macromolecule scramble intro

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Macromolecule Scramble F. Fats/lipids and steroids Dragon fly book p.46 Eyeball book p. 98-99 For monomers: list molecules that come together to make macromolecule P. Proteins Dragon fly book 47-48 Eyeball book 100-102 N. Nucleic acids Dragon fly book 47 Eyeball book 229-231 C. Carbohydrates Dragon fly book 45 Eyeball book 95-97 1) Definition 2) Alternate names 3) Monomer is______ A. diagram 4) Polymer is _______ A. diagram 5) Reaction that produces macromolecule 6) Bond that forms 7) Different types and their role 8) Function at… Cellular level Organism level 9) Important Factoids about molecule (should have at least 3 other important facts)

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Page 1: Macromolecule scramble intro

Macromolecule ScrambleF. Fats/lipids and steroids

Dragon fly book p.46 Eyeball book p. 98-99

For monomers: list molecules that come together to make macromolecule

P. Proteins Dragon fly book 47-48 Eyeball book 100-102

N. Nucleic acids Dragon fly book 47 Eyeball book 229-231

C. Carbohydrates Dragon fly book 45 Eyeball book 95-97

1) Definition2) Alternate names3) Monomer is______

A. diagram

4) Polymer is _______A. diagram

5) Reaction that produces macromolecule

6) Bond that forms7) Different types and their

role8) Function at…

Cellular level Organism level

9) Important Factoids about molecule (should have at least 3 other important facts)

Page 2: Macromolecule scramble intro

Monomer and diagram

Polymer and diagram

Common Names

Function

Link that forms between monomers

Role in the cell

Role in organism

Different types

3 or more important facts

Other relevant info

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids

N/A

Lipids/fats

Steroids General structure

Copy Table Onto Your Paper (make it big with lots of Space)

Page 3: Macromolecule scramble intro

Intro to Macro molecules

Macromolecules

Page 4: Macromolecule scramble intro

CarbonThe element of LIFE!Found in all living organisms!

We are always looking for carbon based life formsOrganic molecules: molecules that contain carbon

C6H12O6, CO2, CH4

Some molecules are made of just CARBON and HYDROGEN…we call these HYDROCARBONSThese are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon

componentsHydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of

energy

Inorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain carbonH2O, NH3, O2

Page 5: Macromolecule scramble intro

LE 4-4

Hydrogen(valence = 1)

Oxygen(valence = 2)

Nitrogen(valence = 3)

Carbon(valence = 4)

Page 6: Macromolecule scramble intro

Structure of CarbonStructure

Valence electrons: 4How many bonds can carbon make with

other atoms?4: single, double, or triple…as long as it has 4 lines

touching itThis makes carbon a versatile atom…it can

make long chains of carbons, branched carbon structures, even ring structures with itself

Page 7: Macromolecule scramble intro

LE 4-5

LengthEthane Propane

Butane 2-methylpropane(commonly called isobutane)

Branching

Double bonds

Rings

1-Butene 2-Butene

Cyclohexane Benzene

Page 8: Macromolecule scramble intro

Some important words to knowMolecule

Group of covalently bonded atomsMacromolecule

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Functional GroupsGroup of atoms within a molecule that interact in

PREDICTABLE ways Polar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)

Hydroxyl groupCarbonyl groupCarboxyl groupAmino groupSulfhydryl groupPhosphate group

Page 9: Macromolecule scramble intro

LE 4-10aa

STRUCTURE

(may be written HO—)

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Alcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)

Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beverages

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Is polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.

Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).

Page 10: Macromolecule scramble intro

LE 4-10ac

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Carboxylic acids, or organic acids

EXAMPLE

Has acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.

Acetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour taste

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

The covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,

Acetic acid Acetate ion

In cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.

Page 11: Macromolecule scramble intro

LE 4-10ba

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Amine

EXAMPLE

Because it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Acts as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:

(nonionized)

Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditions

Glycine

(ionized)

Page 12: Macromolecule scramble intro

LE 4-10bc

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Organic phosphates

EXAMPLE

Glycerol phosphate

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Makes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).

Can transfer energy between organic molecules.

Page 13: Macromolecule scramble intro

What are macromolecules made of?• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of

many similar building blocks called monomers• Poly=many• Mono=one• Think of a beaded bracelet….• each bead is a MONOMER • The entire bracelet is a POLYMER

• Large variety of polymers but there are less than 50 monomers…kinda like the alphabet…lots of words, only 26 letters

• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers:CarbohydratesProteinsNucleic acids

***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still macromolecules

Page 14: Macromolecule scramble intro

Making and Breaking PolymersPolymerization: making polymers

Dehydration ReactionDehydrate means water lossWhen a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a

monomer to another monomer

HydrolysisHydro- waterLysis- to break downDef: to break apart or disassemble a polymer

by adding water (H-OH)

Page 15: Macromolecule scramble intro

LE 5-2

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

Longer polymer

Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond

Hydrolysis of a polymer

Page 16: Macromolecule scramble intro

Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Disaccharide or Polysaccharide Link between monomers is called:

Glycosidic Linkage Formed by a dehydration reaction

Always have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygens CxH2xOx

Common name: sugar End with suffix “-ose”

Function: Energy/fuel, structure, storage GLUCOSE!!!!

What all cells need for energy

Page 17: Macromolecule scramble intro

Carbs continued

Monosaccharides Glucose fructose

Disaccharides sucrose

Polysaccharides Starch

In plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cord Glycogen

Excess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of glucose monomers

Stored in muscle and liver cells When body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose

Cellulose Found in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer; building material; aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide down

Passes through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrient Some animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down

cellulose

Carbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH) Dissolve in water making sugary solutions Large carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve

Think about your towels and clothes, duh!

Page 18: Macromolecule scramble intro

Proteins Monomer: amino acids

20 amino acids Amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbon Only thing different is side chain…R-group

Polymer: polypeptide chains (proteins) Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond

Made by a dehydration reaction (between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another

aa) STRUCTURE of A.A.

Amino group on one end (-NH2) Carboxyl group on one end (COOH) Hydrogen R-group/side chain (changes)

Function of Proteins: structural support Storage Transport cellular communications Movement defense against foreign substances

Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells

Page 19: Macromolecule scramble intro
Page 20: Macromolecule scramble intro

Protein Structure Primary structure 1’

Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Secondary structure 2’

Polypeptide chain folds because of interactions between amino acids

HYDROGEN BONDING Tertiary Structure 3’

Gives proteins 3-D shape VERY IMPORTANT to function of protein

Beta pleated sheets and alpha helices fold based on interactions between R-groups of a.a.

Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar interactions, acid/base interactions, disulfide bonds, van der Waals forces

Quaternary Structure 4’ the association of the polypeptide chains some proteins contain more than one

polypeptide chain Each polypeptide chain in the protein is called a

subunit Two or more subunits come together for a

specific function HEMOGLOBIN

On Red blood cells Its shape allows RBCs to carry oxygen all around your body!

Page 21: Macromolecule scramble intro

DenaturationUnraveling/unfolding of proteinWhy would this be a problem?When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its

specific functionCaused by:

Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other environmental condition

Disrupts the interactions between side chains and causes loss of shape

Examples:Frying an eggStraightening your hair

Page 22: Macromolecule scramble intro

Classification of Proteins According to biological function.

Type: Example:

Enzymes- Catalyze biological reactions

ß-galactosidase

Transport and Storage Hemoglobin

MovementActin

And Myosin in muscles

Immune ProtectionImmunoglobulins

(antibodies)

Regulatory Function within cells Transeription Factors

HormonesInsulin

Estrogen

Structural Collagen

Page 23: Macromolecule scramble intro
Page 24: Macromolecule scramble intro

Fats/Lipids

Made of mostly carbon and hydrogen…some oxygen

Usually not soluble in water

Not a polymer but is made of molecular units

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids= FAT

Linkage is called ESTER linkageDehydration reaction

FunctionEnergy storageInsulationwaterproofing

Page 25: Macromolecule scramble intro

Types of FatsSaturated

Solid at room temperatureAnimal fatsAll the carbons in the fatty acid

chains contain the MAXIMUM # of hydrogen atoms around each atom

SATURATED with hydrogenOnly single bonds in fatty acid chain

Unsaturated/polyunsaturated fatsLiquid at room temperaturePlant oils, fish oilsOne or more double bonded carbon

atoms in fatty acid chain, then it is unsaturated

Page 26: Macromolecule scramble intro

Phospholipids

Page 27: Macromolecule scramble intro

Steroids Chemical messengers Structure

4 fused carbon rings Ex. Cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol Function

structural component of mammalian cell membranes

resilience and fluidity of human membranes

mobilized for the synthesis of steroid hormones

protecting the human skin against external irritants and for holding water content Improvement of water balance in human skin Enhanced barrier function for stratum Inhibition of aging of skin Water retention for hair

Page 28: Macromolecule scramble intro

Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide

Structure of a Nucleotide Made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or

deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base

Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Function DNA

genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms Instructions to make RNA and proteins

long-term storage of information NITROGENOUS BASES:

Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine Purines: guanine and adenine A binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNA

RNA messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis

complexes known as ribosomes essential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used

in protein synthesis Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA NITROGENOUS BASES:

Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil Purines: guanine and adenine A binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA

Page 29: Macromolecule scramble intro
Page 30: Macromolecule scramble intro

Gizmo: Identifying Nutrients Title: Lab #2 Identifying Nutrients Purpose: Background:

Summary of Macromolecules Vocabulary (from exploration guide) Prior Knowledge Questions 1 and 2

Gizmo Warm Up Answers to 1 and 2 (compete sentence answers)

Gizmo Activity A Answer questions 1-6, COMPLETE SENTENCE ANSWERS

Example: #1 Sample A does contain monosaccharides because when the Benedict test was utilized, there was a pink color change, which is an indication of monosaccharides.

Gizmo Activity B (Results and Data) Copy Table 1 into Lab notebook Complete Table 1 (label) Answer Question 2 parts A, B, and C in complete sentences Answer question 3 (Conclusion of activity B) Complete sentences Copy Table 4 into lab notebook Complete Table 2 (label)

Conclusion Summarize the what nutrients are and why they are important as well as the tests

and procedures you used Answer questions 5 and 6

Page 31: Macromolecule scramble intro

MACROMOLECULE AssessmentChoose One of the Following To Complete

Must Include:Each of the MacromoleculesTheir StructureTheir FunctionMonomers and PolymersDiagramBe Neat AND Creative

Macromolecule Comic CardsMacromolecule Song/RapMacromolecule Children’s bookMacromolecule PoemMacromolecule Advertisement/Billboard/Pamphlet