moswavlis wigni

maia bliaZerusudan axvlediani

mzis sistemaTaviI

Seityob:

ra aris mzis sistema;

ramdeni planetaa mzis sistemaSi;

rogor ikvleven kosmoss.

SeZleb:

aRwero mzis sistema da daaxasiaTo planetebi;

Tanmimdevrulad ganalago planetebi mzidan

daSorebulobis mixedviT;

aRwero kosmosSi samogzauro aRWurviloba da

satransporto saSualebebi.

8

kosmosSi arsebuli yvela sxeuli varskvla-

vi rodia. zogierTi maTgani dedamiwis msgavsi

uzarmazari `burTia~, romelic mzis garSemo

moZ raobs. sul `mzis ojaxSi~ 8 aseTi `burTi~ anu

pla­­ne­­taa. am ciur sxeulebs planetebi jer kidev

Zvel droSi berZnebma Searqves, rac `xetials,

mo xetiales~ niSnavs. qarTvelebi maT xSirad

cTo mils uwodeben.

TiToeuli planeta mzis garSemo sakuTar uxi-

lav gzaze, orbitaze moZraobs. varskvlavebisgan

gansxvavebiT, planetebi ar asxiveben si naT les.

isini mzis sxivebiT naTdebian.

mze

dedamiwa

venera

merkuri

marsi

iupiteri

urani

neptuni saturni

orbita

mzis sistema

dedamiwac erT-erTi planetaa. mzis `ojaxis~ planetebidan mxolod dedamiwazea sicocxle.

mzis sistemaSi arc erTi planetis orbita sxva orbitas ar kveTs. dedamiwa Tavis orbitaze moZraobs da mzis irgvliv erTi sruli wris Semovlas erT wels andomebs. daadgine, romeli planetebi moZraoben mzisgan pirvel, mesame da meSvide orbitaze.

1 - 2

mzis sistemaTaviI

9

1. riT gansxvavdeba planeta var skvlavisgan?

2. rogor fiqrob, mzis sistemaSi romeli pla neta cxeldeba yvelaze metad? ratom?

3. daasaxele dedamiwis mezobeli planetebi?

4. romelia yvelaze didi da yvelaze patara planeta mzis ojaxSi?

5. Seni azriT, ratom uwodeben dedamiwas cisfer planetas?

planetebi kosmosSi sxvadasxvafrad Cans: ve -

ne ra TeTria, marsi da saturni – wiTeli, xolo

iupiteri moyviTalo ferisaa. dedamiwas cisfer

planetas uwodeben.

oTx planetas – veneras, marss, saturnsa da

iupiters – adamianebi uxsovari droidan icnoben.

feradi plas tili nisgan da am zade cxra sxvadasxva zomis burTula: erTi mze da rva planeta. pa­tara furclebze Camowe­re pla netebis saxelebi da TiToeuli furceli Sesabamis burTulas miamag­re. TanmimdevrobiT daalage isini merxze da mzis `oja­xis~ modeli Seqmeni.

es sainteresoa

dedamiwidan SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT ada-mians SeuZ lia xuTi planeta dainaxos. esenia: merkuri, venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni.

planeta veneras saqarTveloSi `ciskris varskvlavs~ uwodeben, radgan misi danaxva sisxam diliT cis im mxares SeiZleba, said-anac mze amodis.

planeta saturns garSemo qvebisgan Semdgari didi rgolebi akravs.

praqtikuli

10

rogor ikvleven kosmoss?( nawili I )

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi grovdeboda cod-

na samyaros Sesaxeb. adamiani uZvelesi droi-

dan akvirdeboda varskvlavebs, mzes, mTvares

da cdilobda pasuxi mraval kiTxvaze gaeca: ra

aris ca? risgan Sedgeba samyaro? aqvs Tu ara mas

dasawyisi da dasasruli? ra aris varskvlavebi?

ratom Canan isini patara zomis? am adamianebs

Zvelad varskvlavTmricxvelebs eZaxdnen.

dRes astronomiuli dakvirvebebi specialur

dawesebulebaSi – observatoriaSi xdeba. swo-

red aqaa ganlagebuli teleskopebi. teleskopis

saSualebiT mecnierebi ciur sxeulebs akvir-

debian. Tanamedrove teleskopi uaxlesi kom-

piuteruli teqnikiTaa aRWurvili. masSi iseTi

gamadidebeli minebia gamoyenebuli, romelTa

saSualebiT mcire zomis da Zalian Sors mdebare

ciur sxeulebzec ki SesaZlebelia dakvirveba.

pirveli samzeri mili – teleskopi XVII saukuneSi italielma mecnierma galileo galileim daamzada. igi 30-jer adidebda mTvares.

ra aris ciuri sxe-uli?

romel ciur sxe u l-ebs icnob?

gaixsene

astronomia mecnie-rebaa, romelic ciur sxeulebs, maT mde-bareobas, ganlageba-sa da moZraobas, age-bulebas, Tvisebebsa da ganviTarebas Seiswavlis.

daimaxsovre

observatoriebs, ZiriTadad, mTaSi ageben. aq haeri ufro sufTa da gamWvirvalea da amitom xilvadobac ukeTesia. qarTveli astronomis, evgeni xaraZis TaosnobiT 1932 wels saqarTveloSi pirveli astronomiuli dawesebuleba – abasTumnis observatoria daarsda. aq aTamde axali varskvlavi da sxva ciuri sxeulebi aRmoaCines.

3 - 4

mzis sistemaTaviI

11

samyaros astronavtebi­(kosmonavtebi) swav-

loben. isini kosmosur sadgurebze muSaoben.

kosmosSi mogzaurobisas, zogjer, xomaldebidan

Ria kosmosSi gamodian. maT am dros specialuri

damcavi tansacmeli – skafandri acviaT.

1. daakvirdi suraTs, aRwere astronavtis Cacmuloba da moifiqre, ra daniSnuleba aqvs mas? risTvis sWirdeba astronavts Cafxuti da damcavi mina, radioantena, foto- da videokamera?

2. sad da romeli xelsawyoTi akvirdebian ciur sxeulebs?

kosmosSi Zalian civa an Zalian cxela, ar aris Jangbadi. amitom skafandrisa da zurgze mokidebuli haeris rezervuaris gareSe astronavti daiRupeba.

skafandris

samarTavi

mowyobiloba

radioantena

qanis nimuSis

Sesanaxi jibe

es sainteresoa

pirveli astrono-miuli skolebi mravali wlis win Zvel egvipteSi, CineTSi, babilonSi, saberZneTsa da sxva qveynebSi arsebobda. VIII saukunis bolos TbilisSi, nariya-laze astronomiuli observatoria mou-wyviaT.

dedamiwis pirveli xelovnuri aparati 1957 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi gauSves. man 92 dRe-Rame iarseba.

rac ufro didia teleskopi, miT meti varskvlavis danaxva SeiZleba.

12

dRes samyaros Seswavla kosmosuri­xomalde-

bidan da kosmosuri­sadgurebidan xdeba. amJa-

mad kosmosSi mravali xelovnuri Tanamgzavri –

sateliti da kosmosuri sadguri dafrinavs.

mecnierebi maTi saSualebiT kosmossa da Cvens

planetas ikvleven.

es kosmosuri sadguria, romelic dedamiwis irgvliv 400 km simaRleze dafrinavs. aseT sadgurebze aris samuSao da sacxovrebeli nawilebi. astronavtebi iq cxovroben da muSaoben: akvirdebian dedamiwas, sxva planetebsa da varskvlavebs.

Tu­nasa-s­kosmosuri­kvlevis­centris­Sesaxeb­metis­Setyoba­gsurs,­estumre­vebgverds­misamarTze:

http://www.nasa.gov

jon kenedis saxelobis nasas (nasa) kosmosuri

kvlevis centri erT-erTi udidesia msoflioSi.

igi 1962 wels daarsda da amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi, floridis StatSi, kunZul meritze mde-

bareobs. centri daxuruli zonaa. igi kosmosuri

aparatebis gasaSvebi teritoriisa da frenebis

marTvis centris – kosmodromisgan Sedgeba.

kosmosSi pirvelad rusi kosmonavti, iuri gagarini, gafrinda. 1961 wlis 12 aprils man kosmosuri raketa `vostokiT~ dedamiwas Semoufrina.

rogor ikvleven kosmoss? ( nawili II )

`Satli~ specialuri TviTmfrinavia, romelic kosmosSi dafrinavs.

mas adamianebi kosmosur sadgurebSi mihyavs da satelitebi orbitaze

gahyavs. `SatliT~ 7 adamians SeuZlia frena. ramdenime kviris Semdeg

`Satli~ livliviT brundeba dedamiwaze.

mzis sistemaTaviI

13

3. Seni azriT, ratom uwodeben kosmosSi gaSvebul Tanamgzavrebs xelovnurs?

4. rveulSi TanmimdevrobiT Camowere kosmosis Seswavlis teqnologiebis ganviTarebis etapebi.

5. moigone patara fantastikuri moTxroba saTauriT: `Cveni mogzauroba mzis sistemaSi~. aRwere, romel pla-netaze daeSviT, ra naxeT iq, ra pirobebSi mox-vdiT, dagWirdaT Tu ara skafandrebis gamoyeneba, rogori amindi dagxvdaT, rogor dabrundiT dedamiwaze da sxva.

mTvare erTaderTi adgilia kosmosSi, sadac

adamianma fexi dadga. 1969 wels amerikeli

astronavtebi raketiT kosmosSi gaf rindnen.

mTvares rom miuaxlovdnen, raketas xomaldi

gamoeyo da mTvareze daeSva. astronav tebi – nil

armstrongi da eduin oldrini mTvareze gada-

vidnen. maT mTvaris qvebi Seagroves, misi zeda-

piri Seiswavles da ukan dabrun dnen.

SegiZlia varskvlavTa ruka Tavad Seadgino. uRrublo Rames (sas­urvelia umTvaroc, rom meti varskvlavi Candes) daakvirdi cas da furcelze varskvlavebi si­kaSkaSisa da ganlagebis mixedviT gadaitane. ufro mkrTali (susti naTebis) varskvlavebis dasanaxad SegiZlia Wogriti ga moiyeno.

Sen mier Sedgenili ruka as­tronomiul rukas Seadare (dan­arTi 1). ra msgavseba­gansxvavebebi aRmoaCine maT Soris?

astronavtebi mTvareze aseTi manqanis – mTva-remavlis saSualebiT gadaadgildebodnen.

ifiqre

saWiroa Tu ara kos mosis Semdgomi Seswavla? ratom?

dakvirveba

TaviII ruka da geografiuli

obieqtebi

Seityob:

ra aris horizonti da horizontis mxareebi;

ra aris ruka da globusi;

rogor ganasxvavo wyali da xmeleTi rukasa da

globusze;

ra aris mTa, mdinare da ra nawilebisgan

Sedgeba isini.

SeZleb:

daadgino horizontis mxareebi adgilsa da

rukaze;

rukasa da globusze erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavo

wyali da xmeleTi;

aRwero da daaxasiaTo mTa, vake da mdinare.

16

Tu swor, gaSlil adgilze an mTis wverze

dadgebi, Sen win didi sivrce gaiSleba. am siv-

rces, romelsac Seni Tvali swvdeba, horizonti

hqvia.

gaSlil adgilze, sadac Tvals araferi efare-

ba, gacilebiT did sivrces vxedavT da horizon-

tic Riaa. iq, sadac Senobebi, mTebi an xeebi xels

uSlis xedvas, horizontis sivrce ar gamoCndeba

da amitomac horizonti daxurulia.

cnobilia, rom rac ufro maRla avdivarT,

horizontic izrdeba. am dros sivrce imdenad

didia, rom gveCveneba, TiTqos, sadRac Sors wya-

li an xmeleTi mTavrdeba da cas uerTdeba. am

adgils horizontis­xazi hqvia.

horizonti

daakvirdi suraTebs da moifiqre, romel maTganzea gamosaxuli Ria da daxuruli horizontebi, ratom fiqrob ase?

5

2

1

TaviII

Taviruka da geografiuli obieqtebi

17

Tu sul pirdapir ivli, horizontis xazic win

gadainacvlebs. ramdenic ar unda iaro, hori-

zontis xazamde verasdros mixval – es SeuZle-

belia.

1. ra gansxvavebaa Ria da daxurul horizontebs Soris?

2. sad ufro vrcel horizonts dai naxav, mTis wveroze Tu mindorSi dgomisas? ratom?

3. SeiZleba Tu ara horizontis xazamde miaxloeba da ratom?

roca zRvas napiridan gavcqeriT, gveCveneba, TiTqos, zRva da ca erTmaneTs uerTdeba. romeli adgilia am suraTze horizontis xazi?

gaSlil adgilze Tu dadgebi da mimoixedav, SeamCnev, rom horizontis xazi Cven garSemo wres qmnis. qalaqSi an sofelSi horizontis xazis SemCneva rTulia, tyeSi ki saerTod SeumCnevelia.

aRwere, ras xedav saklaso oTaxis fanjridan da daad­gine, rogori horizontia – Ria Tu daxuruli?

praqtikuli