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M a k e d o n s k i

GODINA 3, Broj 2, YEAR 3, Issue 2May 2007

JovanJonovski Novi gradski grbovi

New Civic Arms

JovanJonovskiVo ovoj broj:HERALDIKA str. 1

Novi gradski grboviJovan Jonovski

VEKSILOLOGIJA str. 5Bele{ki za Mija~koto zname-Tolkuvawe na apliciranite motivi

Dr. Sne`ana FilipovaFALERISTIKA str. 9Makedonski odlikuvawa

Petar GajdovAMBLEMATIKA str. 11Volkot od obetkite od Vodo~a

Dr. Elica ManevaHERALDIKA str. 14Terminolo{ki re~nik

Jovan JonovskiHERALDIKA str. 15Aktivnosti na MHZ

Jovan Jonovski

In this issue:HERALDRY p.1New Civic Arms

Jovan JonovskiVEXILLOLOGY p. 6Notes on Mijacs’ flag-Reading of Applied Motiffs

Dr. Snezana FilipovaPHALERISTICS p. 10Macedonian decorations

Petar GajdovEMBLEMATICS p.12The Wolf on Vodoca Earrings

Dr. Elica ManevaHERALDRY p. 15Activities of MHS

Jovan Jonovski

maj - 2007

Grb na op{tina Karpo{Arms of Municipality of Karpos

Grb na op{tina BitolaArms of Municipality of Bitola

Op{tinitevoRepublikaMake­donijamo`atdaimaat grb.Ovaprivilegija jaiskoristijamnogumal broj op{tini. Zakonot zalokalna samouprava samo gonaveduvafaktotdekaop{tinitemo`atdaimaatgrb,ostavaj}iimtiesamitedagotolkuvaatpoimotgrb.Dosega{natapraksapoka`adekavonajgolembrojslu~ai,podgrbpodrazbiraatsekakovamblem{toimaformana{tit.Nekoiop{tinioti{leu{tepodaleku,i koristatamblemikoinemaatni{tozaedni~kosogrbot,duriispored naj{irokata definicijanagrbot.

Ohrabruva~kisenovitere{enijazavistinskiheraldi~kigrbovi,naop{tiniteKarpo{iBitola,koizaprvpatdobivaatsvoigrbovi.Raduva i faktot {to op{tinaAra~inovo go zameni staroto{titovidno logo, na koe imanaslikano fudbalska topka, soheraldi~kigrb.

Do sega op{tina Karpo{ go(Prodol`uva na str 3.) (Continued on p.3)

ThemunicipalitiesintheRepublicofMacedoniaareeligibletohaveCoatofArms.Thisprivilegehasbeenusedbysmall number of municipalities.TheLaw for local self-governance onlymentionsthefactthatthemunicipali-tiesmayhavecoatofarms,leavingtothe municipalities to interpret themeaningoftheterm“Coatofarms”.Thepracticesofarhasshownthatinmostofthecases,underterm“Arms”isconsiderwhateveremblemthathasaformofashield.Somemunicipali-tieswenteven further, andareusingemblemsthathavenothingtodowitharms, even according the loosest defini-tionof“Arms”.

Encouraging fact is that munici-palities of Karpos and Bitola finally got newarmswhicharerealheraldicarms.ItisapleasuretoseemunicipalityofAracinovochangingtheoldshield-likeemblem,depictingafootballball,withheraldicCoatofArms.

Uptillpresent,municipalityofKar-pos used the landscape arm of Cityof Skopje. Now, it has arms which

MAKEDONSKI HERALD e glasnik na Makedonskoto

Heraldi~ko zdru`enieMACEDONIAN HERALD

is the gazzete of the MacedonianHeraldry Society

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Od urednikot

Po dolga dvogodi{na pauzapovtorno pred vas e noviotbroj na Makedonski Herald.Vonego}egiispolnimevetu­vawata od prethodniot broj:prodol`etokot na napisot zaMija~koto zname i za eden odna~initenatolkuvawenaisto­to.Vtorotovetuvaweseodnesuvanakomentarotnadefinicijatazagrbpredadenavoprethodniotbroj, spored Op{tata encik­lopedija na Jugoslovenskiotleksikografskizavod.

Vo ovoj broj }e gi najdete inoviteop{tinskigrbovikoisedobli`uvaatdoheraldi~katapraktika.

Vnimaniemueposvetenoinaaktivnostite na MHZ pome|udvabroja,osobenonanegovatame|unarodnaaktivnost.

Odovojbroj}epo~nemeisorazgleduvawenaMakedonskiteodlikuvawa.

From the Editor

After a long two-yearbreak, thenewissueofMacedonianHeraldisin front of you. In it we will fulfil promisesgiveninthepreviousissue:Second part of the text on Miac’sflag and one way of the reading of theappliedmotifs.Secondpromise,we will comment on the definition oftheCoatofArmsofferedbytheEncyclopaediaoftheYugoslavLexi-cographyDepartment.

In this issue you will find new mu-nicipalcoatofarmswhicharecom-ingclosertotheheraldicpractice.

A special light is given to theMHSactivitiesbetweentwoissues,withemphasison the internationalcooperatioon.

Fromthisissuewewillbetakinga closer look on the MacedonianDecorations.

I z d a v a ~ P u b l i s h e rMAKEDONSKOTO HERALDI^KO ZDRU@ENIE

PetarManxukov113/61010Skopje,Makedonija+3892(0)70252989heraldry@mol.com.mk

MACEDONIAN HERALDRY

SOCIETYPetarMandzukov��3/6

�0�0Skopje,Makedonija+3892(0)70252989

heraldry@mol.com.mk

http://heraldika.org.mkhttp://heraldry.mol.com.mk

Urednik EditorJovanJonovski JovanJonovski

Digitalnaverzija-Digitalversionhttp://heraldika.org.mk/MKHerald-�.pdf

[to e grbVoprethodniotbroj japrenes­

ovmedefinicijataspredOp{taEnciklopedija,JugoslovenskiLe­ksikorafskiZavod,Zagreb1977gkojavelidekagrbote:

“Potrajna oznaka na oddelnili~nosti,familii,korporacii,politi~ki i crkovni ustanovi,organizaciiidr`avi,izrazenisolikovnisredstvapoodredenipravila”Ovaadefinicijanidavapetmomentivodefinirawetonagrb:1.Traenkarakter;2oznakanaoddelnili~nosti;3,imatitularodnosnonositelnagrbot;4,izra­zeni so likovni sredstva; 5. poodredenipravila.

Dva od ovie momenti, iako sedobli`uvaatdoopredeluvawetona grbot, se necelosni. Prvo,tretiotmoment,ovdetaksativnonaveduvawenamo`nitetitulari,fizi~kiipravnilica,izostavanekolkuglavnititulari,odnosnonositelinagrb.Toaseteritori­jalniediniciinaselenimesta,kadepripa|aatizemskitekakoiop{tinskitegrbovi,nakoi}eimobrnemevnimanievoovojbrojnaMakedonskiHerald.Drugva`entituar,ovdeizostavenefunkci­jata.Odredenifunkcii/poziciimo`at da imaat grb. Tie ne goprestavuvaatonojkojjadr`itaafunkcija,tukusamatafunkcija.

Vtoro, petiot moment: “poodredenipravila”naveduvadekaima pravila koi rakovodat sokreiraweto,upotrebataiizmenu­vawetonagrbot,nosoizostavu­vawetodasespomenedekatokmuheraldi~kite pravila se onieedinstveni koi mo`at i smeatda go definiraat grbot, se os­tavaogromenprostorzasvoevol­no tolkuvawe. Dokaz za toa e ina~inotnakojsekreiranigolemdelodna{iteop{tinski“grbovi”t.e.{titovidniamblemi.

^etvrtiot moment, “izrazenisolikovnisredstva”eistotaka{iroka kategorija koja mo`ebiidoveduvadozabunakadegrbotsepoistovetuvasolikovnakom­pozicija (kako{toeprimerak­varelniot prikaz na ~ar{ijatakakopredlogotzagrbnaop{tina^air).Heraldikatagipravigrbo­vitesoelementiiboi,koimo`atstrogo da se opi{at so blazon,i spored nego nekoj mo`e da goreproduciraistiotgrbiakopre­thodnogonemavideno.

Ona {to ova definicijapropu{tadagospomeneaeodkru­cijalnozna~eweedekagrbotse­koga{e“likovnoizrazen”na{titsokogoeneraskinlivopovrzan.Ikonceptualnonoifizi~ki.

Povtorno,ona{toneespomen­atoedekagrbotenasleden.Tokmuodovanegovakarakteristika,nievomakedonskiot,kakoidrugiteslovenski jazici go dobivame isamiotzbor“grb”,odgermanskiotzbor“ERBE”kojzna~inasledno.

Akosega givmetnemedoobjas­nuvawata i izostavenite rab­oti spomnati pogore, toga{ zadefinicijanagrbimame:“Potraj­na nasledna oznaka za identi­fikacija na oddelni li~nosti,familii,korporacii,politi~kiicrkovniustanovi,organizaciiidr`avi,funkcii,teritoriiinaselenimesta,izrazenisoliko­vnisredstva(znakoviiboi)sporedheraldi~kitepravila”

Grbotmo`edasedefiniraikako“osnovenelementnaheraldikata”.Kakotakovtojenerazdelivdelodheraldikataisekoerazgleduvawena grbot nadvor od heraldikatae pogre{no. U{te postra{no eobidotdasekreiragrbapritoadasesmetadekaheraldikataemrtvanauka koja treba da se zanimavasamosoprou~uvawenaminatoto.

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simply and symbolically identifiesthismunicipality.Thecompositionissimple,whichisoneofthebasicrulesconsideredwhenanarmsisbeingcre-ated.Theblazonissimple:Azure,onfessOrbetweenatwelve-pointedstarandtwowavesofthesame,9bullitsArgent,�,34.

ThestaristakenfromthemonosteryinNerezi,whiletheotherchargesaretraditional,thewavesarerepresentingtheVardarriver,andthebullitsformmuralconstructionrepresentingcastle,city,urbanarea.Thiscoatofarmsisbest in the Republic of Macedonia,

nexttotheoneofmunicipalityofCentar.Thisarmsisfol-lowingtheheraldicconceptandspirit:simplicityandclasicheraldicelements.

Theonlyobjection is theusageofArgentbullitsonOr,whichdirectlycontradictstheruleofcolors.Thismakesdis-cerning of the charges difficult. The author offers solution of aplayofshadows,somethingunknowntheheraldry,asitusesbasiccolorsintheirclearestform.Thisproblemcouldbeeas-ily solved by fimbriation of the bullets Argent with Azure.

FromthesameworkshopwehavethenewArmsofmunici-pality of Bitola, which for first time acquires a Coat of Arms. Untilrecently,Bitolausedagraphicalemblem,whichtotallyrepresentthespiritofsocialistemblematics.Itisinterestingthatthisemblemneverhadacolorrepresentation.

NewArmsofBitolahasacompositionfarmorecomplicat-ed.TheBlazonis:Argent,onachiefAzureoldMacedonianbraidOr.Anescheutonbarry[ofthree]indentedGulesandOrinpile.Thesymbolicisratherhidden.TheGulesandOrtrianglesarerepresentingtheMt.Pelister’sMolika,andantic braid the antiquity of City of Bitola.

Arachinovo in the 90’s of the last centurly has acquired a shiled-likeemblem,aclearsocialisticreactionofheraldry.FortunatelytheMunicipalityCouncilhasshowncourageto

koriste{epejsa`niotgrbnagradSkopje. Sega se opredeli za grbkoj simboli~no na ednostavenna~in pretpoznatlivo ja presta­vuva op{tinata. Kompozicijata eednostavna{toeednoodosnovnitepravilaprikreirawenagrb.Bla­zonoteednostaven:sino,nazlatenpojaspome|udvanaesetokrakayvezdaidvebranovidnilentiodisto,9srebrenikvdrati2,3,4.

Ednoodpravilatanaheraldikataie,akogrbotmo`edaseblazonira(daseopi{esovokabularotigrama­tikatanaheraldikata),toga{tojeheraldi~ki.

YvezdataezemenaodmanastirotvoNerezi,dodekadrugitesimbolisetradicionalni,branovitelinigoprestavuvaatVardar,astrukturatanakvadratiteemuralnakonstrukcijakojaprestavuvazamok,grad,urbanasredina.Pogrbotnaop{tinaCentar,ovaenajdobargrbkojagislediheraldi~kiotkonceptiduh:ednostavnostaiklasi~niteheraldi~kielementi.

Edinstvenatazamerkaepostavuvawetonasrebreni­tekvadratidirektnonazlatniotpojas,so{tosenaru{uvapravilotonaboiisotoarazgrani~uvawetonaelementite.Zavizuelnorazgrani~uvaweavtoriteponudija re{enie koe prestavuva igra na senki,ne{tonepoznatovoheraldikata,bidej}iheraldikatagikoristiosnovniteboivosvojatanaj~istaforma.Ovojproblemednostavnosere{avasooramuvawe(fimbrijacija)nasrebreniteelementisosino.

Odistatarabotilnicanidoa|agrbotnaop{tinaBitola, koja prvpat dobiva grb. Do sega Bitolakoriste{eednografi~kore{enie,koecelosnoevoduhotnasocijalisti~kataamblematika.Intereseneifaktotdekaovalogonikoga{nemalovarijantavoboja.

JovanJonovskiNovi gradski grbovi

JovanJonovskiNew Civic Arms

(Prodol`uva od str 1.) (Continued from p.1)

Stariot “grb” na op{tina Ara~inovoOld “Arms” of Municipality of Aracinovo

Originalot i mo`na ntervencija na grbot na op{tina Aerodrom

Original and possible intervention on the Arms of Municipality of Aerodrom

“Grbot” na op{tina Butel

The “Arms” of Municipality of Btuel

“Grbot” na op{tina ^air- s# u{te neregistriran

The “Arms” of Municipality of Cair- still unregistered

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change it to amorefortunatesolution: perfessrayoneeoffour decreas-ing Gules andSable.An is-suing towerOr.Thecolorsandthe partitionlines is rep-resenting theAlbanian flag, and the tower,again, tradi-tional symbolofurbanarea.

Eventhoughthe aforemen-tionedbringsalot of encour-agement,thecatastrophicsolutionsforarmsofmunicipali-tiesofCairandButelaretakingusbacktothereality,totalignoranceandremovaloftheheraldryofitsmostnaturalplace,intheprocessofcreatingarms.

ThedesignfortheArmsofButelisacombinationofahanddrownelementswithphotographswithoutanyorderor concern for the style. It has a representation of the flag oftheRepublicofMacedonianinAzureandOr,practicedirectlyprohibitedbylaw.MHSwasaskedbymunicipalityadministrationtodoaheraldicinterventiononthisconcept,but unfortunately, inspite the great cooperation with theadministration, the Council consider that has sufficient ex-pertiseonthissubjectandMHSwasaskedtodepart.

Municipality of Cair has made a premature choice: apostcard depicting the old bazaar painted in aquarelle, cut toshapeofashield.ThisrepresentstheworstdesignintheRepublic of Macedonia, just after Butel. Both cases areimposibletoblazon,sinceblazoningisheraldiclanguagefordescriptionofCoatofArms,notphotographs.

SpecialcaseisthearmsofMunicipalityofAerodrom,theworstcaseofinfringementofheraldry.Letter“A”which

according the first description was a representation of theinitialletterofthenameofthemunicipality, after the secondpublicbidbecameabusycross-road.Whatever,itisdepartingfromtheshieldsborders,sameasthesecondcharge,thesun,apractice unknown to heraldry(apartfromtheparaphernalia).

Due to the simpleness ofthe design, it could be easilyheraldisedbyputtingthemaincharge,themonogrambackonthe shield, and removing thesunofftheshieldsoitcouldbeacrest.

NoviotgrbnaBitolaimakompozicijakojaemnogupokompoleksna.Blazonote:srebo,natesnosino~elozlatnastaromakedonskapletenka,nacrven{titkojsedopirado~eloto,devetzlatnidopira~kitriagol­nicipotrivored.Simbolikataemalkupodzaskriena,ZlatnitetriagolnicigisimboliziramolikitenaPelister,aanti~katapletenkaanti~nostanagradBitola.

Ara~inovo,pakvodevedesetitenaminatiotvekdonese{titovidenamblemso~istosocijalisti~kareakcijanaheraldikata.Zasre}a,op{tinatasobrahrabrostdagoizmenisomnoguposre}nore{enie:prese~ensozaobleno­zap~estonamaluva~kocrvenoicrno,goreizrastuva~kazlatnakula.Boiteipresekotgoprestavuvaatalbanskotoznameakulataetradi­cionalensimbol,povtorno,naurbanasredina.

Iakogoreka`anatodeluvamnoguohrabruva~ki,katastrofalnite re{enija na Butel i ^air n#vra}aat vo realnosta, nepoznavaweto i otstranu­vawenaheraldikataodnejzinotomesto,kreirawenagrbovi.

Re{enietonaButelekombinacijanara~nonacrta­ni grafi~ki elementi izme{ani so fotografiibeznikakovrediligri`abaremza stilot.TukaeprestavenoiznametonaRMvosinozlatnakom­binacija,{toedirektnosprotivnosozakonotkojzabranuvaupotrebanadr`avnotozname.MHZbe{ezamolenoodstrananaop{tinskataadministracijadaizvr{istandardizirawenaovojkoncept,noza`al,ipokrajodli~natasorabotkasoadministracijatanaop{tinata,Sovetotpaksmeta{edekaedovolnostru~enigozamoliMHZdazamine.

Op{tina airdonesebrzopletore{enie:razgled­nicaodstarata~ar{ijaprika`anavoakvarelied­nostavnoise~enavoformana{tit.Ovaprestavuvanajlo{ore{enievoRepublikaMakedonija,vedna{poonanaButel.Idvataenevozmo`nodaseblazoniraatbidej}iblazonotejaziknaheraldikatazaopi{uvawenagrbovianenafotografii.

Posebenslu~ajprestavuvaamblemotnaAerodrom,kojprestavuvanajlo{primernaru{ewenaheraldika.Bukvata„A“kojasporedprviotopisbe{estiliziranapo~etnabukvanaimetonaop{tinata,pripovtornotoutvrduvawenaistiot grb stana raskrsnica,izleguvaodramkitena{titot.Toagopraviivtoriotelement,sonceto,ne{to{toneezamis­livo vo heraldikata (koga nestanuvazborzaparafernalii).

Sepak,poradiednostavnostanakompozicijata,taamo`eles­noiudobnodaseheraldizirasovra}awenaosnovniotelement,monogramotvo{tioticelosnoizleguvawenasoncetood{titot,koesega,stanuva~elenka.

Stariot amblem na op{tina BitolaOld Amblem of Municipality of Bitola

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Cr

New Arms of Municipality of AracinovoNoviot grb na op{tina Ara~inovoPrika`ansoheraldi~ka{rafura

(PetraSankta)isoozna~uvawe(str.14,16)

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svetisomese~inata.dToae~estheraldi~kisimbolnagrbovite,pe~atiteipojasitenanekoisrp­skisrednovekovnifeudalcikakoBal{a II,\ur|eStracimirovi}itn.eSemejstvotonaBal{i}pose­duvalimotiivoAlbanijaitamue za~uvan nivniot grb koj GjinVarfigoobjavilvokolekcijatanaalbanskigrbovi.f

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Ovie dva zna­k a g r a f i ~ k irazli~no kom­binirani mo`edasepovrzatisobogomilite koi~esto gipretsta­vuvalenanagrob­nitespomenici,ilisoilirskiotgrbkreiranvo16vekiobjavenvoMinsterovata “Kosmografija”od1544g.pe~atenavoBazel.hOvojgrbbilizmislenza“propagadni”celikakosimbolnaprerodbatanaju`niteSlovenibidej}iprivrz­anicitenailirskataidejamis­leledekaju`niteSlovenivodatpotekloodIlirite.Zna~iistiotpolumesecsoyvezdakojgogledamevoagolotnamija~kotoznameovdeepostavennagrbsocrvenazadnina.ZaSolovjevmese~inataiyvezdataodnosno sonceto simboliziraatnebeskikorabi,t.e. iveali{tanadu{itenapravednitepredzaminu­

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Bolni~ki”voOhridivocrkvatanamanastirot“Treskavec”,Pri­lep. Ako prifatime deka samonaovieza~uvaniznamiwanedo­stigaatkrilata,mo`ebizaradilo{ata reprodukcija na istite,toga{bimo`elodasere~edekavsu{nostserabotizaznakotnavizantiskata dr`ava od 14 vek,odnosnogrbotnaPaleolozite,iligrbotnaPravoslavnatacrkva,noistotakainaAvstro­ungarskataimperija. Skapocenite tkaeni­niukrasenisodvoglaviotorel,lavot, grifonot i mnogu drugifantasti~ni`ivotnipopotekloodIstok,bileuvezuvanivoEvro­

Znameto od Treson~e - spored Traj~evFlag from Tresonce, according to Trajcev

Dr.FilipovaSne`ana

Bele{ki za Mija~koto zname - Tolkuvawe na apliciranite motivi

6

pa,RusijaiVizantijavosredniotvek i upotrebuvani za obleka,zavesi,tapiserii,izapokrivawenaoltarskimasi.DvoglaviotoreljakraseloblekatanabugarskiotcarJovanAleksandarod14vek,jnoinamakedonskiotvelmo`ake­sarDukaodohridskatacrkvaSv.“Pantelejmon”odtretatadecenijana14vek.k

Zmejot i lavot mo`at da se~itaat ikako simboli napobe­denotozloodstrananaHristos,odnosnokrstot,bidej}igoflan­kiraatvogorniteaglikako{tosepretstavenivopodno`jetonagolemiotikonostasenkrstod16vek do denes. Sprotivstavenitezmejilavgigledameinadrvorez­nitearkinagolemiteprestolniikoniodikonostasite.lToaestarahristijanskatema,anamestozmejmo`edastoizmija,iliriba.

Spored d­r Petar PopovskiznametonaSkenderbeg,MijakodsemejstvotoKastrioti,sodr`eloelementi od poznatoto mija~koznameobjavenokajBradina.

Znameto i grbot na Kastrioti i relacijata so Mijacite

Ednavarijantanagrbotnasemej­stvotoKastriotim,objavenkakocrte`od stranana albanskiotavtorVarfi,vodesnatapolovi­nasodr`ilavizdignatnazadninozesome~voednataprednanoga,aopa{katamuzavr{uvasolistnabr{lenn,anad leviotagolepostavenbelkrinovcvet.Donegovo levata polovina, spored nas,ve{ta~kiedodadendvoglavorel.Mnogusli~enlavsepojavuvanagrbotnasemejstvotonaKarloTo­pija,samo{tokajnegoopa{kataevoobliknazmejinamestokrinimameyvezdanadglavata.ZnametonaKastriotitesporedPopovskibiloiznametonaTopiite.oLavotkakosimbolnaTopiitesejavuvainaspomen­plo~atakojaKarloTopijajapodignalotkakojaobno­vilcrkvataSv.“JovanVladimir”voKowuhkajElbasanvo1383g.napi{ana so kirili~no pismo,{tosporedPopovskiu{teedna{gopotvrduvanegovotoslovenskotopoteklo.

Popovski naveduva deka Kon­stantinKastriotvosredinatana14vekpodpritisoknaAn`ujcitei Venecija bil prinuden da gipromenistaritezemskisimboliso{esnaesetkrakosoncekoedina­stijatagoupotrebuvala5genera­ciikakoinspiracijanasimbolotnaanti~kiteMakedonci,patakanaznametostavacentralenzlatenlavnacrvenoplatno,podnegokrstvokrugvo~iiprazninigorebileinicijalitenaHristosISHR,adoluNIKA(voobi~aeniotgr~kizborzapobedavoimetonakrstotodnosno Isus) koi Popovski gitolkuvakakoinicijalinaknezotNikolaKastriot.Strani~nobilepostavenizlatniresi.Grbotimalisto taka zlaten lav na crvenopolesokrunanagrbot.Ovojgrbs#u{tego~uvalepotomcitenanajstariotprestavniknalozataKastriot­Dimkovos.SimonakajKrojakogogoposetiligoopi{al@unguloskivo1897g.Soposebenfermanvopo~etokotna18vektur­skiotsultan jazabranilupotre­batanaznametosozlatniotlav,patakaodnegosezadr`alasamoaplikacijatanakrstotvokrug,alavotsepovlegolvogorniotde­senagol,dodekadrugiteaglibileispolnetisopolumese~ina,zmejidvoglavorelsokrstvosredinata.OvaznameMijacitegoupotrebuva­lenacrkovniteidrugisve~enostis#do1912g.kogabilozabranetoso poseben dekret od strana nanovovospostavenatasrpskavlastnana{atateritorija.p

aFransis Kont, Sloveni, Beograd 1989, 334.bTraŸ~ev, Kniga za MiÔcitÍ, 95.cTanas Vra`inovski, Narodna Mitologija 2, 145.dSowa Zogovi}, Op{testvoto i narodnata kultura na Mekedonija vo raniot sreden vek, Prilep 2002, 143.eSergije Dimitrijevi}, Sredwovekovni srpski novac, Beograd 1997, Voislav Ivani{evi}, ZRVI, f Gjin Varfi, Heraldika Shqiptare,Dituria,�000,kolor tabli.gJohnGray,Mitologija Bliskog Istoka,Ljubljana�987,39,�9.hAleksandar Matkovski,Grbovite na Makedonija,1990,62.

iAleksandar Solovjev,PostanakilirskeheraldikeiporodiceOhmu~eviÊ,GSND XII,1933,101jKont,Sloveni,333-33�;HansBauer,Reise in das goldene Byzanz,Leipzig�989,���kZagorka Rasolkovska Nikolovska, Arhimandritot Jovan, igumen na klimentoviot Manastir vo Ohrid, Kulturno Nasledstvo 28-29, 2003/3, 104.lNa pr. na ikonostasot od Sv. Bogorodica, Ba~kovo. Vidi kaj Ivanka Gergova, RanniÔt Bõlgarski ikonostas 16-18 vek, SofiÔ 19993, 92.m Gjin Varfi, Heraldika Shqiptare, kolor tabli.nOvarastenieivoantikataikajhristijaniteesimbolnasmrtta,`ivotpo`ivototisepostavuvananadgrobnispomeniciikakointerpukciskiznak,asevrzuvaisoIsus,oPetar Popovski, statija voMakedonsko Soncebr577,str.33.pPetar Popovski, statija voMakedonsko Sonce, trobroj 578-579580, od 29.07. 2005 g., str. 33

Frances Kont states that Slavs fre-quently applied red thread to ritual clothrepresentingarchaicmotifsthatmayberelatedtotheiroldmythologyand to the Steppe tribes, especiallythosecomingfromIran.aThistypeofdecorationwith triangles that imitateor stand for sun rays is very frequently appliedintheRomanmosaics(theheadofMedusaorApollointhetemplesinPergamon,Corinthetc.)fromwhichithasbeenborrowedintheChristianmo-saics(Monastery-Heraclea,Plaoshnik).Itusuallyservesasaframetoencloseanimportantmotif,forexampleaheadofagod,acosmicsymbol,aninscrip-tionofthedonoretc.(theoldEpiscopalbasilicainStobi,thenewlydiscoveredoneatPlaošnik,Ohrid).Eventheme-dievalfrescoesshowcontinuityofthiscirclewithtrianglesinthelowzonesofthewallswhichimitatemarbledecora-tion(oneofthelastMedievalchurcheswhereithasbeenusedisthecokleofthe nartex of St.Andreas on Matka,Skopje,fromtheendofthe�4thC)

Dr.SnezanaFilipovaMiacs Flag-Reading of Applied Motiffs

7

According to Traičev, the flag of the Miaksisasoldastheirtribe.Hereadsthe crescent and the star above it asthe sign of theTurkish Empire, puttogetherwiththesymboloftheByzan-tine/SerbiandoubleheadedeagleandtheAlbaniandragoninordertoindicatethattheregionaroundtheriverRadikahasbeenunderthegovernmentofthesecountries.bThisreadingcannotbeac-ceptedwithoutdoubt.Firstofall,thedragonisnotanAlbaniansymbol:nosuchcoatofarmsrelatedtotheterri-toryofAlbaniahasbeenknown.Onthecontrary,thedragonisasymboloftheSlavicgodofthecattlenamedVo-los/Veles.AndtheMiaksarepredomi-nantlycattlebreedingpeople.Thewolfand the snake in folk mythology arereferred toasundergroundcreatures,and thedragonas thecommanderofthe snakeshasbeen inclose relationtothenatureoftheundergroundgodVolos/Veles.cThe cult of the wolf isvery much related to the cult of theundergroundworldandthemoon.dItis a common heraldic symbol in thecoatsofarms,stampsandbeltsofsomemedievalSerbianfeudalrulers,suchasBalshaII,GjurgjeStracimirovicetc.eTheBalshic’shadlandinAlbaniaandtheircoatofarmsispresentedinthecollectionofAlbanianarmspublishedby Gjin Varfi.f

ThepositionofthecrescentandthestardiffersfromtheoneontheTurk-ish flag, where the crescent is turned north-south ,These are much oldersymbolsthatmaybefoundonthebar-rierstonesofMesopotamia,wheretheystoodforthemoon,theson,thegod-dess Ishtar etc. Identically combinedas on our flag (a star entering the arch ofthecrescent),positionedabovethegodofthesuncanbeseenonthestellaofkingUrnamufromUr(�0��-�004B.C.).gThesetwosignscombinedinadifferentwaymaybeassociatedwiththeBogumilswhousedthemontheirgravestones.

ThereisanotherpossibilitytorelatethemtotheIllyriancoatofarmscre-ated in the �6th C. and published inthe Minster’sCosmography in Baselin��44.hThiscoatofarmshasbeeninventedaspartofSlavicpropaganda,as a symbol of the cultural revivalof theSouthSlavs, since its creatorsbelieved it to originate from the Il-

lyrians.Sothesamecrescentandstarwe see in the corner of the Miaks flag whereitisplacedonred.AccordingtoSolovyev,themoonandthestar,orthesun,standfortheheavenlyships,inotherwordstheplacewherethesoulsoftherighteousdwellbeforedepartingtoheaven.i

Thestar,crescentandcrossbowarefound in Huns’ flag, whose kingdom existed until three decades ago. Pre-dominantunnaturalgreencolorofthesky combined with black and whiteon the mounts was probably due tothe influence of surrounding Islamic countries.Theirarmsisacombinationof the flag and a lion. This is interesting sincethelion’shairissimilartothatonthe flag of Razlovec Uprising.

Ifthewinglessdoubleheadedeagleisreadasintertwiningsnakes,wecantalk about anarchetypical symbolofdualism,thegoodandtheevil,orher-etics.WeseeitonthechurchdoorsofSt.NicholasoftheHospitalsinOhrid,andthechurchdoorofthemonasteryinTreskavec,Prilep.Ifthewingsaremissing only on these two flags, or arenotactuallyvisibleduetothebadquality of printing, and if a light color hadbeenapplied,thentheycanstandfortheByzantinestatesymbolofthe�4thC.,actuallythecoatofarmsofthe

Paleologue family, or as the symbolof theOrthodoxChurchandalso thecoatofarmsoftheAustro-HungarianEmpire. The double headed eagle,thelion,thegryphon,andmanyotherfantasticanimalsoriginatedintheEastandbecamepopularinEurope,Russia

andByzantiumthroughouttheMiddleAgesbytheimportofluxuriousfabricsusedforcloths,curtain,tapestriesandcoversforaltartables.Forinstancewesee thedoubleheadedeagle embroi-deredontheclothoftheBulgarianTsarJohnAlexanderina�4thC.manuscriptillumination,j also on the clothes ofMacedonianrulerDuka(inthechurchofSt.PanteleimoninOhrid)fromthe3rddecadeof�4thC.k

The dragon and the lion may bereadassymbolsof thedefeatofevilby Christ, since they flank his symbol, thecross,thewaytheyhavebeenrep-resented on the bottom of the LargeIconostasiscrossfromthe�6thC.on-wards.Theconfronteddragonandthelioncanbeseenaswellonthewoodcarvedarchesofthelargethroneiconsoftheiconostases.lItisagaintheoldChristiancompositionandthedragonmaybereplacedwithasnake,orwitha fish.

According to Petar Popovski, theSkenderbeg’s flag, a Miac from Kas-triotifamilyincludedelementsoftheMiac’s flag as published by Bradina.

The Flag and Coat of Arms of Kastrioti and their relations to the Miacs

AvariantoftheKastriotiarmsmpub-lishedasadrawingbyAlbanianauthor

Varfi, has a rampant lion with a crescent under its feet with tail finishing innivyabove which there is a white lily. Inthedexterpartadoubleheadedeagleis added superficially. A very similar lion is foundonKarloTopia’s arms,onlythetailendsinadragonshape,and

8

fromthesignofAnticMacedonians,a symbol that thisdynasty thenusedfor 5 generations. The flag now has a centralgoldenliononred,underwhichis an encircled cross with initials ISHR(IsusHristos-JesusChrist) in theupper part and NI KA. This mightstand for the usual Greek word forvictory or tentatively the initials ofN.KastriotasPopovskisuggests.Thecoatofarmshadagoldenliononred,withthecrownabovetheshield.ThesearmswerestillusedbythedescendentsoftheoldestKastriotibranch–Dimko

insteadofthelilytherearestarsabovelion’shead.AccordingtoPopovski,theKastrioti flag was also used by Topias.oAlionasaTopiassymbolisfoundontheplateerectedbyKarloTopiaaftertherebuildingofthechurchofSt.Jo-vanVladimirinKonjuhnearElbasanin �383, written in Cyrillic, whichaccording toPopovski isyet anotherproof of his Slavic roots. Popovskistates thatKonstantinKastriot in themiddleof�4thC,underthepressureofAnjouandVenicewasforcedtochangehissymbolstoa�6-raysun,inspired

Ova e znameto koe e vo sopstvenost na Melentie Pandilovski od Adelaida, Avstralija, koj e i avtor na fotografiite. Znameto e so dimenzii 130 na 73cm pri {to aversot i reversot se identi~ni.

This flag is property of Melentie Pandilovski from Adelaida, Australia, who is the author of the photos. Dimensions of the flag is 130x73cm, with both sides identical.

invillageofSimonanearKroja,whichwas described by Zhunguloski in�897.ByspecialedictbytheSultan,theusageofthelionwasforbiddenin�8thC,soweonlyhavetheencircledcrossandthelionplacedintheupperleft corner, while other corners werefilled with a crescent, a dragon and a doubleheadedeaglewithacrossonitsbreast. This flag was used by Miacs up till�9��,whenitwasforbiddenbythenewly established Serbian rule overourterritory.p

aFransis Kont, Sloveni, Beograd 1989, 334.bTraŸj~ev, Kniga za MiÔcitÍ, 95.cTanas Vra`inovski, Narodna Mitologija 2,�4�.dSowa Zogovi}, Op{testvoto i narodnata kultura na Mekedonija vo raniot sreden vek, Prilep 2002, 143.eSergije Dimitrijevi}, Sredwovekovni srpski novac, Beograd 1997, Voislav Ivani{evi}, ZRVI, fGjin Varfi, Heraldika Shqiptare,Dituria,�000,kolor tabli.gJohnGray,Mitologija Bliskog Istoka,Ljubljana�987,39,�9.hAleksandar Matkovski,Grbovite na Makedonija,1990,62.iAleksandar Solovjev,PostanakilirskeheraldikeiporodiceOhmu~eviÊ,GSND XII,1933,101jKont,Sloveni,333-33�;HansBauer,Reise in das goldene Byzanz,Leipzig�989,���k Zagorka Rasolkovska Nikolovska, Arhimandritot Jovan, igumen na klimentoviot Manastir vo Ohrid, Kulturno Nasledstvo 28-29, 2003/3, 104.lForinstance,theiconostasisfromHolyVirgin in Bačkovo. See Ivanka Gergova, RanniÔt Bõlgarski ikonostas 16-18 vek, SofiÔ 19993, 92.mGjin Varfi, Heraldika Shqiptare, kolor tabli.nThisplantintheanitcandinChristianityisasymbolofdeath,andlifeafterdeathsoisusedontombstones.ItalsorefertoChrist.oPetar Popovski, Makedonsko SonceNo577,r.33.p Petar Popovski, Makedonsko Sonce, No 578-579-580, 29.07. 2005, r. 33

9

O R D E N I:1.OrdennaRepublika

Makedonija2.Orden“8.Septemvri”3.Orden“Ilinden­1903godina”4.Ordenzazaslugiza

Makedonijai5.Ordenzavoenizaslugi

M E D A L I : 1.Medalzazaslugiza

RepublikaMakedonija2.Medalzahrabrost

PriznanienaRepublikaMake­donijasporedzakonotzaodliku­vawaipriznanijanaRepublikaMakedonijae:

1.PovelbanaRepublikaMakedonija

Zakonotzaodlikuvawataipriz­nanijatanaRepublikaMakedonijaeosnovatavrzkojasetemelisis­temot na nagraduvawe i op{topriznaniezaaktivnostiteide­latanapoedinciiliorganizaciiiustanoviitojve}ezapo~nadasesproveduvavopraktika.Soce­losnotooformuvawenaodlikuva­wataipriznanijatanaRepublikaMakedonijaodumetni~kiaspekt,odnosnosonivnotomaterijalnooblikuvawe, ~ija promocija seodr`anasve~enaceremonijavoKristalnata sala na Sobrani­eto na Republika Makedonija,odr`anana22April2005godina,voorganizacijanaKabinetotna

PetarGajdovVosledniteredovismetamdeka

edobrodasepotsetimenaedenmnoguva`enzakonodaspektnaafirmacijanasuverenosta,neza­visnostaidr`avnostanana{ataRepublika ­ Zakonot za odliku­vawaipriznanijanaRepublikaMakedonija.

Zakonotzaodlikuvawaipriz­nanijanaRepublikaMakedonijae donesen na 12 Septemvri 1995godina, no prvi~nata verzija naovoj zakone zamenetasonoviotZakonkojedonesenna27Juni2002godinaikako{toveli~len1odistiot:„Soovojzakonseutvrdu­vaatodlikuvawataipriznanijatana Republika Makedonija i seureduvaatpostapkitezanivnotododeluvaweiodzemaweipravataidol`nostitenanositelitenaodlikuvawataipriznanijata...“

PriznanijataiodlikuvawatanaRepublikaMakedonijaseznacinapriznaniekoigidodeluvali~nopretsedatelotnarepublikatazarabota i dela {to zaslu`uvaatop{topriznanieiistaknuvawe.

Odlikuvawatasedodeluvaatsoukaz,apakpriznanietosedodeluvasoodlukanapretsedatelotnaRe­publikaMakedonija

OdlikuvawataipriznanijatanaRepublikaMakedonijasedodelu­vaatnapoedinci,gra|aninaRepub­likaMakedonija,kakoinaediniciiustanovinavooru`enitesilinaRMipripadnicitenaminister­stvotozavnatre{niraboti.Istotakaodlikuvawataipriznanijata

naRepublikaMakedonijamo`atdasedodelatinastranskidr`avjani,kakoinastranskiime|unarodniorganizacii. Na fizi~ko licemo`atdasedodelatiposthumno.

Sporedzakonot,dr`avjaninnaRepublika Makedonija mo`e daprimi titula, odlikuvawe ilipriznanieod{efotnastranskadr`availivlada,kakoiodvladi­niilinevladiniorganizacii.

Odlikuvawatamo`edaseizrabo­tatidasenosatisonamalenidi­menziikakominijaturniodliku­vawa.Voobi~aenoeminijaturitenaodlikuvawatailiminijatur­nite odlikuvawa da se nosat vosve~eniprigodinacivilnoodelo.Pripadnicite na vooru`enitesilinavojskataipolicijatavosve~eniprigodinasvoitesve~eniuniformimo`atdaginosatsiteodlikuvawasokoiseodlikuvaniilipak,minijaturiodistitevozavisnostodprigodata.

Odlikuvawatanemo`edasenosatistovremenovooriginalnataformaivominijaturibilonauniformailinacivilnoodelo,soisklu~oknaonieodlikuvawakoisenosatnagerdanilisolentailiyvezda.Votojslu~ajmo`edasenosiiminijatu­rataigerdanotodnosnolentatanaodlikuvawetokojasekoga{senosisoyvezdatanaordenot.

OdlikuvawanaRepublikaMake­donijasporedzakonotzaodliku­vawaipriznanijanaRepublikaMakedonijaporedenisporedran­gotseslednite:

�0

Pretsedatelot na Republikatai Komisijata za odlikuvawa, seistaknau{teednaforma,odnos­no se kompletiraa obele`jatana suverenitetot na RepublikaMakedonija.Toaistotakapret­stavuvaipridoneszarazvojotnamakedonskatafaleristikakakodel od svetskoto faleristi~konasledstvo.

Macedonian DecorationsBythisarticleIthinkthatitisgoodto

remindourselvesofoneveryimportantLaw, from the aspect of affirmation of the sovereignty and independenceofourRepublic-theLawofDecorationsandAcknowledgmentsestablishedbytheRepublicofMacedonia.

The Law of decorations and ac-knowledgments was first passed on��thSeptember�99�,andamendedbyanewLawwhichwaspassedon�7thofJune�00�.Article�says:“withthisLaw are established decorations andacknowledgmentsof theRepublic ofMacedonia and are specified the actions oftheirawardanddeprivationandthebenefits and responsibilities of the per-sonsawardedwiththedecorations…”

Acknowledgments and decorationsof the Republic of Macedonia aresymbols of acknowledgment whichare awarded by the President of theRepublichimselfforactivitiesandactswhichdeservepublicacknowledgmentandemphasis.

DecorationsareawardedbydecreeandtheacknowledgmentisawardedbydecisionofthePresidentofRepublic

ofMacedonia.Decorations and acknowledgments

of the Republic of Macedonia areawardedtoindividualswhoarecitizensoftheRepublicofMacedonia,tounitsandinstitutionsofthearmedforcesoftheRepublicofMacedonia,andtothemembers of the Ministry of InternalAffairs.Also,thedecorationsandtheacknowledgmentsof theRepublicofMacedoniacanbeawardedtoforeigncitizens, and to foreign and interna-tional organizations. For individualstheycanbeawardedafterthedeathoftheperson.

BythisLaw,acitizenoftheRepublicofMacedoniamayacceptanawardofatitle,decorationoracknowledgmentfromtheHeadofaforeignStateorgov-ernment,aswellasfromgovernmentalornon-governmentalorganizations.

Decorationscanbemadeinsmallerdimensionsasminiaturedecorations.Usuallytheminiaturedecorationsareworn on official occasions by civilians onasuitandbymembersofarmyandpolice units on their ceremonial uni-forms.According to the occasion, itmaybemoreappropriateformembersof thearmed forces towear full-sizedecorations.

Thedecorationscannotbeworn infull-size and miniature form at thesame time, except that thosedecora-tionswhicharewornasacollarbadgeor with sash with badge and breaststarmaybewornwithaminiatureoftheorder.

Decorations of the Republic ofMacedonia covered by the Law ofDecorationsandAcknowledgmentsoftheRepublicofMacedoniaarrangedby

rankareasfollows:

ORDERS: �.OrderoftheRepublicof

Macedonia�.Orderof8September3.OrderofIlinden(StElia’sDay)4.OrderofMeritforMacedonia�.OrderofMilitaryMerit

M E D A L S: �.MedalforMeritoftheRepublicof

Macedonia�.Medalforcourage

Acknowledgment of Republic ofMacedonia covered by the Law ofDecorationsandAcknowledgmentsoftheRepublicofMacedoniais:

�.AcknowledgmentofRepublicofMacedonia

The Law of Decorations andAc-knowledgments of the Republic ofMacedoniaisthebasisforthehonourssystemgivingpublicacknowledgmentfortheactivitiesandactsofindividualsororganizationsandinstitutions.Ithasalreadystartedtobeusedinpractice.Thematerialformoftheawardswaspresented in a formal ceremony inthe Crystal Hall in the MacedonianParliamenton��ndApril�00�organ-izedbytheCabinetofthePresidentoftheRepublicandtheCommissionforDecorations.This act completed thecharacteristicsofthesovereigntyoftheRepublicofMacedonia.At the sametimeitsupportedthedevelopmentoftheMacedonianphaleristicaspartoftheworldphaleristicsinheritance.

PetarGajdov

Nizistorijataboitevoheraldi­kataseprestavuvaleisoblagorod­nikamewaisoplanetitepovrzanisoniv:

Zlato topaz ­SonceSrebro biser ­Mese~inaCrvena rubin ­MarsSina safir ­JupiterZelea smaragd ­VeneraPurpurna ametist­MerkurCrna dijamant­SaturnDrugaheraldi~ka“boja”e“Pri-

rodna”­taamo`edabidesekakvaboja.Ovojterminsekoristikoga

se opi{uva nekoja heraldi~kafigurakojaeprestavenanagrbotsosvoiteprirodniboiiteks­turi.Naprimer~ove~kiottenseprestavuvasorozevkastaboja,ilipakoklopotseprestavuvaso~eli~no­sivaboja.KoganekojapticaeoboenaPrirodno,toga{seprestavuvasonejzninite“pri­rodniboi”.Tukanestanuvazborna fotografsko prenesuvawe,tukusepak,zaednotradicionalnopoimawenaprirodniteboinaheraldi~kitefiguri.

Za heraldi~kite boi

PICERIIFontanapark 3213­364Aerodrom 2450­180

Sponzornaovojbroj:

��

Vo periodot od 1979 do 2003g.arheologot Jovan Ananiev jaistra`uva{eprostranatanekropo­lanakompleksotVodo~kicrkvi,Sv. Leontij vo selo Vodo~a kajStrumica.So1081grob,nekropo­latasevbrojuvame|unajgolemite,ne samo vo Makedonija tuku ipo{iroko.Faktotdekaegzisti­rala od srednovekovieto pa s#do dene{ni dni, od nea pravizna~aen reper za izu~uvawe namnogufenomenivrzanisokonti­nuitetitevrzaniza`ivototnaednapopulacijavotekotnaskoroedenmilenium.

Seloto Vodo~a e smesteno vopodno`jetonaplaninataElenica,na4km.zapadnoodStrumica,navlezot od klisurata na rekataVodo~nica.Nekropolatasepros­tiraokolucrkvataSv.Leontij,koja{toimapove}earhitekton­skiislikarskifaziodsrednove­kovniotperiod.

Fokusirajkigovnimanietonanakitotodperiodotod15do18vekkoja{toprvpatmo`e{estrati­grafskidaserazgleduvanaednomesto,beaizdvoeninekolkumnoguraritetniizna~ajniprimeroci.

Svoevidenkuriozitetpretsta­vuvaat naodot na ~ift kru`ninau{nicinakoj{toeprika`anmotivot na volk so heraldi~kipredznakvokoncepcijata.

Posvojotizgled,odnosnodeko­racija,se~inidekaseedinstveniili prv naod, od vakov vid i sotoasopravomo`atdasenare~atvodo~kavarijantananau{nicisokru`entip.

Nau{nicite terenskite in­ventarni broevi 2264a I 2264b.Otkrienisena06.10.2000godinavo grobot 909 kako edinstvenarheolo{ki naod. Locirani sevopredelotnaglavata (dolnatavilica)odslaboza~uvaniotdetskiskelet.

Zaobele`uvaweedekanapove}emestapopovr{inatananau{niciteseza~uvani(zalepeniioksidiranipometalnatapodloga)ostatociodfinatekstilnatkaenina,na­

jverojatnoodpokrivalotonagla­vata.Nau{niciteseizraboteniodtenkabakarnalamarina.Posvojotizgled i na~inot na upotreba,nau{niciteodVodo~anajbliskaanalogijaimaatsooniekoisenas­likaninaportretotnakralicataMilica.Ottukanivnotodatiraweseopredeluvakonkrajotna15vekneisklu~uvaj}itiedadospealepodzemjaivotekotna16vek.Zaralikaodprimerocite,odktitor­skatakompozicijaodmanastirotnaMatkakadedekoracijataneedovolnojasnailisamosenasetuva,vodo~kitenau{niciimaatdobraizdifirenciranaornamentika.

Vsu{nostnajo~ebijnitesignali{toovienau{nicigiemituvaatselikovnitepretstavinakru`nite,licevistraninakorpusot.Voteh­nikanais~ukuvawevrzedinstvenkalapmatricaupotrebuvan4pati(2h2 za dvete kru`ni strani nanau{nicite)prika`anevolksospecifi~nookru`uvawe.Volkoteprika`ancelosnovoprofilkakosepridvivi`uvasoednaispru`enaprednanoga.

Vol~e{kite{episenaglaseniso{toseistaknuvaagresivnosta,au{itemuseis{uleninagore,glavata mu e izdadena napred,a ustata so silni ~elusti mu e{iroko otvorena. Opa{ot mu eramnoispru`enapotoasesvitkuvaprodol`uvaj}ivosprotivnanasokanadnegovototelo,prestoruvaj}isevogrankasodveskorokru`nozavitkani vetki i zavr{uvaj}iso vrvot pokraj negovata glava.Celatakompozicijaevramenavokru`nicakojagoozna~uvarabot

nakalapot.Prazniteprostoripodvratotokolunozeteinadgrbot,se ispolneti so, polutop~estiispaknatini~ijaulogamo`edabidedekorativna,zapopolnuvawenaprazniotprostor,noistotaka,mo`edazna~atiilustracijanaizvesenambient.

Pred da se prodol`i sonatamo{na analiza traba da sedodadeideka,oddelnimotivioddocnosrednovekovniamblemiiliheraldi~kisimboli,sesre}avaatkajdelodmaterijalitevonekropo­lata vo Vodo~a. Vo toj pravecposebnovnimanieprivlekuvaatiprstenitekadeimaivpe~atliviheraldi~ki primeri. Vo edenslu~ajkompozicijataprika`ananagornatapovr{inanaglavatanamasiven,srebrenprstenpretsta­vuvakompletengrb~iielementise:volk,{titibode`,asetotoaeobikolenosonatpis.

S p o r e d i z r a b o t k a t a imorfolo{kite karakteristikiovojprstenpripa|anavelmo{kiteprsteniodposlednitedeceniina14vek.Toaekvalitetenprimerok

naprstenpe~atnik,na~ija{toglavaepretstavensemejniotgrbna blagorodni~ka familija odovieoblasti.

Ostavajki go na strana pos­tudioznoto tolkuvawe na ovojnaod, za ovaa prigoda vnimani­etosenaso~uvakonedendelodheraldi~katapretstavakonmo­tivotnavolk.Ivoovojslu~ajtojeprika`anvocelosnapretstava,voprofilisonaglaseni{epiikanxi, so ra{ireni ~elusti, noglava vertikalno postavena vo

Volkot od obetkite od Vodo~aDr.ElicaManeva

��

odnosnatrupotisomalvodoravenopa{.

Motivotnavolk (glava, gorendelilicelafiguravorazli~nipozicii) e eden od po~estitemotivi na li~nte amblemi ilisemejnigrbovizabele`anivodoc­notosredovekovieivekovite{tosledatposleosmanliskiteosvo­juvawa.Toanajdobrosesogleduvaprekunumizmati~kiotmaterijalkoj e mnogu bogat i relativnopoznatnanau~natajavnost,askorosekoga{gipretstavuvaioznakite:amblemotiligrbotnaonojkojgonara~alnivnotokovawe,kako{toevoobi~aenoizadrugitepred­metiodnegoviotimot.

Volkot so negovite atributipretstavuva pogoden simbol zaidentifikacijasonegoviteoso­bini. Fasciniranosta od ovaasu{testvo i implementacijatanegovavonarodnitemitovi,veru­vawataiobi~aitenaedenilidrugna~inseprisutnivositekulturi{toegzistiralevozonatanane­govotoprostirawe.

Kakoarhetip,.Volkotimadostasloevitaiambivalentnasimbo­lika.Mo}tadagledavomrakotgopraviistovremenoisolarnoihtonskobitie.Negovatasnaga,krvo`ednost,i`estokostseale­gorijazaborbenostaivoinstve­nataekstaza,konkoja{tote`neatjunacite.

Bo`jata opravdanost na oviedejstvijavomentalitetotnasred­novekovniot~ovek,sesogleduvaivoobjasnuvawatazapi{anivoFiziologosot.

Voburnitevremiwanadocnotosrednovekovie,poimotnavolkotinegovitekarakteristikisenamet­nuvakakoadekvatenli~enamblem,kakodelodsemejniotgrb,paduriikakomitskipredok.

Pretstavatanaovojsimbol,kakoidrugitepretstavivoobi~aenizaovaavreme,mo`edasejavinarazniobjektikako{toseznamiwazavetvenigrade`nidarovi,fasa­dite na domovite, na sadovite,naoru`jeto,posebnona{titot,naoblekite,ukrasite,pojasite,utilitarnitepredmetitn.

Mo`eli,vonedostignadrugipokonkretni elementi, (vo ne­

dostignadrugipokonkretniele­menti,nemawenaosteolo{kiosta­tociinapoegzaktnizadatirawesometodiodprirodnitenauki)daseka`edekavoVodo~avogrobovite196i909bilepogrebenili~nostiodistosemejstvo?

Poslednotopra{aweostanuvaotvorenoiako,napove}edilemise dadeni odgovori, ili baremnavestuvawa {to se ~inat vero­dostojni.

Inventiven majstor, spored`elbata na nara~atelot imanirot, odnosno postoe~katamodanaizrabotkananau{nicite,potvrdeni i na `ivopisot od 15vek,izrabotileden~iftodnivza

Between�979and�003thearche-ologist JovanAnaniev explored thelargenecropolisoftheVodocaChurchComplexofSt.LeonthiusinthevillageofVodocanearStrumica.Withits�08�discoveredgravesitbelongsamongthelargestnecropolisesnotonlyinMac-edonia, but also in the wider region.ThefactthatitexistedintheMiddleAgesandwasintheuseuntilpresentmakesithighlyimportantforthestudyof numerousphenomena linkedwiththepopulationwhichsettledthisareaforalmostawholemillennium.

The village of Vodoca is situatedat the footofMt.Elenica,4kmwestof Strumica and at the entrance ofthe gorge of the riverVodocica.Thenecropolis lies around the church of

St. Lenothius which has several ar-chitecturalandpaintingphasesofthemediaevalperiod.

Focusing on the jewelry from theperiodbetweenthe��thand�8thcen-turies,whichcanbestratigraphicallyobserved on one site for the first time, weisolatedseveralveryrareandhighlyimportantspecimens.

Among them, a unique find is a pair ofcircularearringswithadepictionofawolfwhoseconceptionalsohasanheraldicconnotation.

Their appearance and decorationsuggest that they are the only or, atleast, the first find of this kind and can therefore appropriately be defined as theVodocavarietyofearringsof thecirculartype.

damaodbogatosemejstvo,kakovi­denmotivepretstavatanavolk,soheraldi~kakonotacija,vosvoetoprimarnozna~ewei sekundarnonadgraduvawesofolklornosi`eoddomenotnahtonsko­lunarniteveruvawa.

Takasesogleduvaina~inotnakoj{torasko{nite,docnosred­novekovni,velmo{kipredlo{kina nau{nicite od kru`en tipdivergiraleiseinfiltrirale,vofolklorniteforminapojova­jkiseso`ivopisnataenergijaodnarodniteveruvawa,noistovre­meno, za~uvuvajkigiobele`jatai simbolikata na heraldi~katatradicija.

The Wolf at the Vodoca EarringsDr.ElicaManeva

�3

to stress that certain motifs from thecustomaryrepertoryof the latemedi-aeval emblems or heraldic depictionsareencounteredinsomespecimensofthejewelrydiscoveredinthenecropo-lisinVodoca.Inthisregard,ofspecialimportancearetherings,whichincludecertainimpressiveheraldicspecimens.In one such specimen the composi-tionshownontheuppersurfaceoftheheadofamassivesilverringshowsacompletecoatofarmswiththefollow-ingelements:wolf,shieldanddagger,surroundinginscription.

Themanufactureandmorphologicalcharacteristicsofthisringindicatethatitbelongsamongthespecimenswornby the nobility in the last decades ofthe 14th century. It is a high-qual-ityspecimenofasignetringwhose�headshowsthefamilycoatofarmsofa prominent aristocratic family fromtheseareas.

Rather than proceeding with a de-tailed analysis of this exceptional find, onthisoccasionwefocusononedetailfromthisheraldicdepiction,thewolfasamotif.Inthiscase,too,itisdepictedin its full shape, inmovementand inprofile, with emphasized claws and an openjaw;itshead,however,isplacedverticallyinrelationtothebodyandhasashort,verticaltail.

Thewolfasamotif(head,upperpartor full figure in different positions)is one of the more customary motifsamongthenumerousdepictionsoffam-ilypersonalemblemsoffamilycoatsofarms thathavebeen recorded inLateMiddleAges (�3th to �4th centuries)and the centuries that followed afterthe Ottoman conquest of this and the neighboringregions.Thisisbestseeninthenumismaticmaterialthatisrela-tivelyrichandwellknowninscholarlycircles;itpracticallyalwaysshowstheemblemorthecoatofarmsoftheindi-vidualwhocommissionedthemintingofthecoinanditwasalsocustomaryin the making of other items whichbelongedtothegivenperson.

Withitsattributes,thewolfrepresentsan appropriate symbol for the identifica-tionwithitscharacteristics.

The fascination with this beast anditsimplementationinthemyths,beliefsandcustomsarealwayspresentinsomeform in the cultures which existed initshabitat.

As an archetype, the wolf has acomplexandambivalentsymbolism.Itsabilitytoseeinthedarkmakesitsimultaneouslyasolarandachthoniccreature. Its power, bloodthirstinessand fierceness are an allegory of the fighting spirit and warlike ecstasy to whichheroesstrive.

Therighteousnessofsuchactionsinthementalityofmediaevalmanisre-flected in the interpretations recorded inFisiologus.

InthetempestuoustimesoftheLateMiddleAges, the wolf as a conceptimposed itselfand itscharacteristicsas an appropriate personal emblem,partofthefamilycoatofarmsorevenamythicalancestor.

Thedepictionofthewolfasasym-bol,liketheotherdepictionscharac-teristic of this period, also appearedon flags, legacies, facades, vessels, weapons (especially on the shield),garments, decorative and utilitarianitems,etc.

Canitbeclaimed,intheabsenceofother, more concrete arguments (noostheologicalremainsandmoreexactindicators for dating with methodsfrom the natural sciences, etc.) thatindividuals from the same familywereburiedingraves�96and909inVodoca?

This question remains open; how-ever, several dilemmas have beenclarified and there are at least certain indicationswhichappeartenable.

Theinventivecraftsman,actingonthe wish of the person who orderedthe earrings and the current fashionevidentinthefrescopaintingfromtheendofthe��thcentury,madeapairofearringsforaladyfromaprominentfamily from Vodoca. He used thedepictionofthewolfasadecorativemotif, which reflects both a heraldic connotation in its primary meaningand,intermsofitssecondarymean-ing,thenarrativefolkelementsfromthechthonic/lunarbeliefs.

Thus,wecanfollowthemannerinwhich the lavish latemediaevalear-ringpatternsofthecirculartypemadefor the nobility diverged and infiltrated folklore forms, drawing the inspira-tionfromthevigorousenergyoffolkbeliefs, at the same time preservingthefeaturesandthesymbolismoftheheraldictradition.

The earrings bear the field inventory numbers��64aand��64b.Theywerediscoveredon6October�000ingrave909 as the only archaeological find. Theywerelocatedatthehead(lowerjaw)ofthepoorlypreservedskeletonofachild.

It should be noted that on severalsegmentsoftheearringsremnantsoffine fabric, probably a head cover, are preservedonthesurface,solderedandoxidisedon themetal base.The ear-rings are made of thin copper sheetmetal.Intermsofappearanceandtypeofuse, theearrings fromVodocaareanalogoustothosepaintedinMilica’sportrait.Therefore,theyaredatedtothelate��thcentury, although theymayhavebeenusedorcameundergroundduringthe�6thcentury.Incontrasttothespecimensfromthedonors’compo-sitioninthemonasteryinMatkawherethedecorationisnotclearlyvisibleandcanonlybeconjectural,theornamentsontheearringsfromVodocaarewelldefined.

In fact, the most evident signalsconveyed by these earrings are thevisualones,i.e.,theyaredepictedonthecircularoutersurfacesthatwouldhavebeenimmediatelyvisible.Awolfin a specific surrounding is depicted on these earring with the embossingtechnique applied on the single mould/patternusedfourtimes(�x�onthetwocircularsidesoftheearrings).Thedepiction shows its full figure in profile asitmoveswithonefrontlegsteppingforward.

The wolf’s claws are emphasized,indicatingitspotentialaggressiveness;itsearsareprickedupwards,theheadishorizontallyprotrudedandthesnoutwithstrongjawsiswideopen.Thetailis flatly outreached and then curved in theoppositedirectionaboveitsbody;itistransformedintoabranchwithtwoalmostcirculartwigswhosetiptermi-nates at the wolf’s head.The entirecomposition IS framed with a circlethatmarkstheedgeofthemould.Theemptysurfacesundertheneck,aroundthe legs and above the back are filled withhemi-sphericalprotrusionswhichmayhavebeenintendedfordecorativepurposes, to fill the “empty space” or to illustrateaparticularenvironment.

Beforewebeginourin-depthanaly-sis of this depiction, we would like

�4

Makedonski heraldi~ki terminolo{ki re~nik

Edna od glavnite predmetina heraldikata e opi{uvawe nagrbovite.Tojopis–“Blazon” japrestavuva su{tinata na grbot,koj zaheraldikataepova`enodlikovniotprikaz–“Emblazon”.Procesotnaopi{uvawenagrbot(pi{uvawenablazonot) sevikablazonirawe. Pritoa blazonotmoradabidejaseninedvosmislen,takasekojheraldi~kiumetnikdamo`edagoemblazonira–likovnodagoprestavitokmutojgrb.

Tokmu poradi ova, od najgo­lema va`nost e da se napravire~nik na standardnite make­donskiheraldi~kitermini,bezkoienevozmo`noserioznodasezanimavamesoprou~uvaweiprak­tikuvawenaheraldikata.

Heraldikatapokrajsogrbotsezanimavaisoheraldi~kiteznamiwaibexevite.Siteheraldi~kielemen­ti{togiposeduvaarmigerot­onoj{toposeduvagrb:grb,heraldi~kiznamiwa i bexevi prestavuvaHeraldi~ko dostignuvawe.

E S TPOTENTIA

INFORMATIA

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DVE VARIJANTI NA SREDEN GRB

MAL GRB

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AFORMATI POTENTIA EST

Prviosnoventermine{titot.Tojgoprestavu­va i osnovniotoblik na grbot–odnosnomali-ot grb ili~estosamo­grb.Grbotsesostoiodpole ( p o v r { i n a t an a { t i t o t )i l i p o l i w adokolku {ti­totepodelen,iheraldi~ka fig-ura,iliprosto–figura.

Poletopak,sekarakterizirasoboja.(Ilustraci­ja na str.16).Boitemo`atdase prestavat natri na~ini: Soaplicirawe naboja, so heral­di~ka {rafura(Petra Sankta)isoozna~uvawe,kogasekoristat

samobukvi(dadenivozagradite).Boitenapoletosedelatnatrigrupi:1.Metali:Zlato(Z)(`olta)i

Srebro(S)(bela);2.Boi(tinkturi,emajli):Crve­

na(C),Sina(Sn),Zelena(Zl),Crna(Cr)iPurpurna(P)

3.Krzna:HermeliniVerverica,kakoiPerduviiSkrgunki

Iakonemo`edasezboruvazazna~ewetonaboitekakonivnaka­rakteristika,sepaknizistorijataseprovlekuvaatzna~ewapovrzanisoboite:

Zlato:Svetost,trajnost,Bogat­stvo, pravda, milosrdie, razbi­rawe,ugled,hrabrost.

Srebro: Nevinost, ~istota,mudrost,radost.

Crvena:Krv,kralstvo,hrabrost,sloboda,qubov.

Sina:Vernost,postojanost,ot­menost.

Zelena:mladost,raste`,plod­nost,zdravje,ubavina,nade`.

Purpurna:Blago~estivost,suve­

renost,umerenost.Crna:Taga,mudrost,cvrstina,

crkva.Krznatakakokarakteristikana

poletopoteknuvaodpraksatadr­veniot{titdaseprekrivasoraznividoviko`iikrzna.NajzastapuvanikrznaseHermelinotiVervericata.Crnitedezeninahermelinotgiprestavuvaatopav~iwatana ivot­niteodkoisedobivaovakrzno.Ima4vidovinaHermelin,prestaveninacrte`otnastr.16.

Hermelinotenasrebrenocrniopav~iwa (1). Kontra Hermeli­notenacrnobeliopav~iwa(2).Zlatniot Hermelin prestavuvacrni opav~iwa na zlatno (3), iPeon, zlatni opav~iwa na crno(4).

Ververi~kata pak prestavu­va krzno so{ieno od ko`i naververi~ki, kade beliot del goprestavuvame{etonaververi~kata.Drugiotdeltradicionalnoesin.Sporedna~inotnasostavuvawenapoedine~nitekrznarazlikuvamenekolku vidovi na Ververica,prestaveninacrte`otnastr16.

Ververica (5), Ververica vostolb (6), Kontra­ververica (7),iVervericavokraj(8).Postoiidrugvidnaververicakogakrznatana ververi~kata se vo oblik nabukvata“t”(9).Itamusekoristiistatalogikavonazivite.

Osvenoviedvavidakrzno,pone­kogaseupotrebuvaatSkrgunki(10)iPerduvi(11).

Pokrajosnovniteboinapoletopostojatidvavidanaheraldi~ki{ari.Edniotekogapoletoepode­lenopove}epati(12,13),za{to}estanezborkoga}ezboruvamezapodelbitena{titot.Vtoriot,pakprestavuvaposeanopole (14,15).Poseanopoleekoganapoletosepovtoruvaatgolembrojmalifig­urikoitoga{nesesmetaatkakofiguritukukako{ara,odnosnokakosamotopole.

Zakonotnaboivelidekametalnesestavavrzmetal,nitubojavrzboja.Ovaeodpri~ina{totakvitekombinaciite{koseidentifiku­vaat od dale~ina, koe e edna odceliteiulogitenagrbot.

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PosledniotbrojnaMakedonskiHeraldbe{epro­movirannapredavawetonasloveno“^udesniotsvetnaHeraldikata”odr`anovoMuzejnaMakedonijavomaj2005.Vedna{potoa,MHZgokrenaglasotprotivkr{ewetonaosnovniotkonceptnaheraldikata,po­toaprezemendoveksilologijata,dekaednoznamenemo`edaprestavuvadvatitularavoistovreme,{tobe{epredlo`enoodtoga{natavladakakore{enienaproblemotsoznamiwatanamalcinstvata.MHZizlezesopredlogzaminimalniizmeni(diferencijacija)naznamiwatanamati~nitedr`avikoi}e japoka`atpripadnostanamalcinstvotonoinaidentitetotnakonositelnasuverenostanaRepublikaMakedonija.Popreskonferencijatasledeamnogunapisivoves­niciteinastapinatelevizijavorazniinforma­tivnidebatniemisii,so{topopularnostanaMHZgodosegnasvojotvrv.

Drugva`enmomentevklu~enostanaMHZvoobidotzaheraldizacijanavekeusvoeniotpredlogzagrbnaop{tinaButel.MHZzaednosoavtorotiop{tinskataadministracijakojapoka`azrelostispremnostdasere{iovojproblemdojdedoprifatlivore{enie,noza alSovetotnaop{tinatasmeta{edekaedovolnokompetentnodare{avapoovaatemaisitenaporipadnaavovoda.SenadevavmedekabaremBirotozaza{titanaindustriskasopstvenost}egoprepoznaemakedonskotznamevodadeniotpredlogi}esepovikanazakonot,noza alitoaneseslu~i.Takasitena{inaporipropadnaavovoda.

Na{ataaktivnostprodol`ivoistatanasokasotoa{tobe{epobaranoodGradSkopjedasedostavipredlogzaheraldizacijanasega{niotgrbnagradotSkopje,nobezdasemenuvavoop{tokonceptotnapostojniotgrb.MHZdadedvapredloga,odkojedniot

Aktivnosti na MHZActivities of MHS

JovanJonovski JovanJonovski

LastissueofMacedonianHeraldwaspromotedonthelecturetitled:“TheWonderfulWorldofHeraldry”heldattheMuseumofMacedoniainMay�00�.Soonafter,MHShasraiseditsvoiceagainstbrakingofthebasicheraldryrule,later taken as well in vexilology, that a single flag could not beusedbytwopartiesatsametime.ThisisregardingtheGovernmentdecisiontoallowminoritiestousetheundif-ferentiated flags of their mother countries. MHS brought up a proposal of minimal differentiation of the flags the mother countries,whichwillshowthebelongingsofaminority,butatthesametimewillshowtheidentityasaco-bearerofthesuzeraintyoftheRepublicofMacedonia.AfterthispressconferenceanumberofnewspaperarticlesfollowedaswellasparticipationinmanyTVdebatesetc.ThisbroughtpopularityoftheMHSatitshighest.

OtherimportantmomentistheinvolvementofMHSintheattemptofheraldisationofanalreadyvotedproposalforCoatofArmsofmunicipalityofButel.MHStogetherwiththeauthorandmunicipaladministrationcametoaac-ceptablesolution,butunfortunately,theMunicipalCouncilconsiderthemselvesexpertsenoughtoactonthismatter,soalloureffortswereinvain.WehopedthattheBiroforprotectionof industrialpropertywillrecognizetheMac-edonian flag in the given proposal and will act according thelaw,butunfortunatelyitdidnothappen.

OuractivitiescontinuedinthesamedirectionandMHSwasaskedtodoheraldisationofthepresentcoatofarmsofCityofSkopje,butwithnochangestoitsconcept.MHSgavetwosuggestions,onewastotalheraldisationandotherwascorrectionintheareaofheraldicart.Westillhavenoanswerfromthecityauthoritiesonthestatusofourpro-posals.

One importantaspectofMHSactivitiesareonesdone

Predavaweto vo Muzej: Sekretarot Petar Gajdov i pot-pretsedatelkata Dr. Sne`ana Filipova gi razgleduvaat verziite na mija~koto zname. Pretsedatelot i Herald na

MHZ Jovan Jonovski vo tabardot na MHZ (levo)Lectures at the Museum: Secretary Petar Gajdov and Vice-President Dr. Snezana Filipova, are looking at other versions

of the Miac’s flag. The President and the Herald of MHS, Jovan Jonovski in the Tabard of MHS (left)

Poseta na Kolegiumot na grbovi: Potpretsedatelkata Dr. Sne`ana Filipova gi napravi ovie fotografii na rabotna-ta soba na eden herald, mesto kade {to navistina se ra|aat

grbovite.Visit of College of Arms: Vice-President Dr.Snezana Filipova, took these photos in the working room of one of the herald, the

place where the Coat of Arms are realy born.

�6

internationally.MHSgaveitssupporttothecoleguesfromBulgaria,resultinginlogisticalsupportforformingofBul-garianHeraldryandVexillologySociety.ThePresidentofMHSwaspresentonthefoundingmeeting,andontheyearlyassemblywaspresentwithathreepersondelegation.

MHSrepresentedbyitsPresidentwaspresentatthefound-ingoftheCroatianHeraldryandVexillologySociety,withwhichdevelopsaexpertandfriendlycooperation.Thisrela-tionwasdeepenedbyvisitofMHS’vicepresident.

MHS vice president also visited College ofArms andTheHeraldrySocietyinLondon,wherenewcontactswereestablishandoldonestrengthen.

MHSispreparingforthemutualprojectwiththeEduca-tionalDepartmentoftheMuseumofMacedoniaforlecturesandworkshopsonheraldry,with experts from the regiontakingpart.

Heraldi~ki boi

Zlato Srebro

Hermelin1 5

Ververica Ostanati krzna od podelba od posejuvawe

M E T A L I BOI

K R Z N A [ A R I

Crvena Sina Zelena Crna Purpurna

be{epotpolnaheraldizacijaadrugiotintervencijaodoblastanaheraldi~kataumetnost.

Edenva`enaspektnaaktivnostitenaMHZname|unarodenplan.MHZjadadecelokupnatapodr{kanasvoitekolegiodBugarija,kojarezultira{esologisti~ka podr{ka za osnovawe na BugarskotoHeraldi~koiVeksilolo{koDru{tvo.Naosno­vawetonaBHVDbe{eprisutenipretsedatelotnaMHZ.Nasobranietonagodi{ninatanaBHVD,MHZu~estvuva{esotro~lenadelegacija.

MHZprestavuvanoodpretsedatelotprisustvuva{ei na osnivaweto na Hrvatskoto Heraldi~ko iVeksilolo{koDru{tvo,sokoerazvivastru~nasor­abotkaiprijatelskiodnosi,koibeaprodlabo~inisoposetatanapotpretsedatelkatanaMHZ.

PotpretsedatelkatanaMHZgiposetiiKole­giumotnagrbovi(CollegeofArms)iHeraldi~kotodru{tvo(TheHeraldrySociety)voLondon,kadeostvarinoviigiutvrdistaritekontakti.

MHZ se podgotvuva za zaedni~kiot proekt sooddelotzaedukacijanaMuzejotnaMakedonijaza

Osnova~ko Sobranie na Hrvatskoto heraldi~ko i veksilolo{ko dru{tvo: Pretsedatelot i Herald na MHZ Jovan Jonovski na Pretsedatelot na HHVD @eqko Hejmer

mu go poklonuva Grbot na MHZFounding Assembly of Croatian Heraldry and Vexillology Society: President and the Herald of MHS Jovan Jonovski is

presenting the President of CHVS Zeljko Heimer with the Coat of Arms of MHS

Godi{no sobranie na Bugarskoto heraldi~ko i veksilolo{ko dru{tvo: Sekretarot Petar Gajdov mu

podaruva prigodni podaroci na Pretsedatelot na BHVD Dr. Stojan Antonov

Anual assembly of Bulgarian Heraldry and Vexillology Soci-ety: Secretary Petar Gajdov presents the President of BHVS,

Dr. Stojan Antonov, with gifts.

predavawairabotilnicizaheraldikata.Naoviepredavawaseo~ekuvadazematu~estvoiekspertodregionotipo{iroko.