7/21/2019 Mal Anima

1/11

>1

Rlgcg Klcljakl

_E^I@GK AJ EL_PE^J EU^GRE LIPE^ PHE ^EYA_AGJ_

Rlgcg Klcljakl*

_E^I@GK AJ EL_PE^J EU^GRE

LIPE^ PHE EYA_AGJ_**

7/21/2019 Mal Anima

2/11

?2

^EYA_PL @E A_PG^AE L KGC@GYEA

_PU@AA

sagj g clngur exaste` aj pre-kg`erj Eurgpe netweej the Elsterj perapherylj` the Vesterj oejtre. gfether wath the gther peraphery, thlt as Lkeraol,where sclvery pre`gkajlte`, Elsterj Eurgpe wls plrt g l ogkpcex wgrc`-sys-tek. Pe frl`ulc `evecgpkejt g olpatlcastao prg`uotagj recltagjshaps aj Vest-erj Eurgpe, the oejtre g the kg`erj wgrc`-systek, wls suppgrte` ny the pre-olpatlcastao prg`uotagj recltagjshaps g ser`gk lj` sclvery lt the extrekataes, grperapheraes, ls Vlccersteaj olcce` thek.

>. Pe revasagj

Irgk the

7/21/2019 Mal Anima

3/11

?

^EYA_PL @E A_PG^AE L KGC@GYEA

_PU@AA

g Ferkljy at hl` neej ecakajlte` ny the ej` g the clte Ka``ce Lfes.

7/21/2019 Mal Anima

5/11

??

Rlgcg Klcljakl

_E^I@GK AJ EL_PE^J EU^GRE LIPE^ PHE ^EYA_AGJ_

lfg, the lttejtagj tg the ajstatutagjs hls neej flajajf kgre lj` kgre frguj` ajhastgraolc reselroh aj kgst reoejt yelrs. Hgwever, A wguc` came tg reolcc sgkeeogjgkao eltures ohlrloterazajf the Elsterj refagjs lj` sgke klaj `aflerejoes

netweej Elst lj` Vest. Aj ky vaew, these lre akpgrtljt whejever we try tgexpclaj the exastejoe g Elsterj ser`gk. A wacc gccgw the lrfukejt cla` gutaj the akpgrtljt lrtaoce ny Lvsey @gklr, Pe Oluses g _clvery lj` _er`gk.

L Hypgthesas,>>wecc mjgwj tg the plrtaoapljts aj thas ogjfress= lcthgufh jeverqugte` aj thear plpers. _g `gajf, A wacc sakpcay the ogkpcexaty lj` wacc try tgcggm lt sgke klaj `aflerejoes netweej Elst lj` Vest. Lttejtagj tg `etlacs as ak-pgrtljt, nut sakpcaoltagj as sgketakes jg cess akpgrtljt= lcthgufh jgt sg `elrtg hastgraljs ls at as tg eogjgkasts.

At as useuc, rst g lcc, tg reolcc @gklrs kg`ec.>?Loogr`ajf tg @gklr, rgkthe clte Ka``ce Lfes Elsterj Eurgpe wls ohlrloterase` ny l plrtaouclr prg`uo-

tagj lotgrs ej`gwkejt. Clj` wls the pcejtauc prg`uotagj lotgr aj the Elst,whace clngur wls solroe. Ls l ogjsequejoe, clj` per wgrmer neajf pcejtauc,klrfajlc prg`uotavaty g clngur wls hafh. @gklr lssuke` thlt clngur klrfajlcprg`uotavaty wls equlc tg lverlfe clngur prg`uotavaty. Pe ogjsequejoe wls thltrejt (ogrrespgj`ajf tg the `aflerejoe netweej clngur lverlfe lj` klrfajlc prg-`uotavaty) wls jac. Aj thas olse, a the clj`gwjer hl` requeste` rejt rgk thepelsljt lkacy ouctavltajf the clj` he gwje`, thas slke pelsljt lkacy wguc`hlve kgve` tg l `aflerejt cgoltagj ls clj` tg ouctavlte wls lnuj`ljt. Pe gjcywly tg reoeave l rejt wls tg naj` the lkacy tg the clj` lj` gncafe ats kekners

tg the plykejt g l ohlrfe aj the grk g clngur servaoes gj seafjagralc ekesjelrks. _ajoe the _tlte suppgrte` the oclaks g the clj`gwjers,>0thas sgoalc oclsssuooee`e` aj her laks lj` the estlncashkejt g ser`gk wls the ogjsequejoe.Jgw @gklr wrgte- the ekpcgyer olj `erave l rejt, jgt rgk has clj`, nutrgk has pelsljts ny lpprgpraltajf lcc gr kgst g thear ajogke lngve the sunsast-ejoe cevec.>5Aj Vesterj Eurgpe, ser`gk wls ujjeoesslry. Aj thas Klcthusaljeogjgky, the hafh `ejsaty g the pgpucltagj lj` the soljty clj` per wgrmerhl` lcrel`y oluse` l lcc aj the klrfajlc prg`uot g clngur, whaoh wls ocgse tgthe sunsastejoe cevec. _ajoe klrfajlc clngur prg`uotavaty wls cgwer thlj lverlfe

clngur prg`uotavaty, rejt lcrel`y exaste` wathgut ljy jee` g extrl-eogjgkaoogeroagj.>9 Aj l sejse, the ajtrg`uotagj g ogjtrlotulc clngur recltagjshaps ajVesterj Eurgpe `epej`e` gj the soljty clj` per wgrmer gj thas sa`e g the ogj-tajejt.

>>L. @gklr, Pe Oluses g _clvery lj` _er`gk. L Hypgthesas, aj Dgurjlc g Eogjgkao Hastgry,?2, ? _ee the fegketrao presejtltagj aj the Lppej`ax.>0 Pe rgce g the _tlte aj the estlncashkejt g ser`gk as aj lot, jgt elsy tg `eje, ls shgwj ny _.

Gfacvae lj` . @ejjasgj aj thear plpers.>5

@gklr, Pe Oluses g _clvery lj` _er`gk, oat.,p. >2.>9_ee plrtaouclrcy @gklr, Pe Oluses g _clvery lj` _er`gk, oat.,p. >?. _ee lcsg the frlph aj thegccgwajf Lppej`ax.

7/21/2019 Mal Anima

6/11

?0

^EYA_PL @E A_PG^AE L KGC@GYEA

_PU@AA

Vhej @gklr wrgte has lrtaoce, gur mjgwce`fe g the eogjgkao ogj`atagjsg Elsterj Eurgpe wls kgre superoalc thlj at as tg`ly. Hgwever, @gklr `a`very cattce tg suppgrt has kg`ec wath hastgraolc eva`ejoe. Jgwl`lys, aj the cafhtg kgre reoejt j`ajfs, the hastgralj olj jgt gjcy suppgrt @gklrs kg`ec nutlcsg suffest `gunts lngut ats expcljltgry olploaty.

L rst lpprgxakltagj g the clngur-clj` rltag olj ne kl`e ny cggmajf ltpgpucltagj `ejsaty. A wacc reer tg the yelr 2 ajhlnatljts per mk> exocu`ajf at. _gkeogujtraes, suoh ls Iclj`ers, Pe Jetherclj`s lj` Atlcy, ogujte` kgre thlj 02ajhlnatljts per mk> lj` Irljoe, Ejfclj` lj` Ferkljy lngut ?2. Pas Vesterj

plrt g Eurgpe wls surrguj`e` ny terratgraes whgse `ejsaty wls lr cgwer. Aj_olj`ajlval the `ejsaty wls cess thlj ? ajhlnatljts per mk> lj` aj Elsterj Eu-rgpe at wls netweej 8 lj` 8

Rgpucltagj `ejsaty as lj akpereot prgxy g the ej`gwkejt wath clj` sajoeat lcsg ajocu`es thgse clj`s thlt lre akpgssance tg ouctavlte, suoh ls hafh haccs lj`kgujtlajs, klrshes lj` nuact-up, urnlj lrels. Aj Vesterj Eurgpe the presejoeg kgujtlajs keljs extejsave terratgraes whaoh oljjgt ne ouctavlte`. Aj Atlcy,where the `ejsaty wls lkgjf the hafhest, gjcy l thar` g the surloe as pclaj. Perest as ogvere` wath haccs lj` kgujtlajs. Aj terks g lrlnces, Vesterj Eurgpe as

pggrer thlj Elsterj Eurgpe, where extejsave pclajs exast, plrtaouclrcy suate` tgoerelc ouctavltagj lj` ljaklc nree`ajf. Pe rltag clngur-prg`uotave clj` as kgrelvgurlnce aj Elsterj Eurgpe thlj suffeste` ny the sakpce `ejsaty g pgpucl-tagj. Rrgnlncy the clj`-clngur rltag wls evej hafher aj the tejljt seotgr g Elst-erj Eurgpe= l urther relsgj tg lssuke thlt clngur prg`uotavaty wls hafher. At as hlr` tg j` `ltl gj lfraoucturlc clngur prg`uotavaty gr ngth the Vestlj` the Elst lj` lttekpt tg klme l ogkplrasgj. L wly tg l``ress the prgncekoguc` ne tg `elte the lfraoucturlc wlfe ny keljs g the praoe aj`ex g the lf-raoucturlc prg`uot. _ajoe wlfe represejts klrfajlc clngur prg`uotavaty, l rltagnetweej the jgkajlc lfraoucturlc wlfe (V) lj` the praoes g the lfraoucturlcfgg`s (R) wguc` suppcy l kelsure g the lfraoucturlc clngur prg`uotavaty (KRC),thlt as4KRC; V/R.>1Ujgrtujltecy we clom ajgrkltagj gj lfraoucturlc wlfesaj Elsterj Eurgpe. Hgwever, sajoe the wlfes g lfraoucturlc clngurers lre sakaclrlj` giej a`ejtaolc tg thgse g ujsmacce` wgrmers lj` we hlve ajgrkltagj gj the

>6 A tlme the gccgwajf `ltl rgk R. Klcljakl, Rre-kg`erj Eurgpelj Eogjgky. Gje Pguslj`Qelrs (

7/21/2019 Mal Anima

7/11

?5

Rlgcg Klcljakl

_E^I@GK AJ EL_PE^J EU^GRE LIPE^ PHE ^EYA_AGJ_

wlfes g nuac`ajf clngurers, ngth aj Vesterj lj` Elsterj refagjs, sgke ogkplr-asgj as pgssance.?2_uoh l ogkplrasgj wls kl`e ny D.C. Ylj Tlj`ej aj lj lrtaocepuncashe` aj

7/21/2019 Mal Anima

8/11

?9

^EYA_PL @E A_PG^AE L KGC@GYEA

_PU@AA

cao wls the cgw pgpucltagj `ejsaty lj` the hafh clngur prg`uotavaty (tgfetherwath extrl-eogjgkao vlralnces, espeoalccy wlr lj` the pgssanacaty g trljsgrkajfogjquere` pgpucltagjs ajtg sclves).?5 Vhej pgpucltagj `ejsaty ajorelse` lj`

clngur ogkpejsltagj lpprglohe` the cevec g kere survavlc, there wls jg cgjferrelsgj tg expcgat the systek g sclvery. _ajoe sunsastejoe as the slke gr ngth thesclve lj` the ree wgrmer, tg ply l wlfe gr tg ply gr the sunsastejoe g the sclveakpcaes the slke ogst. Iurtherkgre, whace the grfljasltagj g sclvery akpcaes logst g supervasagj, thas ogst as ecakajlte` whejever the clj`gwjers resgrt tgree clngur.

0. Ogjocusagjs

Vhace @gklrs lpprgloh olj ne suppgrte` ny recltavecy strgjf eva`ejoe,

we oljjgt `ejy thlt oertlaj plrtaouclr `evecgpkejts solroecy t the paoture suf-feste` ny has kg`ec. A wacc ogjsa`er twg questagjs gr whaoh at as `aouct tg j`lj ljswer.

Pe rst questagj ogjoerjs fegfrlphy. Lcthgufh pgpucltagj `ejsaty ashafher aj Vesterj Eurgpe thlj aj the Elsterj plrt, there were refagjs aj elrcyKg`erj Eurgpe, suoh ls _plaj, Rgrtuflc, Areclj`, lj` _olj`ajlval, where the`ejsaty g pgpucltagj wls recltavecy cgw. Vhy `a` ser`gk (lcthgufh presejt ajsgke lrels) jgt suooee` there ls at `a` aj the Elst7 Oguc` the clom g ser`gk ajthese lrels ne expclaje` ny the recltavecy cgw lvlaclnacaty g ertace clj` `ue tg theocakltao ogj`atagjs (tgg `ry l ocaklte aj _plaj lj` tgg ogc` aj _olj`ajlval)7 L seogj` questagj ogjoerjs the ohrgjgcgfaolc `evecgpkejts. _er`gk`aslppelre` aj Vesterj Eurgpe aj the clte Ka``ce Lfes, whej pgpucltagj wlsrasajf lj` wlfes were `akajashajf `ue tg the `eocaje aj klrfajlc clngur prg-`uotavaty. _ajoe wlfes were lpprglohajf kere survavlc cevec there wls jg relsgjtg hlve tg resgrt tg groe` clngur servaoes. Ls shgwj negre, clngur wls thejrecltavecy ohelp lj` the `aflerejoe netweej lverlfe lj` klrfajlc clngur prg-`uotavaty wa`e. Hgwever, lier the Nclom @elth, the `ejsaty g pgpucltagj `akaj-ashe` lst lj` the rltag netweej clj` lj` clngur uj`erwejt l rlpa` ohljfe. Vhy`a` ser`gk jgt re-ekerfe7

Pere as jg `gunt thlt the expcljltgry olploaty g the eogjgkao hastgraljolj nejet rgk the sakpcaoltagj typaolc g eogjgkao thegry. Pe sakpcaol-tagj, hgwever, oljjgt afjgre the looukucltagj g eva`ejoe. Aj ljy thegry thereas l nrelmajf pgajt lj` thas nrelmajf pgajt as relohe` whej the sakpcaoltagjoljjgt `elc ljy cgjfer wath the kuctapcaoaty g the relc eva`ejoe. Lt thlt pgajt wejee` l kgre ogkprehejsave vaew. @a` we reloh thas nrelmajf pgajt aj the olse g@gklrs kg`ec7

?5 _ee the je lrtaoce ny E. Cg Olsoag, Pajmajf _clves lj` Iree aj Oggr`ajltes, aj U. ^gth (e`.),Ny the _welt g ygur Nrgw. ^gklj _clvery aj ats _goag-Eogjgkao _ettajf, NAO_ _uppcekejt-2

7/21/2019 Mal Anima

9/11

?6

Rlgcg Klcljakl

_E^I@GK AJ EL_PE^J EU^GRE LIPE^ PHE ^EYA_AGJ_

Lppej`ax

Aj the gccgwajf `alfrlk, @gklrs kg`ec as represejte` wath sgke canerty

lj` as l`duste` tg the Elst-Vest `aflerejoes aj elrcy Kg`erj Eurgpe. Pe olse gsclvery, loogr`ajf tg @gklr, as sakaclr tg thlt g ser`gk. Has kg`ec oguc` lcsgne use` tg expclaj sclvery.

_

KRC

LRC

_

KRC

LRC

CC* C