major perspectives of psychology

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Major Perspectives Major Perspectives of Psychology of Psychology By Mr. C. By Mr. C.

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Major Perspectives of Psychology. By Mr. C. Perspectives. Psychoanalytic Behaviorism Humanism Cognitive Evolutionary Biological/Biomedical. Psychodynamic. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Major Perspectives of Major Perspectives of PsychologyPsychology

By Mr. C.By Mr. C.

Page 2: Major Perspectives of Psychology

PerspectivesPerspectives

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic BehaviorismBehaviorism HumanismHumanism CognitiveCognitive EvolutionaryEvolutionary Biological/BiomedicalBiological/Biomedical

Page 3: Major Perspectives of Psychology

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic The psychodynamic The psychodynamic

perspective originated perspective originated with the work of with the work of Sigmund Freud. This Sigmund Freud. This perspective perspective emphasizes the role of emphasizes the role of the the unconsciousunconscious mind, mind, early childhood early childhood experiences, and experiences, and interpersonal interpersonal relationships to explain relationships to explain human behavior and to human behavior and to treat people suffering treat people suffering from mental illnesses.from mental illnesses.

Page 4: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Our personality is a Our personality is a conflict between our conflict between our unconscious Id and our unconscious Id and our superego (our moral superego (our moral sense) and our ego (our sense) and our ego (our sense of reality).sense of reality).

Page 5: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

Page 6: Major Perspectives of Psychology

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is the form of treating Psychoanalysis is the form of treating psychological disorders, invented by Freud.psychological disorders, invented by Freud.

It is famous for the couch. It is famous for the couch.

Page 7: Major Perspectives of Psychology

A. What are Psychoanalytic methods of A. What are Psychoanalytic methods of therapy (4 of them):therapy (4 of them):

1. Free Association – 1. Free Association – patient reports patient reports anything that comes to his/her mind. anything that comes to his/her mind.

The psychoanalyst listens for links & The psychoanalyst listens for links & themes that might tie the patient’s themes that might tie the patient’s fragmentary thoughts or remarks together. fragmentary thoughts or remarks together.

Page 8: Major Perspectives of Psychology

B.B. Dream analysisDream analysis::

Dreams have two types of content:Dreams have two types of content:

Manifest contentManifest content- actual events in dream.- actual events in dream. Latent contentLatent content – hidden message in dream. – hidden message in dream.

Freud thought that each dream represents a Freud thought that each dream represents a form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be disguised, but it is always there. disguised, but it is always there.

Page 9: Major Perspectives of Psychology

C. C. TransferenceTransference

Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred) Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred) are expressed toward the therapist.are expressed toward the therapist.

These feelings are actually unconsciously These feelings are actually unconsciously felt toward others; the patient is felt toward others; the patient is projectingprojecting these feelings onto the therapist.these feelings onto the therapist.

This provides clues about the client’s This provides clues about the client’s feelings about these other people.feelings about these other people.

Page 10: Major Perspectives of Psychology

HypnosisHypnosis

Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic technique.technique.

Supposedly reaches into the unconsciousSupposedly reaches into the unconscious

Page 11: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Psychoanalysis summaryPsychoanalysis summary

All methods deal with accessing the All methods deal with accessing the unconscious mindunconscious mind

Psychoanalysis is therapist-centered, meaning Psychoanalysis is therapist-centered, meaning the therapist has all the answers, not the the therapist has all the answers, not the patient.patient.

Page 12: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Personality assessmentPersonality assessment

Psychoanalysts use projective tests like the Psychoanalysts use projective tests like the Rorschach Ink Blot test or the TAT testRorschach Ink Blot test or the TAT test

Page 13: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Assessing achievement motivationAssessing achievement motivation

The TAT Thematic Apperception TestThe TAT Thematic Apperception Test

Page 14: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Criticisms of Freud’s theory:Criticisms of Freud’s theory:

1.   1.   Freud had no scientific data to support his Freud had no scientific data to support his theories.theories.

2.   Freud’s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.) 2.   Freud’s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.) cannot be observed.cannot be observed.

3.   Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the 3.   Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the fact.fact.

4.    Observations not representative of population 4.    Observations not representative of population (very sexist and not multicultural).(very sexist and not multicultural).

Page 15: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Pros of Freud’s theoryPros of Freud’s theory

1. Argued that 1. Argued that childhood experienceschildhood experiences are are important in personality development.important in personality development.

2. Information outside of awareness 2. Information outside of awareness does does influence usinfluence us..

3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions 3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions of some of our behaviors.of some of our behaviors.

Page 16: Major Perspectives of Psychology

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Page 17: Major Perspectives of Psychology

BehaviorismBehaviorism

By the 1950s, Psychoanalysis seemed very By the 1950s, Psychoanalysis seemed very unscientific. Behaviorists will bring science unscientific. Behaviorists will bring science back into psychology, even if they overdo it a back into psychology, even if they overdo it a little.little.

Behaviorism is NOT interested in the Behaviorism is NOT interested in the unconscious mind since it cannot be observed unconscious mind since it cannot be observed in a laboratory.in a laboratory.

Page 18: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Very telling quote!!Very telling quote!!

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.race of his ancestors.--John Watson, --John Watson, BehaviorismBehaviorism, 1930 , 1930

Page 19: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Thorndike “law of effect”Thorndike “law of effect”

Basically, he was Skinner “lite.” The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated. Conversely, if the situation is followed by discomfort, the connections to the situation will become weaker and the behavior of response is less likely to occur when the situation is repeated.

Page 20: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

He was not a psychologist but a Russian He was not a psychologist but a Russian physiologist. He discovered classical physiologist. He discovered classical conditioning. Clconditioning. Classassical conditioning is ical conditioning is assassociative learning. He trained a dog to drool ociative learning. He trained a dog to drool to a bell.to a bell.

Page 21: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Dog associates food with bell.Dog associates food with bell.

Page 22: Major Perspectives of Psychology

B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner

B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the Behaviorists. He is famous for Behaviorists. He is famous for operant operant conditioningconditioning. Operant conditioning (aka . Operant conditioning (aka shaping) is learning through reinforcements shaping) is learning through reinforcements (rewards) and punishments.(rewards) and punishments.

Page 23: Major Perspectives of Psychology

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Albert Bandura did a famous experiment that Albert Bandura did a famous experiment that said our said our behaviorbehavior does not have to be does not have to be classically conditioned or operant conditioned. classically conditioned or operant conditioned. We can simply observe behavior and copy it. We can simply observe behavior and copy it.

Page 24: Major Perspectives of Psychology

BehaviorismBehaviorism

The behavioral perspective can explain why The behavioral perspective can explain why people get addicted to gambling (positive people get addicted to gambling (positive reinforcement)reinforcement)

Why students don’t wear their id badge Why students don’t wear their id badge (rewards of the adrenaline rush?)(rewards of the adrenaline rush?)

Why that girl won’t call you anymore (How Why that girl won’t call you anymore (How was she reinforced for calling you?)was she reinforced for calling you?)

Page 25: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Behavioral TherapyBehavioral Therapy

Focuses on maladaptive behaviors (mal means Focuses on maladaptive behaviors (mal means bad) and changing them.bad) and changing them.

Token economyToken economy uses positive reinforcement uses positive reinforcement to get large groups of students or mental ward to get large groups of students or mental ward patients or employees to do something like patients or employees to do something like clean up or attend group therapy. (ex: pizza clean up or attend group therapy. (ex: pizza party if you all pass your test)party if you all pass your test)

Page 26: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Behavioral therapyBehavioral therapy

Systematic desensitization – treatment of Systematic desensitization – treatment of phobias and anxiety. Treat the behavior of not phobias and anxiety. Treat the behavior of not freaking out over spiders (or pickles).freaking out over spiders (or pickles).

Page 27: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Behavioral therapyBehavioral therapy

Aversive conditioning – There is a drug called Aversive conditioning – There is a drug called Antabuse. When mixed with alcohol, it makes Antabuse. When mixed with alcohol, it makes you sick. Motivated alcoholics will take this you sick. Motivated alcoholics will take this pill and begin to associate the sickness with pill and begin to associate the sickness with alcohol and possibly stop drinking.alcohol and possibly stop drinking.

Page 28: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Behaviorism SummaryBehaviorism Summary

Behaviorism says we do what we do because Behaviorism says we do what we do because of classical conditioning, operant conditioning of classical conditioning, operant conditioning or we simply learn the behavior from watching or we simply learn the behavior from watching or copying it. or copying it.

In its extreme, they think we are simply rats in In its extreme, they think we are simply rats in a cage pressing buttons. WE HAVE NO a cage pressing buttons. WE HAVE NO FREE WILL!FREE WILL!

Page 29: Major Perspectives of Psychology

HumanismHumanism

Page 30: Major Perspectives of Psychology

HumanisticHumanistic Humanism came about in the 1960s in

reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual’s potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good.

We are not rats in a cage! We are not id-driven animals! We are humans with free will.

Page 31: Major Perspectives of Psychology

HumanismHumanism

Abraham Maslow said we have a Abraham Maslow said we have a hierarchy of hierarchy of needsneeds

Page 32: Major Perspectives of Psychology

HumanismHumanism

Carl Rogers Carl Rogers revolutionized talk therapy. His therapy revolutionized talk therapy. His therapy is client-centered, where the client has all the answers is client-centered, where the client has all the answers instead of the therapist. Therapists treat the client instead of the therapist. Therapists treat the client with unconditional positive regard (no judgments). with unconditional positive regard (no judgments). Group therapy comes from Humanism.Group therapy comes from Humanism.

Page 33: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Incongruent self: neurosis

REAL IDEAL

REAL IDEAL

Incongruent self: psychosis (shattered self)

Page 34: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Fully-Functioning Individual

Congruence!

Open to experiences

Freedom from society

Creativity

Carl Rogers’ fully functioning Individual

Page 35: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Humanism summaryHumanism summary

Humanists are really touchy-feely, but without Humanists are really touchy-feely, but without them we are just rats in a cage.them we are just rats in a cage.

Rogers and Maslow put the “human” element Rogers and Maslow put the “human” element back into psychology and therapy.back into psychology and therapy.

Their philosophy: We are all humans striving Their philosophy: We are all humans striving to maximize our potential. A therapist’s job is to maximize our potential. A therapist’s job is to remove obstacles to to remove obstacles to self-actualization.self-actualization.

Positive psychology comes from HumanismPositive psychology comes from Humanism

Page 36: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology

Page 37: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive Perspective

What does the word cognitive mean? How What does the word cognitive mean? How about cognition? Reabout cognition? Recognitioncognition??

It is the study of how people perceive, It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.remember, think, speak, and solve problems.

Cognitive therapy is about changing the Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive maladaptive thoughtsthoughts of a person. of a person.

Page 38: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Cognitive PsychologistsCognitive Psychologists

Alan Baddeley studied memory. He’s famous Alan Baddeley studied memory. He’s famous for his model for working memory (STM)for his model for working memory (STM)

Page 39: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Cognitive PsychologistsCognitive Psychologists Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in

children.children.

Page 40: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Cognitive perspective on Cognitive perspective on depressiondepression

We are depressed because we are irrational. We are depressed because we are irrational. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want every thing to go our way. We stay We want every thing to go our way. We stay angry about stuff that happened a looong time angry about stuff that happened a looong time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL.THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL.

Page 41: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Cognitive TherapyCognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy is about changing the Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous for reality therapy. They challenged his for reality therapy. They challenged his patients to ask, “Are my thoughts realistic or patients to ask, “Are my thoughts realistic or rational?” Cognitive therapy also “educates” rational?” Cognitive therapy also “educates” the client, teaches him/her proper the client, teaches him/her proper behaviors/thoughtsbehaviors/thoughts

Page 42: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychologyEvolutionary psychology examines examines

psychological traits — such as memory, psychological traits — such as memory, perception, or language — from a modern perception, or language — from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, the functional products of adaptations, that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selectionnatural selection or sexual selection

Page 43: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

This branch explains why humans do what This branch explains why humans do what they do in terms of adaptive value (survival of they do in terms of adaptive value (survival of the species. Why do women usually prefer the the species. Why do women usually prefer the guy on the right for long-term relationships?guy on the right for long-term relationships?

Page 44: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

Why do women spend so much money on a weekly Why do women spend so much money on a weekly basis but men will surprise their wives with a brand basis but men will surprise their wives with a brand new car (without asking her)?new car (without asking her)?

Evolutionary psychologists try to explain this Evolutionary psychologists try to explain this behavior with comparisons to hunter-gather cultures.behavior with comparisons to hunter-gather cultures.

Why do women have more bug phobiaWhy do women have more bug phobias?s?

Page 45: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective

This perspective is among This perspective is among the most respected right the most respected right now. They focus on our now. They focus on our brain, nervous system, brain, nervous system, neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters and hormones to explain our hormones to explain our behaviors.behaviors.

Page 46: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective

““I don’t know why you are depressed or I don’t know why you are depressed or anxious. But here is some medicine!”anxious. But here is some medicine!”

Love is simply oxytocin in your brain.Love is simply oxytocin in your brain.

Page 47: Major Perspectives of Psychology

SurgeriesSurgeries

The Lobotomy damages your frontal lobe to The Lobotomy damages your frontal lobe to relieve you of anxiety.relieve you of anxiety.

Page 48: Major Perspectives of Psychology

SurgerySurgery

Cut the corpus callosum to keep seizures from Cut the corpus callosum to keep seizures from spreading to other side of brain.spreading to other side of brain.

Page 49: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Electroconvulsive Therapy ECTElectroconvulsive Therapy ECT

Page 50: Major Perspectives of Psychology

Common medicinesCommon medicines

Prozac – antidepressant – blocks reuptake of Prozac – antidepressant – blocks reuptake of serotonin.serotonin.

Xanax – anti-anxiety (side effect of Xanax – anti-anxiety (side effect of drowsiness)drowsiness)

Thorazine – replaced the lobotomyThorazine – replaced the lobotomy