major connectors. functions of a major connector unification partial denture acts as one unit ...

Major ConnectorsMajor ConnectorsMajor ConnectorsMajor Connectors

Functions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major Connector

UnificationUnification Partial denture acts as one unitPartial denture acts as one unit Connects various partsConnects various parts

UnificationUnification Partial denture acts as one unitPartial denture acts as one unit Connects various partsConnects various parts


Stress DistributionStress Distribution Distributes functional loads to both Distributes functional loads to both

teeth & mucosateeth & mucosa

Stress DistributionStress Distribution Distributes functional loads to both Distributes functional loads to both

teeth & mucosateeth & mucosa


Cross-Arch Stabilization Cross-Arch Stabilization (Counterleverage)(Counterleverage) Bracing elements on one side of the Bracing elements on one side of the

arch providing stability to the otherarch providing stability to the other

Cross-Arch Stabilization Cross-Arch Stabilization (Counterleverage)(Counterleverage) Bracing elements on one side of the Bracing elements on one side of the

arch providing stability to the otherarch providing stability to the other

Requirements of a Major ConnectorRequirements of a Major ConnectorRequirements of a Major ConnectorRequirements of a Major Connector

RigidityRigidity Functions as one unit Functions as one unit

RigidityRigidity Functions as one unit Functions as one unit

To Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase Rigidity

Use a more rigid alloy Use a more rigid alloy Chrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wroughtChrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wrought

ShapeShape 1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars

Use a more rigid alloy Use a more rigid alloy Chrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wroughtChrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wrought

ShapeShape 1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars

To Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase Rigidity

Increase the bulk as the length increasesIncrease the bulk as the length increases Corrugate linguo-plate or rugae areasCorrugate linguo-plate or rugae areas

Increase the bulk as the length increasesIncrease the bulk as the length increases Corrugate linguo-plate or rugae areasCorrugate linguo-plate or rugae areas

RequirementsRequirementsRequirementsRequirements

Non-Interference with TissuesNon-Interference with Tissues Should not enter undercut areasShould not enter undercut areas

avoid by changing path of insertion avoid by changing path of insertion or by using blockoutor by using blockout

Non-Interference with TissuesNon-Interference with Tissues Should not enter undercut areasShould not enter undercut areas

avoid by changing path of insertion avoid by changing path of insertion or by using blockoutor by using blockout

Non-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With Tissues

Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Free gingival margin Free gingival margin

Cross abruptly at 90Cross abruptly at 90oo

Relief is used to minimize Relief is used to minimize impingementimpingement

Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Free gingival margin Free gingival margin

Cross abruptly at 90Cross abruptly at 90oo

Relief is used to minimize Relief is used to minimize impingementimpingement

(Fig 2-17, Stewart's)


Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Hard structures such as the mid-Hard structures such as the mid-

palatal suture or mandibular toripalatal suture or mandibular tori Place reliefPlace relief

Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Hard structures such as the mid-Hard structures such as the mid-

palatal suture or mandibular toripalatal suture or mandibular tori Place reliefPlace relief


Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Lingual frenum & the movable soft palateLingual frenum & the movable soft palate Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Careful intraoral examCareful intraoral exam

Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Lingual frenum & the movable soft palateLingual frenum & the movable soft palate Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Careful intraoral examCareful intraoral exam

Minimize Food ImpactionMinimize Food ImpactionMinimize Food ImpactionMinimize Food Impaction

Locate margins away from the FGMLocate margins away from the FGM Eliminate "traps" or large concavities Eliminate "traps" or large concavities

where food can collectwhere food can collect

Locate margins away from the FGMLocate margins away from the FGM Eliminate "traps" or large concavities Eliminate "traps" or large concavities

where food can collectwhere food can collect

UnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusive

Smooth transition from connector to Smooth transition from connector to denture base - butt joint denture base - butt joint

Smooth transition from connector to Smooth transition from connector to denture base - butt joint denture base - butt joint

UnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusive

Line angles and edges should be smooth Line angles and edges should be smooth and roundedand rounded

Borders should not interfere with speechBorders should not interfere with speech

Line angles and edges should be smooth Line angles and edges should be smooth and roundedand rounded

Borders should not interfere with speechBorders should not interfere with speech


Mandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major Connectors

Lingual BarLingual Bar Lingual PlateLingual Plate Continuous BarContinuous Bar

Lingual BarLingual Bar Lingual PlateLingual Plate Continuous BarContinuous Bar


Lingual BarLingual Bar Most common in mandibeMost common in mandibe Use whenever possibleUse whenever possible

Lingual BarLingual Bar Most common in mandibeMost common in mandibe Use whenever possibleUse whenever possible

Lingual BarLingual BarLingual BarLingual Bar

Reasons for choosingReasons for choosing Most hygienic (least tooth contact)Most hygienic (least tooth contact) Most comfortable (least coverage)Most comfortable (least coverage)

Reasons for choosingReasons for choosing Most hygienic (least tooth contact)Most hygienic (least tooth contact) Most comfortable (least coverage)Most comfortable (least coverage)


Lingual BarLingual Bar ShapeShape

Flat on tissue sideFlat on tissue side Convex or tear-drop on Convex or tear-drop on

tongue sidetongue side (1/2 pear shape, with (1/2 pear shape, with

thin edge toward teeth)thin edge toward teeth)

Lingual BarLingual Bar ShapeShape

Flat on tissue sideFlat on tissue side Convex or tear-drop on Convex or tear-drop on

tongue sidetongue side (1/2 pear shape, with (1/2 pear shape, with

thin edge toward teeth)thin edge toward teeth)



Lingual BarLingual Bar SizeSize

Occluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mmOccluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mm Thickness = 2 to 3 mmThickness = 2 to 3 mm

Lingual BarLingual Bar SizeSize

Occluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mmOccluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mm Thickness = 2 to 3 mmThickness = 2 to 3 mm

Inferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border Mandible

Patient lifts tonguePatient lifts tongue Activates floor of mouthActivates floor of mouth

Measure from tip of probe to free Measure from tip of probe to free gingival margingingival margin

Patient lifts tonguePatient lifts tongue Activates floor of mouthActivates floor of mouth

Measure from tip of probe to free Measure from tip of probe to free gingival margingingival margin

Inferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border Mandible

Record values in chart, transfer to castRecord values in chart, transfer to cast Record values in chart, transfer to castRecord values in chart, transfer to cast

Lingual BarLingual BarLingual BarLingual Bar PositionPosition

Superior border Superior border Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more

below FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mmbelow FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mm As far from gingival margin as possibleAs far from gingival margin as possible

PositionPosition Superior border Superior border Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more

below FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mmbelow FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mm As far from gingival margin as possibleAs far from gingival margin as possible


Potential ImpingementPotential ImpingementPotential ImpingementPotential Impingement

Anterior major connector moves toward tissue Anterior major connector moves toward tissue as the posterior portion is loadedas the posterior portion is loaded

More space needed when ridge is more More space needed when ridge is more horizontalhorizontal

Anterior major connector moves toward tissue Anterior major connector moves toward tissue as the posterior portion is loadedas the posterior portion is loaded

More space needed when ridge is more More space needed when ridge is more horizontalhorizontal


Mandibular Major Connector ReliefMandibular Major Connector ReliefMandibular Major Connector ReliefMandibular Major Connector Relief

Eliminates impingementEliminates impingement Wax spacer (relief) placed under major Wax spacer (relief) placed under major

connectorconnector one thickness of 30 gauge waxone thickness of 30 gauge wax

Eliminates impingementEliminates impingement Wax spacer (relief) placed under major Wax spacer (relief) placed under major

connectorconnector one thickness of 30 gauge waxone thickness of 30 gauge wax

Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)

Lingual bar with extension over cingula of Lingual bar with extension over cingula of anterior teethanterior teeth

Use where a lingual bar cannot be usedUse where a lingual bar cannot be used

Lingual bar with extension over cingula of Lingual bar with extension over cingula of anterior teethanterior teeth

Use where a lingual bar cannot be usedUse where a lingual bar cannot be used

Lingual Plate IndicationsLingual Plate IndicationsLingual Plate IndicationsLingual Plate Indications

Potential Impingement from lingual bar Potential Impingement from lingual bar High floor of the mouthHigh floor of the mouth Prominent lingual frenum Prominent lingual frenum Lingual toriLingual tori Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed)Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed) Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be

subsequently lostsubsequently lost

Potential Impingement from lingual bar Potential Impingement from lingual bar High floor of the mouthHigh floor of the mouth Prominent lingual frenum Prominent lingual frenum Lingual toriLingual tori Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed)Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed) Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be

subsequently lostsubsequently lost

Lingual PlateLingual PlateLingual PlateLingual Plate

Rest at each end of lingual plateRest at each end of lingual plate Prevents forces being directed faciallyPrevents forces being directed facially Easier denture tooth addition than barEasier denture tooth addition than bar

Rest at each end of lingual plateRest at each end of lingual plate Prevents forces being directed faciallyPrevents forces being directed facially Easier denture tooth addition than barEasier denture tooth addition than bar

Lingual Plate VariationsLingual Plate VariationsLingual Plate VariationsLingual Plate Variations

May show through embrasuresMay show through embrasures May show through embrasuresMay show through embrasures

(Fig 2-41 & 43, Stewart's)

Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer (Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)(Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)

Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer (Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)(Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)

Lingual bar with secondary bar above Lingual bar with secondary bar above cingulacingula

Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer

Lingual bar with secondary bar above Lingual bar with secondary bar above cingulacingula

Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer

Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer

Potential food trap between two barsPotential food trap between two bars Normally avoidNormally avoid

Potential food trap between two barsPotential food trap between two bars Normally avoidNormally avoid

Maxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major Connectors

Anterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal Strap Full Palatal StrapFull Palatal Strap Palatal StrapPalatal Strap Anterior Palatal StrapAnterior Palatal Strap

Anterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal Strap Full Palatal StrapFull Palatal Strap Palatal StrapPalatal Strap Anterior Palatal StrapAnterior Palatal Strap

Maxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major Connectors

Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free gingival margin when possiblegingival margin when possible

Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free gingival margin when possiblegingival margin when possible

Anterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal Strap

Maximum rigidity, Minimum bulkMaximum rigidity, Minimum bulk Comfort (minimum coverage)Comfort (minimum coverage) Use in most cases Use in most cases Especially torus palatinusEspecially torus palatinus

Maximum rigidity, Minimum bulkMaximum rigidity, Minimum bulk Comfort (minimum coverage)Comfort (minimum coverage) Use in most cases Use in most cases Especially torus palatinusEspecially torus palatinus

Anterior-Posterior Palatal Anterior-Posterior Palatal BarBarAnterior-Posterior Palatal Anterior-Posterior Palatal BarBar Variation of anterior-posterior palatal Variation of anterior-posterior palatal

strap strap Double palatal bar connector Double palatal bar connector Requires greater bulk for rigidity Requires greater bulk for rigidity More objectionable to the patient More objectionable to the patient

Variation of anterior-posterior palatal Variation of anterior-posterior palatal strap strap Double palatal bar connector Double palatal bar connector Requires greater bulk for rigidity Requires greater bulk for rigidity More objectionable to the patient More objectionable to the patient

Full Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal Plate

Maximum tissue supportMaximum tissue support Connector of choice in long distal Connector of choice in long distal

extension cases extension cases Six or less anterior teeth remainSix or less anterior teeth remain

Maximum tissue supportMaximum tissue support Connector of choice in long distal Connector of choice in long distal

extension cases extension cases Six or less anterior teeth remainSix or less anterior teeth remain


Abutments are periodontally involvedAbutments are periodontally involved Maximum stress distributionMaximum stress distribution Flabby/compressible supportFlabby/compressible support

Abutments are periodontally involvedAbutments are periodontally involved Maximum stress distributionMaximum stress distribution Flabby/compressible supportFlabby/compressible support


Greater stability and stress distributionGreater stability and stress distribution Not used with torus Not used with torus Increases retentionIncreases retention

Greater stability and stress distributionGreater stability and stress distribution Not used with torus Not used with torus Increases retentionIncreases retention


Connector should:Connector should: Be fabricated of uniformly thin metalBe fabricated of uniformly thin metal Have accurate anatomic reproduction Have accurate anatomic reproduction

of the ruggaeof the ruggae improves strength and rigidity improves strength and rigidity

Connector should:Connector should: Be fabricated of uniformly thin metalBe fabricated of uniformly thin metal Have accurate anatomic reproduction Have accurate anatomic reproduction

of the ruggaeof the ruggae improves strength and rigidity improves strength and rigidity

Full Palatal Plate Full Palatal Plate Full Palatal Plate Full Palatal Plate

Connector should:Connector should: Cover same area as complete denture Cover same area as complete denture

posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal extension) extension)

Have large surface area of mucosal contactHave large surface area of mucosal contact improves potential for retentionimproves potential for retention

Connector should:Connector should: Cover same area as complete denture Cover same area as complete denture

posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal extension) extension)

Have large surface area of mucosal contactHave large surface area of mucosal contact improves potential for retentionimproves potential for retention


Generally of cast metalGenerally of cast metal Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses

Generally of cast metalGenerally of cast metal Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses

Palatal StrapPalatal StrapPalatal StrapPalatal Strap

Usually use for Class III & IV casesUsually use for Class III & IV cases Wide anterio-posteriorlyWide anterio-posteriorly

Usually use for Class III & IV casesUsually use for Class III & IV cases Wide anterio-posteriorlyWide anterio-posteriorly

Palatal BarPalatal BarPalatal BarPalatal Bar DonDon’’t uset use Narrow anterio-posteriorlyNarrow anterio-posteriorly Thick occluso-gingivally Thick occluso-gingivally Palatal bar objectionable due to bulkPalatal bar objectionable due to bulk

DonDon’’t uset use Narrow anterio-posteriorlyNarrow anterio-posteriorly Thick occluso-gingivally Thick occluso-gingivally Palatal bar objectionable due to bulkPalatal bar objectionable due to bulk


Palatal Strap (or Bar)Palatal Strap (or Bar)Palatal Strap (or Bar)Palatal Strap (or Bar) NeverNever use in cases involving distal extensions or use in cases involving distal extensions or

replacement of anterior teeth since it must be replacement of anterior teeth since it must be made bulky for rigiditymade bulky for rigidity

Relief may be required over bony midline Relief may be required over bony midline Not used with torusNot used with torus

NeverNever use in cases involving distal extensions or use in cases involving distal extensions or replacement of anterior teeth since it must be replacement of anterior teeth since it must be made bulky for rigiditymade bulky for rigidity

Relief may be required over bony midline Relief may be required over bony midline Not used with torusNot used with torus

Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate (U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)(U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)

Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate (U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)(U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)

Poor connector Poor connector NeverNever use unless use unless

absolutely necessaryabsolutely necessary Requires bulk in the Requires bulk in the

rugae area (where rugae area (where the tongue requires the tongue requires freedom) for rigidityfreedom) for rigidity

Poor connector Poor connector NeverNever use unless use unless

absolutely necessaryabsolutely necessary Requires bulk in the Requires bulk in the

rugae area (where rugae area (where the tongue requires the tongue requires freedom) for rigidityfreedom) for rigidity

Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate

Too flexibleToo flexible Allows movement at the posteriorAllows movement at the posterior Traumatic to the residual ridgeTraumatic to the residual ridge Use only where torus prohibits other Use only where torus prohibits other

connectorsconnectors

Too flexibleToo flexible Allows movement at the posteriorAllows movement at the posterior Traumatic to the residual ridgeTraumatic to the residual ridge Use only where torus prohibits other Use only where torus prohibits other

connectorsconnectors

Flexes, impinging on soft tissueFlexes, impinging on soft tissue

Unilateral RPDUnilateral RPDUnilateral RPDUnilateral RPD

DangerousDangerous AvoidAvoid

aspirationaspiration

DangerousDangerous AvoidAvoid

aspirationaspiration

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Retentive Undercut Abutment Modifications Presentation

Videos: Videos: Double embrasure movieDouble embrasure movie Retentive undercutsRetentive undercuts

Retentive Undercut Abutment Modifications Presentation

Videos: Videos: Double embrasure movieDouble embrasure movie Retentive undercutsRetentive undercuts

major connectors. functions of a major connector unification partial denture acts as one unit ...

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