m. sc (genetic engineering) course outline · m. sc (genetic engineering) course outline the m. sc...

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M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course Outline The M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course is of four semesters Semester I Course Code Title Credits GEN 601 Cell Biology & Genetics 3 GEN 611 Bio-Molecules 3 GEN 621 Molecular Biology 3 GEN 631 Computer Applications in Biology & Bio-statistics 3 GEN 641 Analytical Techniques 3 GEN 651 Laboratory – I 12 Comprehensive Viva Voce 4 Total 31 Semester II Course Code Title Credits GEN 602 Immunology 3 GEN 612 Microbial Technology 3 GEN 622 Enzyme Technology 3 GEN 632 Metabolic Engineering 3 GEN 642 Bio-informatics 3 GEN 652 Environmental Biotechnology 3 GEN 662 Student Seminar 1 GEN 672 Laboratory – II 10 Comprehensive Viva Voce 4 Total 33

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Page 1: M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course Outline · M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course Outline The M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course is of four semesters ... Polysaccharides - types, structural

M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course Outline

The M. Sc (Genetic Engineering) Course is of four semesters

Semester I

Course Code Title Credits

GEN 601 Cell Biology & Genetics 3

GEN 611 Bio-Molecules 3

GEN 621 Molecular Biology 3

GEN 631 Computer Applications in Biology &

Bio-statistics

3

GEN 641 Analytical Techniques 3

GEN 651 Laboratory – I 12

Comprehensive Viva Voce 4

Total 31

Semester II

Course Code Title Credits

GEN 602 Immunology 3

GEN 612 Microbial Technology 3

GEN 622 Enzyme Technology 3

GEN 632 Metabolic Engineering 3

GEN 642 Bio-informatics 3

GEN 652 Environmental Biotechnology 3

GEN 662 Student Seminar 1

GEN 672 Laboratory – II 10

Comprehensive Viva Voce 4

Total 33

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Semester III

Course Code Title Credits

GEN 603 Recombinant DNA Technology 3

GEN 613 Agriculture Biotechnology 3

GEN 623 Animal Tissue Culture 3

GEN 633 Bioprocess Technology 3

GEN 643 Biosafety, Bioethics and IPR 3

GEN 653 Home Assignment 2

GEN 663 Student Seminar 1

GEN 673 Laboratory – III 10

Comprehensive Viva Voce 4

Total 32

Semester IV

Course Code Title Credits

GEN 604 Research Project 25

Comprehensive Viva Voce 4

Total 29

Total Credits for All Semesters in 2 Years 125

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CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

1 Diversity of cell size and shape.

2 Cell theory.

3 Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells - Isolation and growth of

cells.

4. Cellular organelles- Plasma membrane, cell wall, their structural

organization; Mitochondria,

Chloroplast; Nucleus and other organelles and their organization.

5. Transport of nutrients, ions and macromolecules across membranes.

6. Cell cycle - molecular events and model systems Apoptosis.

7. Cellular responses to environmental signals in plants and animals-

mechanisms of signal transduction.

8. Cell motility- cilia, flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

9. Biology of cancer.

10. Cellular basis of differentiation and development - mitosis,

gametogenesis and fertilization, development in Drosophila and

Arabidopsis; Spatial and temporal regulation of Gene Expression.

11. Genes, Mutation and Mutagenesis - UV and chemical mutagens; Types

of mutation; Ames test for mutagenesis; Methods of genetic

analysis.

12. Bacterial Genetic System

Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, Recombination, Plasmids

and Transposons. Bacterial genetics map with reference to E.Coli.

13. Virus and Their Genetic System

Phage I and its life cycle; RNA phages; RNA Viruses; Retroviruses.

14. Genetic Systems of Yeast and Neurospora.

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15. Extra-Chromosomal Inheritance.

BIOMOLECULES

1. Chemical foundations of Biology - pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers, weak

bonds, covalent bonds.

2. Principles of thermodynamics.

3. Classes of organic compounds and functional groups - atomic and

molecular dimensions, space

filling and ball and stick models.

4. Amino acids and peptides - classification, chemical reactions and physical

properties.

5. Sugars - classification and reactions.

6. Heterocyclic compounds and secondary metabolises in living systems -

nucleotides, pigments,

isoprenoids.

7. Separation techniques for different biomolecules.

8. Lipids - classification, structure and functions.

6. Proteins - classification and separation, purification and criteria of

homogeneity, end group

analysis, hierarchy in structure, Ramachandran map.

10. Polysaccharides - types, structural features. methods for compositional

analysis.

11. Analytical techniques in biochemistry and biophysics for small

molecules and macro- molecules

for quantitation.

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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from ribose including

regulation, salvage pathways

DNA Replication

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, Mechanism of DNA

replication, Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication.

DNA Repair.

Transcription

Prokaryotic transcription, Eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerases,

General and specific transcription factors, Regulatory elements and

mechanisms of transcription regulation, 5'-Cap formation, Transcription

termination, 3'-end processing and polyadenylation, Nuclear export of

mRNA, mRNA stability.

RNA splicing

Nuclear splicing, spliceosome and small nuclear RNAs, group I and group II

introns, Cis- and Trans-splicing reactions, tRNA splicing, alternate splicing.

Translation

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation: Synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA,

aminoacyl synthetases, Mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination,

Regulation of translation, co-and post-translational modifications of

proteins, Mobility shift assay, Dipeptide assay, Tripeptide assay. In vitro

translation.

Regulation of gene expression

Induction and repression, operon theory, lac operon, his operon, trp operon,

ara operon, attenuation, positive and negative control, catabolite repression,

regulation of transcription by cAMP and CRP, and guanosine

tetraphosphate, Run off transcription. Britten-Davidson and Mated models of

gene regulation,

Protein Localization

Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, Import into nucleus,

mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes, Receptor mediated endocytosis.

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Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Viral and cellular oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes from humans,

Structure, function and mechanism of action of pRB and p53 tumor

suppressor proteins.

Antisense and Ribozyme Technology

Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules, inhibition of splicing,

polyadenylation and

translation, disruption of RNA structure and capping, Biochemistry of

ribozyrne; hammer- head, hairpin and other ribozymes, strategies for

designing ribozymes, Applications of antisense and ribozyme technologies.

RNA interference.

Homologous Recombination

Holliday junction, gene targeting, gene disruption, FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox

recombination RecA and other recombinases

Molecular Mapping of Genome

Genetic and physical maps, physical mapping and map-based cloning,

choice of mapping population, Simple sequence repeat loci, Southern and

fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome analysis, Chromosome

microdissection and microcloning, Molecular markers in genome analysis:

RFLP, RAPD and AFLP analysis, Molecular markers linked to disease

resistance genes.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS

1. Overview of computers: generations of computers, Classification of

computer, Hardware, software, Operating system (Windows and

Unix).

2. Number systems: Binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal.

3. Introduction to Programming: Development of Algorithms and flow

charts, low-level and high-level programming languages, C, C++,

Java and SQL

4. Introduction to data structures and database concepts

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5. Introduction to lnternet and its applications.

6. Introduction to MS-OFFICE: MS Word, MS Powerpoint, MS Excel

7. Introduction to Haward Graphics/Corel Draw.

8. Computer-Oriented Statistical Techniques: SPSS, Matlab.

9. Sampling - Sampling procedure, homogenization of samples, samples

size, Selection of random sample, Limitation of analytical methods,

classification of errors, measurement of averages and variation,

minimization of errors.

10. Types of data, Frequency distribution, Frequency table of single

discrete variable, Bubble sort

11. Graphical representation of Data, Histogram, Frequency polygon, Pie

Chart

12. Measure of central values - Mean, median and mode, Measures of

dispersion - range, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of

variation, moment, Skewness and kurtosis.

13. Probability, Concept of Probability Theory, Events, Trials, Mutually

exclusive events, favorable events, exhaustive events, Bayesian

theorem of Probability, Addition theorem, Multiplication theorem

14. Binomial distribution, Normal distribution, Poisson distribution &

their applications.

15. Testing of hypotheses: chi-squared test and its significance. Small

sample test – Z-test & T-test for Means, Paired T-test.

16. Design of experiments, ANOVA (one-way and two-way), F-test.

17. Simple regression and correlation

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ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

1. Introduction to biophysics : Molecular organization, of proteins -

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.

2. Conformational analysis : Nucleic acids and their organization in

living cells, interactions of nucleic acids.

3. Methods in biophysical analysis : CD, ORD and fluorescence

spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy.

4. Separation of bio-molecules: Various types of Chromatography TLC,

and Column chromatography ( partition chromatography, Adsorption

Chromatography, Ion-exchange chromatography, Gel filtration

chromatography, affinity chromatography, reverse phase

chromatography, HPLC, chromatofocussing.

5. Electrophoresis: Agarose, Starch, PAGE including SDS-PAGE,

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, Isoelectrofocussing,

Isotachophoresis.

6. Centrifugation: Differential centrifugation, Density gradient

centrifugation, Ultracentrifugation.

7. Absorption and emission spectroscopy- theory, instrumentation and

application of visible, UV, IR, AAS, NMR, ESR and Mass

spectroscopy.

8. Characterization of macromolecules using X-ray diffraction analysis.

9. Microscopy, phase contrast, fluorescence microscopy, Electron

microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy.

10. Radio isotope technique : Detection and measurement of radio activity

Geiger Muller counters, scintillation counting, auto radiography and

RIA Application of isotopes in biological studies.

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IMMUNOLOGY

Introduction

Phylogeny of Immune System , Innate and acquired immunity , Clonal

nature of immune response.

1. Organization and structure of lymphoid organs.

2. Nature and Biology of antigens and super antigens.

3. Antibody structure and function.

4. Antigen- antibody interactions.

5. Major histocompatibility complex,

6. BCR & TCR, generation of diversity.

7. Complement system.

8. Cells of the immune system: Hematopoiesis and differentiation,

Lymphoeyte trafficking, B- Iymphoeytes, T-lymphocytes,

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural killer and Lymphokine

activated killer cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and Mast-Cells.

9. Regulation of immune response.

10. Antigen processing and presentation, generation of humoral and cell

mediated immune responses

- Activation of B- and T- lymphocytes

- Cytokines and their role in immune regulation

- T-cell regulation, MHC restriction

- Immunological tolerance.

11. Cell - mediated cytotoxicity: Mechanism of T cell and NK cell

mediated lysis, Antibody dependent cell mediated.cytotoxicity,

macrophage mediated cytotoxicity.

12. Hypersensitivity.

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13. Autoimmunity.

14. Transplantation

15. Immunity to infectious agents ( intracellular parasites, helminthes &

Viruses).

16. Tumor Immunology.

17. AIDS and other Immunodeficiences.

18. Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal antibodies.

MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY

1. General Concept of microbial biotechnology

2. Principles of exploitation of microorganism, primary and

secondary metabolism

3. Microbial Production of: Antibiotics : penicillin, streptomycin

4. Enzymes : proteases, amylases, lipases

5. Organic acids : Citric acid acetic acid

6. Vitamins : Glutamic acid lysine Alkaloids

7. Beverages: Alcohol, beer, wine

8. Food and Dairy Products:

9. Single cell protein

10. Single cell oil

11. Cheese, bread and yogurt

12. Microbial production of nucleosides, nucleotides and pigments

13. Mushroom cultivation

14. Microbial transformations of antibiotics and steroids

15. Bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides

16. Biopolymers and bio-plastics

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ENZYME TECHNOLOGY

1. Discovery, classifications and nomenclature of enzymes.

Techniques of enzyme isolation

Techniques of enzyme assay

2. Intracellular localization of enzymes

Techniques used in the purification of enzymes. Criteria of enzyme

homogeneity

Techniques used for determination of native and sub-unit molecular

weight of enzymes

3. Isoenzymes

Multienzyme complexes and multifunctional enzymes

4. Physico-chemical characterization of enzymes

Enzyme kinetics : Enzyme catalysis in solution - kinetics and

thermodynamic analysis, effects of

organic solvents on enzyme catalysis and structural consequences.

Kinetics of enzyme inhibition

5. Allosterism including half of the site activity phenomena

Enzyme memory and pnemonical enzymes

6. Structure and activity of the enzymes

Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin, glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate

dehydrogenase, lysoenzyme,

carboxy peptidase, ribonuclease, aldolase etc.

7. Various techniques used for the immobilization of enzymes

Applications of immobilized enzyme in Biotechnology

8.Riboenzyme and catalytic antibodies- Functional proteins- structure and

drug targets (enzymes and receptors)

METABOLIC ENGINEERING

1. The concept of Metabolic Engineering, Historical and current views,

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Importance of secondary metabolites in medicine and agriculture

2. Introduction to Intermediary Metabolism

3. Carbohydrate Metabolism : Regulation of Embden, Meyerhoff and

Parnass (EMP) Pathway & its regulation, Correlation of EMP pathway with

other pathways; Krebs cycle and its regulation, Krebs Kornberg Cycle,

Pentose Phosphate pathway and its regulation, Glucuronate- Xylulose

pathway, Oxidative phosphorylation, Entner-Duodoroff pathway for glucose

catabolism , Industrially important enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism viz.

Cellulases, Xylanases, starch phosphorylase, pectinmethylesterase,

pectinases, glucose isomerase, Glucose oxidase.

Biosynthesis of glycogen in animals and its regulation.

4. Lipid Metabolism: Beta Oxidation of Fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis,

Biosynthesis of simple fat, phospholipids, cholesterol , sulfolipids and their

possible regulation.

5. Biosynthesis and degradation of individual amino acids, Urea Cycle.

6. Inborn errors of metabolism.

7. Secondary metabolites, various pathways for secondary metabolites viz.

Alkaloids, Phenolics, Lignins, Terpenoids Flavonoids , Porphyrins and their

possible regulation.

8. Exploitation of metabolic pathways for various drugs.

- Flavanoid pathway

Chemistry : The basic structure

Stereochemistry

Chemical synthesis of different intermediates

Biochemistry : The biochemical pathway

Carbon flow

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Different regulatory points

Intermediate pools and their significance in horticulture, agriculture and

medicine.

Molecular genetics: Regulatory genes

Gene expression in response to environmental stimuli

Regulation of gene expression

- Terpenoid pathway

Chemistry : The basic structure

Stereochemistry

Chemical synthesis of different intermediates

Biochemistry : The biochemical pathway

Carbon flow

Different regulatory points

Intermediate pools and their significance in agriculture and medicine

Microgenetics

Molecular genetics: Regulatory genes

Gene expression in response to environmental stimuli

Regulation of gene expression

- Polyketoid pathway

Chemistry: The basic structure

Stereochemistry

Chemical synthesis of different intermediates

Biochemistry : The biochemical pathway

Carbon flow

Different regulatory points

Intermediate pools and their significance in horticulture, agriculture and

medicine

Molecular genetics: Regulatory genes

Gene expression in response to environmental stimuli

Regulation of gene expression

5. Biomolecules transformation pathways

6. Networking of the secondary pathways Concepts of common “global” regulation and response

Possible links between different pathways via intermediates

Implications of adding a new pathway

Resource restructuring

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BIOINFORMATICS

Major Bioinformatics Resources: NCBI, EBI, ExPASy The knowledge of

various databases and bioinformatics tools available at these resources, the

major content of the databases, purpose and utility in life sciences, Literature

databases.

• Nucleic acid sequence databases: GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ

• Protein sequence databases: SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL,

PIR_PSD

• Genome Databases at NCBI, EBI, TIGR, SANGER

Sequence analysis:

• Various file formats for bio-molecular sequences: genbank, fasta, gcg,

msf, nbrf-pir etc.

• Basic concepts of sequence similarity, identity and homology,

definitions of homologues, orthologues, paralogues.

• Scoring matrices: basic concept of a scoring matrix, Matrices for

nucleic acid and proteins sequences, PAM and BLOSUM series

• Sequence-based Database Searches: what are sequence-based

database searches, BLAST and FASTA algorithms, Various versions

of basic BLAST and FASTA,

• Pairwise and Multiple sequence alignments: basic concepts of

sequence alignment, Needleman & Wuncsh, Smith & Waterman

algorithms for pairwise alignments, Progressive and hierarchial

algorithms for MSA. use of pairwise alignments and Multiple

sequence alignment for analysis of Nucleic acid and protein sequences

and interpretation of results; Sequence patterns and profiles: PSI-

Blast, PSSM

• Taxonomy and phylogeny: Basic concepts in systematics, taxonomy

and phylogeny; molecular evolution; nature of data used in Taxonomy

and Phylogeny, Definition and description of phylogenetic trees and

various types of trees,

Prediction of protein structure

• Secondary structure: algorithms of Chou Fasman, GOR methods;

• Tertiary Structure: basic principles and protocol of Homology

Modeling

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• Protein structure comparison and classification: classes, folds; the

concepts in 3D structure comparison, purpose of structure

comparison, algorithms such as FSSP, VAST and DALI

Molecular modeling and simulations

• Visualization of structures using Rasmol or SPDBViewer or CHIME

• Basic concepts in molecular modeling:, different types of computer

representations of molecules

• Concepts of force fields: representations of atoms and atomic

interactions, potential energy representation

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Environment: Basic concepts and issues

2. Environmental Pollution: types of pollution, Methods for the

measurement of pollution;

Methodology of environmental management - the problem solving

approach, its limitations.

3. Air pollution and its control through Biotechnology.

4. Water Pollution and Its Control: Water as a scarce natural resource, Need

for water management,

Measurement of water pollution, sources of water pollution, Waste water

collection, Waste water

treatment -physical, chemical and biological treatment processes.

5. Microbiology of Waste Water Treatments, Aerobic Process: Activated

sludge, Oxidation ditches,

trickling filter, towers, rotating discs, rotating drums, oxidation ponds.

6. Anaerobic Processes: Anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters. Upflow

anaerobic sludge blanket

reactors.

7. Treatment schemes for waste waters of dairy, distillery, tannery, Sugar,

antibiotic industries,

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8. Microbiology of degradation of Xenobiotics in Environment . Ecological

considerations,

decay behaviour & degradative plasmids; Hydrocarbons, substituted

hydrocarbons, oil

pollution, surfactants, pesticides.

9. Bioremediation of contaminated soils and waste land.

10. Biopesticides in integrated pest management.

11. Solid wastes: sources and management (composting, wormiculture and

methane production).

12. Global Environmental Problems: Ozone depletion, UV-B, green -house

effect and acid rain, their

impact and biotechnological approaches for management.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

1. Scope of Recombinant DNA Technology

2. Milestones In Genetic Engineering

Isolation of enzymes, DNA sequencing, synthesis and mutation, detection

and separation, cloning,

gene expression. Cloning and patenting of life forms. Genetic engineering

guidelines.

3. Molecular Tools and Their Applications

Restriction enzymes, modification enzymes, DNA, and RNA markers.

4. Nucleic Acid Purification, Yield Analysis

5. Nucleic Acid Amplification and Its Applications

6. Gene Cloning Vectors

Plasmids, bacteriophages, phagemids, cosmids, Artificial chromosomes.

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7. Restriction Mapping of DNA Fragments and Map Construction. Nucleic

Acid Sequencing.

8. cDNA Synthesis and Cloning

mRNA enrichment, reverse transcription, DNA primers, Linkers, adaptors

and their chemical

synthesis, Library construction and screening.

9. Alternative Strategies of Gene Cloning

Cloning interacting genes- Two-and three hybrid systems, cloning

differentially expressed genes.

Nucleic acid microarray arrays.

10. Site-directed Mutagenesis and Protein Engineering

11. How to Study Gene Regulation?

DNA transfection, Northern blot, Primer extension, S1 mapping, RNase

protection assay, Reporter assays.

12. Expression Strategies for Heterologous Genes

Vector engineering and codon optimization, host engineering, In vitro

transcription and translation, expression in bacteria, expression in Yeast,

expression in insects and insect cells, expression in mammalian cells,

expression in plants.

13. Processing of Recombinant Proteins

Purification and refolding, characterization of recombinant proteins,

stabilization of proteins.

14. Phage Display

15. T-DNA and Transposon Tagging: Role of gene tagging in gene

analysis, T-DNA and transposon tagging, Identification and

isolation of genes through T-DNA or transposon.

16. Transgenic and Gene Knockout Technologies, Targeted gene

replacement, Chromosome engineering.

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17. Gene Therapy: Vector engineering. Strategies of gene delivery,

gene replacement/augmentation, gene correction, gene editing,

gene regulation and silencing.

AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Conventional Plant Breeding

2. Introduction to cell and Tissue Culture, tissue culture as a technique to

produce novel plants and hybrids.

3. Tissue culture media (composition and preparation).

4. Initiation and maintenance of callus and suspension culture; single cell

clones.

5. Organogenesis: somatic embryogenesis: transfer and establishment of

whole plants in soil.

6. Shoot-tip culture: rapid clonal propagation and production of virus-free

plants.

7. Embryo culture and embryo rescue.

8. Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; selection of hybrid cells and

regeneration of hybrid plants; symmetric and asymmetric hybrids, cybrids.

9. Anther, pollen and ovary culture for production of haploid plants and

homozygous lines.

10. Cryopreservation, slow growth and DNA banking for germ plasm

conservation.

11. Basic Techniques in rDNA Technology.

12. Plant Transformation technology: basis of tumor formation, hairy root,

features of TI and RI plasmids, mechanisms of DNA transfer, role of

virulence genes, use of TI and RI as vectors, binary vectors, use of 35S and

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other promoters, genetic markers, use of reporter genes, reporter gene with

introns, use of scaffold attachment regions, methods of nuclear

transformation, viral vectors and their applications, multiple gene transfers,

Vectors- less or direct DNA transfer, particle bombardment,

(electroporation, microinjection, transformation of monocots. Transgene

stability and gene silencing.

13. Application of Plant Transformation for productivity and performance:

herbicide resistance, phosphoinothricin, glyphosate, sufonyl urea, atrazine,

insect resistance, Bt genes, Non-Bt like protease inhibitors, alpha amylase

inhibitor, virus resistance, coat protein mediated, nucleocapsid gene, disease

resistance, chitinase, 1-3 beta glucanase, RIP, antifungal proteins, thionins,

PR proteins, nematode resistance, abiotic stress, post- harvest losses, long

shelf life of fruits and flowers, use of ACC synthase, polygalacturanase,

ACC oxidase, male sterile lines, bar and barnase systems, carbohydrate

composition and storage, ADP glucose pyrophosphatase.

14. Chloroplast Transformation: advantages, vectors. success with tobacco

and potato.

15. Metabolic Engineering and Industrial Products: plant secondary

metabolities, control mechanisms and manipulation of phenylpropanoid

pathway, shikimate pathway; alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable

plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate. therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes,

antibodies, edible vaccines, purification strategies, oleosin partitioning

technology.

16. Molecular Marker-aided Breeding: RFLP maps, linkage analysis, RAPD

markers, STS, microsatellites, SCAR (sequence characterized amplified

regions), SSCP (single strand conformational polymorphism), AFLP, QTL,

map based cloning, molecular marker assisted selection.

17. Arid and semi-arid plant biotechnology.

18. Green House and Green-Home technology.

ANIMAL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Structure and organization of animal cell

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2. Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technology

3. Primary and established cell line cultures

4. Introduction to the balanced salt solutions and simple growth medium,

Brief discussion on the

chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of

culture medium. Role of

carbon dioxide. Role of serurn and supplements.

5. Serum & protein free defined media and their application.

6. Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity.

7. Biology and characterization of the cultured cells, measuring parameters

of growth.

8. Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro; disaggregation of

tissue and primary culture.,

maintenance of cell culture; cell separation.

9. Scaling-up of animal cell culture.

10. Cell synchronization.

11. Cell cloning and micromanipulation.

12. Cell transformation.

13. Application of animal cell culture.

14. Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cells and their applications

15. Cell culture based vaccines

16. Somatic cell genetics.

17. Organ and histotypic cultures.

18. Measurement of cell death

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19. Apoptosis

20. Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering

BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY

1. Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering.

2. Bioreactors.

3. Isolation, Preservation and Maintenance of Industrial Microorganisms.

4. Kinetics of microbial growth and death.

5. Media for Industrial Fermentation.

6. Air and Media Sterilization.

7. Types of fermentation processes: Analysis of batch, Fed-batch and

continuous bioreactions,

stability of microbial reactors, analysis of mixed microbial populations,

specialized bioreactors

(pulsed, fluidized, photobioreactors etc.)

8. Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters.

9. Downstream Processing: Introduction, Removal of microbial cells and

solid matter, foam reparation,

precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, cell disruptions, liquid-liquid

extraction, chromatography,

Membrane process, Drying and Crystallization, Effluent treatment:

D.O.C. and C.O.D. treatment

and disposal of effluents.

10. Whole cell lmmobilization and their Industrial Applications.

11. Industrial Production of Chemicals: Alcohol (ethanol), Acids (citric,

acetic and gluconic), solvents

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(glycerol, acetone, butanol), Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin,

tetracycline), Aminoacids

(lysine, glutamic acid), Single Cell Protein.

12. Use of microbes in mineral beneficiation and oil recovery.

13. Introduction to Food Technology

- Elementary idea of canning and packing.

- Sterilization and Pasteurization of food Products.

- Technology of Typical Food/Food products (bread, cheese, idli)

- Food Preservation.

BIOSAFETY, BIOETHICS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

RIGHTS

Bioethics: Legality, morality and ethics, the principles of bioethics:

autonomy, human rights, beneficence, privacy, justice, equity etc.

Transgenics and Bioethics: The expanding scope of ethics from biomedical

practice to biotechnology, ethical conflicts in biotechnology - interference

with nature, fear of unknown, unequal distribution of risks and benefits of

biotechnology, bioethics vs.business ethics, ethical dimensions of IPR,

technology transfer and other global biotech issues.

Biosafety in the laboratory institution: Laboratory associated infections and

other hazards, assessment of biological hazards and levels of biosafety,

prudent biosafety practices in the laboratory/ institution

Biosafety regulations in the handling of recombinant DNA processes and

products in institutions and industries, biosafety assessment procedures in

India and abroad

Biotechnology and food safety: The GM-food debate and biosafety

assessment procedures for biotech foods & related products, including

transgenic food crops, case studies of relevance.

Ecological safety assessment of recombinant organisms and transgenic

crops, case studies of relevance (Eg. Bt cotton).

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Biosafety assessment of biotech pharmaceutical products such as

drugs/vaccines etc.

International dimensions in biosafety: Catagena protocol on biosafety,

bioterrorism and convention on biological weapons

Ethical issues in biotechnology. Biosafety and Risk assessment of GMOs.

Public perception. IPR and Trade related aspects. Methods for producing

transgenic plants and animals. Important genes of agronomic interest.

Current trends in finding useful genes. GMO Act 2004. Traceability.

Legislative aspects.

Bioethics & Animal Experimentation - Chronology of Biotechnological

studies on animals – Law & legislation on animal experimentation in India

and world – Moral status of animals as objects of experiments –

Contemporary view on animal experiments – Moral responsibility of

scientists over animal experiments.

Bioethics & Human Person: Personhood – Abortion – Bioethical issues in

reproduction, population explosion and control – Assisted reproduction –

AIDS – Egg donation – Prenatal screening & sex selection – Cloning -

Ethical issues on life & death – Brain Vs Cortical death – Persistent

vegetative state – Voluntary euthanasia & physician assisted suicide – Organ

donation & Transplantation.

Bioethics & Society (Indian context): Ethical issues on New Genetics –

Human Genome Project – Gene therapy – Genetic screening –

Experimentation with human subjects - National Practice of health care –

Public & Private medical practice – National resource allocations.

Intellectual property rights (IPR), sovereignty rights, CBD, bioethics and

patenting

General agreement on trade and tariffs Indian sui-generis system for animal

variety and farmer’s rights protection act. WTO with reference to

biotechnological affairs, TRIPs.

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General Introduction: Patent claims, the legal decision – making process,

ownership of

tangible and intellectual property, Patent litigation.

Basic Requirements of Patentability: Patentable subject matter, novelty and

the public

domain, non obviousness

Special issues in Biotechnology Patents: Disclosure requirements,

Collaborative

research, Competitive research, plant

Plant biotechnology Indian patents and Foreign patents, Plant variety

protection act, The strategy of protecting plants.

Recent Developments in Patent System and Patentability of biotechnological

inventions.

IPR issues in Indian Context Role of patent in pharmaceutical industry,

computer related innovations. Case studies Rice, Haldi, neem, etc. and

challenges ahead