makino basic programming

ObjectivesObjectivesThrough this course, participants will : -

Understand the function of G codes and M codes.

Able to write simple programs.

Know how to set up a work piece on the machine.

Able to edit and run programs on the machine safely.

have sufficient practice on both programming and hands on machining.

Guidelines on safe programming will be taught.

•Advantages of CNC MachineHigher flexibility.

High accuracy and repeatability.

Consistency in quality and less rejection.

Reduction in cycle time ( Due to high speeds, feeds, ATC & APC…. )

Ease of operation.

More safe ( every thing in closed / covered area. )

Complete attention required for only first component ( setting component ).

Multi operation provision ( reduces No. of setups & material handling )

What is ProgrammingWhat is ProgrammingProgramming is the process of creating a set of commands such as cutter movement, feedrate and spindle speed, in order for the machine to perform some operations.

When programming, always base on the principle that only the cutter moves while the workpiece is fixed.

Types of CommunicationsTypes of CommunicationsDNC link - a software that allows programs to be transferred from computer to machine & vice versa, using RS232 cable. Machine can run on drip feed mode when memory space on the controller is not enough, therefore machine is dependent on computer.

Networking - using company network to link with computers and machines’ data server. Programs can be sent or received from computers or machines easily.

Understanding The Machine Axes.

•CONCEPT OF PROGRAMMINGProgram is a set of instructions which machine can understand.For example, to drill a hole the following activities to be done in a sequence :-

Pickup the tool and load in spindle.

Move ( Rapid ) the tool to drilling position.

Rotate spindle CW or CCW with required RPM.

Move down the tool near to drilling surface.

Switch on the coolant.

Move down the tool in cutting feed to required drilling depth.

Move back ( Rapid ) the tool from work piece.

Switch off the coolant.

Switch off the spindle.

This set of instructions, how we have to write in CNC language, we’ll be understanding in the next few chapters.

Programming FlowProgramming FlowWorkpiece drawing

Select machine, fixture,cutters & holders

Process planning (rough & finish)Machining conditions

Generate tool pathand program

Transfer of program

Machining

Configuration of ProgramConfiguration of ProgramProgram number ‘O’OXXXX is a name given to a program.(4 digit )

O0001 ~ O8999 ---------- User areaO9000 ~ O9999 ---------- Maker area (Program is write protected)

A comment statement can be added after the program number.Example : O1234 ( test );

Sequence number ‘N’This can be omitted. Used for easy access to program during

changes.Example : O4567;

N10 T2 M6;

Sequence Number NFunction of sequence number Nxxxx

• Use number from ( 1-99999 or 1-9999 )• Can be used for program restart• Use at changes in the process for easy access

1, Every block

O0001;N1 ;

N2N3;

N4 M30;

2, At any Block

O0001;N1 ;

----

N2 M30;

Movement Command & Setting UnitsTo move machine axis command• Axes are X, Y, Z, A, B, C, U, V, W• Providing a decimal point

X50.X50.0X50.00X50.000X50000

• X 50 = 0.05 mm• X 1.23456 = X1.235• X1.23456789 = alarm more

than 9 digits

All mean move 50 mm Note

Notes :Each sentence of a program ends with End of Block ;

To move X-axis 50mm, the command is X50.0 with decimal point. If not, it becomes X movement of 0.05mm, 50 microns.

Calculation of speed and Calculation of speed and feedratefeedrate

N : Spindle Speed (rpm)V : Cutting Speed of cutter (m/min) [Given in cutter catalogue]D : Cutter Diameter (mm) π : 3.142

Sz : Feed per tooth (mm/tooth) [Given in cutter catalogue]Z : Number of flutesF : Cutting Feedrate (mm/min) N : Spindle Speed (rpm)

DVN

π1000

=

NZSzF ××=

1000DNV π

=

Simplified RPM & Feed FormulaRPM =

Milling Feed = RPM * No. of tooth * Feed per tooth

Drill Feed= RPM * Feed per revolution

Tap Feed = RPM * Pitch

Cutting Speed ( m/min ) * 318

Diameter

ExampleExampleUsing a HSS Ø8mm FEM with 2 flutes, given cutting speed 28m/minand feed per tooth is 0.05mm, calculate spindle speed and feedrate.

rpmN 11008

281000=

××

=π

min/1151100205.0 mmF =××=

Therefore, the spindle speed is 1100rpm and feedrate 115mm/min.( To be used in program as S1100 and F115 )

Or rpmN _1100

831828 =

×

=

Learning Activity-1

Calculation RPM & Feed

• Cutting Speed = 250 m/min

• Cutting Diameter = Ø 10 mm

• No. of tooth = 2

• Feed per tooth = 0.1

• Your answer is

RPM = ? Feed = ?1590

Learning Activity-2

Calculation RPM & Feed

• Cutting Speed = 110 m/min

• Cutting Diameter = Ø 12 mm

• No. of tooth = 4

• Feed per tooth = 0.15

• Your answer is

RPM = ? Feed = ?1590

Learning Activity 3Calculation Cutting Speed & Feed per tooth

• Rpm = 15000 rev/min

• Feed = 3000 mm/min

• No of tooth = 2

• Cutter diameter = 6 mm

• Your Answer is

Cutting Speed = 283 Feed per tooth = 0.1

Learning Activity 4Calculation Cutting Speed & Feed per tooth

• Rpm = 12000 rev/min

• Feed = 2400 mm/min

• No of tooth = 2

• Cutter diameter = 6 mm

• Your Answer is

Cutting Speed = 283 Feed per tooth = 0.1

Miscellaneous FunctionsMiscellaneous FunctionsM00 - Program Stop. This function is used to stop machining operation so as to

perform inspection, adjustment, measurement, removal of chips confirmation of tool wear etc.

M01 - Optional Stop. It has the same function as M00 but performs only when the ‘Optional stop ’ button on the machine control panel is turned On. When the button is turned off, this function is ignored.

M02 - End of program. When machine completed all operations.

M30 - End of program and rewind. It has the same function as M02 but it will search for the head of the program (rewind) after completed all operations.

M03 - Spindle turns On and rotate in clockwise direction.

M04 - Spindle turns On and rotate in anti-clockwise direction.

M05 - Spindle rotation Stop.

Miscellaneous FunctionsMiscellaneous FunctionsM06 - Auto Tool Change. It is used for changing tool when executed.

Select the required tool before using this function. eg. T1; M06;

M07 - Blown air or mist coolant is applied.

M08 - Coolant on. Flood coolant is supplied.

M09 - Coolant off. Cancel M07 and M08.

M19 - Oriented Spindle Stop. When using this function, the spindle rotates and stops at a predetermined position. It is mainly used in Auto tool change and boring processes.

G CODES :-G00 : Positioning in rapid.

G01 : Linear positioning in feed.

G02 : Circular interpolation CW.

G03 : Circular interpolation CCW.

G04 : Dwell.

G17 : XY Plane selection.

G18 : ZX Plane selection.

G19 : YZ Plane selection.

G20 : Input in Inch.

G21 : Input in Metric.

G28 : Return to Reference position.

G30 : 2nd, 3rd & 4th Reference position return.

G31 : Skip function..

G40 : Cutter compensation cancel.

G41 : Cutter compensation left.

G42 : Cutter compensation right.

G43 : Tool length compensation + direction.

G44 : Tool length compensation - direction.

G53 : Setting machine co-ordinate system selection.

G54 : Work piece co-ordinate system 1.






G65 : Macro Calling.

G73 : Peck drilling cycle..

G74 : Tapping cycle ( left hand ).

G76 : Rough boring cycle.

G80 : Cancel canned cycle.

G81 : Drilling cycle..

G82 : Counter drilling cycle.

G83 : Peck drilling cycle.

G84 : Tapping cycle ( Right hand ).

G86 : Boring cycle.

G90 : Absolute command.

G91 : Incremental command.

G94 : Feed per revolution.

G98 : Return to initial point in canned cycle.G99 : Return to reference point in canned cycle.

Work Coordinate SystemWork Coordinate SystemWCS is to define the location of a workpiece mounted on the machine table. This must be specified in the program when writing.

To set a WCS, the distance from machine origin to workpiece origin is to be measured into machine controller.

Programs are created base on this coordinate system (G54 ~ G59).

Work SettingWork Setting ProcedureProcedureMount workpiece on machine table.

Press POS button on controller followed by REL softkey.

Bring probe to touch workpiece at position P1. Press ‘X0’ followed by PRESET softkey. This will set X to zero. Also, set Z to zero, so that all values will be taken from the same Z level.

Bring probe to touch workpiece at position P2. The screen will display certain X value. Divide the X value by half, then input the calculated value by pressing ‘X and the value ’, followed by PRESET softkey.

Repeat step and for position P3 and P4for Y axis, but pressing ‘Y’ instead.

Bring probe to the position where REL screen shows ‘X0’ and ‘Y0’

STEP (3)

STEP (4)

Work SettingWork Setting ProcedureProcedurePress OFFSET SETTING button, followed by WORK softkey and bring cursor to selected wcs, eg. G54

Press ‘X0’ MEASUR softkey and ‘Y0’ MEASUR softkey. The X and Y zero point of workpiece will be recorded into machine controller.

Put the first cutter into spindle and a gauge block on the workpiecesurface. Bring down Z axis so that cutter touch the gauge block. Let’s say the gauge block is 14mm.

At the work setting screen, press ‘Z14.0’ MEASUR softkey. This will set the Z zero point of workpiece into controller.

offset worksetting

EXT X ______0.00Y ______Z ______

G54 X ______

Z ______Y ______ Y ______

Z ______

G56 X ______

G55 X ______

Z ______Y ______0.00

0.00

0.000.000.00 0.00

0.000.00

0.00

0.000.00

ABS and INC CommandABS and INC CommandG90 - Absolute command. Specify the

next movement with reference to the work zero point.

G91 - Incremental command. Specify the direction and distance to move from current point to the next point in increment values.

O0001(Abs);G90 G54 X10.Y20.;S1000 M3;Y50.;X30. Y30.;Y10.;X50. Y40. M5;M30;

O0002 (Inc);G90 G54 X10.Y20.;S1000 M3;G91 Y30.;X20. Y-20.;Y-20.;X20. Y30. M5;M30;

G91

Linear MovementLinear MovementG00 - Rapid positioning. Travel depends on the maximum feedrate of

machine. Cannot be used for cutting.

G01 - Use for cutting straight lines. Feedrate must be specified with F in the program.

O0010 (ABS);G90 G55 G0 X0 Y0 ;S1000 M3;X20. Y20.;G1 Y50. F100;X50.;Y20.;X20.;G0 X0 Y0 M5;M30;

O0011 (INC);G90 G55 G0 X0 Y0 ;S1000 M3;G91 X20. Y20.;G1 Y30. F100;X30.;Y-30.;X-30.;G0 X-20. Y-20. M5;M30;

O1000 ( MAKINO );

N1 G90 G54 G00 X0 Y0 S1000 M3 ;

N2 G01 X0 Y-50.0 F100 ;

N3 X100.0 ;

N4 Y50.0 ;

N5 X-100.0 ;

N6 Y-50.0 ;

N7 X0 ;

N8 Y0 ;N9 M30 ;

200

100

Sample of Program

Y+

X+

Y-

X-

Information of ABS & INC

Which is more convenient ?ABS is better• when each hole position is

indicated from a referencepoint, programming is madeeasy by setting as origin.

INC is better• when the pitch between the

position of each hole isindicated.

• when position with the samepitch is repeated.

Exercise 1Exercise 1Start from zero point and return to it in clockwise direction. Use 1200 rpm & F125 to create program under absolute and increment modes.

AnsAns 11O1000 (ABS) ;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0 ;X20. Y10. ;S1200 M3 ;G1 Y40. F125 ;X10. ;Y60. ;X30. ;X40. Y50. ;X50. Y60. ;X70. ;Y40. ;X60. ;Y10. ;X20. ;G0 X0 Y0 M5 ;M30 ;

O1001 (INC) ;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0 ;X20. Y10. ;S1200 M3 ;G91 G1 Y30. F125 ;X-10. ;Y20. ;X20. ;X10. Y-10. ;X10. Y10. ;X20. ;Y-20. ;X-10. ;Y-30. ;X-40. ;G0 X-20. Y-10. M5 ; M30 ;

AnsAns 22O1100 (ABS);G90 G54 G0 X0Y0 ;X20. Y20. ;S1500 M3 ;G1 Y40. F150 ;X40. Y60. ;X60. ;X70. Y20. ;X20. ;G0 X0 Y0 M5 ; M30 ;

O1101 (INC);G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0 ;X20. Y20. ;S1500 M3 ;G91 G1 Y20. F150 ;X20. Y20. ;X20. ;X10. Y-40. ;X-50. ;G0 X-20. Y-20. M5 ; M30 ;

Fundamentals of CNC ProgrammingSome Modal G Codes :-

Code Group FunctionG90 / G91 03 Absolute / Incremental.G00 / G01 01 Positioning / linear interpolation.G02 / G03 Circular interpolation CW / CCW.G54 - G59 14 Work co-ordinate systems.G17 - G19 02 Plane selection.G41 / G42 07 Tool radius compensation left / right.G40 Tool radius compensation cancel.G73 / G83 High speed peck drilling / peck drilling.G76 / G86 Fine boring / rough boring.G81 / G82 09 Drilling / drilling with dwell.G84 Tapping.G80

Canned cycle cancel.G98 / G99 10 Canned cycle initial point return / R point.

return.

Fundamentals of CNC Programming

• Any number of G codes can be used in the same block, on condition that they belong to different groups.Also, the order of G codes is arbitrary, except that the Gcodes of group 01 must be specified before G codes of group 09.

• If several G codes of the same group are specified in the same block, the last G code is effective.

G01 G02 G03 G00 X100.0 ;

In this case, all G codes belong to the same group 01, and therefore the last G code i.e., G00 is effective, and X axis moves 100mm in “ + ” direction at rapid traverse.

Local Co-ordinate System ( G52 ) :-When a program is created in a work piece co-ordinate system, a child workpiece co-ordinate system can be set for easier programming. Such a child co-ordinate system is referred to as a local co-ordinate system.

G52 IP _ ; Setting the local co-ordinate.G52 IP 0 ; Canceling of the local co-ordinate system.IP _ ; Origin of the local co-ordinate system.By specifying G52 IP _ ;, a local co-ordinate system can be set in all the work piece co-ordinate systems ( G54 - G59 ). The origin of each local co-ordinate

system is set at the position specified by IP _ in the work piece co-ordinate system.When a local co-ordinate system is set, the move commands in absolute mode (G90), which is subsequently commanded, are the co-ordinate values in the local co-ordinate system. The local co-ordinate system can be changed by

specifying the G52 command with the zero point of a new local system in the

Skip Function ( G31 ) :-Linear interpolation can be commanded by specifying axial move

following the G31 command, like G01. If an external skip signal is input during the

execution of this command, execution of the command is interrupted and the

next block is executed.G31 IP_ ;G31 : One-shot G code ( If is effective only in the block in which it is

specified ).G31 G90 X200.0 F100 ; X300.0 Y100.0 ; Y Skip signal is input here

100 ( 300, 100 )

Actual motion. Motion without skip

signal.100 200 300 X

Circular interpolation G02, G03 :-

G02 is specified for clockwise circular motion.

G03 is specified for Counterclockwise circular motion

Dimension I & J* Command I & J specify the distance from the start point of circle arc A

to the Center. I & J must be specified incrementally irrespective of ABS /INC mode, adding plus or minus for the direction of I & J

* I & J are the distance of center from the starting point in X & Y directions.

* Dimensions I & J are the same data regardless of ABS or INC.

X

Y

Start

EndCenter

A (start point of the arc)

B (end point of the arc)

center

I

J

X

Y

0,0 10 20 5010

40

60

J+

J-

I+I -

ABS G90 G03 X20 Y60 I-40 J-30 F100 ;INC G91 G03 X-30 Y20 I-40 J-30 F100 ;

O001 (ABS);

N1 G90G54G00X-60.0Y-40.0S1000M03;

N2 G01Y0F100; (0,60)

R-60

N3 G02X0Y60.0I60.0;(R60.0) (-60,0) (40,0)

N4 G01X40.0Y0; N1 R40

N5 G02X0Y-40.0I-40.0;(R60.0) N6 G01X-60.0;

N7 G00X0Y0;

N8 M30;

Circular MovementCircular MovementG02 - cutting circles or arcs in clockwise direction.G03 - cutting circles or arcs in anti-clockwise direction.

O1110 (Smaller arc);G90 G54 G0 X10. Y40.;S1000 M3;G02 X40. Y10. R30.F100;M30;

O1111 (Bigger arc);G90 G54 G0 X10. Y40.;S1000 M3;G02 X40. Y10. R-30.F100;M30;

When the arc is more than 180°, R must be negative sign. This is how the machine differentiate when there’s two possibilities.

Circular MovementCircular MovementWhen cutting arcs with unknown radius, I, J or K must be used.

To determine I and J, calculate the distance from the start point to the arc center. Note that I, J and K are incremental values.

O2000;G90 G54 G0 X20. Y40.; (Point B)S1000 M3;G02 X40. Y20. I-10. J-30. F100;M30;

O2001;G90 G54 G0 X40. Y20.; (Point A)S1000 M3;G03 X20. Y40. I-30. J-10. F100;M30;

Circular MovementCircular MovementR cannot be use to program a complete circle. Use I, J or K instead.

Since the start point and end point are at the same location, it is not necessary to indicate X and Y values.

O2002 (Point A);G90 G54 G0 X-30. Y0;S1000 M3;G03 I30. F100;M30;

O2003 (Point B);G90 G54 G0 X0 Y-30.;S1000 M3;G03 J30. F100;M30;

Exercise 3Exercise 3Start from zero point and return to it in clockwise direction. Use 2000 rpm& F220 to create program under absolute and increment modes.

O2100 (ABS) ;G90 G56 G0 X0 Y0 ;X50. Y-300. ;S2000 M3 ;G01 Y-150. F220 ;G02 X250. Y-50. R301.04 ;G01 X400. ;G02 X450. Y-300. R403.113 ;G01 X50. ;G0 X0 Y0 M5 ; M30 ;

••Exercise 3Exercise 3O2101 (INC) ;

G90 G56 G0 X0 Y0 ;X50. Y-300. ;S2000 M3 ;G91 G01 Y150. F220 ;G02 X200. Y100. R301.04 ;G01 X150. ;G02 X50. Y-250. R403.113 ;G01 X-400. ;G0 X-50. Y300. M5 ; M30 ;

Exercise 4Exercise 4O2200 (ABS) ;G90 G56 G0 X0 Y0 ;S3000 M3 ;X-35. ;G01 Y30. F300 ;G02 X0 Y65. R35. ;X25. Y40. R25. ;G03 X40. Y25. R15. ;G02 X65. Y0 R25. ;X30. Y-35. R35. ;G01 X0 ;G02 X-35. Y0 R35. ;G00 X0 Y0 M5 ; M30 ;

O2201 (INC) ;G90 G56 G0 X0 Y0 ;S3000 M3 ;X-35. ;G91G01 Y30. F300 ;G02 X35. Y35. R35. ;X25. Y-25. R25. ;G03 X15. Y-15. R15. ;G02 X25. Y-25. R25. ;X-35. Y-35. R35. ;G01 X-30. ;G02 X-35. Y35. R35. ;G00 X35. M5 ; M30 ;

Exercise 5Exercise 5Start from zero point and return to it in clockwise direction. Use 2500 rpm

& F215 to create program under absolute mode. Depth of cut 1mm.

Ans: Page 78

O2300 ;G90 G56 G0 X0 Y0 ;Z100. M1 ;X-30. ;S2500 M3 ;Z2. M8;G01 Z-1.0 F215 ;G02 X6. Y29.394 R30. ;G01 X54. Y19.596 ;G02 X38. Y-16. R-20. ;G03 X24. Y-18. R10. ;G02 X-30. Y0 R30. ;G0 Z100. M9 ;X0 Y0 M5 ; M30 ;

••Exercise 5Exercise 5

Cutter Radius CompensationCutter Radius CompensationG41 - cutter is offset to the left side of tool advance direction.G42 - cutter is offset to the right side of tool advance direction.G40 - cancel G41 and G42.

Always use G41(downcut) in order to have longer tool life, machining accuracy and better surface finish.

CRC ( contCRC ( cont’’d )d )Roughing and finishing can be done using the same program by modifying the data on the offset screen. The example below is using Ø10mm cutter. When roughing, leave 0.1mm allowance. Change the value on machine offset screen to 5mm and execute the same program again to cut finishing.

Example : G41 X20. Y30. D17;

CRC ( ContCRC ( Cont’’d )d )When specify G41, machine will read 2 blocks in advance in order to calculate the offset amount. If there are two Z values just after G41 been specified, overcutting occurs because compensation is active only for X and Y values.

Always remember to set the offset amount in the offset screen and confirm the setting before running the machine.

O3000 (Overcut) ;G90 G58 G0 X0 Y0 ;Z100. M1 ;S1000 M3 ;G41 X20. Y10. D10 ;Z2. M8 ;G01 Z-10. F100 ;Y50. ; X50. ;Y20. ;X10. ;G00 Z100. M9 ;G40 X0 Y0 M5 ;M30 ;

Z2. M8 ;G41 X20. Y10. D10 ;G1 Z-10. F100 ;

Learning Activity• If now we need to cut a hole is Ø20

with the tolerance of ± 0.05

• Your offset D32 = 10.0

• After cutting a hole and measure the

result is 19.5mm.

• What is your answer to change the

value of D32, “+” plus or “-” minus.• Your Answer for D32 = __________ .

OFFSET

NO DATA NO DATA

H16 0.000 H25 0.000

H17 0.000 H26 0.000

H18 0.000 H27 0.000

H19 0.000 H28 0.000

H20 0.000 H29 0.000

H21 0.000 H30 0.000

H22 0.000 H31 0.000

H23 0.000 H32 10.000

ACTUAL POSITION [ RELATIVE ]

X 0.000 Y 0.000

Z 0.000

[OFFSET] [SETTING] [WORK]- 0.250

Updated Value of offset = 9.750

Exercise 6Exercise 6Start from zero point and return to it in clockwise direction. Use 2500rpm & F250 to create program under absolute mode. Depth of cut 5mm.

•Ans: Page 79

O3100 ;G90 G57 G0 X0 Y0 ;Z100. M1 ;S2500 M3 ;Z2. M8 ;G41 X65. Y10. D15 ;G01 Z-5. F250 ;Y30. ;G03 X55. Y40. R10. ;G01 X45. ;G03 X35. Y30. R10. ;G01 Y27.5 ;G02 X10. R12.5 ;G01 Y65. ;G03 X30. Y85. R20. ;G01 X55. ;X75. Y65. ;Y55. ;G03 X90. Y40. R15. ;G01 Y15. ;X60. ;G00 Z100. M9 ;G40 X0 Y0 M5 ; M30 ;


Exercise 7Exercise 7Use Ø10mm FEM, speed 3000rpm, feedrate 300mm/min and depth of cut 3mm.

•Ans: Page 80

O3200 ;G90 G58 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H1 M1 ;S3000 M3 ;Z2. M8 ;G41 X0 Y0 D17 ;G1 Z-3. F150 ;Y30. ;X10. ;G3 X20. Y40. R-10. ;G1 Y45. ;G2 X50. R15. ;G1 Y35. ;X65. ;G2 X70. Y30. R5. ;G1 Y10. ;X-10. ;G00 Z50. M9 ;G40 X0 Y0 M5 ; G28 G91 Z0 ; --- (Z home return)M30 ;


G43 Tool Length CompensationG43 Tool Length Compensation

The length of cutter, H value, is measured and recorded into offset screen on the machine controller. Note that this value must be added into the work coordinate setting as well.

When machine reads G43 Z100. H1 in a program, it will take the value stored in offset number 001 and compensate the amount, such that the cutter will stop at 100mm above the workpiece.

G49 is to cancel this compensation. Not required because machinewill cancel the compensation when performing Z-axis home return.

Command for Z Axis MovementCommand for Z Axis MovementWhen cutter is 100mm above workpiece surface and require to cut a depth of 10mm in Z direction,

G90 G57 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z100.H1 ;Z2. ;G1 Z-10. F100 ;G0 Z100. ;M30 ;

G90 G57 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z100 H1. ;G91 Z-98. ;G1 Z-12. F100 ;G0 Z110. ;M30 ;

Tool PreTool Pre--setter setter Used for tool length measurement.Tighten the cutter to holder and mount onto the pre-setter.Press , followed by 1 & ENTER key. ( For BT40 holder )Bring the stylus to touch tool tip until dial gauge set at zero.Record down the reading and key the value into Offset Setting screen on machine.

G28 Automatic Zero ReturnG28 Automatic Zero Return☺ Is a function to return each axis to machine zero point at rapid rate.

☺ Is a one shot G code and advisable to use under G91.

☺ Always return the Z axis first, followed by X and Y axes together.

G28 G90 Z0 ; G28 G91 Z0 ;

DwellDwellTo delay the execution of the next block.

Must be specified as a block by itself.

P1000 means a delay of one second.

Example :G04 P1000;

If machine coordinate has 4 decimal places, then P10,000 means delay of one second.

Inch/Metric ConversionInch/Metric ConversionG20 - program written in inches.G21 - program written in millimeters.

Plane Selection G17, G18, G19Plane Selection G17, G18, G19

XY plane, view from positive side of Z axis,workpiece top surface.

YZ plane, view from positive side of X axis.

ZX plane, view from positive side of Y axis.

Programmable Data InputProgrammable Data InputTo alter offset data through programming,

G10 P___ R___ ;

– P represents the offset number– R represents the value to be input in offset screen.

To alter work coordinate system through programming,

G10 L2P1 X___ Y___ Z___ ;

– L2P0 represents EXT– L2P1 represents G54– L2P2 represents G55– L2P3 represents G56– L2P4 represents G57– L2P5 represents G58– L2P6 represents G59

When use under G90, the existing data will be overwrite.

When use under G91, it will add or subtract from the existing data.

Exercise 8Exercise 8Use Ø10mm FEM, tool length 95.67mm, speed 2000rpm, feedrate200mm/min and depth of cut 5mm. Assume the WCS at X-300mm, Y-200mm & Z-100mm.

Exercise 8Exercise 8

O3300 ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T1 ; M6 ; G90 G10 L2P4 X-300. Y-200. Z-100. ;G90 G57 G0 X0 Y0 ;G10 P1 R95.67 ;G43 Z50. H1 M1 ;S2000 M3 ;Z2. M8 ;G10 P17 R5. ;G41 X20. Y10. D17 ;G1 Z-5. F200 ;Y60. ;G2 X55. Y80. R70. ;G1 X95. ;G3 X105. Y20. R100. ;G1 X70. ;G3 X50. R10. ;G1 X10. ;G00 Z50. M9 ;G40 X0 Y0 M5 ; G28 G91 Z0 ;M30 ;

Use Ø10mm FEM, tool length 95.67mm, speed 2000rpm, feedrate 200mm/min and depth of cut 5mm. Assume the WCS at X-300mm, Y-200mm & Z-100mm.

Machine Coordinate SystemMachine Coordinate SystemAllows positioning to a point with reference to the machine origin.

Usually used in warm-up program.

Is a one shot G code and use directly under G90.

Example :Position to point P1, G90 G53 G00 X-340. Y-210. ;Position to point P2, G90 G53 G00 X-570. Y-340. ;

SubprogramSubprogramA subprogram is used when we need to repeat a specific routine.M98 - call for subprogram.M99 - return to main program. P____ - subprogram number.L____ - number of times to repeat.

It is recommended that subprograms are programmed under G91.

A subprogram can be called from another subprogram up to four levels.

To call programs in Data Server, use M198.

ExampleExample

O3500 (MAIN) ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T1 ;M6 ;G90 G57 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z100. H1 M1 ;S3000 M3 ;Z5. M8 ;M98 P3501 L3 ; --- (profile 1 to 3)

O3501 (SUB) ;G91 G41 X20. Y10. D10 ;G1 Z-15. F300 ;Y40. ;X30. ;Y-30. ;X-40. ;G0 Z15. ;G40 X-10. Y-20. ;X50. ; --- (stop at point A) (stop at point C) M99 ;

Use Ø12mm FEM, S3000, Feedrate 300mm/min.

G90 G0 X0 Y60. ; --- (at point B)M98 P3501 L3 ; --- (profile 4 to 6)G90 G0 X0 Y0 M9 ; G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

Exercise 9Exercise 9O3600 (MAIN) ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T2 ;M6 ;G90 G57 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H2 M1;S3000 M3 ;Z15. M8 ;M98 P3601 L5 ;

O3601 (SUB) ;G91 G41 X30. Y20. D20 ;G1 Z-17. F300 ;Y30. ;G2 X20. Y20. R20. ;G1 X20. ;Y-20. ;G3 X-20. Y-20. R20. ;G1 X-30. ; G0 Z15. ;G40 X-20. Y-30. ;M99 ;

Use Ø10mm FEM, S3000, F300 & depth of cut 10mm.

M9 ; G28 G91 Z0 M5;M30 ;


O3700 (MAIN);G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T3 ;M6 ;G90 G59 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H3 M1 ;S4000 M3 ;Z20. M8 ;M98 P3701 L3 ;

O3702 (SUB);G91 G41 X10. D21 ;G1 Z-22. F400 ;Y30. ;X10. ;G3 X10. Y-10. R10. ;G1 Y-10. ;X-30. ;G0 Z20. ;G40 Y-10. ;M99 ;

O3701 (SUB);M98 P3702 L4 ;G90 G0 Z20. ;

Use Ø8mm FEM, S4000, F400, Depth of cut 8mm.

G90 G0 Z50. M9 ; G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

G91 X30. ; M99 ;

Mirror Image CommandMirror Image Command☺ M21 - X axis mirror image.

☺ M22 - Y axis mirror image.

☺ M23 - Cancel mirror image.

☺ The start and end of mirror point must be the same.

☺ Always cancel with M23 after every use.

Example 1Example 1

O4000 (MAIN) ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T4 ;M6 ;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0;G43 Z50. H4 M1 ; S4000 M3 ;M8 ;M98 P4001 ; ----- (Image 1)

O4001(SUB) ;G90 Z2.;G41 X20. Y10. D14;G1 Z-5. F400;Y40.;G3 X40. Y60. R20.;G1 X50.;G2 X60. Y50. R10.;G1 Y30.;G2 X50. Y20. R10.;G1 X10.;G0 Z50.;G40 X0 Y0;M99;

Use Ø8mm FEM, S4000, F400.

M21 ;M98 P4001 ; ----- (Image 2)M23 ;M9 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

Example 2Example 2 O4002 (MAIN) ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T5 ;M6 ;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H5 M1 ;S2000 M3 ;M8 ;M98 P4003 ; ----- (Image 1)

O4003 (SUB) ;G90 Z2.;G41 X20. Y10. D15;G1 Z-5. F200;Y40.;G3 X40. Y60. R20.;G1 X50.;G2 X60. Y50. R10.;G1 Y30.;G2 X50. Y20. R10.;G1 X10.;G0 Z50.;G40 X0 Y0;M99;

Use Ø10mm FEM, S2000, F200, depth of cut 5mm.

M21 ;M22 ;M98 P4003 ; ----- (Image 3)M23 ;M9G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;


O4100 (MAIN) ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T6 ;M6 ;G90 G58 G0 X0. Y0 ;G43 Z50. H6 M1 ;S3000 M3 ;M98 P4101 ; O4101 (SUB) ;

G90 Z2. ;G41 X10. D16 ;G1 Z-2. F300 ;Y30. ;X20. ;G3 X30. Y20. R10. ;G1 Y10. ;X0. ;G0 Z50. ;G40 Y0. ;M99 ;


M22 ;M98 P4101 ;M23 ;M21 ;M98 P4101 ;M23 ;M21 ;M22 ;M98 P4101 ;M23 ; G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

Exercise 12Exercise 12 O4200 (MAIN) ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T7 ;M6 ;G90 G57 G0 X50. Y0 ;G43 Z50. H7 M1 ;S3000 M3 ;M98 P4201 ;

O4201 (SUB) ;G91 Z-48. ;G41 X20. Y20. D17 ;G1 Z-4. F100 ;Y60. ;X40. ;G3 X10. Y-10. R10. ;G1 Y-30. ;G3 X-10. Y-10. R10. ;G1 X-50. ;G0 Z52. ;G40 X-10. Y-30. ;M99 ;


G90 G0 X-20. Y10. ; M21 ;M98 P4201 ;M23 ;G90 G0 X10. Y-15. ;M21 ;M22 ;M98 P4201 ;M23 ;G90 G0 X30. Y-15. ;M22 ;M98 P4201 ;M23 ; G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

Canned CycleCanned CycleMachining cycles such as boring, drilling and tapping are specified with afixed format, which is shortened and performed easily. Also called as‘ hole drilling cycle ’. G80 to cancel canned cycle.

G90 G98 G__ X __ Y__ R__ Z__ Q__ P__ F__ L__K__ ;

G98 - Return to initial point after drilling each holeG99 - Return to Reference point after drilling each holeG__ - Types of cycle modeX - X position of holeY - Y position of holeR - Reference point distanceZ - Depth of holeQ - Cut in amount or shifting amount ( incremental )P - Dwell time at bottom of holeF - Cutting feedrateL__K__ - Repeating number of times

Difference between G98 and G99Difference between G98 and G99• When using G98, machine will

retracts to the initial point after drilling each hole. This method will result in longer cycle time but it is highly recommended to use because of safety reason.

• When using G99, machine will retracts to the R point after drilling each hole, and finally return to the initial point after completing the last hole. If this method is used, please ensure that there is no obstruction during the movement from one hole to another.

Programming Format for Canned Cycle

G_ _ X_Y_R_Z_Q_F_P_L_ ;G90G91

G98G99

G98 : Initial Level return

G99 : Reference ( R point ) Level return

Drilling Cycle -G81 & G82

O

O

Initial point

O

Point R

Point ZO

O O

O

Initial point

O

Point R

Point ZO

O

Dwell

FEED

RAPID

G98 / G99 G81 X_ Y_ R_ Z_ F_ ;

G98 G81 G98 G82

G98 / G99 G81 X_ Y_ R_ Z_P_ F_ ;

G81 Spot Drilling CycleG81 Spot Drilling Cycle

G98 G81 X___ Y___ R___ Z___ F___ ;

• suitable for pre-drill holes such as center drilling.

G82 G82 CounterboringCounterboring CycleCycle

G98 G82 X___ Y____ R___ Z___ P___ F___ ;

• For machining of blind holes. Flatness is improved due to dwell.• When P1000 is specified, a one second dwell is performed.

G83 Peck Drilling CycleG83 Peck Drilling Cycle

G98 G83 X___ Y____ R___ Z___ Q___ F___ ;

• Q is the pecking depth and after each peck, always return to R point.• ‘d’ is the amount where the machine start to use cutting feed before

the next peck. The default setting is 0.1mm.

G73 High Speed Peck Drill CycleG73 High Speed Peck Drill Cycle

G98 G73 X___ Y___ R___ Z___ Q___ F___ ;

• ‘d’ is the retracting amount (0.1mm) after each pecking. • Not suitable for deep hole because chips may be trapped and result in

cutter breakage.

G84 Tapping CycleG84 Tapping Cycle

G98 G84 X___ Y____ R___ Z___ F___ ;

• R point should be 7mm or more above the top surface of workpiece.• Use a floating chuck when doing a tapping operation.• If left hand tap is required, use G74.

F = Spindle Speed x Thread Pitch (mm)

G85 Reaming CycleG85 Reaming Cycle

G98 G85 X___ Y____ R___ Z___ F___ ;

• Operation is the same as G81, except the return to R point is also using cutting feed.

G86 Boring CycleG86 Boring Cycle

G98 G86 X___ Y____ R___ Z___ F___ ;

• Spindle stop at bottom of hole and retracts at rapid rate.• Will cause a scratch mark on surface when spindle retracts. Use

G76 if good finishing is required.

G76 Fine Boring CycleG76 Fine Boring Cycle

G98 G76 X___ Y___ R___ Z___ Q___ F___ ;

• Oriented Spindle Stop (M19) is performed at bottom of hole and retracts after shifting in the direction opposite to the tool tip, thus there is no scratch mark on the surface.

• The shifting direction +X, -X, +Y, -Y are set on the controller in advance. (check shifting direction before use)

• Shift amount is specified by Q.

Spindle Stop Spindle Stop

ExampleExampleDrill the holes using peckdrill command, given speed 1000rpm and feedrate100mm/min.

Example Example AnsAnsO5000 ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0;T1;M6;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z100. H1 M1 ;S1000 M3 ;M8 ;G98 G83 X30.Y20. R2. Z-20. Q1. F100 ;G91 X30. L3K3 ;Y40. ;X-30. L3K3 ;G80 G90 X0 Y0 M9 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

Exercise 13Exercise 13Tap the holes given speed 2000rpm, feedrate 200mm/min, depth of hole 25mm.

Exercise 13 Exercise 13 AnsAns

O5100 ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T8 ;M6 ;G90 G59 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H8 M1 ;S1000 M3 ;M8 ;G98 G84 X60. Y40. R2. Z-25. F100 ;G91 X-15. Y-10. L3K3 ;G90 G80 G0 X0 Y0 M9 ; G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

Exercise 14Exercise 14Given speed 1000rpm, F100, depth of hole 30mm, write a complete program starting with centerdrill.

Exercise 14Exercise 14 O5200 (MAIN);G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T9 ;M6 (CENTERDRILL) ;G90 G59 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H9 M1 ;S1000 M3 ;M8 ;G98 G81 Y10. R2. Z-2. F100 L0K0 ;M98 P5201 L9 ;

O5201 (SUB) ;G91 X10. L9K9 ;X-90. Y10. L0K0 ;M99 ;

G80 G90 G0 X0 Y0 M9 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;T10 ;M6 (PECKDRILL) ;G90 G59 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H10 M1 ;S1000 M3 ;M8 ;G98 G83 Y10. R2. Z-30. Q3. F100 L0K0 ;M98 P5201 L9 ;G80 G90 G0 X0 Y0 M9 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5 ;M30 ;

OPTIONAL FUNCTIONSOPTIONAL FUNCTIONS

Super Geometric IntelligenceSuper Geometric Intelligence• Automatic feedrate control resulting in high precision and good

surface finish. Machine will automatically adjust the feedrategiven in a program, depending on corners or profiles. Recommended to use with Data Server.

• G05 P10000 ----- To turn on SGI.

• G05 P0 ----- To turn off SGI.

SGI Programming FormatSGI Programming Format

O7000;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T8 ;M6 ;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H8 M1 ;S5000 M3 ;G01 F1000 M8 ;M198 P7001 ; G90 G0 Z100. M9 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5 ; M30 ;

Without SGI format

O7100;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T8 ;M6 ;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z50. H8 M1 ;S5000 M3 ;G01 F1000 M8 ;G05 P10000 ;M198 P7101 ;G05 P0 ; G90 G0 Z100. M9 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5 ; M30 ;

With SGI format

Rigid Tapping M135Rigid Tapping M135• The spindle rotation speed and the cutting feedrate are

synchronized and controlled.

• The tapping cycle can be performed without tap holders or floating chuck.

Example :M8 TAP(Carbide helical )V= 6 mts/ min ( for Steel )Pitch for M8= 1.25

S240 M3;M135 S240;G98 G84 X ____ Y ____ Z ____ R ____ F 300 ;

Coordinate RotationCoordinate Rotation• It is a function to rotate a specific profile in the program at a

specific plane.

• G69 - cancel rotation.Example :

G68 X____ Y____ R____ ;

– X and Y specifies the rotation center with absolute value.When omitted, the position where G68 is specified becomes the center of rotation.

– R specifies the rotation angle

• G68 and G69 must be specified on the same point.

• During G68 mode, the plane must not be changed.

Example Example O1234;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T11 ;M6 ;G90 G54 G0 X0 Y0;G43 Z50. H11 M1;S1000 M3;Z2. M8 ;G68 X0 Y0 R60.;G41 X60. Y-30. D21;G1 Z-5. F100 ;Y20. ;X100.;Y-20.;X50.;G0 Z50.;G40 X0 Y0 M9 ;G69 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5; M30;

Helical InterpolationHelical InterpolationUsing G02 or G03, cutter cutting in a spiral motion.Example :

O6789 (NORMAL) ;G90 G55 G0 X50. Y0 S1000 M3;G43 Z50. H1;G3 X0 Y50. R50.; ----- (P1 to P2)M30;-------------------------------------------------O5678 (HELICAL) ;G90 G55 G0 X50. Y0 S1000 M3;G43 Z50. H1;G3 X0 Y50. Z30. R50.; ----- (P1 to P3)M30;

Exercise 15Exercise 15Use Ø10mm FEM, depth of cut 2mm, depth per pass 0.5mm.

O8000 (Main) ;G17 G21 G40 G69 G80 M23 ;G28 G91 Z0 ;G28 G91 X0 Y0 ;T4 ;M6 ;G90 G56 G0 X0 Y0 ;G43 Z100. H4 M1 ;S2500 M3 ;Z2. M8 ;M98 P8001 ;

O8001 (Slot) ;G90 G0 X50. Y-50. ;G01 Z0 F300 ;M98 P8002 L2 ;

O8002 (Slot) ;G91 G01 Z-0.5 F300 ;X-30. ;X21.213 Y21.213 ;Z-0.5 ;X-21.213 Y-21.213 ;X30. ;M99 ;

O8003 (Pocket) ;G90 G01 Z0 F300 ;G10 P10 R5. ;M98 P8004 L4 ;

O8004 (Pocket) ;G91 G01 Z-0.5 F300 ;G41 Y6. D10 ;X-8. ;Y-12. ;X16. ;Y12. ;X-8. ;G40 Y-6. ;M99 ;

M21 ;M98 P8001 ;M22 ;M98 P8001 ;M23 ;M22 ;M98 P8001 ;M23 ;G90 G0 X-19.5 Y-16. ;M98 P8003 L3 ;G90 G0 X-19.5 Y0 ;M98 P8003 L3 ;G90 G0 X-19.5 Y16. ;M98 P8003 L3 ;G90 G0 Z100. M9 ;G28 G91 Z0 M5 ; M30 ;

G90 G0 Z2. ;X0 Y0 ;M99 ;

G90 G0 Z5. ;G91 X19.5 ;M99 ;


Exercise 16Exercise 16 Use Ø10mm FEM, depth per pass 0.5mm.

Section A - A

makino basic programming

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