8:! a free-trade agreement +as signedet+een ttomans and Lenice and Lenice +ould 0ay annually #;!;;; golden coins to ttomans.,nd Lenice had accce0ted to 0ay her #;;!;;; ducat ?Lenetian gold ducat +as introduced in#


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o0eration had een done in #%:# ut no any e/ent occurred. ?


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decree +as issued that the usinessmen of ,kkirman had got free-trade right in three great citiesof ttoman em0ire Istanul! 'ursa and Edirne. ?3


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trade arriers. 9o any discrimination +as a00lied for usinessmen" muslimsGnon-muslims!+hiteGlack" Islamic countries +ere free commercial landsB for all usinessmen.

Endnotes)

#-&he Suma riental of &oma Pires ?ed. ,. CortesaoA! ondon #:%%!II!


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:-Ismail ,ka! 2&imurlular e/leti4! ogustan unumu6e 'uyuk Islam &arihi! ?2&imuridsBState4! rand Islamic History) from 'eginning to &odayA! Istanul #:11! /! IU! 00! ahira #::;! 00! ahira! II! 00! %$-%%1

#1-,sadi! al-&aysir +aBl-iBtiar! >ahira #:51" ?Muhammad *urd ,li! 2al-&aysir +aBl-itiar4!MaJallatu MaJmal ilmiyyiBl-,rai! IIIG## ?#:

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3%-E. Sik! &he History of 'lack ,frica ?trs. S. SimonA! 'uda0est #:8%! III! #8:-:1",tiyya Safar!2al-Islam fi hana4! MaJallatuBl ,6har! 3;?#:$1A! 00! 58-8#

3$-Encyclo0aedia 'ritannica! ?&urkish editionA! Istanul #::;! /! #:! 00! $#5-#8

35-.S. &rimingham! Islam in East ,frica! ford #:8#! 0!


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&allest 'uildings of the (orld)

Economies of *il+a and the other Islamic ands in #%th Century ?,.A

,stract)#%th century +as a reco/ery for gloal trade. ,fter Crusade (ars in ##th #


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in the middle of #3th century" the Islamic lands had egun to re0air. Mamluks as 0o+erfuladministration in Egy0t and Syria! Mali a +elfare state in (est africa! ,ra and Persian muslimusinessmen in (estern cities of India" e0ort of raisin and fig from Malaga of S0ain to India"li/ely trade et+een city-states of Italy and Islamic countries. ,lso! after long centuries (estern(orld had egun to mint gold coins in #ayyim and In *haldun +erestudied. Kad-al Maad of In >ayyim +as follo+ed and interesting notes aout economics +ererecorded. 9o dout In *haldun is a much studied scholar. 'ut a re-reading on trading 0assagesof Mu=addima +as done and! in general not-+ritten suJects +ere focused and original results+ere 0ut at the end.

&allest 'uildings of the (orld) *il+a and the ther Islamic ands in the #%th Century

#-*il+a) Singa0oreBs of Medie/al ,ges

*il+a +as a sultanate et+een #;th-#1th centuries. &hree settlements" a small island *il+a*isi+ani ?ca0ital cityA on Indian cean near &an6ania ?that is seen from main landA and the othert+o cities on the main land! *il+a Masoko and *il+a *i+inJe. Muslim settlements on the eastcost ,frica +as estalished in the 0eriod of the third cali0h Dthman 7., eginning the year of5%1. Mogadishu ?Ma=dishuA! Sofala! Malindi! Momasa! 'ra+a and Kan6iar sa+ muslimtradesmen in the first century of Islam. , grou0 from Shira6 city of Iran came to *il+a *isi+ani.

&he o+ner of the island +as ,muli a lack muslim! and there +as a small muslim 0o0ulationfrom emen that they had got a small mos=ue! another grou0 from 0olytheists. Muriri (aarey amuslim nati/e of island introduced ,li . Husayin ?head of Shira6i grou0A to ,muli. ,muli soldthe island to ,li . Husayin. ,li 0aid the amount gi/ing cloths to ,muli that he had rought fromShira6 and married the doughter of ,muli.

First" efence for a Po+erful Economy

,li . Husayin and his men settled the north of island and dig the canal dee0er et+een main landand island ecause +hen the sea-+ater is 0ulled! it used to ecome lo+ and men used to +alk toisland thatBs +hy sometimes neighour city-states used to attack the island. ,li . HusayinBs son,li . Husayin estalished *il+a *isi+ani as one the most 0o+erful cities and transformed it tothe greatest 0ort of Indian cean trading-net. He e/ol/ed good realtions +ith the other islandslike Kan6iar and +ent to Kan6iar and collected men from Kan6iar and returned to *il+a as a/ery 0o+erful man against to 0olytheists of island. In the #


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*il+a Sultanate had estalished good trading relations +ith the indian tries of inner regions ofSouth ,frica! surroundings of ake Mala+i and todayBs Kima/e. (e ha/e to notice that goodtrading relationsB and es0ecially tradingB! not e0loitationB of future centuries of im0erialist0o+ers. *il+a +as selling cloths and taking gold. I/ory and sla/e +as coming from inner regionsof todayBs &an6ania and Mala/i. *il+a +as uying kitchen tools from ,raian 0eninsula!

ceramics from India! 0orcelains from China and selling gold! i/ory and sla/es.Abul Mawahib

,00roimately one century after ,li . Husayin! the oundaries of *il+a Sultanate reachedPema Island in north! Sofala in south. *il+a +as the most 0o+erful state of thirty-fi/e city-states on the shores of Indian cean! and in the 0eriod of Sulayman . ,li ece0t Mogadishu allof these cities had een 0ro/inces of *il+a Sultanate. Es0ecially in #%th and #$thcenturies *il+a reached the highest +elfare le/el. &he greatest uildings on the south of e=uatorefore 'ritish colony 0eriod +ere seen on this island. In general +ooden uildings +ere eing0referred. 'ut great uildings +ere eing uilt from stones. Some #%th centuryBs Chineesesources mentione uildings of four and fi/e storeys in the island. In 'attuta /isited *il+a*isi+ani in #33# and +rites that the island is one of the most eautiful and rendered 0ros0erouscities of the +orld. (ooden houses! much raining and 0o+erful army +ere taken attention of In'attuta. &he Sultan ,uBl Mu6affar Hasan . &alut +as entertaining the guests from Ira=! HiJa6!eman and the other regions of the +orld! in his 0alace. ,nd he +as a generous and courteousman that used to hel0 0oors and sho+ kindness to scholars thatBs +hy the nation named him2,uBl Ma+ahi.4 ?the father of the giftsA#

&ragical Colla0se

Portuguese /isitors! first! came to *il+a. Lasco de ama in #%:1 and #$;< and Pedro ,l/aresCaral /isited the region. ,fter their returning to Portugal and telling the high income le/el of theregion to Portugal administrators! regent of Portugal Francisco dB,lmeyda a00eared in the island+ith $;; soldiers in #$;$. *il+a +as in/aded. PortugalBs 0o+er destroyed the island com0letelyin eight years. *il+a +as a ruin in #$#3. ,mition and en/y of Portugueses de0leted! 0ut the endof the greatest and li/eliest trading center of the +orld in 1 years. &his +as not the end of only*il+a ut the end of acti/e trading life of East! (est and South ,fricas.

&he so/ereignty of Portuguese on Indian cean lasted a00roimately t+o centuries. &his 0eriod0assed +ith the re/olts of the 0eo0les of *il+a and other city-states to Porgutal administration.,t the end of this tragical 0eriod all of the im0ortant centers +ere destroyed and urned and theregion and es0ecially trading life lost old li/ely acti/ities. In #115 ermans in/aded *il+a and in#:#5 *il+a ecame a 'ritish colony. In #:1# Dnesco declared *il+a as +orld heritage site. In#%th centuryBs *il+a +as a country that the cargos +as eing carried +ith the shi0s their#

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tonnages +ere $; tons. o $!;;; 0o0ulation of todayBs *il+a kno+ that once u0on a time theirisland had got the highest 0er ca0ita of the +orld W

In 'attuta as a 'ridegroom and udge of Maldi/es

Maldi/es are in a distance of 5$; km of south-+est of Sri anka in Indian cean a grou0 ofadi ?JudgeA Hasan &aJuddin ?d. ##3: ,.H.G#8


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&aBi6 regions. ,s a good administrator he +as usy +ith Islamic la+! language! literature!kno+ledge of genealogy and history. Scholars of history of science are interested in his ok'ugyatu-l Fallahiyn fi-l ,shJar-al Muthmira +a-l 7ayahin. &he ook has got #8 0arts and theauthor em0hasi6es soil! +ater reclamation! seasons! seeds! /egetales and fruits and 0rotect thecro0s from damages. ,as al-7asuli =uoted some 0asages from the sources of reek and

9aatians and his grandfather Sultan ,shraf DmarBs ook Milh al-Malaha fi MaBrifati- al-Filaha. ?5A

Iran in #%th Century

*ashan is a historical city on the Iran 0lateou! :%$ mt. high from the sea-le/el and had eenestalished on the Isfahan-&ahran historical road. Historian Hamdullah al-Musta+fi records thatHarun al-7ashiBs ?famous 0hilanthro0istA +ife Kuayda uilt the city.?8A 'ut +e ha/e tounderstand that Kuayda re-estalished the city ?ecause in the south+est of the city there is&e0e Siyalk ancient center that its history goes to $.;;; '.CA ,fter the eginning years of

Salchuk Em0ire! *ashanBs im0ortance increased. , lot of *ashanians +as a00ointed as statesmenin the Salchuk administration. eogra0her a=ut al-Hama/i says! in #3th century ?8th ,.HA*ashan +as famous for its green o+ls sold to the other countries.?1A 'ut the city lost its acti/etrading life in the second 0art of this century ecause of Mongol attacks. ,fter a short time thecity gained former im0ortance again in the XlhaniansB 0eriod. ,l-Musta/fi mentiones cisterns andcanals of the city in the #%th century. *ashan +as a handi+ork center in all 0eriods of history.&oday it is also es0ecially one of the most im0ortant centers of Iran! in car0et! /el/et! silk cloths!Je+ellery and co00ersmith industries.&he most famous craft of *ashan! kno+n y +orld! +asceramic industry ut no+ dead. &his craft +as /ery famous et+een #


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It is o/ious that #%th century ?and also #$thA is the rilliant century of ,frica in usiness life.Mamluks ga/e im0ortance to the international trade that they +ere a+are of its useful in generalincomes ?for nationA and re/enues ?for the state udget.A &hey encouraged trade +ith Euro0e andes0ecially city-states of Italy and South France.&he conse=uence of this! trade 0oints ofEuro0eans a00eared in some 0orts and cities of Mamluks es0ecially in amascus! 'eirut and

,leandria. Mamluks also encouraged India and Far-East trade.,nd Egy0t ecame the center ofthis acti/e +orld-economy. &he great 0art of this trade +as on the +ay of 7ed-Sea. ,nd 0orts on7ed-Sea! and emen and Dmman gained great incomes from this trade. ,t the end! in #%thcentury! trade increased in Egy0t and Syria" and cities like ,leandria! amascus and ,le00oentered the richest commercial centers of the +orld. ?#3A ,nother im0ortant factor that increasedthe international trade in Middle East is the return of international S0ice-road to Syria and Egy0tthat Mongols had 0re/ented the +orking of this +ay from Syria and Egy0t and they hadencouraged another route from East-Iran to ,rmenia and ,sia Minor ?&urkeyA to MediterraneanSea.

,t the eginning years of #%th century! Sultan of Mamluks Muhammad >ala+un uilt the

'oula= haror at the north-+est of Cairo and this haror 0layed an im0ortant role in theeconomic life of Cairo to the eginning of #$th century. In the middle of the #%th century Fustatand Cairo ecame united and as a great metro0ol ?+ith >alBat al-aalA great CairoBs 0o0ulationreached $;;-5;;!;;;.?#%A 'ut in the second 0art of the century city sa+ t+o 0lagues in #3%1 and#38% and a lot of men had died.

,nother great richness in this century in ,frica +as seen in Mali in the +est 0art of the continent.Mali li/ed one of most rilliant 0eriods under the administration of sultan Mense *anku Musa?his reign #3#


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system that to 0rotect and for security of the sea-trade! all of the shi0s used to go to e/ant alltogether one or t+o times in a year! like cara/ans in the deserts. Es0ecially the 0rofit of Lenice is/ery high that in #%7ise of Lenice

#%th century +itnessed the rise of Lenice in e/ant commerce. ,natolia ?&urkeyA Salchuk Stateno+ had colla0sed. ifferent small-states ?0rinci0alitiesA +ere so/ereign in their regions. In theeginning years of the century! Lenetians otained a decree that ga/e /ast trade rights for them inEgy0t ?and 0roaly SyriaA from the iggest 0o+er of the region ?MamluksA in #3;


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Said al-Magrii! In ,d al-MunBin al Himyari! a=ut al-Hama+i! Makkari! In I6ari! In'attuta and isan al-in In al *hati are +ho take the lead. ,undants of fruits around the cityes0ecially takes attention in all of the ooks. ried fruits es0ecially raisins! dried fig and almond+ere eing sent to Egy0t! Syria! Ira= e/en India. In al-*hati notes Malaga +as also rich in sea-0r0ducts. &he city had seen ig 0rogress in tetile after ##th century. In different colours of silk

0roduction +ith golden tasseled +as /ery famous in the +orld that Euro0eans used to name it2alguei! aleci! al/eici! oi.4 In addition! leather! iron! ceramic and 0recious stone industries hadde/elo0ed in Malaga. ?#: A

,sia Minor ?&urkeyA in #%th Century

&he iggest 0rinci0ality in ,sia minor +as *aramanogullari ?sons of *aramanA that this dynastycontinued its so/ereignty in central &urkey from #


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#3th and #%th centuries. In this 0eriod the city li/ed the most rilliant term of its history +ith itskhans ?large commercial uildingsA! market 0laces! a6aars! sho00ing districts. ,lthough the city+as attacked y neighour states and e/en Mongols ut its great castles 1;; mt. lies from east to+est 0re/ented these attacks. In SaBid al-Magrii records high =uality of +ea/ing industry. In'attuta also mentiones the a6aars of Mardin and different +orksho0s of +ea/ing.&he other

author of this 0eriod Musta+fi notes that Mardin +as highest ta 0ayer in the cities of iyarakir0ro/ince. ?


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In >ayyim also mentiones the changing rate of sada=a-i fitr in the 0eriod of rightly-guidedcali0sB and e0laines that 2Hasan al- 'asri said that In ,as ga/e a sermon in 'asra mos=ueand said) &he Pro0het ?MuhammadA did an oligatory ?to all muslimsA one saB from date andarley and half saB from +heat.B 'ut later! ?cali0hA ,li came to 'asra and sa+ that 0rices hadecome chea0er and he said) 2,llah ga/e you aundantly and thatBs +hy you ha/e to gi/e one saB

from e/ery thingB and in a similar sentence +ith clearer +ords) ..i/e from +heat and the otherthings one saB 4 ? 3;A

(hen ?funeralA undertakers and 0harmacist get creditsW

,lthough they had not got +ritten datas ut ?funeralA undertakers and 0harmacist used to takeinto consideration the seasons. &his situation +as also noticed y In >ayyim as a man of hiscommunity in the #%th century and noted that) 2strongest and most deadliest illnesses are seen insummers. S0ring is healtiest and rate of death is at the least in this season. &he tradition of

0harmacists and undertakers is orro+ing dets in s0rings and summers and gi/e them inautumns. (hen the s0ring comes they are /ery ha00y..4 ?3#A He also discusses the using of0rohiition of sil/er 0ots y the Pro0het ?MuhammadA and 0roduces thoughts on the as0ectsof monetary and 0sychological effects of this 0rohiition. ?3ayyim +arns the community for the rights of 0arents. Inreality! in long Islamic centuries! the conce0t of insurance did not e/ol/e. &he reason +as strongsolidarity of Islamic communities. ,nd scholars al+ays used to +arn the nation for charity. In>ayyim also does this duty) 2Person +hen he li/es in richness! aundance and in /ast means uthis father +orks as s+ee0er in 0ulic toilets or as stoker in stokehall of a ath or carries load ondonkeys" this eha/iour of a son is not a00ro0riate. ,nd it is not true that saying of a son) my

fatherGmother is healthy and ale to +ork! they are not a lind or 0araly6ed.B Most astonishingZid ,llah and His Pro0het 0ut a condition to hel0 to 0arents that they +ould e a lind or0araly6edW4 ?3%A For duties of muhtasi In >ayyim +rites these sentences) 2the chief of thehisa oragni6ation 0rohiits the frauds in industry! and he al+ays ins0ects foods and artisans +hodo tools and garments4 in the other famous ook &uru= al-Hukmiyya ?3$A

Celal eniceri says In >ayyim -although in some co/ered statements- touches the su00ly-demand la+. eniceri =uotes In >ayyimBs sentences aout tasBiyrto set a fied 0riceB oncommodities) 2It is not la+ful to set a fied 0rice ?y go/ernment or courtA if the o+ner of thecommodity 0resents his merchandise to the market in a normal +ay ut the customers increase its0rice.4 ,nd he em0hasi6es this suJect in another 0assage) 2If the men offer their merchandisesto the market in a +ay that kno+n y e/eryody +ithout a cruelty ?+rongdoingA ut the 0ricesincrease ecause of the merchandises are fe+ or the 0eo0le is much! this increase is left to ,llah?that is interference of state or court is not a00ro0riateA! and in this 0osition to olige the?usinessAmen to sell the same?0re/iousA 0rice is an unJust com0elling.4 ?35A

In *haldun ne of the 'rilliant Stars of #%th Century

Islamic history sa+ great scholars in #3th! #%th and #$th centuries as as a 0assing of stars. From9a+a+i to In HaJar a lot of ig names! in this 0eriod! 0roduced interdisci0linary magnum o0us

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studies. In *haldun li/ed in the middle of this term. In *haldun o00oses economic actions ofstate. If the state does economic actions this is an attack to the rights of the nation. 2He e0lainshis theory +ith t+o reasons) If the state is usy +ith trading and agriculture +ith its greatfinancial and 0olitical 0o+er against traders and farmers this is an unfair com0etition. It is0ossile that tradesmen and farmers can not carry this unearale financial urden ?com0etitionA

and they lea/e economic arena. &his is an aggression the rights of tradesmen and farmers thatthey im0ro/e the lands ?of the countryA. ,nd this act of state cuts ?inJuresA the lo/e of the0roduction and +orking of the 0eo0le! and at the end! the economic life of the country comes toan im0asse and to colla0se. ,nd! the +orking of state at trading sectors causes the rising of the0rices of commodities. ,nd the state loses.'ecause of decresaing of economic actions in thecountry causes lost of taes and this lost is much more than the 0roale earnings of state. n theother hand an added economic 0o+er on the 0olitical 0o+er of the state causes des0otica00lications of ?more 0o+erfulA state and this is a dangerous for the indi/idual rights andfreedoms. If the state and administrators egin to do farming" after a 0eriod! they 0re/ent ?+iththeir 0olitical 0o+erA the formation of the free 0rices! they force the nation to uyGsell the foods?and goodsA on the 0rices that they fied. &hese a00lications u0set the economic situation of the

nation and causes unJustly and cruelty eha/iours. ,t the end! ta re/enues decreases.4 ?38A

In the teaching of In *haldun! the thories of 9o Fied PricesB! Free MarketB! 7eason ofecreasing &aesB are /ery clear. %ick&d (apitalists. ,ccording to In *haldun there are t+okinds of tradingsGtradesmen. ne carries the goods from the 0lace of 0roduction to the 0laces thatthe costumers are in need of this goods and this kind of ca0italist ?tradesmanA endures a lot ofdifficulties! risks and he 0roduces +ides0read ad/antageG0rofit for consumers and 0roducers. In*haldun 0raises this kind of ca0italist. 'ut the other kind that they are inclined to s0eculation!trick and dece0tion! In *haldun denigrates them and he estimates this kind of trading is a kindof gamling and they seduces the ethics of the other tradesmen...In general tradingB may edefined as to uy 0ro0erty and goods in a chea0 0rice and to sell +ith a higher 0rice and to gain

a 0rofit in this +ay.B &hatBs +hy tradesman either hides the commodities that he ought and+aits raising of 0rices and sells +hen he finds a good 0rice for him or he takes a+ay the goods tothe 0laces that they are /ery scarce there and sells. 'ut in the second +ay the 0rofit is not muchand re=uires great difficulties and risks. 'ut greed of earning much money makes incline ?someAmen to s0eculation and thatBs +hy the trading is transformed a defecti/e occu0ation like agamling.?31A

'ut +e see in the other 0ages of Mu=addemah that the ty0e of In *haldunBs tradesman has notgot the other characteristics o/erstruggleB o/ercom0etitionB and to s0end all of his life like amonk +ith a great greed follo+ing the 0rofit.B ?3:A !ncoura&m&nt )or *'&rs&asTrad&+$usin&ss. In *haldun looks for ra/ery in tradesmen and it is understood that his 0ur0oseis a ty0e of enter0rising that indures the risks! he is not-static! not-hesitant! ut dynamic anddaring. He encourages the tradesmen to go distant cities and countries 0ointing the im0ortance ofearing risks and la+ of su00ly-demand in economic life.?%;A,&monstration !ff&ct of "ich(lass&s. In *haldun looks at rich classes that they are a grou0 that degenerates the societies inall of the history and im0els the nations to the colla0se in economics! sociological and 0oliticalas0ects. outless he is not an enemy to the +ealth and o+ners of 0ro0erties. He reached ano0inion for the reason that accumulating of richness in some classes! in the history! and using ofthis +ealth in some +ays that eceeds the natural and la+ful limits. In *haldun fre=uently

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em0hasi6es that luury! 0rodigality and sho+ off egin first in rich classes and +ith theirinfluences s0read to all of the nation and this causes the colla0se of the communities. ?%#A,0art from his the other contriutions! In *haldun rought a 0ositi/e and realist com0rehend to+orld of thought. Mu=adddamah as a detailed in/estigation of human societyB ?%


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se0arates these t+o +ith definite lines. His gi/ing im0ortance es0ecially to o/er0roductionBefore industrial ca0italism is ?the first in history of economicsA and +ith the sentence of Prof.Sari Dlgener) 2only this to0ic is enough for In *haldun to say for him he is the head oftheorists of crisis4 ?%1A

&he Father of City &heorists

Saying) 2Constructing of uildings and cities is the characteristics of ci/ili6aton that reason ofthis is affluence and +elfare. reat uildings could not e uilt ut only +ith a ig coo0erationand hel0 of different sectors to each other.4 In *haldun adds) 2(hen the cities egin to colla0sein the arts and crafts ?industryA! emroiderers! goldsmiths! scriers ?0rofessional +riter of lettersand 0etitionsA disa00ear from these cities.?%:A 'ut some cities go on to li/e. If the hinterland ofthese cities is cro+ded! rich men of this hinterland come these cities and these ?ne+A rich menecome ci/ili6ed citi6ens of the ?oldA city.

!n'ironm&nt.2City has to e uilt on a geogra0hy has got a con/enient climate and good

+eather! +ind for 0rotect the calamities and illness. 'ecause if the +eather of the city is hea/yand dirty or the city is in the near of a lake or ri/er that its +ater has got a ad smell the adim0acts s0read ra0idly to the city and causes to the illness for the all of the creatures of the city.&hese are the kno+ledges that are otained +ith oser/ations.4?$;A

M&a-(iti&s M&tropolitans.Muslims are not foreigner the conce0t of mega-cities from the earlydays of Islam" ecause in >uran they sa+ destroyed cities of ancient nations. ,ntioch had got a0o0ulation of one million and three 0ro0hets had een sent to this mega city! mentioned in >uran)?35)#3-


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city ecomes larger. ,nd the result of the ecess in laor and o/er0roduction the aid to the othersecomes /ery easy.4?$#A

%o+n and City in the 0ormation of 1rices

Phili0 *. Hitti had said) 2...In the Mu=addima he ?In *haldunA discusses social cohesi/enessand its asis! climatic and occu0ational influences on grou0 character! 2la+s4 of social change!economic and religious determinism Oall in an original +ay. 9o such a00roach or treatment hadeen kno+n efore" it is almost modern! and he has therefore een called the father of sociologyand of the 0hiloso0hy of history.4 ?$


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some ofA economic crisis are not a destiny for humankind and ?also some of ?may e maJority ofAeconomic crisis are 0re/entale.?$8A &he matter of 0ulic athes in small citiesB is also aneam0le for non-useful in/estment of state?S& state o+ned enter0risesA.

(e see another eam0le in Mu=addemah that) 2ou ha/e to kno+ that if laor and +orking

cease to eist +ith decreasing of umran ?state of good or flourishing culti/ation! uranci/ili6ationA od 0ermits the loss of earnings there. (hat 0eo0le says is true) 2&he 0laces thatdecrease their umran! sustenance of their cities also lose4 ook at some ri/ers in the deserts.Some ri/ers disa00ear +hen the communities lea/e around of this ri/er ecause the +aters ofthese ri/ers come from the +ells. ,nd these +ells dry also these ri/ers dry. &his is similar to milkthe teats of animals. (hen +e do not milk a milch animal! the teat dries.4 ?$1A &his is a goodeam0le for the im0act of +orking for getting sustenance that in >uran +e see) 2,nd that each?manG+omanA can ha/e nothing sa/e +hat he stri/es for! ,nd that hisGher effort +ill e seen4?$3)3:-%;A

Psychological ,nd Sociological Effects n Economics

2Initially! in fact! In *haldun +as 0reoccu0ied +ith e0istemology. &hen gradually! meditatingon the method and the matter of history! he +as led! in full consciousness of +hat he +as doing!to create +hat he refers to as his 2ne+ science4 ?ilm mustanat al-nashBaA! +hich itself turnedout to contain more or less im0licitly the starting 0oints of se/eral a/enues of research leading tothe 0hiloso0hy of history! sociology! economics and yet other disci0lines...He considers that theasic causes of historical e/olution are in fact to e sought in the economic and socialstructures...Moreo/er the e0lanation he gi/es is not eclusi/ely a socio-economic one ut also0sychological.4 . M. &ali +rites ao/e sentences and =uotes 9. 9assarBs sentence) 2&heProlegomena ?Mu=addemahA do not contain only a general sociology ut also a /ery detailed andsutle social 0sychology +hich may e di/ided into 0olitical 0sychology! economic 0sychology!

ethical 0sychology and general 0sychology.4 ?$:AHarms of ,&monstration !ff&ct. etBs go on from Mu=addemah) 2...'ecause the nation follo+sthe state and the ethics of nation is a00ro0riate to the ?administrators ofA state..?Es0eciallyA &henotales of the ca0ital city ?although they are not the founder fathers of the state utA act indifferent eha/iours +ith the ?estalishment of theA state..In densely 0o0ulated cities the 0ricesare high. 'ecause all of the tradesmen and artisans reflect all of the e0enses ?that they did fortheir goods and 0roductsA to the 0rices. &hatBs +hy the taes also are added to the 0rices. &hus!the e0enses of citi6ens ?+ho li/e in the citiesA reach from the reasonale measures to the degreeof 0rodigality. &hese luurious haits and li/ing conditions of ci/ili6ed life transform theseciti6ens like sla/es of this high societic life. It is im0ossile to esca0e from this ?ne+A life. So allof their earnings go to the e0enses ?and e/en after a 0eriodA they can not 0ay the e0enses andthey fall in 0o/erty. emands for the commodities in the markets decrease! and markets go tostagnation and the 0osition of the city is s0oiled.4

/sycholoy of (orruption nd Its 0ocioloy and 1&n&ral !thics and !ff&ct of ,&mand for

u2ury to th& (rim& 2es! the thoughts of these men! any more! are intensified that +hich tricksare useful for their needings and they egin to lie! gamle! to decei/e the 0eo0le! theft! to 0erJureoneself! to gi/e-take interest and usury that they dare to do e/ery e/il. ,nd they kno+ /ery +ellthe +ickednesses and their +ays ecause of their desires that orn from their luury and 0om0.4

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3o H&r&dity !ff&ct. 2'ecause! the men are human kind and resemle each other. ifferenceamong them is only from good ethics. So ad ethics ecomes dominant in a man and good ethicsare s0oiled in him! to e a noility or aristocracy and to come from a 0ure and honouraleancestors is no use. (e see a lot of men like these they enter the community of disgraced and doe/ery ad actions. If this kind of 0eo0le increase in a nation! od 0ermits the destroying of this

country. &his /erse indicates this) 2(hen (e ?odA decree that a cityGcountry should edestroyed! (e ?first +arn andA command those of them that li/e in comfort! and yet they 0ersistin sin so that the +ord ?of destroyA is 0ro/ed true against them! and then (e destroy themutterly.4 ?#8)#5A ,t the eginning! +ith the im0act of luury! the 0osition of men are go ad andthen city is destroyed.4?5;A

/ractical Man and lways a /ramatic. &he sentence of ig name of


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colla0se egins. &+o! esca0e from countryside regions causes the decreasing of agricultural0roducts. &he result is famine and illness and decreasing of 0o0ulation.

*ptimal /oint of Ta2&s. 'aeck! at last! estimates the ta 0olicy of In *haldun. 2...,t the end thelimit of taes reach a high degree that this ta urden 0re/ent the stimulant of 0roduction and

consum0tion. &his 0osition decreases the re/enues of the state and im0acts the 0o+er of the state.In *haldun claims that there is an o0timal interest et+een total ca0acity of income and le/el oftaation. If this 0oint is 0assed +ith the forced ta takings! the sociological structure reaks do+nor the community comes treshold of a re/olution.4 'aeck ends his study saying) 2(e can say asa result! In *haldun formulated the useful of di/ision of laor long ago than ,dam Smith! hee/ol/ed a cyclic 0o0ulation theory than Malthus and formulated o0inions on financial economicsefore su00ly-side economists.?5


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make igger th& cultural &nt&rpr&n&urship in 0ersons.4 In #1th and #:th centuries someeconomists and 0hiloso0hers said similar o0inions on taes. a/id Hume said) 2Hea/y taesdestroy industry. High taes increase the 0rices of 0roducts.4 ?Hume! #:$$! IUUUG#A ,nd ,damSmith) 2High rate taes! sometimes decrease ?0roduction ofA some 0roducts and sometimesencourage illegal trading ?+ithout gi/ing taesA. &he solution is to decrease the rates of

taes.4?Smith! #:85! %#%A

In #13#! Henry Parnell also defended lo+ rate taes. ?*eleher and r6echo+ski! #:1

lo+er rate ta 0olicy +ill not change in a certain 0eriod. &he main 0oint of the suJect is) tochange the rates of taes! is no+! in the authority of 0arliaments. &hatBs +hy nation do not trustthese 0olicies that may e ?e/enA tomorro+ a ill changes the rates. ,nd +estern economists ha/egone to a 0olicy ?es0eciallyA in last t+enty yearsA a constitutional ta 0olicy.B Some economistsin DS e/ol/ed a Pulic Choice &heoryB 0ut a ne+ disci0line of search as constitutionaleconomics.B &he 9oel aureate of #:15 ames M. 'uchanan e0ressed a &a ConstitutionBand said) 2&a system may only e discussed in Constitutional Pers0ecti/e.B ?'uchanan! #:81! 0!#;$A ?5$A Islamic Ta2 /olicy and..In this 0oint! +e ha/e to rememer that In *haldun took outhis o0inions from /ast Islamic culture. ,nd lo+er ta 0olicy is the main ta 0olicy from the earlydays of Islam. &he Pro0het Muhammad took only a ta of


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o0inions that he sho+s Shah (aleyyulah al ahla+i ?in HuJJatullah al-'aligahA and In *aldundefend the similar o0inions and ahla+i is under the im0act of In *haldun in a lot of economicsuJects.?51A ,nd Irahim M. +eiss +rites 2In *haldunBs thoughts +ere transmitted from onegeneration to another! from one century to another! from one country to another.4 ?5: %#AEs0ecially in last $; years! scholars from a0an ?itsu6o &amura gi/es an economistBs /ie+ on

In *haldun! in a0anese! in ,Jia ka6ai! Se0temer #:53A to France ?. H. 'ous=uet! es tetessociologi=ues et Yconomi=ues de la Mukaddima ?#38$-#38:A! Paris! #:5$A ha/e een usy +ithIn *haldun. &he coming years +ill e the har/esting season of these efforts.

Conclusion

#%th century is a fruitful 0eriod for theori6ing of Islamic economics and a00lied economics ofmuslim countries and to find useful thoughts for the gloal economy of #%th century.,solutely to follo+ the studies in the +estern +orld and Islamic lands +ill o0en ne+ doorsfor us. For eam0le! ,dam SaraBs ne+ study 2Po/erty and Charity in Medie/al Islam)Mamluk Egy0t #


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M.,li al-SaliiA! Matrah #:1$" ,hmet *a/as-Mustafa . 'ilge! 2*il/e4! &\rkiye iyanet LakfiXslam ,nsiklo0edisi ?I,A! /!


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3%-iid! /! $! 0! $$#3$-&uru= al-Hukmiyya! 0!

3:-Irahim E. *o6ak! 2In *haldun4! I,! /!

%1-Sari Dlgener! &arihte arlik 'uhranlari /e Iktisadi engesi6lik Meselesi ?Crisis of Scarcityin the History and the Prolem of Economic ise=uiliriumA! 0! $8%:-Mu=addima ?Halil *endirBs translation! 0art %! fasl!


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'aeck ouis!Economic &hought of Classical Islamic Era! un0ulished 0a0er! its translation into&urkish in Iktisad 7isaleleri ?ed. Mustafa 6elA! 0! 88-#;3! #::%! I6 ayincilik ?PulicationAIstanulCalero-Secall Isael! 2Maleka4! I,! /! In >ayyim! al-&uru= al-Hukmiyye! >ahira #3#8 ,.HHama+i a=ut! MuBJam al-'uldan! I-L! 'airut #:$8*a/as ,hmet-Mustafa . 'ilge!2*il/e4! I,! /!


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,9IM, HDS',97 F7 ELEPME9&

Economics in dictionary) 2science of 0roduction! distriution and consum0-tion of goods.4?#A 2&odayBs ?+esternAeconomy has got an oscure terminology. Contradictorya00roaches and different comments of +estern economists make the minds of human eingconfused and gi/e an o0inion that there is not any solution for economic 0rolems. 'ut if +e may

look the economic 0rolems +ith an out of com0le /ie+0oint! +e may understand easilyad/antegeous as0ects of different solutions. E/en ordinary 0eo0le may understand these so-called2tangled a lot of economic affairs4?


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,hmad 9aJJar famous first generation Islamist economist +as saying in eddah thirty three yearsago) 2(hat is the +ay to rescue Islamic community from underde/elo0ed 0ositionW Is it 0ossileto rescue +ith im0orted methods and systems of the other?+esternA countriesW4?3A 9aJJar says) 2small ?or non-im0ortantA incomes of citi6ens maye an essential resource of finance that +e sa+ this in ?smallA non-interest anking sys-

tem in Egy0t.4 ?&hey had o0ened : small non-interest anks et+een the years #:53-55in small to+ns.A ,nimal husandry sector also gi/es small incomes to the families +ho+ork in this sector +ith a fe+ cattles. 7icardo +as saying) 2for accumulation of ca0ital! thestate should not take taes from agricultural 0roducts some years.4 (e also say that2ece0t 6akat4 the Islamic State should not take any taes from agricultural 0roducts andli/estock animals for gi/ing su00ort to /illage economy in Islamic countries. ,nimal husandryalso +ill hel0 the high rate of ca0ital accumulation s0eed that it is higher inde/elo0ed countries than underde/elo0ed countries. Samuelson mentiones that) 2farmers +hofeed co+s! their taes is /ery lo+ in DS,.4?%A

&ransforming a countryBs economy from consum0tion economy to+ards 0roducti/e economy is

/ery im0ortant for 0re/enting 0o/erty. ,nimal husandry sector isim0ortant for 0roducti/e economy. ,martya Sen ?he +on 9oel Pri6e in #::1 for hiscontriutions to +elfare economicsA says in 2ro+th Economics4)

2&he main reasons of 0o/erty are) ?#A underde/elo0ed economy of country ?


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'alance of trade of underde/elo0ed countries are minus. &he main reason?of thisA is 2not ale to 0ay4 det of im0ort 0roducts +ith the income of e0orts. Productsof animal husandry sector also +ill hel0 to uild a 0o+erful e0ort structure.ack of food is nota 0rolem only for underde/elo0ed countries ut also +e see 0oor =uarters in the ig cities of

de/elo0ed countries. 'ut a family usy +ith ?inA animal husandry sector!can 0roduce its meat!milk! utter! cheese +ithout 0aying any money. &his sector is genuine economic 0o+er of acountry for economic! social! cultural and 0olitical inde0endence. For 0o+erful 0ri/ate sector andfor ne+ em0loyment fields! Islamic State ha/e to su00ort this sector.

(e see 2milk foundation4s in Islamic history that they used to distriute milk to childrenfree?+ithout taking any moneyA.?1A 'ut today r.Cha0ra says) 2 &he im0or- tantof milk can not e denied for rich or 0oor children ut ho+ much money a 0oor family can s0endfor milk in ?e/enA a ca0italist societyW4?:A 2Food security4 is also ?stillA a 0rolem of allhumanity.

&HE EC9M F PLE7&

Contem0orary famous economist mar Cha0ra tells the sentence of the o+ner of 9oel Pri6e ?of#:8:A &heodore Schult6) 2&he maJority of the humankind are 0oors. If +e +ould kno+ theeconomy of 0o/erty! +e +ould kno+ the im0ortant 0rolems of economy4. Es0ecially after#:1;s! 0o/erty ecame the im0ortant 0rolem of +estern economists. Sa-ying) 2+hereas4 marCha0ra) 2It is said that the economists are the re0resentati/es of 0oorsBut the +esterneconomists could not reach good results for 0oors. aily calory 0er ca0ita is lo+er in #:1$! than#:5$ in a lot of underde/elo0ed countries ?according to (orld 'ank re0ortA. In this 0oint!Islamic economy is the only candidate for sol/ing 0ro- lems of 0oors and as a alanced +orldeconomy.4 ,nimal husandry sector +ill sol/e the 0rolem of insufficient alimentation and

families usy +ith this sector +ill gain some ?0roaly in small amountsA sur0lus money?sa/ingsA and +ith this money!they +ill e- come shareholders of ig factories! com0anies! thusnon-interest hot money ?sa/ingsA +ill e ready for industry. Im0ro/ement in the animalhusandry sector means)the hea/iest 0ro- lem on the go/ernments 2unem0loyment4 +illecome! less im0ortant ecause! this sector +ill 0ro/ide 2self-em0loyment4 for millions of0eo0le.

&HE CD9&7SIE ELEPME9& IS 9ECESSI&

mar Cha0ra says) 2&he maJority of the 0o0ulation of underde/elo0ed count-ries are in o0en countries. &heir reaching to +elfare only +ill e 0ossile +ith countrysideagricultural ?farmingA de/elo0ment. &his kind of de/elo0ment is not a 0reference ut a ne-cessity for them. 'ut for a good agricultural de/elo0ment ?and farmingA is necessary theincreasing of their incomes. &hatBs +hy! in countryside +e ha/e to su00ort small and mic-ro scale industries.4. Schumacher also says similar sentences) 2&he centers and sourcesof 0o/erty in the +orld are -first of all- in the o0en country regions of 0oor countries.&heir days 0ass in charities sent to them and ?em0tyA de/elo0ment ?0romisesA. If +e donot sumit to them small scale technologies their 0rolems ?immigration to cities! unem0-loymentA +ill go on.?#;A Small scale technologies are 0ossile in leather! shoe industry! in +ool!meat! dairy! shee0 intestine industries interested animal husandry. Cha0ra also mentiones Italian

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Small 'usiness ?from ,lan FriedmanA and there are leather handi+ork! shoe handi+ork... infamily-+orksho0s in Italy.?##A

ouis 'aeck mentiones In HaldunBs economic thoughts! in the article of 2&he Economic&hought of Classical Islamic Era4. In Haldun says) 2there are t+o 0rolems in the immigration

to+ards cities! first" the cities gro+ ecessi/ely and colla0sing?in cityBs economy and social lifeA egins! the second" esca0ing ?lea/ingA from countryside causesdecreasing in agricultural 0roducts. &he result is famine and illness.4?#


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imitating! if ada0tation is 0ossile +ith our Islamic culture and Islamic 0rinci0les +e do not a/oidto take ne+ kno+ledge. In this 0oint +e +ill look at animal husandry sector of +estern countries+ith according to ao/e /ie+0oint"

,nimal husandry sector in the 0eriod of 9ational E0ansion of DS, +as im-

0ortant. &he cattlemen dominated the 0lains from the late #15;s to the middle #11;s. 'ygoing strategic control of the scarce su00lies of +ater on the semiarid 0lains! grou0s ofcattlemen controlled thousands of s=uare miles of gra6ing land. ,ided y the de/elo0ment of thetranscontinental railroads and y the 0erfection of mechanical refrigeration! they +ere ale tomarket their animals in the East and e/en in Euro0e. 'ut +e also kno+ today that! famous,merican +riter D0ton Sinclair +rote his famous no/el 2&he ungle4 ?&he Sloughterhouses ofChicagoA and the 0eo0le of D.States sa+ tragical conditions in meat industry. ,fter 0ulishing ofthis no/el in #:;5! in si months Food ,ct +as changed y Congress. 'ig 0rotests ha00ened tothe cartels and trusts that ,merican meat industry +as in their hands. &he no/el 0ut hateful tricksof ca0italists that they had +anted to 0re/ent 0eo0leBs understanding of the realities. irtycanned-meats...and deadly hea/y +orking conditions for +orkers that after a fi/e yearsB +orking

in some 0arts of these factories a lot of +orkers +ere losing their +orking 0o+er and they +ereecoming eggars in the streets...that +e ha/e not seen like tragical eam0les in Islamic history.

It is also a reality that +estern countries made a lot of 0rogressi/e +orks in reeding of farmanimals in the 0ast and today also there are a lot of reeding institutions and a lot of e0erts+orkGstudy on animal husandry in +estern countries. In the +est of England! Herefordshire isfamous +ith Herefordshire Co+! in the middle-east England! South Camridgeshire Co+ is redto 0roduce high yields of milk and meat. South Hams in e/on Pro/ince dairy farming is+ides0read. In &otnes there is a center for dairy 0roducts for collect! to 0rocess and fordistriution. In the rantham 0lateaus of incolnshire shee0 are red. ,round of fordshiremilk 0roduction is im0ortant that de0ends on the co+ reeding. Southdo+n shee0 is famous high

=uality of meat 0roduction and its thin +ool. Ham0shire shee0 is also famous +ith its meat and+ool. 'ritish farmers +orked for reeding to 0roduce highyields of meat on Hereford co+ alongthe generations.Economy of DS, egan to gro+ ra0idly after #1#$ and 2animal husandry em0ires4 and 2great+heat em0ires4 had een seen. , lot of ne+ cities like Chicago +ere estalished. &here +asshee0 reeding from high /alleys of &eas to 9e+ MeicoBs Pecos Lalley in #: thcentury inDS,. 'ut from the eginning years of


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countries. &here are millions of 0eo0le in Islamic countries that they only can see meat in theirhouses only in the days of ,ydu ,dha ?sacrifice festi/alA.

]

It +as declared in Cancun (orld &rade rganisation summit on Se0t. In enmark! food industry 0ro/ides 3$ Q of total industry incomes of P. :; Q of agricultural0roducts come from animal 0roducts.E0orts of animal farming industry reach


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Morocco $:; % 1 $1$Senegal #8; $ #8$Sudan 5:3 ## 51uranic 0rinci0les! +e see a lot of eam0les! in Pro0hetBs daily lifeaout our suJect. &he life of the Pro0het) his marking y himself the li/estock animals! his taring?smearing +ith tarA the animals and +orking as a she0herd! his life is in the centre of theof animal farming. He +as in +orking 0ermanent continuous as a model for his com0ani-ons. ,nas . Malik narrates) 2,dullah ?the son of ,u &alha al ,nsariA +as orn ?,u&alha +as ,nasBs ste0fatherA. I took ,dullah ?ayA to the Pro0het Muhammad to sho+him. &he Pro0het had +orn a +oollen cloth and +as smearing +ith tar to a camel.?


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flocksA. ?MosesA said) 2(hat is your troule W4 &he t+o said) 2(e can not gi/e our flocks todrink till the she0herds return from the +ater" and our father is a /ery old man.4 ?>a-sas"/!


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that! ,u Hurayra tells) 2I heard! the Pro0het +as saying. 2?a time +ill come and futuregenerationsA +ill lea/e Madina in this ad/antageous 0osition. ,nd there +ill not stay any-one in Madina ece0t +ild animals and +ild irds ?that they look for their sustenance inMadinaA. ?,fter this 0eriodA &+o she0herds from the trie of Mu6ayna +ant to go to Ma-dina and +ill call ?shout atA to their shee0 ?gathering themA and set out on +ay to

Madina. &hese she0herds +ill reach Madina and find it em0ty ?there is not any human-kind and in a +ild 0ositionA and +hen they reached to the =uarter of Saneyyat-ul (ada!they +ill fall da+n u0on their faces and +ill die.?3%A

7ICH SHEPHE7S

&he Pro0het said O+hen ,rchangel ariel had asked him the time of the

doomsdayB- 2In this matter ?the man of A is =uestioned does not ha/e more kno+ledgefrom the man he asks4! ut the Pro0het informed the signs of the doomsday that)2our +atching ?seeingA for the she0herds! they com0etes to uild the uildings.4?3$A,nd another sentence of the Pro0het in this suJect)?in the last day of the +orldA 2&heman +hen he +as milking his milch-camel! the milked milk ?comes out from the ni00leAcan not reach to the 0ot! ut in a short time the doomsday +ill occur.4?35A

&he li/estock sector +as one of the most im0ortant elements of economiclife in the time of the Pro0het. ,round Madina! there +ere a lot of 0astures. Salama .,=+a narrates) 2one day! I set out on +ay ? to go to forest of aaA efore the 0rayer ofdayreak. ,t that days the milch-camels of the Pro0het ?the camels of the Islamic State!

&reasuryBs camelsA +ere gra6ing at the 0asture of Ku=arad.n my +ay I met...4?38A HIE9IC P7EC,D&I9S

,u Humayd ,l Saeda tells) 2I rought a o+l of milk to the Pro0het from the0asture of 9a=ee. 'ut there is not any lid on the o+l. &he Pro0het said) 2id you shut a0iece of cloth on it ?or you might 0utA a 0iece of +ood on this o+l.4?31A &he 0asture of9a=ee +as a 0lace in the /alley of ,=ey= that +as far from #< miles from the ca0ital-city?MadinaA. &he Pro0het had assigned a #< miles 0lace around Madina for 0asture.?3:A &hePro0het had ordered to 0ut a 0iece of cloth or a 0iece of +ood on the o+l of milk! that his0ur0ose +as to 0rotect the food and drinks from sand! dust and the other harmful microes. &hisis /ery im0ortant for the 0roduction of diary 0roducts and meat.

>D,7,9&I9,

&he Pro0het had gi/en im0ortance to health of the animals. He says) 2&he o+-ner of the ill-camels should not ring his ill-camels to near the o+ners of the good-healty camels.4?%;A &he diseases of animals that are s0readed ra0idly! +e see in the his-tory! and in modern times! millions of animals of li/estock died from these disease. ,fterse/en centuries from the Pro0het Muhammad ?P'DHA the +orld noticed this reality. &he

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+ord =uarantineB originally referred to the 2forty days4 ?from Italian =uarantaA after arri- /al in0ort! during +hich cre+ of a shi0 sus0ected of ha/ing an infectious illness aoard+as denied contact +ith the shore. &his measure +as introduced in the #% thcentury +hen0art of Lenice tried to 0rotect itself from uonic 0lauge.?%#A

DSI9 F (,&E7S F &HE P,S&D7ES

,out the using of the +aters in the 0astures! the Pro0het said) 2,nyone cannot e im0eded ?can not e 0rohiitedA to use the +ater! this +ater is ecess ?a lotA forusing of its o+ner ?0ossessorA. &he o+ner of the +ater used for his need and there are?some +ater ackA if this +ater is 0rohiited ?it means thatA the grass is im0eded! 0rohii-ted.?%


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0anionA to uy a shee0. Dr/a ought t+o shee0. ,nd then! in the market 0lace! he sold one ofthem for one denar and returned to the Pro0het +ith a shee0 and one denar. &he Pro0het 0rayedto ,llah for Dr/a for fruitful! 0rofitale in his trade. ,s a result of this?0rayerADr/a used to earn a lot of 0rofit if he uys ?and selsA ?e/enA stoneZ ?rockA.?%$A Sometimes the Pro0het used to gi/e flock ?cattleA to the 0eo0le as a gift. ,nas

tells) 2&he En/oy of ,llah ?the Pro0hetA used to gi/e that +as +anted from him. , mancame to the Pro0het and the Pro0het ga/e him a lot of shee0 that these shee0 +ould fillthe /alley of et+een t+o mountains. &his man returned to his trie and said) 2 my trie!?you ha/e toA e ?all of youA muslims. 'ecause Muhammad esto+s a lot that he does notfear from 0o/erty.4?%5A

SH( ME &HE M,7*E& P,CE

,fter immigration to Madina! the Pro0het had done rothers of e/ery immig-rants from Mecca to ,nsars?hel0ersA from Madina. ,s a result of this! the immigrantsthat had come from Mecca ecame accustomed to usiness life of Madina and the im-

migrants had got their Jos. &he Pro0het had done ,durrahman .,/f ?an immigrantA +ith SaBd .7aee ?he +as nati/e of MadinaA as a rothers. SaBd said to ,durrahman that) 2my 0os-sestion ?0ro0erty!+ealthA is! in your ser/ice.4 ?you may use them +hat and ho+ you+antA. 'ut ,durrahman said) 2may ,llah gi/e 0rofitale in your +ealth! ut sho+ methe market 0lace of Madina. ,durrahnman had egun the usiness of diary 0roductsand in a short term he ecame one of the richest com0anions of the Pro0het.?%8A

, lot of com0anions used to +ork in the sector of dairy 0roducts! ecausethe li/estock sector had an im0ortant role in the life of the com0anions. &he Pro0het hadsaid) 2&here is not any thing fills the 0lace of milk as a food and ?alsoA as a drink.?%1A

,nd in another statement) 2If a man gi/es as on de0osit ?lendsA a diary shee0 ?milch- shee0Aor a mich-camel for a fied 0eriod to a ?0oorA family ?for charityA! the good deed?odBs re+ardA of this gift is asolutely /ery ig.4?%:A

P7PHE&BS SH,7E

,n eam0le that the Pro0het likes milk) 2Me=dad ?a com0anionA says) 2Icame to Madina +ith t+o of my friends. From hungry and tired +e ecame as if +e cannot see and as if +e can not hear. (e 0resent oursel/es to the com0anions of the Pro0het! ut noone in/ited us ?to their homes for offering a food.Proaly Me=dad and his friends had met +ith0oor com0anions and these com0anions had not got any food tooffer themA. ,t the end!+e came to the Pro0het. He said to us) 2etBs go to the house4. 'ut also inthe house of the Pro0het!there is not any food. &here +ere three she-goats. &he Pro0het said)2Milk them their milks and letBs share out the milk. (e milked the milk and 0ut the Pro0hetBsshare. &hey stayed in Madina aout #$ days. ,nd they used to come e/ery night to the houseof the Pro0het and milked the goats and drink and slee0 in a room of the Pro0het. E/ery night thePro0het used to come to his house /ery late ?the Pro0het +as usy the 0rolems of muslimsA...,tthat night I drank my share ofmilk and I +ent to the ed. 'ut...I drank ?alsoA the Pro0hetBs milk.4?,nd then interesting e/entsoccured..A4?$;A

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oat 0ro/ides milk! flesh! leather and hair. , good milk goat 0roduces t+oliters of milk a day for se/en or eight months of the year. &he Saanen and the 9uian! across of se/eral reeds! gi/es richer milk than the others. &he goat matures in a year and+ill 0roduce milk for fi/e years! if red each year.

,nas narrates another e/ent) 2&he Pro0het /isited us in our house. He +anted+ater. (e immediately milked a shee0. ,nd then I mied some +ater of this +ell to themilk ?0roaly the milk had got too fatA. I offered to the Pro0het. &he Pro0het drank themilk.?$#A (e noticed that some +ater +ere mied to the milk. Proaly! in the Madinaregion the milk had got too fat. ,lso ,dullah .,as mentiones that the Pro0hetdrank milk and +anted some +ater and rinsed out ?+ashed outA his mouth and said)2this ?milkA is fatty.4?$


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2It is ,llah (ho made your haitations homes of rest for you! and made foryou out of the skins of animals ?tents forA d+ellings +hich you find light +hen you tra/el and+hen you sto0" and out of their +ool! fur and hair! rich stuff ?to ser/e youA for a time.4 ?>uran!&he Cha0ter of 9ahl!/!1;A

&he skins of li/estock animals +ere used in different +orks in the time of thePro0het. &ents from skins ?leathersA! shoes! +aterags from leather! 0illo+s from leather.Skins +ere used to make leather y treatment +ith tannic acid! etc. &he skins used to e tannede/en in the house of the Pro0het. Dmar says) 2I entered to the room of the Pro0het. &he Pro0hethad leaned o/er to his side! on a rush mat. I sit do+n! he 0ulled u0 his +aist-+ra00er. &here +asany co/er on him ?lanket etc.A. &he traces of the rush mat on his chest +ere /ery clear. I lookedat the room. , 0alm of arley at this side! and the other side of the room a 0alm of lea/es of =ara6+as eing used for tanning the skins! and a?ne+-madeA shee0-leather rug had een hung on the+all...4?5#A %he 1ro&het had got a &illo+ made from leather that its inside +as full of date

fiers. ,eysha says) 2&he Pro0hetBs mattres that he used to slee0 on it! also this ed +as madefrom leather and its inside also +as full of date fiers.4?5


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(omen and men used to +ear +oollen dresses! clothes in the time of the Pro-0het from time to time. ,eysha ?the +ife of the Pro0hetA tells. 2,fter 0erforming the day-reak 0rayer! the +omen used to return from mos=ue co/ering their mNrts4?a kind of co-/er made from +oollen and mohairA.?8;A &he Pro0het also used to +ear +oollen dresses

like his com0anions! ,eysha also tells) 2ne day! the Pro0het took on his shoulder a +oo-llen cloak! this cloak had een made from lack hair ?of +oollenA and there +ere someemroidery on this cloak..4?8#A.

&here +ere toys for children from +oollen . , +oman com0anion 7uayytells) 2(e used to take out the children ?to the fields etc.A +ith us ?that children +erefastingA in the holy fasting-month of 7ama6an. ,nd +e used to make +oollen toys forthose children.4?8 P7DC&S F ME,& 2Say) I do not find in that +hich is re/ealed to me anything ?of meatA 0rohii-ted to an eater that he eats thereof! ece0t it e carrion! or ?andA lood 0oured forth! or?andA meat of 0ig that is dirty! or ?andA an animal +hich +as slaughtered to the name ofother than ,llah ?this situation a /iceA. 'ut +hoso is com0elled ?theretoA neither cra/ingnor transgressing! ?for himA surely your od is Forgi/ing! Merciful.4 ?>uran! ,nBam! /!#%$A

2Ho+ should you not eat of ?meatsA o/er +hich the name of ,llah has eenmentioned! +hen ,llah has e0lained to you that +hich is foridden to you! unless youare com0elled y necessity...4 ?>uran! ,nBam! /!##:A

(e kno+ that! the Pro0het and his com0anions had got a lot of hungry-daysin Mecca 0eriod and in Madina 0eriod. 'ut +hen food +as found! the Pro0het and hiscom0anions used to eat all together. ,u Hurayra narrates) 2, dish of meat +as roughtto the Pro0het and a 0art from its side of arm +as 0ut in front of the Pro0het. He used tolike to eat es0ecially this 0art of meat. He it into this 0art +ith his front teeth.4?8$A

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,nas tells) 2&he Pro0het 0erformed the afternoon 0rayer ?and +e +ere ehindhim all of usA. ,fter the 0rayer! the community came out from mos=ue. , man from the trieof the sons of Salama came and said) 2 Pro0hetZ+e +ant to slaughter a camel and+e +ant your coming. &he Pro0het 2es4 said. He +alked and +e all together +alkedhim. &he camel +as slaughtered! cut into 0arts and some 0arts +ere cooked and +e ate

efore the sunset.?85A &he Pro0het encouraged the muslims to offer to the 0eo0le meals! saying) 2you the muslim-+omensZ a neighour +oman should not elittle her neighour +omanBsoffer that she sent a dish made from trotters ?the sou0 of trotter or the dish oftrottershee0Bs feetA ?88A

&he Pro0het did not +ant to slaughter the milch li/estock animals. ne nighthe and ,uakir and Dmar /isited a house of a man from ,nsar. &his man +ent to thegarden and rought a ranch of date that there +ere a lot of fresh and ri0e dates and said) 2?0leaseeat these4. ,nd he took a knife +ith his hand ?to slaughter a shee0A. &he Pro0het said)2,/oid toslaughter a milch-shee04.?81A

(e learn an information that! meat +as eing sold in the ca0ital-city Madina.,u Musa al ,shBaree informs) 2&here +as a 0erson! his name +as ,u Shuay ?from,nsarA. ,u ShuayBs +orker used to sell meat. ne day! ,u Shuay sa+ the Pro0hetand reali6ed ?from the Pro0hetBs faceA the Pro0het +as hungry. He said to +orker) 2Cookfor us a meal for fi/e 0ersons. &he fifth of these 0ersons +ill e the Pro0het. He cookedthe meal and ,u Shuay in/ited the Pro0het.?8:A

aer . ,dullah narrates an e/ent aout slaughtering of a co+. &he Pro0het+as returning to Madina! +hen he arri/ed to a settlement!its name +as Serar! he orderedto slaughter a co+. It +as slaughtered and the 0eo0le of the grou0 ate it.?1;A In the fare-+ell 0ilgrimage of the Pro0het! he had slaughtered t+o +hite-lack rams.?1#A

7IE-ME,& C,99E ME,&

Sa/an narrates) 2&he Pro0het slaughtered his sacrifice ?ramA. ,nd then hesaid to me) 2 Sa/anZ make dry this meat.4 I dried the meat and in the long /oyageto+ards Madina! I ga/e from this meat to the Pro0het from time to time.?1


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&he +ork of li/estock is a solution for the 0rolem of immigration! inside the countriesand in the +orld. &he 0rolems of refugees are social! economic and cultural e/en 0oli-tical 0rolems es0ecially for the rich countries. , oth is full of refugees or a shi0 is fullof refugees that they look for a Jo or etter conditions for their li/es! sink in the Pasificor in the Cariean-Sea or fi/e or ten men or +omen +ith some childs are found their

cor0ses in the secret 0arts of a truck...&here are a lot of disasters! +e +atch in the ne+s.

&he +ork of li/estock is also a solution for the 0rolems of gro+ing-cities.&he encourage of li/estock +ill 0re/ent also the immigration from /illages to cities. Some rich countries like 9e+ Kealand! ,ustralia! 9etherlands reached theirrichness +ith the successful 0lans and +orking in the sector of li/estock. In the underde/elo0ed countries! the numer of unem0loyeds changes e/eryyear! e/en this numer changes from this season to the other season. 'ut the acti/ity ofli/estock su00lies em0loyment in e/ery month of the year and the men and +omen intheir old age they can +ork in this sector and e/en teenage generation also can +orkin this sector +ithout any hea/y condition for them.

Some other industries in this sector are like many shee0 y-0roducts alsoha/e /alue. anolin! the fatty sustance remo/ed from +ool during 0rocessing! is used insal/es! lotions! hair dressings! sha/ing creams! and other cosmetics. It also has some industrialuses. Hormones and other 0harmaceutical com0ounds are otained from the glandsof shee0. Fat from shee0 and other animals is used in making synthetic ruer. Shee0-fatderi/ates are used in the 0rocessing of antiiotics and as foam-control agents. Cleaned shee0intestines ser/e as sausage casings and are also 0rocessed for use as tennis-racket strings.,sorale surgical sutures are also shee0 y-0roducts.

From meat 0roduction to leather and shoe industry! diary 0roducts! +oollenindustry" this sector 0roduces also /alue added taes for Islamic go/ernmentBs udget.&his sector also one of the main sources of 6akat ?or 6akat udgetA that it is im0ortant

for social Justice..,SSI9E P,S&D7ES

&he Pro0het Muhammad assigned as a 0asture the land of 9a=eB ?aroundMadinaA for horses and camels and the cali0h Dmar also the lands of 7aa6a and Sharaf?et+een Mecca and MadinaA. In the 0eriod of Dmar! a man from 'asra +anted a land from state! to gro+clo/er ?0roaly for his animalsA. Cali0h Dmar +rote a decree to go/ernor ,u Musa al,shBaree that if this land had not got any o+ner) 2i/e him this land4. &his e/ent 0ointsan encouragement of Islamic state for animal husandry sector. &here is another kno+-ledge that" cali0h Dmar 0ermitted for stateBs 0astures for cattles of 0oors. He ordered theofficials that) 2(ho has got a fe+ camel or a fe+ shee0!you should take ?0ermitA hiscattle to the stateBs 0asture. 'ut the cattles of sman ?.,ffanA and ,durrahman ?.,/fAdo not let them into the 0astureB. 'ecause if the cattles of sman or ,durrahman die!oth of them ha/e got date gardens and agricultural affairs. 'ut the 0oors!if their cattlesdie! they run to me +ith crying" 2 ,mer-al MuBmeneynZ ? Cali0hZA Sol/e our 0rolem4?1%A &he a/erage standart of li/ing de0ends on 2income getting 0o+er4 and tomake increase this 0o+er. ,nimal husandry sector gi/es this 0o+er to 0eo0le +ho +ork

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in this sector. ,nd this income is a 2dis0osale income4 that this is im0ortant for generalmarket of the country and high circulation of money in the country. (e can say)animal husandry sector for 2national income and economic +el-fare4 and as an engine for 2economic de/elo0ment4.

E9 9&ES

#-ford ict.

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35-Muslim! *!Fetan +a ,shrat-us Saat! '!erad" Muslim!*!ehad +a-s Seyar! '!%$!Hd!#3#31-Muslim! *!,shrea! '!##! Hd!:33:-9ayl-al ,+tar! /!$! 0!3$%;-Muslim! *!Salaam! '!33! Hd!#;$

%#-rolier Encyclo0aedia%


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81-Muslim! *!,shreah! '!


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SH,7I, PE7SPEC&ILES 9 C9SDMP&I9GS,LI9S 'EH,LID7

First!+e +ill look at the /erses of >uran in this suJect

Islam does not a/oid to see the needings of man)eating!drinking!trading)

2,nd they say) 2(hat sort of Pro0het is thisW He eats food and he +alks in markets...4?Cha0ter ofFur=an!/erse!8A. ,ll of the 0ro0hets +ere in the market?0laceAs!they +ere not ignore from thetradingGusiness life. 2,nd (e ne/er sent 0ro0hets efor you ? MuhammadA!+ho did not eatfood!and +alk in the markets...?Fur=an!


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& E,& F7DI&S

Eating different kinds of fruits is not a sin for muslims. 2?In the 0aradiseA &heir fruits +illresemle +hat had een gi/en them efore ?in the +orldA..?'a=ara!uran) 2,nd a tree that s0routs ?gro+sA onMount Sinai that yields oil and relish for the eaters.?MuBmemun!uran that the consum0tion of meat and diary0roducts and Juice ?industryA are incouraged)2,nd in cattle ?tooA you ha/e a lesson.(e ?odA gi/e you to drink of that +hich is in theirellies!et+een o+els and lood!0ure milk!0alatale for those +ho drink.4?9ahl!55A2,nd of the fruits of the date-0alm and gra0es from +hich you dri/e drink and ?alsoA goodnourishment.Surely in this there is a sign for a 0eo0le +ho use their intelligence.4?9ahl!58A,nd encouragement of eating honey) 2...&here comes forth out of their ?eeA ellies a fluid of

many hues!+herein is healing for mankind...4?9ahl!5:A (e kno+ honey is a rich source ofnourishment it also hel0s to 0rotect the ody against disease.,nd consum0tion of fruits!/egetales!oli/e!meat!milk!cheese!honey are sources of Jos for unem0loyeds.&( LE7SES F M,E,H

2 you +ho elie/eZ Forid not the good things +hich ,llah has made la+ful for you!and do nottransgress...4 2Eat of that +hich ,llah has esto+ed on you as food la+ful and fear from ,llah?to do +rong actsA...?Maedah!18-1A , famous e/ent that!the com0anions ,li!In MasBud!Me=dad?7.,A gathered together at the home of Dthman Nn Ma6Bun!and resol/ed to fast e/ery day!to 0raythroughout e/ery night!to renounce seual relations!to renounce meat!and to +ear shay clothes

for the remainder of their li/es.(hen the Pro0het Muhammad ?PuhA heard aout this heimmediately came to /isit them!saying) 2our ody has rights o/er you!and your eye has rightso/er you!and your +ife has rights o/er you.ou should fast and 0ray!ut also eat and slee0.I 0raysome of the time!and I also slee0"I fast!and I reak my fast" I eat meat! and I ha/e relations +ithmy +i/es.He +ho lea/es my +ay!he is not of me.4?'ukhari!*.9ekahA It +as in this connectionthat the ao/e t+o /erses +ere re/ealed.In an another e/ent the Pro0het had 0ermitted to take secretly of her ?miserAhusandBs store thatHind ?a +oman com0anionA had asked this! for s0end for hisGher children!the Pro0het said) 2&akefor your and your cildrenBs need according the common usage4?'ukhari!*.'uyuA

(H,& ,,H (,9&S

,llah +ants to thankGto 0ray to Him ?and not to do +rong actsA after +e eat His sustenance)2 Pro0hetsZ Eat of the +holesome ?and la+fulA things!and act +ithrighteousness!..4?Mumenun!$#A" 2So eat of the la+ful and good things +hich ,llah has 0ro/idedfor you!and gi/e thanks for His fa/ours!..?9ahl!##%"'a=ara!#8


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(E,7I9 C&HES!E(EE7

2 Children of ,damZ (ear your eautiful adornment at e/ery 0lace of +orshi0!and eat anddrink!ut do not e 0rodigal.For ,llah lo/es not the 0rodigal.4?,Braf!3#A In Islam!cleanliness and

0ro0er a00earance is /ery im0ortant.Men and +omen should +ear clean and sufficient attire.,ttimes of +orshi0 ?that is e/ery day!ecause muslims go to the mos=ues fi/e times e/ery day! notonly a fe+ hours in sundays!like in ChristianityA e/ery muslim should +ear the most eautifuland the most clean clothes he 0ossesses!as long as he is not etra/agant.2Say) 2(ho has foridden the adornment of ,llah +hich He has rought forth for Hisser/ants!and the good things of His 0ro/idingW4 &hese things are for elie/ers for this +orld!utes0ecially ?for themA in the ay of 7esurrection..4?,Braf!3


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7,ISI9 F P7HI'I&I9S

ne of the main characteristics of the Pro0het Muhammad is )

2...He ?MuhammadA makes la+ful for them all good things and 0rohiits for them ?onlyA thefoul...4?,Braf!#$8A ,llah did not 0rohiit a lot of foods also for former nations ut ) 2,ll food +asla+ful to the children of Israel ece0t +hat Israel forade himself efore the &orah +asre/ealed..4?,l Emran!:3A& ILE I9 P,,CES

'uilding +onderful cities!luury uildings is not a sin. 2&here +as indeed a +arning for ?the0eo0leA of Saa in their houses"t+o gardens on the right hand and on the left.Eat from thesustenance of your od and ?you shouldA thank to Him.?&his is aAPleasant city and an ,ll-Forgi/ing od4 ?Saa!#$A ,llah only +anted from them to thank ?0rayA to Him 2'ut they turned

a+ay..4 ?Saa!#5A &o li/e in luury flats!houses is not a sin ut to +atch 0orno films in thesehouses or to forget the conditions of the 0oor!this the great sin.&here are a00roimately #$;/erses aout Just income distriution in >uran.&he Pro0het Solomon +as the richest man of the+orld and most oedient man of his time and his 0alace +as from crystal.(e see the Pro0hetSolomonBs crystalGglass 0alace also in >uran)?'il=is is asked to enter the great Palace ?of the Pro0het SolomonA itself.Its floor +as made ofslas of smooth 0olished glass!that glistened like +ater!and tucked u0 her clothes to 0ass throughit!sho+ing her legs.A 2It +as said to her) 2Enter the hall4.,nd +hen he sa+ it she deemed it a0ool and ared her legs.Solomon said) 2It is a hall!made smooth!of glass.4 ?9aml!%%A 'utSolomon +as 0raying day and night!and he +as not 0roud of his +ealth and his real estates) 2,ndSolomon ...said) 2My od! arouse me to e thankful for your fa/our +here+ith you ha/e

fa/oured me and my 0arents!and to do good that shall e 0leasing to ou!and include me in ?thenumer ofA our righteous creature ?+orshi00erA.4 ?9aml!#:A 2,nd (e ?odA esto+ed ona/id!Solomon.Ho+ ecellent a creature Z?+orshi00erA oZ He +as e/er turning in re0entance?to+ard ,llahA ?Sad!3;Ane day the Pro0het Muhammad asked aer ) 2Ha/e you got figured car0ets W 4 aer said)2(here +e find figured car0ets W 2 ?they are /ery 0oor ut Pro0het saidA) 2ou +ill ha/e figured?0ricelessA car0ets4 ?'ukhari!*.'adBel *halk!'.,lamat-al 9uu++ahA ,fter some years! this/ery high 0er ca0ita +as seen in the community and aer had got /ery good car0ets.&hestatement of Pro0het 0oints that it is 0ermitted to use high =uality car0ets etc. in the houses.&hisis also an e0lanation for the limits of luury in Islam.Cosmetics idustry is also the traditional sector of muslims from the early days of Islam.&hePro0het Nsed to use 0erfume fre=uently.,u >atadah used to a00ly ? a kind ofA oil for his hair t+otimes e/ery day!ecause the Pro0het had said to him 2ou should take more care for your hair4?Mu+attaB!*.ShaarA!,uakeyr 7, used to dye his hair ?Mu+attB!*.ShaarA

&D7ISM

&o /isit historicalGarceological 0laces is encouraged in >uran!in #3 /erses of different cha0ters)2Say) 2&ra/el in the earth!and see the nature of the conse>uence for the reJecters4 ?,nBam!##A2Say ? MuhammadA) &ra/el in the in the earth and see ho+ He?odA originated ?startedA the

65


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creation..4?,nkaut!arun ?*orahAfor his ig +ealth e/en ,llah ga/e thishuge +ealth to him!ut he +as condemned for his 0roud eha/iors)2(e ?,llahA ga/e him ?>arunA so much treasure that the keys thereof +ould /erily ha/e een aurden for a troo0 of mighty men.(hen his nation said to him) o not e arrogant",llah does notlo/e the arrogant.4 ?>asas!85A &he +ord 2troo04?2usah4 in original tetA of /erse) a ody ofmen!here used indefinitely.It usually im0lies a ody of #; to %; men. &he old-fashioned keys+ere ig and hea/y!and if there +ere hundreds of treasure chests!the keys must ha/e een a great+eight.&here areG+ere fi/e 0rinci0les for >arun ?and the other rich menA in the same /erses)

?#A 2o not e arrogant4?asas!85-8A

&hat is! s0end your +ealth in charity and good +orks.9or should you forget the legitimateneeds of this life!as misers do!and most 0eo0le ecome misers +ho think too eclusi/ely oftheir +ealth.estroying reason for >arun ?and the other rich menA)

2He ?>arunA said) 2I ha/e een gi/en it ?this huge +ealthA only for my kno+ledge...4?>asas!81A ?I earned +ith a kno+ledge of I 0ossessA &he rich menG+omen that has got sa/ings

heGshe should not forget that ,llah ga/e this +ealth to himGher.&here are a lot ofintelligentGo+ner of kno+ledge men in cities or /illages ha/e not any +ealth in the +orld.9& & S,...

Much 0ro0erty is not a sin ut)>uran also tells us +hat rich men should not say ?as the 0roud sentencesA)2&his man had an aundant 0roduce and he said to his com0anion +hile con/ersing +ith him)

?#A 2I am richer than you and mightier in res0ect of men ?ser/antsA.4,nd +hen!ha/ing thus +ronged his soul he entered his /ineyard!and he said)?


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In the time of the Pro0het Muhammad!to ha/e a ?oneA camel +as an indicator of a man that he+as at least from middle class., lot of com0anions of the Pro0het!had got ?onlyA one camele/en some of them had not got one shee0!e/en some of them!had not got one hen.'ut Dthman7, had got 8;; camels and a lot of urden trading goods on these se/en hundred camels

efore &auk +ar.,lthough Dthman ga/e his +ealth to the Islamic ,rmy ut the Pro0het didnot 0ut a limit for his +ealth.Historians MasBudey!In Saad! In *eseyr say! es0ecially in thetime of DthmanBs administration!the com0anions had got a lot of +ealth and land.Dthman 7,had got #$;!;;; denar ?gold coinsA and one million derham ?sil/er coinsA +hen he +askilled.Kuayr had got %;;!;;; denar! #!;;; horse!and ## houses in Madina! 5 houses in'asra! # house in *ufa and a trading house in 'asra.&alhaBs daily income from Ira= +as#!;;; denar.,durrahman had got 1%!;;; denar! #!;;; horse! #!;;; Camel! #;!;;; shee0+hen he died.Kayd . Saet left a +ealth of #;;!;;; denar.,dullah . DmarBs o/ercoat +asa /alue of $;; derham and ,dullah .,asBs o/ercoat +as #!;;;. ?#A

,lthough >uran condemns +icked im0ertinentGsaucy ca0italists 2(oe to e/ery slanderer and

ackiter!(ho gathers +ealth and counts it!&hinking his +ealth +ill render himimmortal Z...4?Huma6ah!#-3A! ut ad/ices to the good rich men to forgi/e the some ignorant0oors and they had to go on su00orting the aid ?9ur!


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2Put or0hans to the test until they reach the age of marriage"then!if you find them soundJudgement!deli/er o/er to them their 0ro0erty...4?9isa!5A

'D7IE &7E,SD7ES

>uran has not 0rohiited to accumulate the sa/ings ?also +hen +e gi/e its 6akatA)2,s for the +all!it elonged to t+o or0han oys in the city.&here +as eneath it a ?uriedAtreasure elonging to +hom!and their father had een righteous man...4?*ahf!1uran did not condemned thiseha/iour e/en the +ord 2saleh) righteous4 +as used this father.

7EEIES

,lthoug >uran 0ermitted to eat from different foods!ut there is an hea/y e0ression forgreedies!gluttony)

2...+hile the diselie/ers take their comfort in this life and eat e/en as the cattleeat"..4?Muhammad!#


69/158

of 'ritish children and youngs +ill e oeses.&he House of Common estalished a committeefor the in/estigate of oesity 0rolems.?


70/158

Islam enJoined to +alk in the middle +ay e/en in charity) 2o not tie your hand to your neck ?do not e miserlyA nor stretch it +ithout any restraint forthen you should sit do+n reuked!denuded4 ?Esra!


71/158

EUP7& ,9 2'7,E7 MDSIM (74 F7 2E9 PLE7&4

&he Pro0het Muhammad ?PuhA fre=uently used to say ) 2 my od Z I seek ?takeA refuge in

ou from sedition of +ickedness of richness and +ickedness of 0o/erty.4 ?'ukhari!*.aa+aatA2End Po/erty In California ?EPICA4 +as D0ton SinclairBs socialist reformer mo/ement in#:3;s.Communism and Ca0italism could not sol/e the 0rolem of 0o/erty in


72/158

this reason!0roduced goodsGfoods and ser/ices ha/e to e -as far as 0ossile-much!0lenty!=ualified and chea0!and su00lies of goodsGfoods ha/e to e in high le/el.In thiseconomic 0olicy that +as estalished on the 0rinci0le of 0ro/ision!the aim of the 0roduction +asnot e0ort.Im0orts had to e free as far as 0ossile"ecause the 0lenty of im0orts used to su00lygoodsGfoods aundantly.Im0ortersGforeign tradesmen +ere entering to ara cities easily +ith

0aying a lo+ custom duties.&hese foreign tradesmen +erereturning their countries after taking gold and sil/er coins or some 0roducts of middle east0eo0les.?


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the 0rocess of industrialisation ?in .'ritain!9etherland!ermany and D.States and Canada onthe other side of ,tlanticA.e/elo0ment and industrialisation +ere on the sho-ulders of &roducti2e enter&risings$%here +as not also a 3state4s5 central &lanning$

35 3Communist5 So2iet 6nions &rohi.ited the &ri2ate sector,consum&tion +as un-

der the control of the state,confiscated the means of &roduction$In a short time,great de-

2elo&ment +as seen$So2iet 6nions realised the industrialisation in t+enty years thatsome Euro&ean countries did these de2elo&ments in a hundred years .ut at the end

this system +as colla&sed +ith murdered innocent "7 millions$

385 In )a&an,the de2elo&ment &olicy +as on the shoulders of the state that this state

encouraged the tradesmen and farmers for industrialisation and )a&an state did not assu-

med industrial actions,.ut +ith a &ro&er ta9 &olicy and easy credits for long and short

term in2estments,encouraged com&etition and e9&ort$Na::ar adds ;+e see t+o charac-

teristics in de2elo&ed countriesin +idest meaning ;sa2ings< and in +idest meaning ;&ro-

duction


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e/elo0ment rou0 td. ,nd they 0roduced the 0roJects of mini 0a0er factory!mini rickfactory.&hey uilt a small scale ?flourA mill and +ith this kind of mill the /illagers earneddoule.&hey sold flour instead of selling +heat.Mini oard of 0ressed chi0s factory and in Srianka they uilt a mini sugar factory.Schumacher +orked in 9igeria!India!'urma!hana!Kamia on this 0roJects.I think Islamic e/elo0ment 'ank and ,ra ,cademy for Sciences and

&echnology and other institutions may demandGrecei/e these studies from I& td. for+orkingGstudying on this ?chea0A kind of in/estment.In SchumacherBs 0roJects the cost 0rice ofthe in/estments had decreased e/en to # Q.

In the early years of #:1;s!M.,dulmannan +as 0ointing the ca0ital sur0lus of 0etroleume0orter of ,ra countries and +as saying) 2this ca0ital sur0lus should e transformed to usefulin/estments4?:A.'ut today these rich countries also ha/e the 0rolem of unem0loyment. ,damSmith +as saying) 2the +ealth of a nation de0ends on the degree of 0roducti/ity of the countryand 0roducti/e laour. Porter! as a child of 20ost-industrial4 society! his analyses more 0urifiedmore refined! he says the +ealth ?su0eriorityA de0ends on the 0o+er of com0etition and this0o+er de0ends on 2the aility of to inno/ate and u0grade4 of

men ?industryA of this country.Producti/ity is a fact that 0re0onderates +ith the social charac-teristics than indi/idual.Porter says) 2+e ha/e to gi/e action ?mo/ementA to local sources ofcom0etiti/e 0redominance to e readyGto resist to international com0etition. Hirschmeier that hestudied on 2a0an e0erience4 for years!he 0oints) 2the most im0ortant mainstay forindustrialisation is +ill of achie/ementB and if +e ring into action this 2+ill4!necessary ca0italmay een gained from hidden sources and 0lanner enter0risings +ith dense +orking of energetic0o0ulation the ca0ital may een collected again ?#;A.

Musta0ha 6el mentiones the early years of a0anBs de/elo0ment in the late #:th

century. 2&arget4 and 2Strong slogan4 ?moti/ation for in/estmentA. Some of the trading Journeyslasted t+o years to Euro0a and ,merica. &here +ere


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do not go in this 0ath +e +ould e sentenced to death. (e decreased the rate of taes thatBs +hyuying 0o+er of the citi6ens increased. 2State is like a referee4 that the referee does not0artici0ate the match and also the state has not got any 0lace in the economic actions. &here is notany authority for the ministry of economy to command to the o+ners of free enter0rise. &heministry is free from no+ a lot of unnecessaryGuselessly deeds like to gi/e 0ri/elege! to stam0 on

the 0a0ers! confirmation on the documents. In this ne+ de/elo0ment 0eriod! +e ha/e to collectall of ?ourA the great 0ossiilities! and +e should lea/e the interest of some s0ecial grou0s.(eshould do coo0eration and +e shuld forget egoism.&he aim of the trading is to su00ly the needsof consumers4. 2I do not elie/e that these achie/ements is not a miracle.&here is not any2erman Miracle4.,chie/ements in last ten years is not from a +itchcraft of my 0olicy that Ifollo+ed ut mere is from the understanding and conduct of the indi/iduals.&he +orks thatermany did!is uninterested +ith a miracle ut this is the result of an effort that a nation +antedto res0ect to 0rinci0les of freedom!free enter0rise and 0ersonal energy?##A.

(ithout forgetting the sentence of Erhard) 2 t

malacca rising star of the 15th century

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