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Magnetism & Magnetic Fields April 27, 2020

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Page 1: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Magnetism & Magnetic Fields

April 27, 2020

Page 2: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

• Opposite poles attract• Like poles repel• Magnetic poles ALWAYS come in pairs• Magnetic fields are produced by the motion of an electric charge

Magnetism

Page 3: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Atomic Level of Magnetism(source of magnetism)

• Electrons spin about their axis• Electrons orbit around the nucleus

Page 4: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Magnetic Materials• Cobalt• Iron• Nickel

• These are the only three elements that the electron’s spin and orbit align with each other

• Other materials’ spins  and orbits cancel out

Page 5: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Magnetic DomainsMagnetic Domain:• A microscopic cluster of atoms with their magnetic fields aligned• Heating or dropping a magnet will weaken it (causing the domains to become unaligned).

Page 6: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Earth’s Magnetic Field• Deflects most of the cosmic ray’s• What is the cause of the Earth’s magnetic field?

Page 7: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Earth’s Magnetic FieldThe north pole of a compass needle is a magnetic north pole. It is attracted to the geographic North Pole, which is a magnetic south pole (opposite magnetic poles attract).

Page 8: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Magnetism

Chapter 36

Page 9: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Right Hand Rule

Right­Hand Rule: determines the direction of the magnetic field around a current­carrying wire .

Page 10: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

                                     

Point your thumb in the direction of the current (I). The curl of your fingers shows the direction of the magnetic field (B).

Right Hand Rule

Alternately, curl your fingers in the direction of the current loop (I). The thumb points in the direction of the magnetic field (B).

Page 11: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Right Hand Rule Symbols• Vector arrows and 

loops• A dot “●” means 

out of the page• An ex “X” means 

into the page• Label the symbols 

I = currentB = magnetic field

• "Dots" (●) and "exes" (X) must be in pairs!

Page 12: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Right­Hand RuleAnimations

Magnetic field around a loop of wire

Magnetic field around a straight wire

Page 13: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

I

X

I

I

Page 14: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Generators and Electric Motors

Electromagnetic Induction

Page 15: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Electromagnetic Induction• Electromagnetic Induction: The process of creating a 

voltage in a circuit by changing the magnetic field.

Page 16: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Generator Components• Strong magnet or magnetic field• Coil of wire that is part of a circuit• A way to move the coil of wire

Page 17: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Generator• Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

• The rotating coil produces an alternating current• Alternating current can be easily transformed

Page 18: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Electric Motors• Electric motors: Convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

Page 19: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

• Transformer: A device for increasing or decreasing voltage through electromagnetic induction

• Consist of two different coils of wire around opposite sides of an iron core. • Alternating current through a coil of wire induces a varying magnetic field in the core, ...• ... which in turn will cause a current flow in a secondary coil.

Transformers

Page 20: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Step­up:• Voltage increases• Current decreases• Power stays the same• Less coils on the primary than the secondary

Page 21: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Step­down:• Voltage decreases• Current increases• Power stays the same• More coils on the primary than the secondary

Page 22: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Steam­Powered Generator• Steam drives the turbine, which turns the coil wire in a 

magnetic field.

Power Generation

Page 23: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Coal Power Plant1

Page 24: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Nuclear Power Plant2

Page 25: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Geothermal Generator3

Page 26: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

MethanePower Plants4

Page 27: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Hydroelectric Power Plant5

Page 28: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Wind and Tidal Generators6

Page 29: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Mechanical Generators• Coal power plants (steam)• Nuclear power plants (steam)• Geothermal power (steam)• Methane power plants (steam)• Hydroelectric power plants (PEgrav)• Wind turbines (KEwind) & Tidal power (KEtide)

Page 30: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Solar Power (non­mechanical)• Electromagnetic energy (Sun) converted into electric power

Page 31: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around

Power Transmission

Page 32: Magnetism & Magnetic Fields - Magnetism...Apr 27, 2020  · Magnetism. Atomic Level of Magnetism (source of magnetism) •Electrons spin about their axis •Electrons orbit around