maggie combs-how to analyze the works of f. scott fitzgerald-abdo publishing company (2012)

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by Maggie Combs F. SCOTT FITZGERALD 3Ya ^Y ,XKVcdO ^RO BY\U] YP e e e e e e e e e e e e e e C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Co o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o om m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m mb b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bs s s s s s s s s s s s s s 0]]OX^SKV .\S^S[_O]

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  • by Maggie C

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    by Maggie C

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  • by Maggie C

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    Credits

    Published by ABDO Publishing Company, 8000 West 78th Street, Edina, Minnesota 55439. Copyright 2012 by Abdo Consulting Group, Inc. International copyrights reserved in all countries. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. The Essential Library is a trademark and logo of ABDO Publishing Company.

    Printed in the United States of America, North Mankato, Minnesota062011092011

    Editor: Amy Van ZeeCopy Editor: Sarah BeckmanInterior Design and Production: Kazuko CollinsCover Design: Marie Tupy

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCombs, Maggie, 1985- How to analyze the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald / by Maggie Combs. p. cm. -- (Essential critiques) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61783-092-1 1. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (Francis Scott), 1896-1940--Criticism and interpretation--Juvenile literature. I. Title.

    PS3511.I9Z578 2011 813.52--dc22 2011006302

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  • Table of Contents

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    .RKZ^O\Introduction to Critiques

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    A Closer Look at F. Scott Fitzgerald

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    An Overview of Winter Dreams

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    CoverCreditsTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Introduction to CritiquesCHAPTER 2 A Closer Look at F. Scott FitzgeraldCHAPTER 3 An Overview of "Winter Dreams"CHAPTER 4 How to Apply Marxist Criticism to "Winter Dreams"CHAPTER 5 An Overview of The Great GatsbyCHAPTER 6 How to Apply Historical Criticism to The Great GatsbyCHAPTER 7 An Overview of "Bernice Bobs Her Hair"CHAPTER 8 How to Apply Feminist Criticism to "Bernice Bobs Her Hair"CHAPTER 9 An Overview of Tender Is the NightCHAPTER 10 How to Apply Biographical Criticism to Tender Is the NightYou Critique ItTimelineGlossaryBibliography of Works and CriticismResourcesSource NotesIndex