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Macromolecules Biology

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The Role of Carbon in Organisms Let’s draw carbon…

TRANSCRIPT

MacromoleculesBiology

What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon

and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest.

Water Salt Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide

The Role of Carbon in Organisms

Let’s draw carbon…

Page 4: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

CarbonA carbon atom has four electrons

available for bonding in its outer energy level. In order to become stable, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds that fill its outer energy level.

Page 5: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Two carbon atoms can form various types of covalent bonds: Single

Double

Triple

Page 6: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

When carbon atoms bond to each other they can

form: Straight Chains Branched Chains Rings (like glucose)

Page 7: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Polymer Polymer - large molecule made of

many smaller molecules that bond together.

Polymers are made of monomers!

Page 8: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Types of PolymersPolymers1. Carbohydrates2. Proteins3. Lipids4. Nucleic Acids

Their Monomers…1. Monosaccharide2. Amino Acids3. Fatty Acids4. Nucleotides

Page 9: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Carbohydrates Composed of Carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen. Ratio of 1:2:1 Simplest type of carbohydrate is a

simple sugar called a monosaccharide.

Page 10: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Monosaccharide - 1 ring Example: glucose

Disaccharide - 2 (glucose + fructose = sucrose)Sucrose is a disaccharide! Polysaccharide - many

Example: starch

Page 11: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Types of Polysaccharides Starch - found in plants. Its their

way of storing energy. Glycogen - found in liver of

animals. Temporary storage. Cellulose - found in the cell wall of

plants. Carbohydrates are for short term

storage of energy.

Page 12: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Lipids Made mostly of carbon and

hydrogen, with a little bit of oxygen.

Fats, oils, and waxes. They are insoluble in water,

because they are non-polar. (hydrophobic)

Page 13: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Functions of Lipids Long term storage of energy Insulation Protection of organs Steroids - signals in body

Important in metabolism Some hormones

Page 14: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Proteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

Page 15: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Amino Acids 20 common amino acids that can make

thousands of proteins. Amino acids are held together by

Peptide Bonds. (Peptide bonds hold the protein chain together!)

Page 16: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Proteins make up many of the structural components of organism! Components like enzymes!

Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction. Speeds them up! Ex. Digesting a food, blood clotting,

etc

Page 17: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Nucleic Acids Stores cellular information in the

form of a code.

Made of subunits called nuceotides.

Page 18: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

Nucleotides have three parts:

1. Nitrogenous Base2. A Simple Sugar3. A Phosphate Group

Phosphate group

Sugar

Nitrogenous base

Page 19: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

DNA is a nucleic acid! Deoxyribonucleic acid! The instructions coded in DNA

contains all the instructions for making proteins in organisms.

RNA is also a nucleic acid…we’ll talk about it later!

Page 20: Macromolecules Biology. What does organic mean? Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Molecules - the rest. Water Salt

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