m: molarity: mole/l(solution) m : molality: mol/ 一公斤溶劑 (kg solvent ) μm=10 -6 m nm=10 -9...
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M: molarity: mole/L(solution)
m : molality: mol/一公斤溶劑 (Kg solvent )
μM=10-6M nM=10-9M per deciliter=dL=0.1Lp.15 G, M, K, d, c, m, μ,n, p ?p.19 海水每 100 毫升含 2.7 克的鹽 (NaCl)
,問 NaCl 的體積莫耳濃度 (M) ?海中MgCl2 的濃度是 0.054M 在 25mL 中的海水有幾克的 MgCl2 ?
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NaCl 的分子量 =22.99+33.45=58.44
NaCl 的 mol=2.7/58.44=0.046
M=0.046/0.1L=0.46M
MgCl2 的分子量 =24.3+2*35.5=95.2
0.054M*0.025=moe=x/95.2
X=0.13 g
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兩種元素濃度在不同的海及不同深度的濃度,活的有機物靠近海洋表面消秏矽酸鹽及鋅
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Strong electrolyte: 約等於 formal concentration (F), 海水中 MgCl2, 89%以 Mg2+, Cl- 存在 , 11% 以 complex ion MgCl+ 存在。在海水中 0.054M MgCl2
0.054F, molecular mass, formula mass(FM)
Weak elolyteectr
acetic acid = acetate ion + H+
0.01M
True 0.00959M (4.1% 解離成 acetate ion )
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Weight percent(wt %)
Ethanol 95 wt % = 95 g ethanol per 100 g total solution
Volume percent (vol %)
wt % 通常 %
常用的濃度 HCl (12M) H2SO4 18M
濃鹽酸 1L 37% d=1.188 g/mL ?M1.118(d)*1000(mL)*0.37(d) /36.46(MW)=12.1M
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ppm 百萬分之一 (10-6)
ppb 十億分之一 (10-9)
ppt (10-12)
液體 equate 1g water with 1 ml of water
1mg/L = 1ppm=1μg/mL 1μg/L=ppb=1ng/mL
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碳氫化合物 CnH2n+2 ,若為奇數,主要為植物產生,偶數為人為產生。由上二個圖,在德國,冬天偶數者較高,夏天奇數者較高。
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雨水中 34 ppb C29H60 為多少 M ?34ppb=0.034ppm=0.034 mg/L=
0.034/1000 g/L=3.4*10-5 g/L
M=3.4*10-5 /408.8=8.3*10-8 M=83 nM
ppm 用於氣體8ppm CO= 一公升的空氣中有 8 μL 的 CO
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以 250 毫升水配 8mM 的 Cu2+, 須CuSO4.5H2O (FW=249.69) 多少克?
8*10-3M*0.25L=2*10-3 mol CuSO4.5H2O
2*10-3*249.69=0.449 g
以濃鹽酸配 0.1 M HCl (1L)
1.HCl=12.1M 2.12.1*x=0.1*1000mL x=8.26mL
以 8.26mL concentrated HCl 入 900mL 水中再定量至 1000mL, 翻轉 20 次混合完全
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Ammonia in water is called ammonium hydroxide ( 銨水 )
NH3 + H2O= NH4+ + OH-
Ammonia ammonium ion hydroxide ionConcentrated ammmonium hydroxide 的密度是
0.899 g/mL , 含 28.0 wt % NH3,配500mL , 0.25M NH3
Grams of NH3 per liter=899 g/L*0.28=252g NH3/LM=252/17.3=14.8M 14.8*V=0.25*0.5X=8.45 mL
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飲水中含氟 1.6 ppm fluoride(F-) ,若在直徑450m ,深 10m 的圓柱體, 1. 變成濃度1.6ppmF- ,要加 0.1M NaF 多少公升? 2. 要加多少 NaF ?
1.6ppm F-=1.6 mg/L=1.6*103 g/L
M=1.6*103/19=8.42*10-5 M
圓柱體體積=πr2h=π*(225m)2*10m=1.59*106m3=1.59*109L
8.42*10-5*1.59*109=0.1*x x=1.3*106 L
8.42*10-5*1.59*109=1.34*10-5 mol F-=NaF mol
1.34*10-5*41.99=5.6*106 g NaF
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