m5 territorio y socioeconomía. forestal... · objetivos de la materia 5 m. o. i. restauraci ó n...

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M5 M5 TerritorioTerritorio y y SocioeconomSocioeconomííaa

La La EcologEcologííaa del del PaisajePaisajey y susu utilidadutilidad parapara

la la restauracirestauracióónn de de EcosistemasEcosistemas

RamRamóón Elenan Elena--RossellRossellóó, Santiago , Santiago SauraSaura y y ValentValentíínn GGóómezmez--SanzSanz

UPMUPM--ETSI Montes, ETSI Montes, ForestalForestal y y MedioMedio NaturalNatural

LandscapeLandscape EcologyEcology & & EcosystemEcosystem RestaurationRestaurationBasic Concepts Basic Concepts andand definitionsdefinitions

–– HumansHumans, , landslands, , landscapeslandscapes: : artisticartistic scientificscientific..–– SocioSocio--economicseconomics, , ecologyecology, socio, socio--ecologyecology–– ScaleScale, , graingrain, , extentextent, , integrationintegration levellevel,,–– LandscapeLandscape factorsfactors–– LandscapeLandscape typestypes

LandscapeLandscape structurestructure–– LandscapeLandscape elementselements–– CompositionComposition–– ConfigurationConfiguration–– StructuralStructural modellingmodelling: : FragstatsFragstats PatchPatch AnalistAnalist

LandscapeLandscape functionsfunctions–– InnerInner FunctionsFunctions: : NaturalnessNaturalness, , forestforest connectivityconnectivity–– OuterOuter FunctionsFunctions: : WildfireWildfire vulnerabilityvulnerability–– FunctionalFunctional modellingmodelling: : ConeforConefor

LandscapeLandscape dynamicsdynamics–– StructuralStructural changeschanges–– FunctionalFunctional changeschanges..–– DynamicDynamic modelmodel: SISPARES, : SISPARES, MarkovMarkov chainschains

LandscapeLandscape assessmentassessment & & monitoringmonitoring–– FutureFuture projectionsprojections andand diagnosisdiagnosis–– SimulationSimulation modelling:Prognosismodelling:Prognosis

EcologicalEcological evaluationevaluation ofof ecosystemecosystem restaurationrestauration at at LandscapeLandscape scalescale

indexindex

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M5 M5 La La EcologEcologííaa del del PaisajePaisajey y susu utilidadutilidad parapara


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ObjetivosObjetivos, , ConceptosConceptos GeneralesGenerales y y DefinicionesDefiniciones

RamRamóón Elenan Elena--RossellRossellóó y y ValentValentíínn GGóómezmez--SanzSanz

UPMUPM--ETSI Montes, ETSI Montes, ForestalForestal y y MedioMedio NaturalNatural

M5 M5 La La EcologEcologííaa del del PaisajePaisajey y susu utilidadutilidad parapara


Objetivos de la Materia 5Objetivos de la Materia 5

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M5 EcologM5 Ecologíía del Paisajea del PaisajeM

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M5 EcologM5 Ecologíía del Paisajea del Paisaje

LandscapeLandscape EcologyEcology isis a a branchbranch fromfrom thethe stemstem ofofTerrestrialTerrestrial EcologyEcology aimingaiming toto studystudy thethe landscapeslandscapesas as systemssystems ofof ecosystemsecosystems..

EcosystemEcosystem RestorationRestoration isis a a complexcomplex strategystrategyinvolvinginvolving differentdifferent technicaltechnical activitiesactivities aimingaiming totoimproveimprove thethe ecologicalecological conditionsconditions ofof anyany ecosystemecosystem

Objetivos de la Materia 5 Objetivos de la Materia 5

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M5 EcologM5 Ecologíía del Paisajea del PaisajeM5 EcologM5 Ecologíía del Paisajea del Paisaje

EcosystemEcosystem RestorationRestoration isis thethe ““surgerysurgery ofof degradeddegradedlandscapeslandscapes”” wherewhere somesome ecosystemsecosystems are are ““illill””..

ForFor a a successfulsuccessful surgicalsurgical operationoperation thethe surgeonssurgeons needneedreliablereliable informationinformation aboutabout thethe patientpatient andand deseasedesease suppliedsuppliedby by thethe physiciansphysicians

EcosystemEcosystem RestorationRestoration isis a a complexcomplex strategystrategy involvinginvolvingdifferentdifferent technicaltechnical activitiesactivities aimingaiming toto improveimprove thetheecologicalecological conditionsconditions ofof a a givengiven ecosystemecosystem

LandscapeLandscape EcologyEcology similarlysimilarly providesprovides informationinformation thatthat isisessentialessential forfor thethe successfulsuccessful EcosystemEcosystem restorationrestoration..

Objetivos de la Materia 5 Objetivos de la Materia 5

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M5 EcologM5 Ecologíía del Paisajea del PaisajeM5 EcologM5 Ecologíía del Paisajea del Paisaje

LandscapeLandscape structuralstructural andand functionalfunctional assessmentassessment willwillgivegive anan objectiveobjective procedureprocedure forfor selectingselecting thosethoseecosystemsecosystems toto be be restoredrestored..

LandscapeLandscape structuralstructural andand functionalfunctional dynamicsdynamics are are necessarynecessary forfor identifyidentify thethe LandscapeLandscape drivingdriving factorsfactorsresponsibleresponsible forfor thethe ecosystemecosystem degradationdegradation, , mostmostcrucial crucial duringduring thethe restorationrestoration worksworks

TheThe followfollow--up up ofof thethe restorationrestoration wouldwould be be easiereasier ififa a landscapelandscape modelmodel ofof thethe areaarea isis availableavailable..

LandscapeLandscape EcologyEcology can can helphelp at a at a EcosystemEcosystemRestorationRestoration in in differentdifferent times, times, allall alongalong thethe projectprojectdesigndesign, , iimplementationmplementation andand monitoringmonitoring

conceptconcept ofof landscapelandscape

LandscapeLandscapeLandschaftLandschaftLandschapLandschapLandskapLandskap

PaysagePaysagePaesaggioPaesaggioPaisagemPaisagem

PaisajePaisaje

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitions

LANDLAND

PAYSPAYS

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evolutionevolution ofof landscapelandscape CONCEPTCONCEPT

TraditionalTraditional conceptconceptSensorial Sensorial perceptionperception expressedexpressed by by artistsartists. . AntropocentricAntropocentric viewview ArtArt

GeographicalGeographical conceptconceptQualitativeQualitative andand economicaleconomicalAntropocentricAntropocentric ScienceScience

EcologicalEcological conceptconceptQuantitativeQuantitative andand systematicsystematicNo No AntropocentricAntropocentric ScienceScience


HHUUMMAANNSS

L A N DL A N D

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Land Land scapescape = = piecepiece ofof Land Land subjectivellysubjectivelly viewedviewed by by anan artistartist

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionsoldold traditionaltraditional artisticartistic conceptconcept ofof landscapelandscape

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""Extension of Extension of land land visiblevisible from a site"from a site"

""Extension ofExtension of land land considered from its artistic features"considered from its artistic features"

"Painting or drawing that represents"Painting or drawing that represents a certain piece of landa certain piece of land““

Diccionario Real Academia de la Lengua Española, 1992

ScapeScape == viewview

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionstraditionaltraditional artisticartistic conceptconcept ofof landscapelandscape

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““visualvisual formsforms adopted by the geographical facts, both physical adopted by the geographical facts, both physical and and humanhuman, written or graphical, as well as their , written or graphical, as well as their valuesvaluesgiven fromgiven from individual and socialindividual and social points of viewpoints of view““

Zoido 1989

landscapelandscape as as geographicgeographic scientificscientific conceptconcept


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““landscapelandscape conceptconcept providedprovided spatialspatial dimensiondimension toto thethe ecologyecology””Forman and Godron, 1986

landscapelandscape as as ecologicalecological conceptconceptConcepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitions

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““heterogeneous land areaheterogeneous land area composed of composed of a cluster of a cluster of interacting ecosystemsinteracting ecosystems

that is repeated in similar form throughout.that is repeated in similar form throughout.””Forman and Godron, 1986

landscapelandscape as as scientificscientific ecologicalecological conceptconcept

HumansHumans are are notnotthethe onlyonly usersusers ofofthethe landscapeslandscapes

Other Other species, especially animalsspecies, especially animals,,are the main users of landscape,are the main users of landscape,

from an ecological conceptfrom an ecological concept


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landscapelandscape as as ecologicalecological conceptconcept


ALL ORGANISMS ALL ORGANISMS

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Landscape ecological structureLandscape ecological structure

Landscape functional dynamicsLandscape functional dynamics

Landscape evolutional dynamicsLandscape evolutional dynamics

Landscape ecological factorsLandscape ecological factors

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionslandscapelandscape ecologicalecological featuresfeatures

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Rowe, 1961

Landscape

landscape is alandscape is asystem of ecosystemssystem of ecosystems

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionslandscapelandscape ecologicalecological structurestructure

landscape is a landscape is a level of biological organizationlevel of biological organization

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StructuralStructural componentscomponentsofof thethe landscapelandscape

Functional components Functional components of the landscapeof the landscape

landscapelandscape ecologicalecologicalconceptconcept


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landscape is a landscape is a system of system of interacting ecosystemsinteracting ecosystems

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionslandscapelandscape ecologicalecological functionfunction

landscape has to providelandscape has to provide matter and matter and energyenergy for ecosystem requirementsfor ecosystem requirements

For functioning, landscapes generatesFor functioning, landscapes generatesbiotic processes and geochemicalbiotic processes and geochemical flowsflows

through their ecosystems through their ecosystems

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landscape functional processes and flows landscape functional processes and flows

Wind ErosionWind ErosionGrazingGrazing

SeasonalSeasonalMigrationsMigrations

FireFire

Animal Animal DispersionDispersion

ZoogamyZoogamy

AnemogamyAnemogamy,,AnemocoryAnemocory

Gases, SolidsGases, Solids

Underground Underground Water FlowWater Flow

Water Erosion Water Erosion and riversand rivers


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““ landscape is an area that islandscape is an area that isspatially heterogeneousspatially heterogeneous in at least one in at least one factorfactor””

Turner et al., 2002Turner et al., 2002

““ in order to understand the landscapein order to understand the landscape structure and functionstructure and functionthey have to identify the factors responsible ofthey have to identify the factors responsible of landscape patternlandscape pattern””

Urban , 2001

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionslandscapelandscape ecologicalecological factorsfactors ((driversdrivers))

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landscapelandscape ecologicalecological factorsfactors

Physical state factorsPhysical state factorsClimatic factorsClimatic factorsSoil factorsSoil factors

Biotic processesBiotic processesDemographics of species Demographics of species (establishment, growth, and (establishment, growth, and mortality)mortality)

Species dispersalSpecies dispersal

Disturbance RegimesDisturbance RegimesHuman land useHuman land useNatural disruptions: Natural disruptions: fires, fires,

pests, pests, ……


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1 1 Physical state factorsPhysical state factors

22 Biotic processesBiotic processes

33 Disturbance RegimesDisturbance Regimes

HierarchiallyHierarchially, , SuccessivelySuccessively, , InteractivelyInteractivelyat at differentdifferent scalesscales Turner et al., 2002

LANDSCAPE

Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionslandscapelandscape ecologicalecological factor factor actionsactions

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resultingresulting landscapelandscape typestypes

Each type of factor makes a different type of LandscapeEach type of factor makes a different type of Landscape

Disturbance RegimesDisturbance RegimesHuman activitiesHuman activities

Urban, 2001

Biotic processesBiotic processesWild plants and animalsWild plants and animals

Physical factorsPhysical factorsGeology and ClimateGeology and Climate

GeomorphicGeomorphicLandscape Landscape

NaturalNaturalLandscape Landscape

CulturalCulturalLandscape Landscape

Time scale







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Time scale





resultingresulting landscapelandscape typestypes

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Time scale


GeomorphicGeomorphicLandscape Landscape Physical factorsPhysical factors

Geology and Climate Geology and Climate

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Time scale



Physical factorsPhysical factorsGeology and Climate Geology and Climate

Biotic processesBiotic processesWild plants and animals Wild plants and animals

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Time scale



Disturbance RegimesDisturbance RegimesHuman activities Human activities

Physical factorsPhysical factorsGeology and Climate Geology and Climate

Biotic processesBiotic processesWild plants and animals Wild plants and animals

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LANDLAND

ALL ORGANISMSALL ORGANISMS

Cultural Cultural landscapelandscape driversdrivers

HUMANSHUMANS

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SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY

GEOLOGYGEOLOGY ECOLOGYECOLOGY

Cultural Cultural landscapelandscape: : basicbasic socioecologicalsocioecological conceptconcept

ECONOMICS ECONOMICS

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Concepts Concepts andand definitionsdefinitionsCultural Cultural landscapelandscape: : basicbasic socioecologicalsocioecological conceptconcept

SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY

GEOLOGYGEOLOGY ECOLOGYECOLOGY

ECONOMICS ECONOMICS

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Rural landscape is anyone not urban nor industrial Rural landscape is anyone not urban nor industrial

rural rural landscapelandscape broadbroad definitiondefinition

Rural landscape drivers are:Rural landscape drivers are:Climate, geologyClimate, geologyBiotic processesBiotic processesHuman land useHuman land use

Rural landscapes might be:Rural landscapes might be:GeomorphicGeomorphicNaturalNaturalCulturalCulturalRural landscape land uses:Rural landscape land uses:

agrarian productionagrarian productionnature protectionnature protectiontransporttransportrecreation, energy, recreation, energy, …………

Rural landscape change:Rural landscape change:structure and functionstructure and functionat medium termat medium termaccording socioeconomics according socioeconomics limited by physical factorslimited by physical factorsM

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m5 territorio y socioeconomía. forestal... · objetivos de la materia 5 m. o. i. restauraci ó n...

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