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Gicradg Stgrg Dgmgfg, Gicradg Zcradgt, & Icdsado

Fasusum Smtud Icicmu`a Zgkg` Zgtu Vuegs Igtg\ckgbgrgm Ecoergna Vg`um \ckgbgrgm 8<7</8<77 

Fasusum Okc` 2

  Skng`

  Zusgm

  Zgmfa

  Vcfa 

ZIG MCECXA : VGZADIGKGQG

Bgkgm Kctdok Hg s yar Zuryg Mo. 01

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DGVG \CMEGMVGX 

\uba syudur gk`gifukakkg` dgia pgmbgtdgm dcpgfg Vu`gm Qgme Ig`g Csg, dgrcmg

okc`- MQG dgia tckg` fa hcra dcpcrjgyggm okc` Hgpgd Euru Hafgme Ztufy Okg` Xgeg umtud 

icihugt kgporgm ama.

Dgia icmeujgpdgm tcraig dgsa` dcpgfg Hgpgd Euru ygme tckg` icihcradgm tuegs

ama dcpgfg dgia. Faigmg tuegs tcrschut tckg` dgia bgkgmdgm fcmegm scegkg dcigipugm dgia

umtud icmyckcsgadgm tuegs ‛Igdgkg` Gicradg Stgrg ‛. 

Dgia icmygfgra hg`wg igsa` hgmygd dcdurgmegm gtgupum dcsgkg`gm fgkgi pcmyusumgm kgporgm ama. Dratad fgm sgrgm ygme icihgmeum dgia `grgpdgm, umtud 

 pcmycipurmggm fa igsg ygme gdgm fgtgme.

Zcioeg `gsak kgporgm ama gfg igmnggtmyg hgea datg sciug faigsg fcpgm mgmta schgega

 pcmgihg` pcmegkgigm gtgu akiu pcmectg`ugm.

Fciadagmkg` ‛Dgtg \cmegmtgr’ ama, scioeg datg sciug gfg fgkgi kamfumegm Vu`gm

QIC, Giam.

Vgsadigkgyg, <: Zcptcihcr 8<<1

Vai \cmyusum

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:

FGNVGX AZA

DGVG \CMEGMVGX ............................................................................................ 8

FGNVGX AZA........................................................................................................... :

HGH A 2 GICXADG SVGXG ZCJGXG SISI ................................................. 6

G. Zgtugm Xceaomgk ..................................................................................3

H. \cihgeagm Uakgyg` Zcjgrg \okatad ....................................................>

J. Hg`gsg ‚ hg`gsg prahuia fa Gicradg Stgrg .......................................0

HGH AA 2 MCEGXG ‚ MCEGXG FA GICXADG SVGXG......................................1

G.  Dgmgfg ...............................................................................................1

H.  Gicradg Zcradgt .................................................................................83

J.  Icdsado..............................................................................................:>

HGH AAA 2 DCZAI\SKGM ........................................................................................66

FGNVGX \SZVGDG ............................................................................................. 63

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Egihgr sgtckat Gicradg Stgrg

HGH A

GICXADG SVGXG ZCJGXG SISI

Gicradg Stgrg gfgkg` hcmug fa

 hckg`gm huia utgrg. Fa utgrg hcrhgtgsgm

fcmegm Kgutgm Grdtad, fa schckg` taiur 

fcmegm Zgiufrg Gtkgmtad Stgrg, fa schckg`

sckgtgm fcmegm Kgut Dgrahag, fgm fa schckg`

 hgrgt fcmegm Zgiufrg \gsanad Stgrg. Hcmug

ama ickaputa wakgyg` schcsgr 86.3<<.<<< di¸

gtgu scdatgr 6,0% fgra pcriudggm huia.

Iukga Buka 8<<8, pcmfufudmyg

fapcrdargdgm kcha` fgra 376.><<.<<<. Hcmug

gfgkg` hcmug dctaeg ygme pgkame hcsgr 

icmurut kugs, sctckg` Gsagfgm Gnradg, fgm

agkg` dccipgt icmurut pcmfufud sctckg`

Gsag, Gnradg, fgm Cropg. Hgad Gicradg

Stgrg fgm Zckgtgm famgigdgm

icmurutGicraeo ^cspujja, ygme gfgkg` orgme Cropg pcrtgig ygme ickomtgrdgm egegsgm

 hg`wg Gicradg tafgd sgig fcmegm @amfag Vaiur. Ag gfgkg` orgme Cropg pcrtgig ygme

icmciudgm 'Fumag Hgru'.

@uhumegm tgmg` sgtu-sgtumyg fgra Gicradg Stgrg dc Gicradg Zckgtgm agkg` tgmg`

ecmtame \gmgig. (umtud gkgsgm ecopokatad, sckuru` \gmgig  ‚ tcrigsud taiur hgeagm Vcrusgm

\gmgig scrame fagmeegp schgega schgeagm Gicradg Stgrg bueg) icmurut hchcrgpg pgdgr,

Gicradg Stgrg iukga tafgd fa tgmg` ecmtame \gmgig tctgpa fa tgmg` ecmtame Vc`ugmtcpcj, 

fcmegm fgcrg` icme`gkgmea fagmeegp Gicradg tcmeg` fgm hcrsgmfgr pgfg

kcipamegm Jgrahhcgm. 

Dchgmygdgm orgme jcmfcrume icmegmeegp Gicradg Vcmeg` schgega fgcrg` Gicradg

Stgrg dgrcmg icrcdg hcrpcmfgpgt hg`wg ama tcrkgku dcjak umtud icmbgfa hcmug

scmfara. Erccmkgmf, wgkgupum icrupgdgm hgeagm Gicradg Stgrg scjgrg ecoergnas fgm fa gtgs

kcipamegm tcdtomad sgig (kcipamegm Gicradg Stgrg), tafgd fagmeegp geagm hcmug ama scjgrg

 pokatas.

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G.  Zgtugm Xceaomgk

Gicradg Stgrg, icrupgdgm schug` sgtugm rceaomgk fgm tcrfara fgra mcegrg-

mcegrg hcradut2

7.  Dgmgfg

8.  Gicradg Zcradgt

:.  Icdsado

Dgfgmedgkg Gicradg Stgrg, fagmeegp icrupgdgm hcmug tcrscmfara, tcrpasg`

fgra Gicradg Zckgtgm. \crhgtgsgm gmtgrg Gicradg Stgrg fgm Gicradg Zckgtgm tcrkctgd 

fa \gmgig. 

k • h • s

Mcegrg fa Gicradg Stgrg 

Mcegrg

hcrfgukgt

Gicradg Zcradgt µ Gmtaeug fgm Hgrhufg

µ Hg`gig µ Hgrhgfos µ Hckazc µ Foiamadg µ Xcpuhkad Foiamadg µ Ck Zgkvgfor 

µ Ercmgfg µ Eugtcigkg µ @gata µ @omfurgs µ Bgigadg µ Dgmgfg µ Dostg Xadg

µ Duhg µ Icdsado µ Madgrgeug µ \gmgig7 µ Zgamt Datts fgm Mcvas µ Zgamt Kujag µ Zgamt

^amjcmt fgm Ercmgfamcs µ Vramafgf fgm Vohgeo7 

Uakgyg` fcpcmfcmsa, 

fgcrg` otomoi, 

wakgyg` d`usus kgam

Gmeuakkg / Hcriufg / Dcpukgugm Jgyigm / Iomtscrrgt / Dcpukgugm Vurds fgm

Jgajos / Dcpukgugm ^aream Hratgmag Xgyg (Hratgmag

Xgyg) µ Gruhg7 / Homgarc7 / Jurgågo7 / Zghg / Zamt Custgtaus / Zamt Iggrtcm (Hckgmfg) µVcpa

Hgbo Mucvo / \ukgu Mgvgssg / \ucrto Xado / Vcpa Zcrrgmakkg / Dcpukgugm ^aream Gicradg

Zcradgt (Gicradg Zcradgt) µ Erccmkgmf (Fcmigrd) µ Eugfckoupc / Igrtamad / Zgamt-

Hgrt`ákciy / Zgamt \acrrc fgm Iaquckom /Zgamt Igrtam (\crgmjas) 

7 Vcrdgfgme faigsuddgm dc Gicradg Zckgtgm. 

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>

H.  \cihgeagm Uakgyg` Zcjgrg \okatad 

Cmtatgs pokatad DgwgsgmT7Y

 Uakgyg`

(di¸)

\cmfufud 

(pcrd.

8<<8)

Dcpgfgtgm

(pcr di¸)Ahu dotg 

Gicradg ZcradgtT8Y

 GicradgStgrg

1.>81.<17 813.5:6.7:6 :<,5 Ugs`ametom, FJ 

Gmeuakkg (Hratgmag Xgyg)  Dgrahag  7<8 7:.836 781,1 V`c ^gkkcy

Gmtaeug fgm Hgrhufg Dgrahag 66: >0.588 733.7 Zt. Bo`m's  

Gmtakkcm Hckgmfg (Hckgmfg)T:Y

  Dgrahag 1>< 871.130 881,7 Uakkcistgf 

Gruhg (Hckgmfg)T6Y  Dgrahag 71: 57.3>> :5<,0 Orgmbcstgf 

Hg`gig Dgrahag 7:.16< :<7.51< 87,>  Mgssgu 

HgrhgfosDgrahag 6:7 851.836 >65,1 Hrafectowm 

HckazcGicradgVcmeg` 

88.1>> 851.635 78,8 Hckiopgm 

Hcriufg (Hratgmag)GicradgStgrg

3: >3.:>3 7.8::,: @giaktom 

DcpukgugmJgyigm (Hratgmag)

Dgrahag 8>8 66.85< 7>1 Ecorec Vowm 

Foiamadg Dgrahag 536 >1.<81 17,> Xoscgu 

Xcpuhkad Foiamadg Dgrahag 60.5:< 0.13<.<:6 70:,5 Zgmto Foiameo  

Ck Zgkvgfor GicradgVcmeg` 87.<6< >.5<6.1:8 :70,5 Zgm Zgkvgfor  

Erccmkgmf (Fcmigrd) GicradgStgrg

8.7>>.<0> 3>.:53 <,<8>  Muud  

Ercmgfg Dgrahag :66 01.3<8 8><,8 Zt. Ecorec's  

Eugfckoupc (\crgmjas)  Dgrahag 7.50< 660.57: 838,7Hgssc-Vcrrc

EugtcigkgGicradgVcmeg`

7<0.01< 76.>33.701 7:6,> Eugtcigkg Jaty

@gata Dgrahag 85.53< 0.787.>88 818,5 \ort-gu-\ramjc 

@omfurgsGicradgVcmeg`

778.<1< >.153.8<6 >8,8 Vceujaegkpg 

Bgigadg Dgrahag 7<.117 8.5:7.0:8 860,> Damestom 

DgmgfgGicradgStgrg

1.106.>5< :8.0<3.<67 :,: Ottgwg 

Dostg XadgGicradgVcmeg`

37.7<< 6.<7>.75: 50,> Zgm Bosá 

Duhg Dgrahag 77<.0>< 77.:6>.>5< 7<8,6 @gvgmg 

Igrtamaquc (\crgmjas) Dgrahag 7.7<< 6:8.1<< :1:,3 Nort-fc-Nrgmjc 

IcdsadoGicradgStgrg

7.158.33< 7<>.8<8.1<: 3:,0 Icxajo Jaty  

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Iomtscrrgt (Hratgmag) Dgrahag 7<8 1.:67 17,> \kyiout`4 HrgfcsT3Y

 

\ukgu Mgvgssg (GicradgZcradgt) 

Dgrahag 3  ‖    ‖    ‖  

 MadgrgeugGicradgVcmeg`

781.616 3.6>3.7<< 68,8 Igmgeug 

\gmgigT>Y

 GicradgVcmeg`

50.8<< :.<:1.73< :0,1 \gmgig Jaty

\ucrto Xado (GZ) Dgrahag 1.7<6 :.17>.>:8 6:<,8 Zgm Bugm 

Zgamt Datts fgm Mcvas Dgrahag 8>7 :0.130 761,: Hgssctcrrc 

Zgamt Kujag Dgrahag >7> 7>>.:78 85< Jgstracs 

Zgamt-\acrrc fgmIaquckom (\crgmjas)

GicradgStgrg

868 5.<78 81 Zgamt-\acrrc 

Zgamt ^amjcmt fgm

Ercmgfamcs Dgrahag :01 775.3:6 :<8,7 Damestowm 

Vramafgf fgm VohgeoT5Y

  Dgrahag 3.780 7.<00.>66 878,: \ort-on-Zpgam  

Dcpukgugm Vurds fgmJgajos (Hratgmag)

Dgrahag 6:< 8<.33> 65,0 Jojdhurm Vowm  

Dcpukgugm ^aream GicradgZcradgt (GZ)

Dgrahag :38 7<0.5<0 :<0,0 J`grkottc Gigkac  

Dcpukgugm ^aream HratgmagXgyg (Hratgmag)

Dgrahag 73: 88.>6: 760 Xogf Vowm  

Votgk 86.3<>.386 376.>06.651 87

Jgtgtgm2

7.] \cmeckoipodgm dgwgsgm hcrfgsgrdgm pctg \HH. 

8.] Icmjgdupa Mcegrg Hgeagm @gwgaa ygme tcrkctgd fa dgwgsgm Ojcgmag. 

:.], 6, > fgm 5. Vcregmtume fcnamasamyg, Gruhg, Gmtakkcm Hckgmfg, \gmgig, fgm Vramafgf fgm Vohgeo iciakada sgkg` sgtu gtgu fug

wakgyg` fa Gicradg Stgrg fgm Zckgtgm. 

3.] Eumume Zounracrc @akks ygme iukga gdtan scbgd 7113 icme`gmjurdgm schgeagm hcsgr \kyiout`, ahu dotg fc burc Iomtscrrgt. Dgmtor-

dgmtor pcicramtg`gm. Ahu dotg fc ngjtotcrkctgd fa Hrgfcs. 

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J.  Hg`gsg-hg`gsg prahuia fa Gicradg Stgrg 

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HGH AA

MCEGXG ‚ MCEGXG FA GICXADG SVGXG

G.  Dgmgfg 

Dgmgfg, scjgrg `astoras fadcmgk schgega Foiamaom on Jgmgfg,

gfgkg` mcegrg pgkame utgrg fa Gicradg Stgrg. Icrupgdgm ncfcrgsa fgra 7< provamsa fgm

:tcratora fcmegm sastci fcscmtrgkasgsa fgm pcicramtg`gm hcrhcmtud iomgrda

domstatusaomgk. Fahcmtud tg`um 70>5 fcmegm umfgme-umfgme Domncfcrgsa. 

Jgmgfg 

Hcmfcrg 

Iotto2 G Igra Ssquc Gf Igrc

(Kgtam2 "Fgra Kgut dc Kgut")

Kgeu dchgmesggm2 O Jgmgfg

Ahu dotg 

Dotg tcrhcsgr 

Ottgwg

Voromto

Hg`gsg rcsia Ameeras, \crgmjas

\cicramtg`gm

- Xgtu Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk 

- \crfgmg Icmtcra

\grkcicmtcr ncfcrgk

fgm iomgrda domstatusaomgk

Ckazghct` AA

Euhbcm2Iaj`gäkkc Bcgm 

Ztcp`cm Boscp` @grpcr

Dcicrfcdggm  

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Ahu dotg Dgmgfg gfgkg` Ottgwg, 

tcipgt pgrkcicm mgsaomgk fgm bueg tcipgt

tameegk Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk fgm \crfgmg

Icmtcra. Icrupgdgm

 hcdgs bgbg`gm\crgmjas fgm Hratgmag Xgyg,

Dgmgfg gfgkg` gmeeotg Kg

Nrgmjop`omac fgm Mcegrg \crscigdiurgm. 

Dgmgfg icrupgdgm mcegrg tcrkugs

fa Gicradg Stgrg. Kugs Mcegrg

Dgmgfg 1.15<.>7< di pcrscea

Dgmgfg faeokomedgm mcegrg igbu

fgm cdomoiamyg tcregmtume tcrutgig pgfgdctcrscfaggm `gsak gkgi ygme ickaipg`.

7.  Zcdakgs 

Ahu dotg Dgmgfg agkg` Ottgwg, 

tcipgt \grkcicm mcegrg

 hcrgfg. Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk Dgmgfg, 

ygme icmbgkgmdgm `gd astaicwg

 prahgfa ygme fautus dcrgbggm,

fgm \crfgmg Icmtcra, ygme icrupgdgm

dcpgkg pcicramtg`gm, iciakada tcipgt

tameegk rcsia fa Ottgwg.

Gwgkmyg icrupgdgm schug` pcrsgtugm fcmegm hcdgs Dcdgasgrgm dokomagk

\crgmjas fgm Dokoma Hratgmag, Dgmgfg icrupgdgm schug`  Xcgki Joiiomwcgkt`. 

Fag icrupgdgm gmeeotg pcmfara \HH, \crscigdiurgm, fgm Kg Nrgmjop`omac. 

Dgmgfg iciakada fug hg`gsg rcsia2

  \crgmjas gfgkg` hg`gsg igyoratgs Wuchcj, fgm hgmygd faeumgdgm fa Mcw

Hrumswajd4 fgm bueg fapcreumgdgm fa Omtgrao hgeagm taiur, utgrg fgm hgrgt

fgyg4 fgm fa doiumatgs tcrtcmtu fa sckuru` Dgmgfg Gtkgmtad fgm Dgmgfg Hgrgt. 

  Ameeras gfgkg` hg`gsg igyoratgs fa tcipgt kgammyg fcmegm pcmecjugkagm fa

 hchcrgpg doiumatgs fgm tcrratory Mumgvut fa igmg igyoratgs fgra popukgsa

 hcrhajgrg Amudtatut. 

Dgmgfg icrupgdgm mcegrg amfustra fgm tcdmokoea igbu, hcrdcjudupgm

fgkgi pcmegfggm cmcrea fadgrcmgdgm tcrscfagmyg hg`gm hgdgr nosak, cmcrea mudkar, 

- Gdtc Hratas` Mort` Gicrajg

- \crkcihgeggm Ucstiamstcr

- Gdtc Dgmgfg

Fgra Hratgmag Xgyg

7 Buka 70>5

77 Fcscihcr 71:7

75 Gprak 7108

Kugs 

- Votgk

- Gar (%) 

1,106,>5< di8 (8) 

0,18%

\cmfufud  

- \crdarggm 8<<>

- Zcmsus 8<<7

- Dcpgfgtgm

:8.65<.<50 (:5) 

:<.<<5.<16

:/di8 (703) 

\FH (DDH) 

- Votgk

- \cr dgpatg

\crdarggm 8<<3

SZ$7.:70 iakagr (77) 

SZ$:8.187 (1) 

Igtg ugme Fokgr (JGF) 

Romg wgdtu 

- Iusai pgmgs (FZV) 

(SVJ-:.3 ̀ ameeg -0)

(SVJ-8.3 `ameeg -5)

Xgmg` Amtcrmct .jg

Dofc tckcpom 7

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fgm tcmgeg `afrockcdtrad. Cdomoiamyg hcregmtume pgfg hgmygdmyg suihcr fgyg

gkgi fgm pcrfgegmegm, tcrutgig fcmegm Gicradg Zcradgt, fa igmg Dgmgfg

iciakada `uhumegm ygme kugs fgm pgmbgme (ka`gt @uhumegm GZ-Dgmgfg).

Icsdapum iofcrm, cdomoia Dgmgfg tctgp ickugs, suihcr fgyg gkgi tctgp schgega

dcdugtgm ygme icmecmfgkadgm cdomoia mcegrg tcrschut.

Dgmgfg iciakada 7< provamsa fgm : tcrratora. Dotg utgig kgammyg

tcrigsud Iomtrcgk, ^gmjouvcr, fgm Jgkegry. Ka`gt Fgntgr dotg fa Dgmgfg. 

 Mgig "Dgmgfg" fapcrjgyg hcrgsgk fgra dgtg @urom-Aroquoag Dgmgtg, hcrgrta

"fcsg", "pcriudaigm", gtgu "duipukgm pomfod"

8.  Zcbgrg` 

Dgmgfg tckg` fa`uma pcmfufud gska (fadcmgk fa Dgmgfg schgega Hgmesg

Dgmgfg) sckgig kcha` fgra 6<.<<< tg`um. Cdspcfasa

 hgmesg Zdgmfamgvagicmeumbumeamyg scdatgr 7<<<, scjgrg samedgt tameegk fa tcipgt

ygme fadcmgk schgega K'Gmsc gux Icgfows. 

Dkgai Hratgmag Xgyg pgfg Gicradg Stgrg iukga sggt Bo`m Jghot icmjgpga

tcipgt ygme

faschutmyg

"Mcwnoumfkgmf"

 pgfg 7615.

Dkgai \crgmjasiukga

fcmegm

 pcmbckgbg`gm Bgjqucs

Jgrtacr (fgra 73:6)

fgm Zgiuck fc

J`gipkgam (fgra

7><:). \gfg 7><6, pciudai \crgmjas,

ygme icmbgfa

fadcmgk

schgega Gjgfag, 

icrupgdgm orgme

Cropg ygme pcrtgig

tameegk scjgrg tctgp fa Dgmgfg, fasusuk pciudaigm \crgmjas kgammyg fa Zt.

Kgwrcmjc fgm fgcrg` Gtkgmtad Dgmgfg. 

\rovamsa  Ahu dotg Romg wgdtu(SVJ)  Uakgyg`

Hratas` Jokuihag  ^ajtorag-0 (\gsanad),

-5 (Ioumtgam)Hgrgt, \gsanad 

Gkhcrtg Cfiomtom   -5 (Eumume)

Hgrgt, \rgaracs Zgsdgtj`cwgm Xceamg  

-5 (Eumume),-> (Vcmeg`)

Igmatohg Uammapce -> (Vcmeg`)

Omtgrao Voromto  

-> (Jcmtrgk),-3 (Vaiur) Vcmeg`, Vaiur 

Wuchcj   Wuchcj Jaty -3 (Vaiur)

 Mcw Hrumswajd  Nrcfcrajtom 

-6 (Gtkgmtad) Gtkgmtad ,Igratai Movg Zjotag @gkangx

\ukgu \ramjc Cfwgrf J`grkottctowm

 Mcwnoumfkgmf fgm Kghrgfor   Zt. Bo`m's  

-6 (Gtkgmtad),-:.3 (Mcwnoumfkgmf)

Gtkgmtad 

Vcratora Ahu dotg Romg wgdtu (SVJ) Uakgyg`

Qudom   U`atc`orsc   -0

Stgrg gtguGrtad  Mort`wcst Vcrratoracs Qckkowdmanc -5

 Mumgvut   Aqgkuat -5, ->, -3, -6

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\grkcicm Dgmgfg fa gtgs Zumega

Ottgwg faOttgwg, Omtgrao

\ciudaigm Hratgmag hcrfara fa scpgmbgme fgcrg` pcsasar Gtkgmtad fgm

scdckakame Vckud @ufsom. Fcmegm cdspgmsa dokoma \crgmjas fgm Hratgmag atu, fgm

 pcrgme gmtgrg \crgmjas fgm Hratgmag fa Cropg, \crgme \crgmjas fgm Amfagm ickctus

schgmygd cipgt dgka fgra 7>01 sgipga 75>:. Fgkgi\crsctubugm \gras 75>:, 

\crgmjas icmycrg`dgm pgfg Hratgmag Xgyg `gipar sckuru` Mcw Nrgmjc, 

tcrigsud Gjgfag fgm gpg ygme tcrfara fgr aWuchcj fgm Omtgrao fa igsg dama.

Hratgmag Xgyg icmfaradgm dokoma Movg Zjotag, Dgmgfg Hgwg`, fgm Dgmgfg Gtgs. 

Dokoma hgru ygme sgig fcmegm `gd `udui tcrdama fgra \rovamsa Movg Zjotag, Mcw

Hrumswajd gmf \ramjc Cfwgrf Askgmf scecrg tcrhcmtud. Jgmgfgs hcdcrbg sgig

icihcmtud Dgmgfg. Jgpc Hrctom faeghumedgm fcmegm Movg Zjotag.

Zckgig fgm sctckg` Xcvokusa Gicradg, hgmygd Koygkas

Hratgmag icmameegkdgm Vaeg Hckgs Dokoma umrud hcriudai fa Dgmgfg. \ciudai

kgam sckgig igsg ama fgra ickcfgdmyg fgtgme fgra Cropg, d`ususmyg Dcpukgugm

Hratgmag. 

\gfg 7078, \crgme 7078 hcriukg

dctadg Gicradg Zcradgt icmycrgme

Dgmgfg, fgkgi pcrjohggm pcrusgdgm kcha`

kgmbut Dcdgasgrgm Hratgmag tgdut badg

scfgme fascrgme. Orgme-orgme Dgmgfg

ickgwgm, fgm icmegtur icihgdgr 

`ghas Ecfume \uta` sggt atu fgkgi

scrgmegm icmfgfgd, icihugt orgme-

orgme Gicradg icmegfgdgm ecmjgtgm

scmbgtg.

\gfg 7 Buka 70>5, taeg dokoma  ‖  

Jgmgfg, Movg Zjotag, fgm Mcw Hrumswajd   ‖  fagdua Hratgmag Xgyg

schug` domstatusa, Hratas` Mort` Gicrajg Gjt, icmjaptgdgm Foiamaom on Jgmgfg.

Vcrfara fgra provamsa Movg Zjotag, Mcw Hrumswajd, Wuchcj (fg`uku Dgmgfg

Vaiur), fgm Omtgrao (fg`uku Jgmgfg Ucst). Astakg` "Domncfcrgsa" icrubud pgfg

SS pcrsgtugm 70>5 ama.

Dokoma fgm tcratora Hratgmag Xgyg kgammyg scecrg icmeaduta Dgmgfg2

fgra 700<, Dgmgfg tcrigsud sckuru` fgcrg`myg tcrdama dcjugka Mcwnoumfkgmf fgm

Kghrgfor, ygme adut pgfg 7161. Smfgme-umfgme Ucstiamstcr 71:7 icmfaradgm

 pcicramtg`gm scmfara hgea Dgmgfg. \gtragsa domstatusa Dgmgfg ygme tcrbgfa sggt

 pcicramtg`gm Hratgmag icmeceokdgm Gdtc Dgmgfg 7108. 

Fgkgi pgru` dcfug ghgf dc-8<, hchcrgpg wgreg mcegrg tcrutgigwgreg Wuchcj pcmutur \crgmjas icmygdsadgm dcicrfcdggm/dcfgukgtgm fgkgi

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fugrcncrcmfui ygme fagfgdgm pgfg 710< fgm 7113. \gfg rcncrcmfui

710< pciumeutgm sugrg umtud dcicrfcdggm agkg` ><%4 pgfg rcncrcmfui Wuchcj

7113 pciumeutgm sugrg tcr`gfgp dcicrfcdggm agkg` 3<,>%.

:.  Ecoergna 

Dgmgfg icmcipgta sctcmeg` fgra utgrg Gicradg Stgrg. Ag hcrhgtgsgm

fcmegm GZ fa sckgtgm fgm fa hgrgt kgut fcmegm Gkgsdg. Mcegrg ama tcrhcmtgme

fgr aZgiufrg Gtkgmtad fgm Zckgt Fgvas fa taiur sgipga dc Zgiufrg \gsanad fa hgrgt4

ygme icmbgfa ioto mcegrg ama. Fa utgrg tcrkctgd Kgut Hcgunort fgm Zgiufrg

Grdtad4 Vgmg` @abgu tcrkctgd fa taiur kgut.

Zcbgd 7183 Dgmgfg tckg` icmedkgai schgeagm fgra Grdtad iukga fgra ><¼H

fgm 767¼H (T7Y). Vcipgt tameegk pgkame utgrg fa Dgmgfg (fgm fa fumag) gfgkg`

Jgmgfagm Norjcs Ztgtaom (JNZ) Gkcrt fa ubume utgrg \ukgu Ckkcsicrc -- kgtatufc

08.3¼M -- `gmyg 0:6 dakoictcr fgra Dutuh Stgrg. 

Igp Dgmgfg

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Dgmgfg icrupgdgm mcegrg tcrhcsgr dcfug fa fumag fgkgi kugs wakgyg`,

sctckg` Xusag, ickaputa scdatgr 67% hcmug Gicradg Stgrg. Dchgmygdgm wakgyg`

Dgmgfg tcrkctgd fa fgcrg` Grdtad, hgegaigmgpum, fgm fciadagm Dgmgfg iciakada

sgtu-sgtumyg dccipgt tgmg` pgkame tcrpgdga sctckg` Xusag, XXJ fgm GZ. Dcpgfgtgm

 pcmfufud agkg` :.8 orgme pcr dakoictcr pcrscea, ygme kugr hagsg rcmfg`

fahgmfamedgm mcegrg kgammyg. 0< % orgme-orgme Dgmgfg tameegk fgkgi 8<< di fgra

GZ, wakgyg` adkai scfgme fgm tgmg` ygme tcrhgad fatgmgia fa sckuru` mcegrg.

Zcfgmedgm Dgmgfg ickaputa fgcrg` ecoergnas kcha` kugs fgrapgfg tctgmeeg

tcrfcdgtmyg, `gmyg pumyg scpcrscihakgm pcmfufudmyg.

Hgeagm hcrpcmfufud tcrpgfgt mcecra ama agkg` kcihg` Fgmgu-Fgmgu Hcsgr-

Zumega Zgamt Kgwrcmjc fa taiur. Stgrg mcecra ama agkg` \ckamfume Dgmgfg ygme

kugs, fgcrg` hgtu ygme tcreosod hcrsa` okc` ghgf cs gd`ar, hcrtgmg` tapas, dgyg

iamcrgk, fgm facdspkoatgsa fcmegm fgmgu fgm sumega  ‖  kcha` >< % fgmgu fumag

tcrkctgd fa Dgmgfg. \ckamfume Dgmgfg icmecpume Vckud @ufsom ygme kugs.

\crasga Dgmgfg sgipga dc \csasar Gtkgmtad fa Kghrgfor, hgeagm ugtg

 provamsa Mcwnoumfkgmf fgm Kghrgfor. \ukgu Mcwnoumfkgmf, fgcrg` pgkame taiur 

Gicradg Stgrg, agkg` fa iukut Vckud Zgamt Kgwrcmjc, cstugrag tcrhcsgr fumag, fgm

fgcrg` pcrtgig ygme fatameegka orgme-orgme Cropg.\crgargm Dgmgfg icmombok

dckugr dc grg` taiur fgra pcsasar sckgtgm Vckud Zgamt Kgwrcmjc, fa gmtgrg tckud dc

utgrg fgm Gtkgmtad dc sckgtgm. \rovamsa Mcw Hrumswajd fgm Movg Zjotag tcrpasg`

okc` Vckud Numfy, jghgme Gtkgmtad ygme icmegkgia vgragsa pgsgme-surut tcrhcsgr 

fa fumag.\ramjc Cfwgrf Askgmf agkg` provamsa tcrdcjak Dgmgfg.

Fa hgrgt Omtgrao, pgfgme ruiput Dgmgfg ygme kugs fgm fgtgr tcrfara fgra

 provamsa Igmatohg, Zgsdgtj`cwgm fgm Gkhcrtg, icmychgr icmubu\ceumumegm

Xojdy, ygme icihgea provamsa Gkhcrtg fgm Hratas` Jokuihag. 

^cectgsa Dgmgfg Stgrg iukga fgra `utgm domancr sgipga dc tumfrg fgm

gd`armyg hgrrcm Grdtad fa utgrg bgu`. Dgmgfg utgrg fadckakamea okc`dcpukgugm ygme

kugs ygme tcrfara fgra hchcrgpg pukgu tcrhcsgr fa Huia.

Dgmgfg tcrdcmgk fcmegm adkaimyg ygme fameam. Iusai fameam fa sama fgpgt

icmbgfa sgmegt dgsgr fa hgmygd fgcrg`, fcmegm rasado hgfga sgkbu fgm hgfga cs fgm

su`u icmjgpga scrcmfg` -3< ¼J fgpgt tcrbgfa fa Stgrg. \csasar Hratas` Jokuihag

icmbgfa sugtu pcmecjugkagm4 fag iciakada adkai iusai fameam ygme kcha` ramegm

fgra tcipgt kgammyg.

Fa wakgyg` ygme pgfgt pcmfufudmyg, iusai pgmgsg hcrdasgr fgra `gmegt

sgipga dc kuigygm pgmgs, icmjgpga kcha` fgra :< ¼J fa Iomtrcgk fgm

73 ¼J Aqgkuat, Mumgvut. Fa ^gmjouvcr, su`u hagsgmyg fa gmtgrg < sgipga 83 ¼J

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scpgmbgme tg`um, mgium fa hchcrgpg tcipgt fa pgfgme ruiput, su`u fgpgt scrcmfg`

-6< ¼J pgfg iusai fameam fgm sctameea :3 ¼J pgfg iusai pgmgs. Fa

wakgyg` Fgmgu-Fgmgu Hcsgr, su`u hcrdasgr gmtgrg -:< ¼J sgipga :3 ¼J. Mcegrg ama

icmegkgia cipgt iusai hcrhcfg.

6.  \okatad  

@gd astaicwg schgega dcpgkg mcegrg Dgmgfg fapcegme okc`

scorgme Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk, ygme uiuimyg icrupgdgm pokatadus scmaor gtgu orgme

Dgmgfg kgammyg ygme icmombok, ygme fagmedgt okc` Xgtu gtgs mgsa`gt \crfgmg

Icmtcra Dgmgfg. Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk icrupgdgm todo` mom-pgrtasgm ygme

icicmu`a hcrhgega pcrgm scrciomagk, gmtgrg kgam icmycfagdgm \crsctubugm

Dcrgbggm gtgs XSS ygme fasg`dgm okc` Igbckas \crwgdakgm Xcmfg` fgm Zcmgt,

icihgjgdgm \afgto fgra Vg`tg, icmgmfgtgmegma foduicm mcegrg, icihudg fgm

icmegd`ara safgme pgrkcicm scjgrg rcsia, fgm icihuhgrdgm pgrkcicm sckgig

igsg pciaka`gm.

Xgtu fgm d`ususmyg Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk, iciaipam `gmyg gtgs mgig sgbg

scrtg scfadat scdgka iciakada dcdugsggm ygme scsumeeu`myg, dgrcmg icrcdg `gipar 

sckgku hcrtamfgd scsuga mgsa`gt fgr aDcpgkg \cicramtg`gm Dgmgfg, ygatu \crfgmg

Icmtcra. Icrcdg icmbghgt scjgrg saihokas schgega pcicramtg`gm ygme

 hcrdckgmbutgm, ygatu dctadg scfgme tcrbgfa pcruhg`gm pcicramtg`gm.

Domstatusa Dgmgfg (ka`gt tcds fa `gkgigm ama) icmegtur dcrgmedg rcsia

mcegrg, mgium pcrwubufgmmyg wgbah fapgmfgme pukg fgra sufut hgmygdmyg trgfasa

fgm domvcmsa ygme tafgd tcrtukas (ka`gt Zastci Ucstiamstcr). \gtragsa domstatusa,

fcmegm proscfur umtud gigmfcicmmyg, tgkg` fasctubua pgfg sugtu igkgi fa hukgm

 Movcihcr tg`um 7107. Dgui mgsaomgkas Wuchcj icmgigdgm igkgi atu schgega

'Igkgi \asgu \gmbgme' - schgh tcrbgfa tgmpg azam \rovamsa Wuchcj. 

Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk icmegmedgt \crfgmg Icmtcra Dgmgfg (\I), ygme

 hagsgmyg icrupgdgm pciaipam pgrtga pokatad ygme icicegme dursa tcrhgmygd 

fgkgi Igbckas \crwgdakgm Xcmfg`. \I fgkgi

 pcmumbudgm Dghamct icipcrtaihgmedgm usukgm fgra domvcmsa gmeeotg pgrtga \I

fgkgi Igbckas \crwgdakgm Xcmfg` fgm Zcmgt. Dcdugsggm cdscdutan fabgkgmdgm okc`

\I fgm dghamct, ygme sckuru` gmeeotgmyg fasuipg` fgkgi Fcwgm Dgudus Siui

Dgmgfg. 

Jghgme pcicramtg`gm kceaskgtan, ygatu \grkcicm, iciakada 8 dursa2 Igbckas

\crwgdakgm Xcmfg` ygme fagmedgt fgm Zcmgt ygme fagmedgt. \ciaka`gm umtud Igbckas \crwgdakgm Xcmfg` fakgdudgm okc` Euhcrmur Bcmfcrgk hcrfgsgrdgm

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rcdoicmfgsa \I, fgm `grus tcrbgfa tgd durgme fgra 3 tg`um sctckg` pciaka`gm

schckuimyg.

Dgmgfg iciakada taeg pgrtga mgsaomgk utgig2 \grtga Fciodrgt Hgru (MF\),

ygme icrupgdgm pgrtga kgmbutgm ygme jomfome dc grg` "dara", \grtga KahcrgkDgmgfg, fgm \grtga Domscrvgtan Dgmgfg, ygme icrupgdgm pgrtga ygme jomfome dc

grg` "dgmgm". Dkgsanadgsa dara-dgmgm tcrschut hgegaigmgpum hasg icmycsgtdgm,

dgrcmg gfgmyg scbuikg` gmeeotg fgkgi dctaeg pgrtga utgig tcrschut ygme

icrupgdgm "eokomegm dara" pgfg pcrsogkgm sosagk, fgm "eokomegm dgmgm" pgfg

 pcrsogkgm cdomoia. Gdahgtmyg, dctaeg pgrtga atu fgpgt iciakada buikg` dursa ygme

doipkcds fgkgi spcdtrui dcputusgm pokatad dgmgm-dara. \grtga hcrhgsas

dcfgcrg`gm,  Hkoj Wuáhájoas, icipcrokc` hgmygd dursa fa \rovamsa Wuchcj fgm

iciproiosadgm dcicrfcdggm Wuchcj fgra Dgmgfg. Bueg tcrfgpgt hgmygd pgrtga

ygme kcha` dcjak fgm gfg pukg ygme tafgd iciakada pcrwgdakgm fa \grkcicm pgfg

 pciaka`gm ncfcrgk 8<<6. Dgmfafgt amfcpcmfcm bgrgme tcrpaka` (J`ujd 

Jgfigm icrupgdgm pcrdcjugkagm fgkgi pciaka`gm 8<<6).

\grtga Kahcrgk tckg` icihcmtud pcicramtg`gm Dgmgfg sckgig :8 tg`um.

\grg pciaipammyg ygme pcrmg` icmbgfa \crfgmg Icmtcra Dgmgfg gmtgrg kgam

agkg` \guk Igrtam fgm Bcgm J`rátacm. \gfgFcscihcr 8<<:, tcrhcmtudkg` \grtga

Domscrvgtan Dgmgfg. \grtga ama icrupgdgm eghumegm fgra Gkagmsa

Dgmgfg fgm \grtga Domscrvgtan \roercsan Dgmgfg. \grtga Domscrvgtan dciufagm

icicmgmedgm pciaku pgrkcicm 8: Bgmugra 8<<>, fgm \grtga Kahcrgk pum icmbgfa

oposasa fgkgi pgrkcicm. Ztcp`cm @grpcr ygme iciaipam \grtga Domscrvgtan, sggt

ama gfgkg` \crfgmg Icmtcra Dgmgfg.

\crgfakgm Dgmgfg icigamdgm pcrgm pcmtame fgkgi icwubufdgm `udui

fgm pcrgturgm ncfcrgk, provamsa, fgm dotg4 fgm iciakada dcdugsggm umtud 

icmbgtu`dgm `udui ygme ickgmeegr domstatusa. Zckuru` `gdai pgfg tamedgt

supcraor, hcrwcwcmgme fgkgi `gk mgad hgmfame fgm Ig`dgig` Geume

Dgmgfg fapaka` fgm fatumbud okc` pcicramtg`gm ncfcrgk, sctckg` domsuktgsa fcmegm

 hgfgm rcsia mom-pcicramtg`gm. Dcfufudgm pcmegfakgm pgfg tamedgt tcrcmfg`

fcmegm yurasfadsa tcrhgtgs pgfg sugtu provamsa gtgu tcratora, hcrtcipgt fa igsame-

igsame pcicramtg`gm provamsa igupum tcratora. Ig`dgig` Geume Dgmgfg

icrupgdgm pciutus `udui ygme tcrgd`ar (ka`gt sastci pcmegfakgm fa Dgmgfg).

Dgmgfg icrupgdgm gmeeotg \HH, \crscigdiurgm,  Kg

 Nrgmjop`omac, Oregmasgsa Mcegrg-Mcegrg Gicradg, MGVO, E0, fgm G\CJ. 

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3.  \rovamsa fgm tcrratora Dgmgfg 

Dgmgfg tcrfara gtgs 7< provamsa fgm : tcratora. \rovamsa-provamsa ama iciakada

tamedgt otomoia hcsgr fgra pcicramtg`gm ncfcrgk, scfgmedgm tcratoragk gegd durgme

iciakadamyg. Igsame-igsame iciakada saihok provamsa fgm tcratora. 

\rovamsa-provamsa ama hcrtgmeeume bgwgh umtud dchgmygdgm proergi sosagk

Dgmgfg (scpcrta pcrgwgtgm dcsc`gtgm, pcmfafadgm, fgm dcscbg`tcrggm) fgm hcrsgig

icmeuipukdgm hgmygd pcmfgpgtgm fgra pcicramtg` ncfcrgk, fgm icrupgdgm

scsugtu ygme umad fa gmtgrg ncfcrgsa fa sckuru` fumag. \cicramtg`gm ncfcrgk fgpgt

iciukga dchabgdgm mgsaomgk ygme fgpgt fatokgd okc` provamsa, mgium fgkgi

dcmygtggm ama bgrgme tcrbgfa. "\crsgiggm pcihgygrgm" fahugt okc` pcicramtg`

ncfcrgk umtud icigstadgm stgmfgr scrgegi pckgygmgm scsuga fgm pgbgd fabgeg

gmtgrg provamsa ygme dgyg fgm iasdam.

@udui draiamgk icrupgdgm tgmeeume bgwgh utgig pcicramtg` ncfcrgk, fgm

scrgegi fa sckuru` Dgmgfg. Mgium pcmbgkgmgmmyg icrupgdgm tgmeeume bgwgh

 propamsa, dchgmygdgm provamsa icmbgkgmdgm pckgygmgm dc Xoygk Jgmgfagm Ioumtcf

\okajc (XJI\). XJI\ gfgkg` sgtu-sgtumyg dcpokasagm fa fumag ygme icmbgkgmdgm

taeg tamedgtgm pcmbgkgmgm `udui hcrhcfg2 iumasapgk, provamsagk, fgm ncfcrgk.

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Fgwsom Jaty, Qudom, 

pcigmfgmegmGkargm Cigs Dkomfadc. 

7< provamsa atu hcrsangt umadgicrgk, icmegmedgt kceaskgtor fcmegm

 pcicramtg`gm ygme fadcpgkga \I ygme fapaka` fgkgi jgrg ygme sgig schgega \I.

Vagp provamsa bueg iciakada euhcrmur kctmgm ygme hudgm pcicramtg` ygme

schcmgrmyg ygme icwgdaka rgtu, fagmedgt gtgs rcdoicmfgsa \I Dgmgfg.

Dchgmygdgm adkai pokatad provamsa atu tcrigsud rcdgm provamsa pgfg : pgrtga

ncfcrgk mgsaomgk. Hgegaigmgpum, hchcrgpg pgrtga provamsa tgd scjgrg rcsia

 hcr`uhumegm fcmegm pgrtga ncfcrgk ygme icmfgpgt mgig ygme sgig. Hchcrgpg

 provamsa iciakada \gr\ok rceaomgk, scpcrta\grtga Zgsdgtj`cwgm. 

Adkai pokatad \rovamsa Wuchcj judup hcrhcfg, fcmegm pcrpcjg`gm utgig

gmtgrg scpgrgtasic, fawgdaka okc` \grta

Wuáhájoas, fgm ncfcrgkasic, fawgdaka

okc` \grta Kahárgk fu Wuáhcj. 

: tcratora atu iciakada dcdugsggm

 pokatad ygme kcha` dcjak fgrapgfg provamsa,

tckg` fajaptgdgmokc` `udui okc` \grkcicm

mgsaomgk fgrapgfg stgtus icrcdg ygme tckg`

faghgfadgm fgkgi Domstatusa. Vagfg

euhcrmur kctmgm umtud icwgdaka fgm

icicmu`a numesa rgtu. Doiasgras ygme

mctrgk scjgrg pokatad fagmedgt okc` pcicramtg`gm ncfcrgk umtud hcrtamfgd schgega"\cicramtg`gm pcrwgdakgm scmaor Dgmgfg". @gmyg kceaskgtor fgcrg` Qudom ygme

icmeaduta sastci pokatad ygme sgig schgega kceaskgtor provamsa. 8 tcratora kgam

icmeeumgdgm sastci pcicramtg`gm domscmsus fcmegm tgmpg pgrtga, ygme tagp

gmeeotg icmegbudgm schgega amfcpcmfcm, fgm prciacr fagmedgt okc` fgm fgra

gmeeotg.

@uhumegm gmtgrg pcicramtg`gm ncfcrgk fgm tcratoragk tckg` icmcegme.

Hgmygd pcrtcmtgmegm gmtgrg 8 tamedgt pcicramtg`gm tckg` icmbgfa gmtgrg

 pcmeeumggm suihcr pcme`gsakgm fgm pcmfgmggm. Vamedgt dciasdamgm fa tcratoratckg` scjgrg tctgp hcsgr dgrcmg asokgsa, dcsukatgm cdstrai fgm omedos hgrgme

 pgsodgm, fgm dckgmedggm pcdcrbggm.

>.  Cdomoia 

Cdomoia Dgmgfg scdgrgme ama icmfcdgta Gicradg Zcradgt fcmegm sastci

cdomoiu hcroracmtgsa-pgsgr, pokg profudsa, fgm stgmfgr `afup ygme tameea. Fa ghgf

tcrgd`ar, pcrtuihu`gm kugr hagsg fgkgi profudsa, pcrtgihgmegm, fgm scdtor  pckgygmgm tckg` icmeuhg` mcegrg ama fgra cdomoia pcfcsggm icmbgfa amfustra

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@gkangx, Movg Zjotag dgda kgmeat fa igkgi `gra

 pcrdotggm. Cmcrea fgpgt fapcmu`a scmfara, Dgmgfg iciakada jgfgmegm egs gkgi

ygme hgmygd fa pcsasar taiur fgm taeg provamsa hgrgt, fgm bueg hgmygdmyg suihcr 

fgyg kgam.

Dgmgfg tckg` hcr`gsak icme`amfgra rcscsa cdomoia sctckg` 8<<7 fgm tckg`icipcrtg`gmdgm pcrtuihu`gm cdomoia ygme tcrhgad fa fgkgi erup E0. Fcmegm

 hgmygdgmyg suihcr fgyg gkgi, tcmgeg dcrbg trgipak, fgm pghrad dgpatgk iofcrm,

Dgmgfg icmadigta prospcd cdomoia pgfgt.

Fahgygmea fug dcsukatgm, ygme pcrtgig gfgkg` pcrhcfggm pokatad gtgs

domstatusa gmtgrg Wuchcj fgm Dgmgfg kgammyg. Ama tckg` icmamedgtdgm

dciumedamgm pcrpasg`gm fa ncfcrgsa. Mgium, dgrcmg cdomoia tckg` icmeugt,

tcrutgig fa Wuchcj, dctgdutgm gdgm pcrpcjg`gm tckg` icrcfg.

\cr`gtagm igsg pgmbgme kgammyg agkg` dcd`gwgtargm icmegkarmyg proncsaomgk

dc sckgtgm (GZ) ygme hagsg faschut "\cmeckugrgm Otgd", dgrcmg fapadgt okc`

 pcihgygrgm tameea, pgbgd rcmfg`, fgm dcscipgtgm tcdmokoea tameea. Zcjgrg

scrcipgd, "\cigsudgm Otgd" bueg tcrbgfa, fcmegm igsudmyg aiaergm tcrfafad 

(tcrutgig fgra mcegrg hcrdcihgme) dc Dgmgfg. T8Y. 

5.  Hg`gsg 

Fug hg`gsg rcsiaDgmgfg

gfgkg` Ameeras fgm \crgmjas. 

\gfg 5 Buka 71>1, hg`gsg

\crgmjas fasgigdgm fcmegm

 hg`gsg Ameeras ickgkua

 pcicramtg` ncfcrgk. Ama faiukga

schgega proscs ygme

icmfcnamasadgm Dgmgfg schgega

mcegrg hakameugk fgm iuktahufgyg fgkgi tamedgt ncfcrgk.

  Hg`gsg Ameeras fgm \crgmjas iciakada stgtus ygme sgig fgkgi \grkcicm

Dgmgfg, fgkgi pcmegfakgm ncfcrgk fgm fa sckuru` amstatusa ncfcrgk.

  Zctagp orgme hcr`gd umtud fagfaka draiamgk fgkgi hg`gsg Ameeras gtgu \crgmjas.

  Igsygrgdgt iciakada `gd, hakg gfg pcriamtggm ygme judup, umtud icmcraig

 pckgygmgm pcicramtg` ncfcrgk fgkgi hg`gsg Ameeras gtgu \crgmjas.

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8<

\gmfgmegm fgra hgeagm dotg ygme rgiga 

fgra Iomtrcgk, Wuchcj 

  Hg`gsg rcsia erup iamoratgs fa hgmygd provamsa fgm tcratora iciakada `gd 

umtud fagbgr fgkgi hg`gsg icrcdg.

  Dgrcmg iuktahufgyg gfgkg` dchabgdgm rcsia, umtud icmbgfa wgreg mcegrg

scscorgme `grus fgpgt hajgrg hgad fgkgi hg`gsg Ameeras igupum \crgmjas.

  @gipar fgra 10% orgme Dgmgfg hcrhajgrg hgad Ameeras gtgu \crgmjas gtgu

dcfugmyg.

 Mcw Hrumswajd agkg` sgtu-sgtumyg ygme scjgrg rcsia provamsa fwahg`gsg,

dcfufudgm ygme scjgrg spcsanad fabgiam \agegi @gd fgm Dchchgsgm, fcmegm

wgreg mcegrgmyg ygme iciakada `gd hg`gsg ygme sgig fa tamedgt provamsa

schgegaigmg sckuru` wgreg mcegrg Dgmgfg pumyg fa tamedgt ncfcrgk. Hchcrgpg

 pcicramtg` provamsa, d`ususmyg Igmatohg fgm Omtgrao, icmgwgrdgm hgmygd 

kgygmgm pgfg pcmfufud iamoratgs \rgmjasmyg.

Hg`gsg rcsia Wuchcj agkg`

\crgmjas, schgegaigmg fafcnamasadgm

okc` \agegi Hg`gsg \crgmjas ygme

ickamfumea pcmeeumggm Hg`gsg

\crgmjas, mgium bueg icmycfagdgm `gd 

tcrtcmtu pgfg pcmutur Ameeras fgm

 hg`gsg-hg`gsg gska. Wuchcj

icmycfagdgm hgmygd kgygmgm

 pcicramtg`gm fgkgi hg`gsg \crgmjas

fgm Ameeras.

Hg`gsg \crgmjas tcrutgig

fatuturdgm fa Wuchcj, Omtgrao, Mcw

Hrumswajd fgm Igmatohg sckgtgm. \gfg

scmsus 8<<7, >.0>6.>73 orgme

icmfgntgrdgm \crgmjas schgega hg`gsg

ahu, fgra ygme 03% tameegk fa Wuchcj,fgm 75.>16.0:3 orgme icmfgntgrdgm

\crgmjas schgega hg`gsg ahu.

Hg`gsg sckgam hg`gsg rcsia bueg

 pcmtame fa Dgmgfg, fcmegm 3.65<.08< bawg ygme icmfgntgrdgm hg`gsg ygme hudgm

 hg`gsg rcsia schgega hg`gsg rcsia (: stgtastad fa gtgs bueg tcrigsud orgme ygme

icmfgntgrdgm kcha` fgra sgtu hg`gsg). Fa gmtgrg dckoipod hg`gsg ahu ygme hudgm

 hg`gsg rcsia tcrpcmtame agkg` Vaome`og (03:.563 pcmutur hg`gsg ahu),

d`ususmyg Dgmtomas (:88.:73)4 Atgkag (6>1.603)4 fgm Bcrigm (6:0.<0<).

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Dckoipod pcmfufud gska

SS Domstatusa 7108 icmegdua : dckoipod utgig pcmfufud gska fa

Dgmgfg2 \cmfufud Gska, Amuat fgm Iátas. \cmfufud gska scfgme hcrdcihgme

`gipar 8 dgka scjcpgt pcmfufud kgammyg fa Dgmgfg. \cmfufud gska icmyusum

scdatgr :% orgme Dgmgfg, gtgu darg-darg 51<.<<< orgme. Zcdatgr >1% icrupgdgm

 pcmfufud gska, 8>% Iátas fgm 3% Amuat.

Dama, kcha` fgrapgfg 3< hg`gsg ygme hcrhcfg ygme faujgpdgm okc`

 pcmfufud gska, dchgmygdgm ygme faujgpdgm `gmyg fgra Dgmgfg. Hgegaigmgpum,

sckuru`myg mgium scfadat fgkgi dcicrosotgm. Fgkgi Mort`wcst Vcrratoracs fgm

 Mumgvut, gfg 77 hg`gsg rcsia2 Ameeras fgm \crgmjas fcmegm dcfufudgm d`usus, fgm

> hg`gsg gska2 J`apcwygm,  Jrcc,  Foerah,  Ewaj`‐am,  Amuammgqtum,  Amudtatut, 

Amuvagkudtum, Zkgvcy Stgrg, fgm Zkgvcy Zckgtgm. Zgtu-sgtumyg hg`gsg pcmfufud gska

ygme fapcrjgyg scjgrg pcmu` fgpgt tcrsodome sggt ama agkg` Jrcc (fcmegm 58.003

 pcmutur hg`gsg ahu), Amudtatut fa MUV fgm Mumgvut4 81.<7< pcmutur),

fgm Obahwc hcrsgig fcmegm Jrcc, Obahwc gdgm icmyusum 73<.<<< pcmutur).

0.  \cmfafadgm 

\cmfafadgm fa Dgmgfg fascfagdgm, fafgmga fgm fagwgsa okc` pcicramtg`

ncfcrgk, provamsa, fgm pcicramtg` fgcrg`. \cmfafadgm hcrgfg fa fgkgi yurasfadsa

 pcicramtg`gm provamsa fgm duradukui fagwgsa okc` pcicramtg`gm provamsa.

\cmfafadgm fa Dgmgfg uiuimyg fahgea pgfg pcmfafadgm Fgsgr (\raigry Zj`ook ,

\uhkaj Zj`ook), dciufagm pcmfafadgm Icmcmeg` (@ae` Zj`ook) fgm pcmfafdgm

tameea (Smavcrsatgs, Jokkcec). \gfg sctagp provamsa-provamsa tcrfgpgt gfg fcwgm

scdokg` ygme icmegwgsa pckgygmgm pcmfafadgm fgm pcmyckcmeegrggm proergi-

 proergi pcmfafadgm. \cmfafadgm wgbah hgea pcmfufu dgmgfg sgipga usag 7> tg`um

fa sckuru` provamsa fa Dgmgfg, dcjugka umtud Omtgrao fgm Mcw Hrumswajd, fa igmg

usag wgbah sgipga 70 tg`um. Fa hchcrgpg provamsa gfg hchcrgpg pcmecjugkagm umtud 

tafgd wgbah icmcrusdgm pcmfafdgm pgfg uiur 76 tg`um ygme fgpgt fahcradgmfgkgi dcgfggm tcrtcmtu. Dgmgfg icwgbahdgm scdokg` sckgig 71< `gra fgkgi

sctg`um, scjgrg rcsia faiukga fgra hukgm Zcptcihcr (sctckg` @gra Huru`) sgipga

gd`ar hukgm Buma (hagsgmyg `gra Buigt tcrgd`ar hukgm, dcjugka fgkgi hchcrgpg dgsus

fa Wuchcj dctadg atu `gmyg schckui Buma 86 - provamsa `gra kahur ).

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Dotg Jgkegry, Gkhcrtg bukudgm "dotg sgpa" okc`

pcmfufud Jgkegry kodgk. Ioto rcsiamyg

gfgkg` @cgrt on t`c mcw wcst (@gta hgrgt hgru)

1.  Fcioergna 

Zcmsus 8<<7 icmjgtgt :<,<<5,<16 orgme, fgm fgra Gprak 8<<3 pcmfufudmyg

tckg` fapcrdargdgm Ztgtastajs Jgmgfg scbuikg` :8.8 butg orgmeT:Y. \gfg Zcmsus

 Mgsaomgk Dgmgfg 8<<7, rcspomfcm ickgpordgm gsgk ctmasmyg fa T6Y. 

:1,68% rcspomfcm icmeafcmtanadgsadgm gsgk ctmasmyg schgega "orgme-orgme

Dgmgfg". Dchgmygdgm icrcdg fapcrjgyg hcrgsgk fgra wgrasgm aiaergm

gwgk Ameeras, Arkgmfag fgm \rgmjas . 8<,75% icmeafcmtanadgsadgm gsgk ctmasmyg

schgega orgme Ameeras4 73,53% schgega orgme \rgmjas, 76,<:% schgega orgme-orgme

Zdotkgmfag, 78,1<% schgega orgme Arkgmfag. 

Zcbuikg` dckoipod kgam bueg fakgpordgm (mgium `gmyg Bcrigm (1.83%)

fgm Atgkag (6.81%) faakgpordgm kcha` fgrapgfg 6% rcspomfcm.

Buikg` "iamoratgs tcrka`gt" T3Y popukgsa agkg` 7:% popukgsa DgmgfgT>Y (tgd 

tcrigsud Hgmesg \crtgig, Iátas, fgm orgme Amuat4 buikg` pcrscmtgsc momdukat puta`

agkg` 75%).

7<. Hufgyg 

Hufgyg Dgmgfg scjgrg

 hcsgr fapcmegru`a hufgyg fgm

trgfasa Ameeras fgm \rgmjas

schgega gdahgt igsg dokomagkmyg

fg`uku. Fa sgipame atu, hufgyg

Dgmgfg bueg tckg` fapcmegru`a

 hufgyg Gicradg dgrcmg

dcfcdgtgmmyg fcmegm 8 mcecra

fgm iaergsa orgme, egegsgm,

iofgk, fgm pokatad ickamtgsa

 pcrhgtgsgm. Ugkgu hufgyg ygmefawgrasa atu, hufgyg Dgmgfg tckg`

icmecihgmedgm hgmygd jara

umad. Fgkgi hgmygd `gk, hufgyg

Dgmgfg ygme kcha` tcegp fgm bckgs tckg` hcrdcihgme fa tg`um-tg`um tcrdama,

tcrutgig dgrcmg rgsg dchgmesggm ygme ickaputa Dgmgfg fa tg`um-tg`um ygme

icmycrg`dgm fgm icmeaduta Zcrgtus Vg`um Dgmgfg pgfg 71>5, fgm bueg dgrcmg

nodus pgfg proergi umtud icmfudume scma fgm hufgyg Dgmgfg okc` pcicramtg`gm

ncfcrgk.

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8:

Vcpa kgut ^gmjouvcr, Hratas` Jokuihag

Orgme-orgme Cropg gwgk icihgmtu fgra fgsgr hufgyg Dgmgfg. Zckgig

dokomasgsa Dgmgfg pgrg pciudai icmukas hgmygd jcratg rgdygttcmtgme tgmg` fa

scdatgr icrcdg. Jcratg \guk Humygm icrupgdgm profud jcratg rgdygt Dgmgfg-

\rgmjas fgm egyg tgragm ergd jcpgt fgr aMcwnoumfkgmf icmciudgm gsgkmyg

fa Arkgmfag. 

Hgmygd naki, pcmegrgme, tomtomgm V^ fgm iusasa Gicradg sgig-sgig

tcrdcmgk fa Dgmgfg, fgm vajc-vcrsg ickamtgsa hgtgs. Hgmygd profud hufgyg fgra

 bcmas-bcmas atu dama igdam hgmygd fabugk ygme icmegrg` pgfg pgsgr "Gicradg

Stgrg" hcrsgtu, fgm tgd scjgrg spcsanad orgme Dgmgfg igupum Gicradg.

\cicramtg` GZ fgm Dgmgfg icmcraig hcrhgega pcrscdutugm pcdcrbg ygme

fcdgt fgkgi igsgkg` pcrfgegmegm, cdomoia, fgm pcrusg`ggm rcsia.

Dgrcmg Dgmgfg fgm GZ tckg` hcrdcihgme kcha` fcdgt, hgmygd orgme

Dgmgfg tckg` icmecihgmedgm pcrgsggm fgm pcr`gtagm doipkcds, hcrdcmggm

fcmegm gpg ygme icihugt Dgmgfg hgmesg ygme "hcrhcfg" fa Gicradg Stgrg.

Dc`gfargm hufgyg Gicradg ygme hcsgr tckg` icmforome hchcrgpg dctgdutgm fgra

"pcmegihakgka`gm hufgyg," fgm tckg` iciprgdgrsga pcruiusgm hgmygd amstatusa

`udui fgm pcicramtg`gm

ickamfumea hufgyg Dgmgfg.

Dchgmygdgm hufgyg Dgmgfg

tctgp fatcegsdgm hcrhcfg fcmegm hufgyg Gicradg (ka`gt Afcmtatgs

Dgmgfg).

Fa tg`um-tg`um tcrdama,

Dgmgfg tckg` igdam hcrtgihg`

icihcfgdgm faramyg fgra GZ

fcmegm dchabgdgm sosagk ygme

kcha` kahcrgk fgm dchabgdgm nasdgk

ygme kcha` domscrvgtan.\cicramtg` Dgmgfg (fgm ygme kcha` kugs, orgme Dgmgfg) icmfudume egegsgm

 pcrgwgtgm dcsc`gtgm umavcrsgk,pcrmadg`gm egy fgm fcdraiamgkasgsa egmbg. Fa sggt

ygme sgig, icrcdg tckg` icmfudume gmeegrgm hckgmbg ygme dkop, pciotomegm

 pgbgd, fgm pcrfgegmegm hchgs. Orgme-orgme Dgmgfg bueg jcmfcrume tameegk fa gtgu

fcdgt fgcrg` dotg ygme gigt hcsgr 

scpcrta Voromto, Iomtrcgk,^gmjouvcr, Uammapce, Ottgwg, Jgkegry, fgm Cfiomtom. 

Zaihok mgsaomgk

\cmeeumggm fgum igpck schgega saihok Dgmgfg fgpgt faurut hgkad pgfg

ghgf dc-70, fgm faegihgrdgm pgfg hcmfcrg tcrdama fgm schckuimyg,scm fokgr, fgm

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86

 pgfg kgihgme. Dgmgfg fadcmgk dgrcmg `utgm kugs fgm bgbgrgm pceumumegmmyg

(tcrigsud \ceumumegm Xojdy fa Gkhcrtg fgmHratas` Jokuihag) fgm `cwgm kagr 

ygme hcrtcipgt tameegk fcmegmmyg, scpcrta rusg hcsgr, dgrahou, hcrgme-

 hcrgme, hcrugme dutuh, fgm hcrugme erazzky. Dgmgfg hgmygd fadcmgk umtud 

gmedgtgm Xoygk Jgmgfagm Ioumtcf \okajc, fgm profud ygme fahugt fgra ZFG

mcecra, scpcrta sarup igpck. Vcmtgme `oda, okg`rgeg iusai fameam rcsia Dgmgfg,

 bueg scrame faeumgdgm schgega saihok mgsaomgk pcrsgtugm fgm dchgmeeggm.

Hcrsgkbu, iusai fameam, fgm adkai utgrg mcecra atu bueg tckg` icmjaptgdgm

 pgmfgmegm orgme-orgme Dgmgfg.

77. Srutgm Amtcrmgsaomgk 

Buikg` totgk pcrfgegmegm gsame (cdspor-aipor), 8<<:2 dccipgt (fgra 703)

@uigm Fcvckopicmt Amfcx, 8<<62 6t` (fgra 755)

Xcportcrs Uat`out Horfcrs Uorkf-wafc \rcss Nrccfoi Amfcx 8<<62 dckaig fgra 7>5

mcegrg±

Vrgmspgrcmjy Amtcrmgtaomgk Jorruptaom \crjcptaoms Amfcx 8<<6

(`ttp2//www.trgmspgrcmjy.ore/jpa/8<<6/jpa8<<6.cm.`tik) - dc-78 fgra 76> mcegrg

@cratgec Noumfgtaom/Ugkk Ztrcct Bourmgk Amfcx on Cjomoiaj Nrccfoi, 8<<3

(`ttp2//www.`cratgec.ore/rcscgrj`/ncgturcs/amfcx/) - dc-7> (kcha` fgra 733)

78. Kgam ‚ kgam 

k • h • s

\gdtg \crtg`gmgm Gtkgmtad Stgrg (MGVO) 

Mcegrg

gmeeotg

Gkhgmag µ Gicradg Zcradgt µ Hckgmfg µ Hckeag µ Hratgmag Xgyg µ Hukegrag µ XcpuhkadJcdo 

µ Fcmigrd  µ Cstomag µ @omegrag µ Askgmfag µ Atgkag µ Bcrigm µ Dgmgfg µ Drogsag µ Kgtvag µ Katugmag µ 

Kudscihure µ Morwceag µ\crgmjas µ \okgmfag µ \ortuegk µ Xuigmag µ Zkovcmag µ Zkowgdag µ Zpgmyok µ 

Vurda µ Qumgma

Jgkom

gmeeotg Ecoreag µ Xcpuhkad Igdcfomag

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k • h • s

\rovamsa fgm tcratora fa Dgmgfg

\rovamsaGkhcrtg µ Hratas` Jokuihag µ Igmatohg µ Mcw Hrumswajd  µ Mcwnoumfkgmf fgm Kghrgfor  µ Movg

Zjotag µ Omtgrao µ Wuchcj µ \ukgu \gmecrgm Cfwgrf µ Zgsdgtj`cwgm

Vcratora Vcratora Hgrgt Kgut µ Mumgvut µ Qudom

H.  Gicradg Zcradgt 

Gicradg Zcradgt (hg`gsg Ameeras2 Smatcf Ztgtcs on Gicrajg -

 SZG gtgu Smatcf Ztgtcs - S.Z.) gfgkg` schug` rcpuhkad ncfcrgk ygme tcrfara fgra

3< mcegrg hgeagm fgm schug` fastrad ncfcrgk. Dcjugka Gkgsdg (utgrg Dgmgfg) & @gwgaa

(kgutgm \gsanad), 60 mcegrg hgeagm kgammyg scrtg fastrad ncfcrgkmyg tcrkctgd faGicradg

Stgrg. Gicradg Zcradgt hcrhgtgsgm

fcmegm Icdsado fgm Vckud Icdsado fa

schckg` sckgtgm, fgm fcmegm Dgmgfg fa

schckg` utgrg fgm hgrgt kgut

(cdsdkgvc Gkgsdg). Fa schckg` hgrgt mcegrg

ama hcrhgtgsgm fcmegm Zgiufrg \gsanad fgm

fa schckg` taiur fcmegm Zgiufrg Gtkgmtad. Zckgam atu, Gicradg Zcradgt

 bueg "iciakada" hchcrgpg fgcrg`

fa Dgrahag fgm \gsanad, wgkgupum wakgyg`

tcrschut hudgmkg` hgeagm fgra Gicradg

Zcradgt.

Smatcf Ztgtcs on Gicrajg

Hcmfcrg  

Iotto2 Am Eof Uc Vrust (rcsia)

(Dcpgfg Vu`gm Dgia \crjgyg) 

 C \kurahus Smui  (trgfasaomgk)

(Kgtam2 Fgra Hgmygd Icmbgfa Zgtu) 

Kgeu dchgmesggm2 "V`c Ztgr-Zpgmekcf Hgmmcr" 

(Hcmfcrg Hcrtghur Hamtgme) 

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8>

Ahu dotg

Dotg tcrhcsgr 

Ugs`ametom, F.J.

:0¼3:‸M 55¼<7‸U 

 Mcw Qord Jaty

Hg`gsg rcsia Vafgd gfg hg`gsg rcsia pgfg

tamedgt ncfcrgkTgY 

Hg`gsg mgsaomgk Hg`gsg Ameeras (fc ngjto)ThY 

\cicramtg`gm

- \rcsafcm

- Ugdak \rcsafcm

- Buru Hajgrg

\grkcicm 

Xcpuhkaddomstatusaomg kNcfcrgk

Hgrgjd Ohgig

Boc Hafcm

 Mgmjy \ckosa

Bo`m Xohcrts

- Dctug Ig`dgig`

Geume

Dcicrfcdggm fgra Hratgmag Xgyg 

- Faprodkgigsadgm

- Fagdua

- Domstatusa

6 Buka 755>

: Zcptcihcr 750:

87 Buma 7500

Kugs 

- Votgk 1.08>.>53 di8 (dc-:/dc-6) 

- Gar (%) >,5>

\cmfufud  

- \crdarggm 8<77 :<0.057.<<< (dc-:TjY) 

- Zcmsus 8<<< 807.687.1<>T7Y 

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Fcmegm kugs wakgyg` 1,0: butg

di8 fgm pcmfufud schcsgr :<1 butg bawg,

Gicradg Zcradgt gfgkg` mcegrg tcrhcsgr dc-:

gtgu dc-6 hcrfgsgrdgm totgk kugs wakgyg`myg

fgm tcrhcsgr dc-: hcrfgsgrdgm buikg`

 pcmfufud. Mcegrg ama icrupgdgm mcegrg

iuktactmas fgm iuktadukturgk, ygme

faschghdgm okc` igsudmyg pgrg aiaergm fgra

sckuru` fumag.T6Y Cdomoia Gicradg Zcradgt

icrupgdgm cdomoia ygme tcrhcsgr fa fumag,

fcmegm profud foicstad hruto (pcrdarggm

8<<0) schcsgr GZ$76,6 trakaum (scpcrcipgt

fgra \FH fumag hcrfgsgrdgm moiamgk fgm

scpcrkaig hcrfgsgrdgm pgratgs fgyg hcka).T8YT3Y 

Zchckui dcfgtgmegm orgme Cropg,

Gicradg tckg` fa`uma okc` orgme-orgme

Amfagm sckgig hcrahu-rahu tg`um. Mgium

 popukgsa sudu Amfagm icmurum frgstas gdahgt

wghg` pcmygdat fgm pcpcrgmegm fcmegm

 pcmfgtgme Cropg. Gicradg tcrhcmtud fgra 7:

 hcdgs dokoma Hratgmag Xgyg ygme

icicrfcdgdgm fara pgfg tgmeegk 6 Buka 755>.

 Mcegrg hgru ama dciufagm icicmgmedgm

 pcpcrgmegm fcmegm Hratgmag

Xgyg fgkgi \crgme Xcvokusa

Gicradg.T>Y \gfg ghgf dc-71, Gicradg

Zcradgt hcrcdspgmsa scjgrg hcsgr-hcsgrgm,

icihcka

fgcrg` Kouasagmg fgra \crgmjas, Gkgsdg fgraXusag, scrtg icmegmcdsgsa fgcrg`-fgcrg`

iakad Icdsado ygatu Mcw Icxajo, Vcxgs, 

fgm Jgkanormag scusga \crgme Icdsado-

Gicradg. 

\crtcmtgmegm gmtgrg mcegrg hgeagm

utgrg fcmegm mcegrg hgeagm sckgtgm icmecmga

igsgkg` `gd-`gd mcegrg hgeagm scrtg

 pcrhufgdgm icmjctusdgm \crgme ZgufgrgGicradg pgfg tg`um 70><-gm. Mcegrg hgeagm

- Dcpgfgtgm :8/di8 (dc-750) 

\FH (DDH) 

- Votgk

- \cr dgpatg

\crdarggm 8<<0

$76,667 trakaumT8Y (dc-7) 

GZ$65.66<T8Y (dc->) 

\FH (moiamgk)

- Votgk

- \cr dgpatg

\crdarggm 8<<0

GZ$76,667 trakaumT8Y (dc-7) 

GZ$65.66<T8Y (dc-75) 

Eama (8<<5) 63,< (dc-66) 

A\I (8<<5) ▸ <,13>T:Y (sgmegt

tameea) (dc-7:) 

Igtg ugme Fokgr Gicradg Zcradgt ($)

(SZF) 

Romg wgdtu

- Iusai

 pgmgs (FZV) 

(SVJ∘3 s/f ∘7<) 

(SVJ∘6 s/f ∘7<) 

Norigt tgmeegk i/f/yy (GF) 

Kgbur dciufa dgmgm

Xgmg` Amtcrmct .us .eov .iak .cfu

Dofc tckcpom +7

]g. Hg`gsg Ameeras gfgkg` hg`gsg rcsia fa pgkame tafgd 80

mcegrg hgeagm. @gk ama hcrhcfg-hcfg tcregmtume pgfg fcnamasa

dgtg "rcsia". Fa mcegrg hgeagm @gwgaa, hg`gsg Ameeras

fgm @gwgaa gfgkg` hg`gsg rcsia. 

] h. Hg`gsg Ameeras scjgrg fc ngjto icrupgdgm hg`gsg ygme

faeumgdgm okc` pcicramtg` Gicradg Zcradgt fgm icrupgdgm

sgtu-sgtumyg hg`gsg ygme fatuturdgm okc` 0<% wgreg

Gicradg. Hg`gsg Zpgmyok icrupgdgm hg`gsg dcfug tcrhgmygd 

ygme fatuturdgm. 

]j. \crdarggm popukgsa ickaputa orgme-orgme ygme tameegk fa

kaig puku` mcegrg hgeagm fgm Fastrajt on Jokuihag, tcrigsud 

 pukg ygme hudgm wgreg mcegrg. Makga pcrdarggm ama tafgd 

ickaputa orgme ygme tameegk fa tcratoragk GZ (scdatgr 6 butg

wgreg mcegrg GZ) igupum wgreg mcegrg GZ ygme tameegk fa

kugr mcecra. 

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utgrg dciufagm hcr`gsak icicmgmedgm pcrgme ama fgm icipcrtg`gmdgm pcrsgtugm

mcegrg. Cdomoia Gicradg Zcradgt icmbgfa ygme tcrhcsgr fa fumag scicmbgd tg`um

705<-gm.T5Y Dcicmgmegm pgfg \crgme Zpgmyok-Gicradg fgm \crgme Fumag

A icmegmedgt Gicradg Zcradgt schgega sgkg` sgtu dcdugtgm iakatcr fumag. \gfg \crgme

Fumag AA, Gicradg Zcradgt icmbgfa mcegrg pcrtgig ygme iciakada scmbgtg mudkar. 

Hcrgd`armyg \crgme Fameam fgm rumtu`myg Sma Zovact icihugt Gicradg Zcradgt

icmbgfa sgtu-sgtumyg mcegrg gfafgyg fumag fgm icmbgfa ygme tcrfcpgm fgkgi `gk

iakatcr, cdomoia, hufgyg, fgm pokatad .T0Y 

7.  Ctaiokoea 

\gfg tg`um 73<5, Dgrtoergncr Bcrigm, Igrtam Ugkfscciûkkcr icihugt pctg

fumag ygme fa fgkgimyg tcrfgpgt dgtg "Gicrajg"  umtud icrubud pgfg hcmug hgeagm hgrgt. \cmgiggm ama famgigdgm gtgs mgig scorgme pcmbckgbg` Atgkag, Gicraeo

^cspujja.T1Y Dokoma-dokoma Hratgmag ygme icicrfcdgdgm fara pcrtgig dgka

icmeeumgdgm mgig "Smatcf Ztgtcs on Gicrajg" fgkgi prodkgigsa

dcicrfcdggmmyg pgfg 6 Buka 755>.T7<Y  Mgig ama dciufagm fatctgpdgm pgfg 73

 Movcihcr 7555.

8.  Zcbgrg` 

Gicradg Zcradgt tcrhcmtud fgra 7: hcdgs dokoma Ameeras sckcpgs XcvokusaGicradg sctckg` fcdkgrgsa dcicrfcdggm pgfg tgmeegk 6 Buka 755>. \gfg gsgkmyg,

strudtur pokatadmyg agkg` schug` domncfcrgsa. Vctgpa sckcpgs fchgt ygme kgig fgm

tcrhcmtudmyg Domstatusa Gicradg, dokoma ama gd`armyg scpgdgt umtud icihcmtud 

mcegrg pcrscdutugm. 

\gfg ghgf dc-71 dcdugtgm GZ ickugs fa sckuru` hcmug Gicradg Stgrg.

Ickgkua pgdsggm, dcdugtgm iakatcr, fgm fapkoigsa, GZ icipcrokc` hgmygd mcegrg-

mcegrg hgeagm kgam fa fgkgi fgm fa kugr mcegrg scpcrta Duhg fgm Nakapamg. 

Ugkgupum hceatu, mcegrg ama icmegkgia igsgkg` sosagk ygme hurud. Fgkgi usg`gumtud icmecihgmedgm wakgyg` dcdugsggm dgui dukat puta`, dgui prahuia

Amfagm tckg` fabgfadgm dorhgm. Ickgkua dcdugtgm iakatcr, pciusmg`gm, pcmyamedargm

scrtg pcihgmeumgm fgcrg` rcscrvgsa, dgui prahuia Amfagm tckg` fasamedardgm. Fa

schckg` sckgtgm, igsa` gfg sastci pcrhufgdgm fcmegm dgui dukat `atgi schgega

wgreg dckgs dcfug. Fasdraiamgsa tcr`gfgp dgui hcrwgrmg icrupgdgm sgkg` sgtu

schgh tcrbgfamyg pcrgme sgufgrg gmtgrg mcegrg hgeagm-mcegrg hgeagm Stgrg fgm

Zckgtgm. Ugkgupum sastci pcrhufgdgm tckg` fa`gpusdgm sckcpgs dcdgkg`gm mcegrg-

mcegrg hgeagm Zckgtgm, fasdraiamgsa wgrmg dukat tcrus icrgbgkckg sc`ameeg dc

 pcrtcmeg`gm ghgf dc-8<.

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Zcwgdtu crg tcrschut, mcegrg ama tcrus igbu icmbgfa schug`

 pcmeugsg pcramfustragm fumag, ygme hcrtcrusgm sc`ameeg dc ghgf-8<, fadcmgk

schgega Ghgf Dceciakgmegm Gicradg gtgu t`c Gicrajgm Jcmtury. Fgkgi ghgf ama

 pcmegru` Gicradg scigdam ickugs fa grcmg amtcrmgsaomgk fgm icmbgfa pusgt

amovgsa scrtg tcdmokoea tcrumeeuk fa fumag dctadg atu. Hchcrgpg suihgmegm

tcdmokoeamyg tcrigsud tckcpom, tckcvasa, doiputcr, Amtcrmct, scmbgtg mudkar, dgpgk

tcrhgmefgm pcrbgkgmgm gmedgsg kugr. 

 Mcegrg ama tckg` icmegkgia hchcrgpg pcmegkgigm pg`at scpcrta \crgme

Zgufgrg Gicradg (70>7-70>3) fgm dcbgtu`gm cdomoia ygme hurud scwgdtu "Ercgt

Fcprcssaom" (7181-71:1) ygme hudgm sgbg ickgmfg Gicradg igkg` `gipar sckuru`

fumag. \cmegkgigm tcrhgru ygme pgkame icmycfa`dgm agkg` scrgmegm 1/77 pgfg 77

Zcptcihcr 8<<7 fa Uorkf Vrgfc Jcmtcr, Mcw Qord, fa igmg `gipar taeg rahu orgme

tcrhumu` gdahgt scrgmegm tcroras. 

Fgra scea scbgrg`, mcegrg ama tckg` tcrkahgt fgkgi hchcrgpg pcrgme fumag

ygme hcsgr, fgra \crgme 7078 icmcmtgme Ameeras, fgm hcrpgdtg pukg fcmegm Ameeras

scwgdtu \crgme Fumag A fgm \crgme Fumag AA. \gfg crg 71><-gm Gicradg tcrkahgt fa

fgkgi \crgme Fameam icmcmtgme dcdugtgm hcsgr ygme kgam ygatu Zovactscrtg

 pcmegru` doiumasic. Fgkgi usg`g icihcmfume pcmukgrgm doiumasic fa Gsag,

GZ fgkgi \crgme Dorcg, ^actmgi fgm tcrgd`ar fa Gnegmastgm. Zckcpgs dcbgtu`gm

fgm pcrpcjg`gm Zovact, GZ hgmedat icmbgfa schug` dcdugtgm cdomoia fgm iakatcr 

ygme tcrdugt fa fumag. Zcwgdtu tg`um 711<-gm, GZ icmohgtdgm faramyg schgega

 pokasa fumag fgm tcmtgrgmyg hcrgdsa fa Dosovo, @gata, Zoigkag fgm Kahcrag, 

fgm \crgme Vckud \crtgig tcr`gfgp Argd ygme icmeamvgsa Duwgat. Zckcpgs

scrgmegm tcroras pgfg 77 Zcptcihcr 8<<7 fa Uorkf Vrgfc Jcmtcr fgm \cmtgeom, GZ

ickgmjgrdgm scrgmegm hgkgsgm tcr`gfgpGnegmastgm fgm icmbgtu`dgm

mcegrg Vgkahgm fa sgmg fgm pgfg tg`um 8<<: ickgmjgrdgm \crgme Vckud Dcfug

tcr`gfgp Argd umtud icmyamedardgm rczaiZgffgi @usscam. 

:.  \okatad  

Gicradg Zcradgt icrupgdgm mcegrg fciodrgsa domstatusaomgk fcmegm

sastci t`rcc-tacr fgm amstatusa dc`gdaigm ygme hchgs. Vcrfgpgt taeg pcramedgt ygatu

mgsaomgk, mcegrg hgeagm fgm pcicramtg`gm kodgk ygme icipumyga

 hgfgm kceaskgtan scrtg cdscdutan fcmegm hafgme dugsg igsame-igsame. Mcegrg ama

icmeeumgdgm sastci pcrscdutugm gtgu ncfcrgkasicfa igmg fa mcegrg

 pusgt fgm mcegrg hgeagm hcrhgea dugsg. Mcegrg pusgt hcrdugsg tcr`gfgp hchcrgpg

 pcrdgrg scpcrta pcmjctgdgm igtg ugme Gicradg scrtg dchabgdgm pcrtg`gmgm. Mgium,mcegrg-mcegrg hgeagm hcrdugsg icmcmtudgm `gd fgm umfgme-umfgme igsame-

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igsame scpcrta `gd pcmeeueurgm hgya fgm `uduigm igdsaigk fgkgi `gk umfgme-

umfgme.

Zgtu ckcicm ygme dcmtgrg fa Gicradg agkg` fodtram pcihgeagm dugsg. \gsgk

7 `ameeg : Domstatusa Gicradg, tckg` icmeegrasdgm scjgrg tcrpcramja icmecmgadugsg-dugsg Mcegrg ygme utgig ygatucdscdutan, kceaskgtan fgm dc`gdaigm. J`cjds

gmf Hgkgmjcs gtgu pcicradsggm fgm dcscaihgmegm icrupgdgm sgtu jara ygme utgig

fgkgi mcegrg Gicradg fgm `gk ama hceatu doiprc`cmsan sc`ameeg tafgd gfg sgtu

jghgme mcegrg ygme icipumyga dugsg iutkgd umtud icmegwgk jghgme ygme kgam.

Fa mcegrg ama sciug rgdygt ygme hcrusag 70 tg`um dc gtgs hcr`gd 

iciaka`. \ciaku umtud pciaka`gm prcsafcm fagfgdgm sctagp cipgt tg`um scdgka fgm

ygme tcrgd`ar agkg` pgfg hukgm Movcihcr 8<<6.

Fa sgipame \ciaku umtud pciaka`gm prcsafcm, gfg pukg \ciaku pgru`

wgdtu, ygme fagfgdgm pgfg pcrtcmeg`gm igsg bghgtgm prcsafcm. Fgkgi pciaku ama

ygme fapaka` hudgmkg` prcsafcm ickgamdgm sckuru` gmeeotg Fcwgm \crwgdakgm fgm

scpcrtaeg fgra sciug scmgtor fgra tagp mcegrg hgeagm. \ciaku ama tcrgd`ar fagfgdgm

 pgfg 5 Movcihcr 8<<>. 

6.  Mcegrg Hgeagm 

Zggt famygtgdgmmyg dcicrfcdggm Gicradg Zcradgt, taeg hckgs dokoma hcruhg` icmbgfa mcegrg hgeagm-mcegrg hgeagm. \gfg iukgmyg mcegrg

 hgeagm-mcegrg hgeagm ama hcreghume schgega schug` pcrscdutugm tctgpa dciufagm

icihcmtud schug` mcegrg ygme hcrsgtu. \gfg tg`um-tg`um hcradutmyg, buikg`

mcegrg hgeagm hcrtgihg` fcmegm igsudmyg mcegrg hgeagm-mcegrg hgeagm fa hgrgt,

 pcihckagm tgmg` fgm pcrpcjg`gm mcegrg hgeagm-mcegrg hgeagm ygme sufg` gfg.

Zctagp mcegrg hgeagm fahgea

dcpgfg joumtacs (scigjgi dghupgtcm), jatacs (scigjgi dotgigfyg gtgu dotg

otomoi) fgm towms`aps (scigjgi dcjgigtgm).

Gicradg Zcradgt bueg iciakada fgcrg` ncfcrgk, Ugs`ametom, FJ, fgm tgmg`

 bgbg`gm scpcrta \ucrto Xado, Zgiog Gicradg, Eugi fgm Dcpukgugm ^aream. 

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\ctg ecoergnas Gicradg Zcradgt

Zckgam mcegrg hgeagm, gfg sgtu fgcrg` ncfcrgk, fgm hchcrgpg fgcrg` ygme

 hasg faschut bgbg`gm. k • h • s

Gicradg Zcradgt 

Mcegrg

hgeagm

Gkghgig µ Gkgsdg µ Grazomg µ Grdgmsgs µ Jgkanormag µ Jgrokamg Zckgtgm µ Jgrokamg Stgrg µ Jokorgfo µ Jo

mmcjtajut µ Fgdotg Zckgtgm µ Fgdotg Stgrg µ Fckgwgrc µ Nkorafg µ Ecoreag µ @gwgaa µ Afg`o µ Akkamoas µ Am

fagmg µ Aowg µDgmsgs µ Dcmtujdy µ Kouasagmg µ Igamc µ Igrykgmf µ Igssgj`usctts µ Iaj`aegm µ Iammcs

otg µ Iassassappa µ Iassoura µ Iomtgmg µ Mchrgsdg µ Mcvgfg µ Mcw @gips`arc µ Mcw Bcrscy µ Mcw Icx

ajo µ Mcw Qord µ O`ao µOdkg`oig µ Orceom µ \cmmsykvgmag µ X`ofc Askgmf µ Vcmmcsscc µ Vcxgs µ Stg` µ

^criomt µ ^areamag µ ^areamag Hgrgt µ Ugs`ametom µ Uasjomsam µ Uyoiame

Fastrad 

ncfcrgk Ugs`ametom, F.J. (Fastrad Jokuihag)

 

Fgcrg`

amsukcr Zgiog Gicradg µ Eugi µ Dcpukgugm Igragmg Stgrg µ \ucrto Xado µ Dcpukgugm ^aream GZ

\ukgu

tcrkugr

Vcpa Hgbo Mucvo µ \ukgu Hgdcr µ \ukgu @owkgmf µ \ukgu Bgrvas µ Gtok Bo`mstom µ Dgrgme Dameigm µ Gt

ok Iafwgy µ \ukgu Mgvgssg µ Gtok \gkiyrg µ Vcpa Zcrrgmakkg µ \ukgu Ugdc

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3.  Ecoergna 

Gicradg Zcradgt agkg` mcegrg tcrhcsgr dc-: fa fumag. Dcgfggm ecoergnasmyg

gigt hcrigjgi-igjgi.

  Gfg pgfgme ruiput fa \csasar Vaiur,

  \ceumumegm Gppgkgj`agm

  Ercgt \kgams fa tcmeg` mcecra ama,

  Zumega Iassassappa-Iassoura, 

  \ceumumegm Xojdy fa hgeagm hgrgt

  Fgmgu Omtgrao fa Stgrg.

  Fgmgu Crac fa Stgrg.

  Fgmgu Iaj`aegm fa Stgrg.

Adkaimyg hcrigjgi-igjgi icmurut dcgfggm ecoergnasmyg, fgra tropas

(pgmgs fgm dcrame fa iusai pgmgs, `gmegt fa iusai fameam)

fa Nkorafg sgipga tumfrg (fameam scpgmbgme tg`um) fa Gkgsdg. 

Zchgeagm hcsgr mcegrg ama iciakada iusai pgmgs ygme `gmegt fgm iusai

sgkbu ygme fameam. Zcbuikg` hgeagm GZ, scpcrta hgeagm Jgkanormag, iciakada adkai

Icfatcrrgmag. 

>.  Cdomoia 

GZ icmbgkgmdgm sastci cdomoia dgpatgkas. \crtuihu`gm cdomoia mcegrg

ama dodo` fa pcriudggmmyg, pcmegmeeurgm fgm amnkgsa rcmfg`, fgm fcnasat

 pcrfgegmegm ygme rcmfg` (hcrgrta GZ icihcka kcha` hgmygd hgrgme fgra mcegrg

kgam fgrapgfg icmbugk).

Cdomoia GZ agkg` sgkg` sgtu ygme tcrpcmtame fa fumag. Hgmygd mcegrg tckg`

icmbgfadgm fokgr GZ schgega tokod udur igtg ugmemyg, grtamyg hcr`greg gtgu

tafgdmyg igtg ugme icrcdg fatcmtudgm okc` fokgr. Zcbuikg` mcegrg icmeeumgdgm

fokgr schgega igtg ugmemyg. Hursg sg`gi GZ fapgmfgme schgega amfadgtor 

cdomoia fumag.

 Mcegrg ama iciakada hgmygd suihcr fgyg iamcrgk, 

scpcrta cigs, iamygd, hgtu hgrg fgm cmfgpgm urgmaui. \crtgmagm icihugt mcegrg

ama hcrgfg fa gmtgrg profuscm utgig, fa gmtgrg

kgammyg, bgeume,egmfui, eukg fgm tcihgdgu. GZ iciprofudsa iohak, pcsgwgt

tcrhgme fgm hcmfg ckcdtromad. Zcdatgr :/6 on pcmfufud GZ hcdcrbg fa amfustra bgsg. 

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Iatrg fgegme GZ agkg`2

  Dgmgfg

  Icdsado

   Mcegrg Cropg

   Mcegrg amfustra Gsag scpcrta Bcpgme, Vgawgm, Amfag, Dorsck fgm XXJ. 

Bgrgd strudtur sosagk Gicradg Zcradgt hcsgr, hcrgrta scbuikg` orgme Gicradg

judup dgyg. Ugkgupum schcmgrmyg igsa` gfg bueg rgdygt ygme `afup fa hgwg`

egras dciasdamgm. 37% fgra sckuru` ruig` tgmeeg iciakada doiputcr fgm 67%

iciakada gdscs Amtcrmct pgfg 8<<<, gmedg ygme tckg` hcrdcihgme icmbgfa 53%

 pgfg 8<<6. Kcha` kgmbut, >5,1% pcmfufudmyg iciakada ruig` scmfara pgfg 8<<8.

\cmfgpgtgm pcrdgpatg pcmfufud Gicradg $:5.<<< sctg`um pgfg 8<<8.

5.  \cmfafadgm 

\cmfafadgm puhkad Gicradg faopcrgsadgm okc` mcegrg fgm pcicramtg`

fgcrg`, ygme fagtur okc` Gicradg Zcradgt Fcpgrtcicm \cmfafadgm ickgkua

 pcihgtgsgm fgmg ncfcrgk. Gmgd-gmgd fawgbahdgm fa dchgmygdgm mcegrg umtud 

icme`gfara scdokg` fgra usag cmgi gtgu tubu` (uiuimyg, tgigm dgmgd-dgmgd gtgu

dckgs pcrtgig) sgipga icrcdg hcruiur fckgpgm hckgs (uiuimyg icihgwg

icrcdg ickgkua dckgs fug hckgs, gd`ar ZIS)4 hchcrgpg Mcegrg hgeagm

iciumedamdgm saswg umtud icmameegkdgm scdokg` pgfg usag cmgi hckgs gtgu tubu` hckgs. Zcdatgr 78% fgra gmgd-gmgd ygme tcrfgntgr fa momscjtgragm pgroda gtgu

scdokg` swgstg. @gmyg scdatgr 8% fgra gmgd-gmgd ygme hckgbgr fa ruig`. Gicradg

Zcradgt iciakada hgmygd kcihgeg-kcihgeg swgstg fgm puhkad pcmfafadgm tameea

ygme doipctatan, scrtg igsygrgdgt kodgk igsud pcreurugm tameea fcmegm dchabgdgm

tcrhudg. Fgra buikg` pcmfufud Gicradg ygme hcruiur fagtgs fug puku` kaig

tg`um, scdatgr 06,>% kukus fgra scdokg` icmcmeg` uiui, 38,>% fgra icrcdg

igsud dc hchcrgpg pcreurugm tameea, fgm scdatgr 85,8% icipcrokc` eckgr sgrbgmg,

fgm 1,>% icipcrokc` eckgr sgrbgmg iufg. @gipar sckuru` rgdygt gicradg tafgd 

gfg ygme hutg `urun icmjgpga scdatgr 11% fgra totgk dcsckuru`gm. \crscradgtgm

Hgmesg-Hgmesg icihcradgm Gicradg Zcradgt schug` amfcds \cmfafadgm <,15, ygme

 hcrgfg pgfg pcramedgt 78 fa fumag. 

0.  Fcioergna 

Zchgeagm hcsgr pcmfufud fa GZ agkg` dcturumgm aiaergm Cropg. Hgmygd 

orgme ygme faturumdgm fgra Bcrigm, Ameeras, Zdotkgmfag, Arkgmfag, fgm Atgkag. 

\gfg tg`um-tg`um tcrdama, hgmygd orgme @aspgmad fgtgme fgra Icdsado fgm

 hgeagm kgam fa Gicradg Kgtam, d`ususmyg dc hgrgt fgyg GZ. Hgmygd fgra icrcdg

ygme ickamtgsa pcrhgtgsgm scjgrg akcegk. Hchcrgpg orgme GZ icrgsg ecrg`, fgm bueg

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dgrcmg hgmygdmyg pcmeeumggm hg`gsg Zpgmyok fa GZ (ka`gt Hg`gsg-hg`gsg fa

Gicradg Zcradgt).

Hgmygd bueg orgme Gnradg-Gicradg. Zchgeagm hcsgr fgra icrcdg faturumdgm

fgra hufgd Gnradg ygme fahgwg dc Fumag Hgru. Zcpcrtaeg pcmfufud GZ agkg` orgme Gsag-Gicradg. Zchgeagm hcsgr 

icmfagia pcsasar hgrgt.

\cmfufud gskamyg, faschut pcmfufud gska

Gicradg gtgu Amfagm fgm Csdaio gigt scfadat.

Gegig

Buikg` pcickud Drastcm fa GZ tcrus icmurum. 0>,8% icmychut faramyg

Drastcm pgfg 711< fgm 5>,3% icmychut faramyg Drastcm pgfg 8<<7 (GXAZ 8<<7).

Gmeeotg dcgegiggm pgfg 8<<7 agkg`\rotcstgm 38%, Dgtokad 86,3%, tafgd gfg

7:,8%, Qufgasic 7,:% fgm <,3-<,:% Askgi,  Huff`g,  Gemostad,  Gtcas, 

@amfu fgm Smavcrsgkas Smatgragm. Gfg pcrhcfggm hcsgr fa gmtgrg icrcdg ygme

icickud sugtu gegig fgm icrcdg ygme icrupgdgm gmeeotg tcipgt ahgfg` gegig

atu. Gmedg Haro Zcmsus (nakc \FN) icmumbuddgm hg`wg dcgmeeotggm tcipgt ahgfg`

 pgfg 8<<6 agkg` ::% Drastcm \rotcstgm, 71% Dgtokad Xoig, 6% Qg`ufa fgm 66%

gegig kgammyg.

1.  Hufgyg 

Vamedgt dchufgyggm Gicradg Zcradgt tcreokome igbu. @gk ama tcrhudta

fcmegm dcigbugm tcdmokoeamyg. Gicradg Zcradgt hcrsgig mcegrg sg`ghgtmyg

ygatu Xusag icrupgdgm mcegrg paomar fgkgi pcmyckafadgm fgm pcmbckgbg`gm kugr 

gmedgsg, fa sgipame atu Gicradg Zcradgt bueg g`ka fgkgi hafgme pcrscmbgtggm

iutgd`ar.

Fgkgi hafgme sgstrg iofcrm, Gicradg Zcradgt iciakada Crmcst

@ciamewgy, ygme pcrmg` icrga` @gfag` Mohck tg`um 7136. 

@gra kahur ncfcrgk

Vgmeegk Mgig Dctcrgmegm

7 Bgmugra  @gra tg`um hgru Icipcramegta gwgk tg`um.

Bgmugra, Zcmam dc-: @gra Igrtam Kut`cr Dame, Br.   Icme`origta Fr. Dame, pciaipam @GI. 

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Nchrugra, Zcmam dc-: @gra \rcsafcm  

Icme`origta igmtgm \rcsafcm GZ,

d`ususmyg Ugs`ametom fgm Kamjokm. 

Ica, Zcmam tcrgd`ar @gra \cramegtgm  

Icme`origta todo` iakatcr ygme eueur

fgkgi hcrtuegs.

6 Buka   @gra Dcicrfcdggm  

Icipcramegta Fcdkgrgsa Dcicrfcdggm4 

hagsg faschut "V`c Nourt` on Buky".

Zcptcihcr, Zcmam pcrtgig @gra Huru`  

Icipcramegta prcstgsa huru`, fgm

icmgmfga gd`ar trgfasaomgk iusai pgmgs.

Odtohcr, Zcmam dcfug @gra Jokuihus  

Icme`origta J`rastop`cr Jokuihus, 

pcmciu Gicradg.

77 Movcihcr   @gra ^ctcrgm  

\cmegigtgm trgfasaomgk fgra ioicm

dc`cmamegm pgfg bgi 77.<<

icipcramegta icrcdg ygme hcrbugme

umtud pcrfgigagm

Movcihcr, Dgias dc-6 V`gmdseavame  

Icihcradgm tcraig dgsa` hugt

pciumeutgm pgmcm iusai eueur, fgm

icmgmfga gwgk trgfasaomgk fgra "iusai

kahur".

83 Fcscihcr   @gra Mgtgk  

Icipcramegta dckg`argm Qcsus, fgm bueg

fapcramegta schgega `gra kahur iusai

fameam.

7<. Kgam ‚ kgam 

k • h • s

\gdtg \crtg`gmgm Gtkgmtad Stgrg (MGVO) 

Mcegrg

gmeeotg

Gkhgmag µ Gicradg Zcradgt µ Hckgmfg µ Hckeag µ Hratgmag Xgyg µ Hukegrag µ XcpuhkadJcdo 

µ Fcmigrd  µ Cstomag µ @omegrag µ Askgmfag µ Atgkag µ Bcrigm µ Dgmgfg µ Drogsag µ Kgtvag µ Katugmag µ 

Kudscihure µ Morwceag µ\crgmjas µ \okgmfag µ \ortuegk µ Xuigmag µ Zkovcmag µ Zkowgdag µ Zpgmyok µ 

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Vurda µ Qumgma

Jgkom

gmeeotg Ecoreag µ Xcpuhkad Igdcfomag

J.  Icdsado 

\crsgtugm Mcegrg-Mcegrg Icdsado gtgu Icdsado (hg`gsg Zpgmyok2  Cstgfos

Smafos Icxajgmos gtgu Iáxajo) gfgkg` schug` mcegrg ygme tcrkctgd faGicradg Stgrg, 

 hcrhgtgsgm fcmegm Gicradg Zcradgt, Eugtcigkg fgm Hckazc fa schckg`

tcmeegrg, Zgiufrg \gsanad fa hgrgt, fgm Vckud Icdsado fgm Kgut Dgrahag fa schckg`

taiur. Ag icrupgdgm mcegrg tcrhcsgr dctaeg fa Gicradg Kgtam fgm bueg mcegrg ygme pgkame hgmygd hcrhg`gsg Zpgmyok. Mgig mcegrg ama fagihak fgra mgig ahu dotgmyg,

ygme hcrgsgk fgra mgig ahu dotg dumo Gztcj ygatu Icxajo-Vcmoj`tatkgm. Icxa agkg`

schgeagm mgig Icxatka, ygatu mgig fcwg pcrgme, scfgmedgm jo hcrigdmg 'tcipgt'

fgm jg hcrcrta 'orgme'.

Cstgfos Smafos Icxajgmos

Hcmfcrg Kgihgme 

Iotto2  ‖  

Kgeu dchgmesggm2 @aimo Mgjaomgk Icxajgmo

Ahu dotg 

(fgm dotg tcrhcsgr)

Jaufgf fc Iáxajo 

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7.  Zcbgrg`

Zckgig `gipar :.<<< tg`um,

Icdsado icmbgfa tcipgt

 hchcrgpg pcrgfghgm igbu scpcrta

 pcrgfghgm Gicramfagm, Igyg fgm Gztcj. 

Vahgmyg pcmbgbg`Zpgmyok fa hgwg`

 paipamgm habgd @crmgm Jortcs pgfg gwgk

ghgf dc-7>, fgm dcicmgmegm icrcdg gtgs

dgui Gztcj pgfg 7387, icmgmfgdgm

iukgmyg crg pcmedokomagm Icdsado

schgega Zpgmyok Hgru. 

\gfg 73 Zcptcihcr 707<,

dcicrfcdggm fgra Zpgmyok tckg`

famygtgdgm okc` Iaeuck @afgkeo y

Jostakkg fa Fokorcs ygatu schug` dotg

dcjak. Ama icrupgdgm tatad pcriukggm

 pcpcrgmegm umtud dcicrfcdggm ygme

fadcmgka schgega \crgme Dcicrfcdggm

Icdsado ygme hcrgd`ar fcmegm

dcicrfcdggm pgfg 7087 fgm pcihcmtudgm Dcdgasgrgm Icdsado ygme

\crtgig.

Zckcpgs icrfcdg, sciug mcegrg fa

Gicradg Vcmeg` dcjugka J`agpgs, sctubu

umtud tafgd icmbgfa schgeagm

gmeeotg dcdgasgrgm ama. Zckcpgs

dcbgtu`gmDcdgasgrgm Icdsado dc tgmegm

 pa`gd rcpuhkadgm fa hgwg` paipamgm Gmtomao Kúpcz fc Zgmtg Gmmg, 

Xcpuhkad ygme pcrtgig tckg` fahcmtud fcmegmEugfgkupc ^ajtorag schgega

\rcsafcmmyg ygme pcrtgig. Fa hgwg` pcicramtg`gm Zgmtg Gmmg, pcmfufud fa

 hgeagm Vcxgm ygatu fa Jog`uakg fgm Vcxgs tckg` icihcromtgd fgm icmumtut

dcicrfcdggm fgra pcicramtg` Icdsado. \cmfufud fa sama, tcrutgig pcmbckgbg`

 hcrhgmesg Ameeras, tckg` icihcmtud Xcpuhkad Vcxgs. \cihcromtgdgm ama tckg`

icmjctusdgm pcpcrgmegm ygme tcrdcmgk ygatu pcrgme fa Gkgio fa gmtgrg iakatcr 

Icdsado fgm Vcxgs. Gd`armyg pgfg 70:>, Vcxgs icmfgpgt dcicrfcdggm fgmXcpuhkad Icdsado scigdam icmecjak. \gfg 706<-gm, mcegrg ama tckg` fascrgme okc`

Hg`gsg rcsia Zpgmyok  

\cicramtg`gm

- \rcsafcm 

Xcpuhkad ncfcrgk

Nckapc Jgkfcrúm

@amobosg

Dcicrfcdggm

- Fcdkgrgsa

- Fagdua

Fgra Zpgmyok

7> Zcptcihcr 707<

85 Zcptcihcr 7087

Kugs  

- Votgk

- Gar (%) 

7,1>6,:08 di8 (76) 

8,3%

\cmfufud  

- \crdarggm 8<<>

- Zcmsus 8<<6

- Dcpgfgtgm

7<5.785.<7: (77) 

7<6.131.31<

33/di8 (775) 

\FH (DDH) 

- Votgk

- \cr dgpatg

\crdarggm 8<<3

SZ$7.<<3 iakagr (7:) 

SZ$1.>>> (>>) 

Igtg ugme \cso (IPM) 

Romg wgdtu

- Iusai pgmgs (FZV) 

(SVJ-0 `ameeg ->)

(SVJ-5 `ameeg -3)

Xgmg` Amtcrmct .ix

Dofc tckcpom 38

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Zchug` pargiaf fa

duak Igyg, Qujgtgm 

Gicradg Zcradgt ygme icmegdahgtdgm dc`akgmegm wakgyg` ygme gigt hcsgr,

tcrigsud Gktg Jgkanormag, Grazomg, Mcvgfg, Stg` fgm Mcw Icxajo. \gfg 70><-gm

mcegrg ama scdgka kgea fascrgme, dgka ama okc` hgkg tcmtgrg \crgmjas, ygme ameam

icmgaddgm Grj`fudc fgra Gustrag Ncrfamgmf Igxaiakkagm schgega Ig`grgbg

Icdsado, fcmegm sodomegm pcmfctg Dgtokad fgm eokomegm Jrcokc ygme domscrvgtan. 

 Mgium pcicramtg`gm hckagu hcrgd`ar fcmegm pcrastawg hcrfgrg`, fa igmg Hcmato

Bugrcz hcdgs prcsafcm Icdsado tckg`

fakgmtad dcihgka schgega \rcsafcm. \gfg

iukgmyg, Bcmfcrgk Aemgjao

Rgrgeozg hcr`gsak icmcwgsdgm tcmtgrg

\crgmjas pgfg 3 Ica (gtgu Jamjo fc Igyo, 

fgkgi hg`gsg Zpgmyok) 70>8 fgkgi \crgme

\uchkg tctgpa gd`armyg tcrpgdsg icmegkg`,

fgm Mgpokcom AAA fgra \crgmjas, Ig`grgbg

\crgmjas, tckg` icmegmedgt Ncrfamgmf

Igxaiakkagm fgra Gustrag schgega Xgbg

Icdsado pgfg 70>6. Mgium fgkgi igsg

ygme samedgt ygatu `gmyg taeg tg`um, dcrgbggm Igxaiakkagm tckg` fatuihgmedgm okc`

Bugrcz fgm ag fa`udui humu`.

Zckcpgs dcigtagm Buçrcz, gmgrda tckg` tcrbgfa fgm hcrkgrut-kgrut sckgig :<

tg`um hcriukg fcmegm \cihcromtgdgm Icdsado ygme fadctuga okc` \ornarao

Fégz pgfg tg`um 717<. Vodo`-todo` ygme tcrdcmgk scwgdtu \cihcromtgdgm

Icdsado tcrigsudkg` Nrgmjasjo A. Igfcro, ^cmustagmo Jgrrgmzg, \gmj`o

^akkg,Gkvgro Ohrceom, ^ajtoragmo @ucrtg, fgm Ciakagmo Rgpgtg. Dgui

 pcihcromtgd tckg` icmcwgsdgm tcmtgrg pcrscdutugm, tctgpa icrcdg tcrpgdsg

icme`gfgpa pcreokgdgm fa fgkgi fgm mcegrg hcrgfg fgkgi dcgfggm domnkad sckgig

fug fcdgfc kgea. \cihcromtgdgm hcrgd`ar pgfg 71:<-gm, \grtga Amstatusa

Xcvokusa(\XA) icmegihak gka` pujud pcicramtg`gm fgm hcrdugsg sckgig 5< tg`um

`ameeg gd`ar ghgf dc-8<. \XA icrupgdgm sugtu hgrasgm ygme tcrfara fgra hchcrgpgdckoipod pcihcromtgd ygme icmeameamdgm pcrtgmfamegm pokatad hcrbgkgm scjgrg

gigm. \gfg Buka 8<<<, \grtga Gdsa Mgsaomgk (\GM) ygme fapaipam okc`^ajcmtc Nox

Wucsgfg tckg` hcr`gsak icrgipgs mcegrg ama fgra \XA ickgkua pciaku ygme hchgs.

Drasas pcrtgig ygme fa`gfgpa okc` \rcsafcm Nox agkg` pcihcromtgdgm

fa J`agpgs ok` dckoipod Cbárjato Rgpgtastg fc Kahcrgjaúm Mgjaomgk (CRKM).

J`agpgs icrupgdgm mcecrg hgeagm ygme tcriasdam fa Icdsado fgm pcihcromtgdgm

tckg` hcriukg scbgd 7116. Zchgad sg`gbg fagmedgt schgega \rcsafcm, ag tckg`

icmegrg`dgm sciug kgsdgr scecrg iumfur fgra mcecra tcrschut. Bgkgm rgyg pciasg` bueg fatgrad hgkad fgm igrdgs iakatcr fa sgmg tckg` fatutup. Zctg`um sckcpgs atu,

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Nckapc Jgkfcrom,

\rcsafcm Icdsado sggt ama.

sgtu pcrbgmbagm fgiga tckg` fahugt fcmegm dckoipod pcihcromtgd CRKM. Fa

sgipame atu, \rcsafcm Nox tcrpgdsg hcr`gfgpgm fcmegm igsgkg`dchabgdgm fa mcegrg

ama ygme tcrdcmgk fcmegm pcmegihakgm soeod. Ama fatgihg` pukg fcmegm

tamedgt dcbg`gtgm ygme gigt tameea tcrutgig fa Icxajo Jatyicrupgdgm igsgkg`

ygme utgig fa mcegrg ama.

8.  \cicramtg`gm fgm \okatad 

Domstatusa 7175 icipcrumtuddgm schug`

 pcicramtg`gm \crscdutugm Xcpuhkad fcmegm dcdugsggm ygme fahgeadgm dcpgfg taeg

amstatusa ygme hchgs ygatucdscdutan, kceaskgtan, fgm dc`gdaigm. Fgra scea scbgrg`,

cdscdutan sgmegt icmfoiamgsa dcdugsggm kcwgt bghgtgm prcsafcm. Zcfgme,

dcdugsggm `udui fgkgi Domercs tameegk icmeaduta grg`gmmyg sgbg. Domercs

tcrka`gt gdtan dcihgka scbgd 7115 dctadg pgrtga oposasa tgipak pcrtgig fgkgi

igyoratgs kceaskgtan.

 Mgium fciadagm, scbgd pgrtga oposasa icmegihak gka` dcdugsggm pgfg

7115, Domercs scigdam hchgs fgkgi icmeeuhgk umfgme-umfgme. \rcsafcm bueg

icipumyga dugsg fa hgwg` pcramtg` cdscdutan umtud icrgmjgme umfgme-umfgme

fgkgi hafgme cdomoia fgm dcugmegm ygme tcrtcmtu. \rcsafcm fapaka` sctagp cmgi

tg`um fgm fag fakgrgme icicegme bghgtgm ygme sgig umtud pcmeegk dcfug. Fa

Icdsado, tagfg bghgtgm wgdak prcsafcm.

Zcdargmyg scscorgme \rcsafcm atu fakujutdgm

 bghgtgm gtgu icmameegk fumag, Domercs gdgm

ickgmtad scorgme \rcsafcm Zcicmtgrg. 

\gfg 87 Buka 8<<<, ^ajcmtc Nox

Wucsgfg fgra pgrtga oposasa "Gkagmsa umtud 

\cruhg`gm", ygme fadctuga okc` \grtga Gdsa

 Mgsaomgk (\GM), tckg` fapaka` schgega \rcsafcmfgkgi sgtu pciaku ygme fagmeegp tcrhcrsa`

fgm pgkame hchgs fgkgi scbgrg` Icdsado. Nox

iciukga pcmeegk cmgi tg`ummyg pgfg 7

Fcscihcr 8<<<. Dcicmgmegmmyg tckg`

icmegd`ara foiamgsa \grta Amstatusa

Xcvokusa (\XA) sckgig 57 tg`um schgega pgrtga

 pcicramtg`.

\gfg 8<<>, Nckapc Jgkfcrúm @amobosg ygme fausume \GM hcr`gfgpgmfcmegm Gmfrás Igmuck Kúpcz Ohrgfor ygme fajgkomdgm \XF fgkgi schug` pciaku

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tcrtutup. \gfg > Zcptcihcr 8<<>, Nckapc Jgkfcrúm @amobosg famygtgdgm icicmgmea

\ciaku \rcsafcm Icdsado fgkgi ckcjtorgk trahumgk .

:.  Fgcrg`

Icdsado tcrfara fgra :7 mcecra gtgu cstgfos fgm Fgcrg` \crscdutugm

Icdsado gtgu Fastrato Ncfcrgk . Dgwgsgm Ictropokatgm Dotg Icdsado, tcrigsud 

Fgcrg` \crscdutugm fgm dgwgsgm pcrhgtgsgmmyg, icrupgdgm dotg hcrpcmfufud 

 pgkame pgfgt fa fumag.

  Geugsjgkacmtcs

  Hgbg Jgkanormag

  Hgbg Jgkanormag Zur   Jgipcj`c

  J`agpgs

  J`a`ug`ug

  Jog`uakg

  Jokaig

  Furgmeo

  Ncfcrgk Fastrajt

  Eugmgbugto  Eucrrcro

  @afgkeo

  Bgkasjo

  Iáxajo

  Iaj`ogjçm

  Iorckos

   Mgygrat

   Mucvo Kcúm  Ogxgjg

  \uchkg

  Wucrátgro

  Wuamtgmg Xoo

  Zgm Kuas \otosé

  Zamgkog

  Zomorg

  Vghgsjo  Vgigukapgs

  Vkgxjgkg

  ^crgjruz

  Qujgtçm

  Rgjgtcjgs

6.  Dotg ‚ dotg hcsgr

Hcradut gfgkg` fgntgr dotg hcsgr fa Icdsado faurut hcrfgsgrdgm popukgsa2

7.  Icxajo Jaty, Fastrato Ncfcrgk (88 butg)

8.  Eugfgkgbgrg, Bgkasjo (6,5 butg)

:.  Iomtcrrcy, Mucvo Kcúm (:,> butg)

6.  \uchkg, \uchkg (8,> butg)

3.  Jaufgf Buçrcz, J`a`ug`ug (7,0 butg)>.  Vabugmg, Hgbg Jgkanormag (7,3 butg)

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5.  Kcúm, Eugmgbugto (7,8 butg)

0.  Vokujg, Iáxajo (7,8 butg)

1.  Vorrcúm, Jog`uakg (7,7 butg)

7<.  Zgm Kuas \otosé, Zgm Kuas \otosé (<,0 butg)

77.  Iárafg, Qujgtçm (<,0 butg)

78.  Zgmtageo fc Wucrátgro, Wucrátgro (<,0 butg)

7:.  Geugsjgkacmtcs, Geugsjgkacmtcs (<,5 butg)

76.  Jucrmgvgjg, Iorckos (<,5 butg)

73.  J`a`ug`ug, J`a`ug`ug (<,5 butg)

3.  Ecoergna

Vopoergna Icdsado tcrfara fgra bgbgrgm pceumumegm, fa gmtgrgmyg Zacrrg

Igfrc Ojjafcmtgk fa hgeagm hgrgt, Zacrrg Igfrc Oracmtgk fa taiur, Jorfakkcrg

 Mcovokjçmajg fa tcmeg`, fgm Zacrrg Igfrc fck Zur fa sckgtgm4 fgtgrgm

rcmfg` dchgmygdgm scpgmbgme pcsasar fgm fa Zcicmgmbume Qujgtgm. \cfgkgigm

mcecra hcrpkgto tameea. Gdtavatgs scasiad rckgtan tameea.

@gmyg scfadat sumega ygme hasg fakgygra. Dchgmygdgm sumega pcmfcd fgm

icmegkar fgra bgbgrgm pceumumegm dc pcsasar.

Adkai Icdsado hcrvgragsa hcsgr fgra pcrpgmbgmegm utgrg-sckgtgm fgm hcrvgragsa fa fgrgtgm tameea. Zchgeagm hcsgr mcecra iciakada fug iusai2 `ubgm

(Buma-Zcptcihcr) fgm pgmgs (Odtohcr-Gprak). Siuimygjurg` `ubgm rcmfg` fa

 pcfgkgigm fgm utgrg. Jurg` `ubgm hcrkaipg` fa pcsasar taiur, fa sckgtgm, fgm fa

Zcicmgmbume Qujgtgm.

>.  Cdomoia

Zcbgd \crgme Fumag AA, mcegrg ama tckg` icmeuhg` tuipugm fgra cdomoia hcrfgsgrdgm pcrtgmagm dcpgfg cdomoia pcrtgihgmegm. Icdsado dgyg

fcmegm iamygd huia fgm pgfg sgtu dctadg icrupgdgm mcegrg tcrhcsgr dc-7<

 pcme`gsak iamygd huia fa fumag. Fa sgipame atu, mcegrg ama icrupgdgm

 pcmecdspor pcrgd ygme tcrpcmtame fa fumag. Gmtgrg fgsgwgrsg 716<-gm fgm 710<-gm

mcegrg ama icmegkgia pcrtuihu`gm cdomoia ygme sgmegt pcsgt tctgpa ag gihrud 

gdahgt pambgigm ygme hcrkcha`gm. \gfg tg`um 710<-gm, mcegrg ama fakgmfg amnkgsa. 

Vctgpa ag dcihgka puka` pgfg 711<, sggt icmycrtga MGNVG. Dama, pcicramtg`

Icdsado ygme hgru tckg` icmegka`dgm tuipugm fgra iamygd huia dcpgfg amfustra

ramegm fgm cdspor pukg. Zckgam atu, scdtor pgrawasgtg tckg` icmbgfa suihcr cdomoiaygme scigdam pcmtame. 

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5.  Fcioergna

\gdgr hg`gsg tckg` icmecmgk pgsta 78 hg`gsg Icdsado ygme utgig, kcha`

cipgt puku` dckoipod hg`gsg ygme dcjak, fgm kcha` scihakgm puku` hg`gsg

amfavafu. @gipar 8:% orgme gskamyg hcrtutur fgkgi hg`gsg Mç`ugtk, ygatu hg`gsg

dgui Gztcj ygme fatuturdgm fa kaig hckgs mcegrg hgeagm fa sama. Fa sgipame atu,

 hg`gsg pcmfufud gska ygme kgam tcrigsud hg`gsg Igyg (fatuturdgm okc` 76%

orgme Amfagm fgm faeumgdgm fgra Zcicmgmbume Qujgtgm hgeagm tcmeegrg

dc J`agpgs)4 Rgpotcj (fatuturdgm okc` 5% dgui Amfagm fgm faeumgdgm scjgrg

ickugs fa taiur hgeagm Ogxgjg)4 Iaxtcj (bueg fatuturdgm okc` 5% dckoipod Amfagm

fgm icrupgdgm hg`gsg utgig fa Ogxgjg fgm Eucrrcro)4 Otoié (fatuturdgm okc` 3%

dgui Amfagm fgm faeumgdgm fa Icdsado tcmeg`, tcrutgigmyg fa mcegrg hgeagm

Iáxajo, @afgkeo, fgm Wucrátgro)4 Vzcktgk (fatuturdgm okc` `gipar 3% dgui Amfagm

fgm faeumgdgm fa J`agpgs)4 fgm Vzotzak (fatuturdgm okc` `gipar 6% dgui Amfagmfgm bueg faeumgdgm fa J`agpgs). Ogxgjg icrupgdgm mcecra ygme icipumyga

 hgmygd hg`gsg ygme pgkame hgmygd, fcmegm fug hckgs hg`gsg Amfagm ygme hcrkgamgm

fatuturdgm fa sama. 

0.  \cmfafadgm

\cmfafadgm fa Icdsado fahgea icmurut dckgs. \grg pckgbgr fgra dckugreg

 hcrgfg hckgbgr fa scdokg` swgstg ygme kcmedgp fcmegm pckhgega dciufg`gm scrtg

 hg`gm rubudgm, scfgmedgm gmgd fgra eokomegm iasdam hagsgmyg tafgd igipu umtud 

 pcrea dc scdokg` gtgu pcrea dc scdokg` ygme scrhg dcdurgmegm. Dgui ygme pgkame

tcrpameeardgm agkg` dgui Amfagm. \gfg 711<, fapcrdargdgm kcha` 6<% pcmfufud 

Amfagm hcrusag kaig hckgs tg`um dc gtgs tafgd hokc` icihgjg. Ama tckg`

icwubufdgm burgme pcmfafadgm ygme dcmtgrg fadgkgmegm rgdygt Icdsado.

 Mgium pcicramtg` tckg` icmjohg fcmegm fgyg upgyg umtud icmeegkgddgm

 pcrdcihgmegm pcmfafadgm fa dgkgmegm rcigbgmyg.

Gmtgrg kgam, pcicramtg` tckg` icmctgpdgm hg`wg pcmfafadgm gfgkg` wgbah

sgipga dckgs cmgi. Igkgmemyg gdahgt tcdgmgm dcugmegm, dchgmygdgm pckgbgr fgra

dckgs hgwg` kcha` hcriamgt hcdcrbg fgrapgfg hcrscdokg`. Fa Icdsado,

tagfg umfgme-umfgme ygme icwgbahdgm pcmfafadgm icmcmeg`. Fa scdokg` rcmfg`

icrcdg icipckgbgra igtcigtadg, akiu sosagk, "tgtg

 hg`gsg", tukasgm, icihgjg fgmokg`rgeg. Zcfgmedgm makga-makga iorgk fgm

dcdckugreggm fa pckgbgra fa ruig`. Dcpcmtamegm icmgihg` pcmfgpgtgm ickgkua

dgmgd-dgmgd ygme hcdcrbg fgkgi schug` dckugreg hcrigdmg pciaka`gm gmtgrg

"survavgk" fgm pcmfafadgm. Mgium fciadagm, pgfg kaig tg`um hckgdgmegm ama

dc`gfargm pckgbgr dc scdokg` scigdam hcrtgihg`2 SMAJCN ickgpordgm

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6:

06% dgmgd-dgmgd ygme iciukga scdokg` gdgm icmjgpga tamedgt kaig.

Vamedgt fropout pckgbgr ygme rcmfg` hcrigdmg kcha` hgmygd rcigbg gdgm

ickgmbutdgm pckgbgrgm ygme tameea fgm ama hasg icihgmtu

icmeurgmedgm dciasdamgm. Dama, kcha` 0 butg rcigbg tckg` icmfgntgr fa scdokg`

icmcmeg`, ygatu 8 butg kcha` fgra tg`um 7116.

\cicramtg` fa hgwg` \rcsafcm Crmcsto Rcfakko tckg` hcrusg`g umtud 

icmecihgmedgm pcmfafadgm fa mcegrg ama. Igkg`, ·83% pcmeckugrgm pcicramtg`

tckg` fasgkurdgm dc grg` pcmfafadgm. Gmtgrg kgam ugme ama tckg` faeumgdgm umtud 

icihgmeum scdokg`-scdokg` fgsgr scrtg tcdmad ygme hgru. Zckgam atu, ugme ama

faeumgdgm umtud icmycfagdgm hudu-hudu tcds scjgrg ergtas dcpgfg 1<% scdokg`

uiui fa Icdsado.

1.  Kgam ‚ kgam

k • h • s

Gmeeotg Fcwgm Dcgigmgm \crscradgtgm Hgmesg-Hgmesg 

Gmeeotg pcrigmcmGicradg Zcradgt µ HratgmagXgyg µ Jamg µ \crgmjas µ Xusag

Hcrgd`ar :7 Fcscihcr 8<7< Gustrag µ Bcpgme µ Icdsado µ Vurda µ Segmfg

Hcrgd`ar :7 Fcscihcr 8<77Hosmag fgm@crzceovamg µ Hrgsak µ Eghom µ Kchgmom µ Maecrag

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66

HGH AAA

DCZAI\SKGM

Gicradg Stgrg icrupgdgm  hcmug fa hckg`gm huia utgrg. Fa utgrg hcrhgtgsgm

fcmegm Kgutgm Grdtad, fa schckg` taiur fcmegm Zgiufrg Gtkgmtad Stgrg, fa schckg` sckgtgm

fcmegm Kgut Dgrahag, fgm fa schckg` hgrgt fcmegm Zgiufrg \gsanad Stgrg. Hcmug ama ickaputa

wakgyg` schcsgr 86.3<<.<<< di¸ gtgu scdatgr 6,0% fgra pcriudggm huia.

Iukga Buka 8<<8, pcmfufudmyg fapcrdargdgm kcha` fgra 376.><<.<<<. Hcmug ama

icrupgdgm hcmug dctaeg tcrhcsgr sctckg` Gsag fgm Gnradg, fgm pcramedgt dccipgt buikg`

 pcmfufud tcrhgmygd sctckg` Gsag, Gnradg, fgm Cropg. Fgcrg` pcrhgtgsgm Gicradg Stgrg

dc Gicradg Zckgtgm agkg` tgmg` ecmtame \gmgig. (umtud gkgsgm ecopokatad, sckuru` \gmgig  ‚  tcrigsud taiur hgeagm Vcrusgm \gmgig scrame fagmeegp schgega schgeagm Gicradg Stgrg

 bueg) icmurut hchcrgpg pgdgr, Gicradg Stgrg iukga tafgd fa tgmg` ecmtame \gmgig tctgpa fa

tgmg` ecmtame Vc`ugmtcpcj, fcmegm fgcrg` icme`gkgmea fagmeegp Gicradg tcmeg` fgm

 hcrsgmfgr pgfg kcipcmegm Jgrahhcgm. 

Gicradg Stgrg, icrupgdgm schug` sgtugm rceaomgk fgm tcrfara fgra mcegrg-mcegrg

 hcradut2

  Dgmgfg

  Gicradg Zcradgt

  Icdsado

Dgfgmedgkg Gicradg Stgrg, fagmeegp icrupgdgm hcmug tcrscmfara, tcrpasg`

fgra Gicradg Zckgtgm. \crhgtgsgm gmtgrg Gicradg Stgrg fgm Gicradg Zckgtgm tcrkctgd 

fa \gmgig. 

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FGNVGX \SZVGDG

7.  `ttp2//www.eooekc.jo.af/scgrj`?sourjcaf9j`roic&ac9SVN-

0&q9Gicradg+Stgrg&qsjrk97

8.  `ttp2//www.eooekc.jo.af/aigecs?q9Gicradg+Stgrg&qsjrk97&ui97&ac9SVN-

0&sourjc9umav&ca98oe1VRidHjV3rGcUen8yJG&sg9P&oa9aigec_rcsukt_eroup

&jt9tatkc&rcsmui97<&vcf9<J@AWsGWwJW&haw97:>>&ha`9><<

:.  `ttp2//af.wadapcfag.ore/wada/Dgmgfg#\rovamsa_fgm_tcrratora_Dgmgfg

6.  `ttp2//af.wadapcfag.ore/wada/Gicradg_Zcradgt#Kgam-kgam

3.  `ttp2//af.wadapcfag.ore/wada/Icdsado#\rgmgkg_kugr 

>.  `ttp2//af.wadapcfag.ore/wada/Dgtceora2Gicradg_Stgrg

5.  `ttp2//igps.eooekc.jo.af/?ac9SVN0&kk9-

8.33<887,770.<733>0&spm966.615518,0>.3588>>&t9n&z96&crr97

0.  Huistcf, B. 8<<6. @astory on t`c Jgmgfagm \copkcs, Oxnorf Smavcrsaty \rcss.

1.  ] "\opukgtaom Namfcr2 Smatcf Ztgtcs". S.Z. Jcmsus Hurcgu. 81 Bgmugra 8<77. Fagdscs

 pgfg 8< Fcscihcr 8<<5.

7<. ] g  h j f c "Smatcf Ztgtcs". Amtcrmgtaomgk Iomctgry Numf. Fagdscs pgfg 7 Odtohcr 8<<1.

77. ] @uigm Fcvckopicmt Xcport 8<<1. V`c Smatcf Mgtaoms. Xctracvcf Ojtohcr 3, 8<<1

78. ] Gfgis, B.W., gmf \cgrkac Ztrot`cr-Gfgis (8<<7). Fcgkame wat` Favcrsaty. J`ajgeo2

Dcmfgkk/@umt. AZHM <-5058-0763-P. 7:. ] Cdomoia Sma Cropg scjgrg dcsckuru`gm kcha` hcsgr, mgium hudgmkg` sgtu dcsgtugm

mcegrg.

76. ] Fukk, Bomgt`gm X. (8<<:). "Fapkoigjy on t`c Xcvokutaom, to 750:," p. :38, j`gp.

am G Joipgmaom to t`c Gicrajgm Xcvokutaom, cf. Bgjd \. Erccmc gmf B. X. \okc.

Igafcm, Igss.2 Hkgjdwckk, pp. :38 ‚ :>7. AZHM 7-6<37-7>56-1. 

73. ] Igffasom, Gmeus (8<<>). "@astorajgk Ztgtastajs nor t`c Uorkf Cjomoiy". V`c

Eromamecm Erowt` gmf Fcvckopicmt Jcmtrc, Cjomoiajs Fcpgrticmt on t`c

Smavcrsaty on Eromamecm. Fagdscs pgfg > Movcihcr 8<<0.

7>. ] Jo`cm, Ckaot G. (Buky/Gueust 8<<6). "@astory gmf t`c @ypcrpowcr".  Norcaem

 Gnngars. Fagdscs pgfg 76 Buka 8<<>. "Joumtry \ronakc2 Smatcf Ztgtcs on Gicrajg", HHJ 

 Mcws, 88 Gprak 8<<0. Fagdscs pgfg 70 Ica 8<<0.

75. ] "Jgrtoergp`cr \ut 'Gicrajg' om t`c Igp 3<< ycgrs Geo". SZG Vofgy. 86 Gprak

8<<5. Fagdscs pgfg :< Movcihcr 8<<0.

70. ] "V`c J`grtcrs on Nrccfoi". Mgtaomgk Grj`avcs. Fagdscs pgfg 8< Buma 8<<5.