making proteins: translation lecture #25 honors biology ms. day
DESCRIPTION
Type of RNAFunction JobPicture mRNA (messenger RNA) Brings message from DNA (DNA instructions) to ribosome to make protein tRNA (transfer RNA) Transfers/moves amino acids to ribosomes rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Makes up ribosomes along with proteinsTRANSCRIPT
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Making Proteins:Translation
Lecture #25Honors Biology
Ms. Day
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REVIEW…Translation
mRNA polypeptide (protein)
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Type of RNA Function Job Picture
mRNA (messenger RNA)
Brings message from DNA (DNA instructions) to
ribosome to make protein
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Transfers/moves amino acids to
ribosomes
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
Makes up ribosomes along
with proteins
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tRNAA cell translates mRNA message into
protein with help from transfer RNA (tRNA)Each carries a specific amino acid“t” shapeCarries amino acidsMatches codons to anticodons
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RibosomesHelp bind tRNA anticodons
with mRNA codons during translation
Anticodon (tRNA) = codon (mRNA)
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tRNA(with
anticodons)
mRNA(with
codons)
AMINO ACIDS
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REVIEW…The Genetic Code
It’s a table used that TRANSLATES RNA nucleotides called CODONS (or mRNA “letters”) into one of the 20 amino acids3 letter mRNA “word” = 1 amino acid
There are 4 different RNA “letters” that can be used
A, U, C, and G
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THE GENETIC
CODE
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RibosomesThere are 2 ribosomal subunits
Constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA or rRNA
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Building a PolypeptideTranslation can be divided into 3 phasesInitiationElongationTermination
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Initiation of Translationinitiation stage brings
togethermRNAtRNA bearing 1st amino acid
(“start”) called MET2 subunits of a ribosome come
together
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Large ribosomal subunit
Initiator tRNA
mRNA
mRNA binding site Smallribosomalsubunit
Translation initiation complex
GDPGTP
Start codon
Met MetU A C
A U G
3
5
5
3
35 35
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Elongation Amino acids are added one by one
to the preceding amino acidPeptide bonds are formed
Amino acid
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Termination of TranslationWhen the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the
mRNAThere are 3 stop codons
UAA, UAG, and UGARelease factor (protein) binds to stop codon (NOT tRNA)
polypeptide released
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Termination of TranslationRelease factor Free
polypeptide
Stop codon(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
5
3 35
35
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Figure 17.13
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Polypeptide
Polypeptide
Aminoacids
tRNA with amino acid attachedRibosome
tRNAAnticodon
mRNA
Trp
Phe Gly
A G C
A A A
C C G
U G G U U U G G C
Codons5 3
“EMPTY”tRNA
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Polypeptide 3D Protein Primary Structure
Amino acids is a row (LINEAR) Secondary Structure
Amino Acids BEND and FOLD towards each other
Tertiary Structure Amino acids BIND to each other 3D shape made
Quartnary structure (only some) 2 or more polypeptides BIND to
each other
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1 2
3 4
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Translation (Protein Synthesis) Animation
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter15/animations.html#
https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__how_translation_works.html
http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthesis.htm