Lyndon B. Johnson~Domestic Issues~

Sworn in hours after the assassination of JFK November 22, 1963

Elected on his own in 1964

I. President Lyndon Baines Johnson

A. LBJ continued the ideas of the Kennedy administration: civil rights, war on poverty, and continued containment

B. In the mid-1960s, the U.S. had the highest standard of living in the world1. Michael Harrington—The Other America (1962) wrote that “pockets” of poverty remained in America

2. Harrington claimed that as many as 40 million Americans (1/4 of the population) were poor, and they were in the slums of central cities and rural areas—Appalachia, the Deep South, and Native American reservations

II. Election of 1964 Johnson v Goldwater

A. Johnson used goals of social justice to campaign for the presidency, aiming to reach all Americans

1. Platform was the Great Society: fight American poverty, discrimination, unemployment, pollution, etc.

2. Also promised major tax cuts for

individuals and corporations

B. Goldwater was an outspoken conservative—opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, had lukewarm feelings about Social Security, thought military commanders should be allowed to decide for themselves whether to use nuclear weapons

Johnson Wins in 1964

III. Specific Problems facing the US

A. Improvements in technology decreased jobs

B. Small farmers could not compete with agribusiness C. Training was unavailable for new jobs D. Programs did not adequately cover medical expenses for older citizens

Impact of Economic Opportunity Act

The act decreased poverty in America by helping the working adults aged 18 to 24.

IMPACT OF GREAT SOCIETY

a. The Great Society and the Warren Court changed the United States

b. No president in Post-WWII era extended the power and reach of the federal government more than LBJc. The War on Poverty helped, the Civil Rights initiative made a difference and the massive tax cuts spurred the economy

Stop and individually Stop and individually complete Assignment #5: complete Assignment #5: JohnsonJohnson’’s s Great SocietyGreat Society - Use the blue textbook

“The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice… every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind…”

- Lyndon Johnson, 1964

1. Civil Rights Act 1964-

•Banned discrimination in voting, public facilities, federally-assisted programs, and employment

•(2) Eliminate racial injustice

(You may put just the #)

2. Voting Rights Act 1965

•Prohibited discrimination in voter registration; provided federal registration if necessary

•(2) Helped end racial injustice By the way, what’s the big

word?

3. Civil Rights Act 1968

•Banned racial discrimination in the sale and rental of most housing

•Eliminate racial injustice (2)

4. 24th Amendment-

•Ended poll taxes in federal elections

•Eliminate racial injustice (2)

5. Medicare-

•Provides health insurance coverage for those 65+

•Addition to Social Security

•Eliminate poverty (1), share the abundance (6), overcome disease (4)

6. Medicaid-

•federal and state program to pay medical bills for low income families/individuals

•Overcome disease (4), eliminate poverty (1)

7. Immigration Act, 1965

•Ended national origins quota system, admitted immigrants on the basis of family relationships and national needs

•Permit life of freedom (7), eliminate injustice (2)"This bill we sign today is not a revolutionary bill. It

does not affect the lives of millions. It will not restructure the shape of our daily lives.” – LBJ

YEAH, RIGHT!!!

IMMIGRATION REFORM

- The Great Society also brought reform to immigration laws

-The Natural Origins Acts of the 1920s strongly discriminated against immigration by those outside of Western Europe

-The Immigration Act of 1965 opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the U.S.

8. Department Of Housing

and Urban Development-

•cabinet-level agency to administer public housing programs, seeking to increase home ownership / decrease homelessness

•Revitalize the cities (5)

9. Dept Of Transportation-

•reorganized administration of transportation services under cabinet level agencies

•Revitalize the cities (5)

10. Elementary and Secondary Edu Act, 1965-

•granted $ directly to public schools, funding professional development, instructional materials, etc.

• End ignorance (3), permit a life of freedom (7)

Bilingual Education Act of 1968

-– its purpose was to provide school districts with federal funds, in the form of competitive grants, to establish innovative educational programs for students with limited English speaking ability.

- Expanded access to Public Education

11. Higher Education Act, 1965-

•Increased federal $ to universities, created scholarships, financed loans for students, and established a Teacher Corps

•End ignorance (3), permit a life of freedom (7)

SUPREME COURT REFORMS SOCIETY

- Reform and change were not limited to the Executive and Legislative branches

- The Judicial Branch led by the Supreme Court and Chief Justice Earl Warren did much to protect individual rights

Warren

WARREN COURT AND SUSPECT’S RIGHTS

• In Mapp v. Ohio (1961) the Supreme Court ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in court

• In Escobedo v. Illinois the court ruled that the accused has the right to have an attorney present when questioned by police

• In Miranda v. Arizona the court ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning

• In Gideon v. Wainright the court ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys.

• In Brown v Education the court ruled against the “Seperate But Equal Concept” (Pressy v Ferguson)

Back to notes!

The Civil Rights Movement

under Johnson

I. Remember Segregation and Integration…

a. Segregation is separation by race or class in society.

b. Integration is to join or open to all racial groups or classes.

II. Mississippi Freedom Summer Project

A. Summer of 1964

B. 800 College students from all over the US met in Ohio to be trained for voter registration in the South by SNCC.

C. The focus of the project was the MS Delta and McComb.

D. Discouraged by constant opposition of Mississippians.

- While working to register African Americans to vote, 3 workers went missing in Neshoba County

*On June 21, 1964, three young civil rights workers — a 21-year-old black Mississippian James Chaney and two white New Yorkers Andrew Goodman, 20, and Michael Schwerner, 24 —were murdered

*June 21, 2005: Edgar Ray Killen, the supposed mastermind of the crime, was sentenced to 60 years in jail for the crimes.

III. Selma Voting Rights March

A. March, 1965: MLK led a 54-mile walk from Selma to Montgomery to pressure for voting equality.

B. The demonstrators were tear-gassed, clubbed, spat on, whipped, trampled by horses, and jeered by others for demanding the right to register to vote. Television and newspapers carried pictures of the event that became known as "Bloody Sunday."

C. As a result, Lyndon B. Johnson urged the passage of the Voting Rights Act; will become law in August of 1965.

IV. Watts Riots

A. 1965B. Riots occurredin the Wattsneighborhood in L.A. C. Over $40 million in property was destroyed; over 1,000 people injured!

D. Over 30 people died, most of them black

E. MLK was furious, saying that the black population was destroying themselves.

F. In response, Watts residents said “we won because we made them pay attention to us.”

V. Legislation under Johnson

A. 1964 Civil Rights Act 1. Barred discrimination in public

facilities 2. Directed the Attorney General

to sue segregated schools, businesses, etc. 3. Stopped discrimination in employment due to race, sex, color, religion, or national

origin.

B. 24th Amendment- Eliminated the poll tax.

C.1965 Voting Rights Act- ended reading

test and the grandfather clause for black voting. Federal officials came to the south to oversee voting.

VI. Civil Disobedience during the Civil Rights

Movement

A.NAACP- Attacked Jim Crow lawsB.Thurgood Marshall toured the

south helping African Americans in need of law

representation. NAACP representatives toured cities and began local chapters.

Jeopardy answer of the day:

- first black American appointed to the Supreme Court

Question: Who is Thurgood Marshall?

C. Martin Luther King, Jr.C. Martin Luther King, Jr.

1. Originally from Atlanta, Ga. 2. Led the Montgomery Bus boycott. 3. Embodied the movement. 4. Enforced nonviolence and pacifism and the “turn the other cheek” philosophy.5. Did encounter frustration from many African Americans who

were “sick and tired of going to funerals of black men”

D. Black Power

1. Leader: Stokely Carmichael2. Emphasized racial pride and

social equality for African Americans through the creation of political and cultural institutions

3. Called for black separatism4. The symbol of Black Power was

the raised, gloved fist in the air. Black Americans were to find a new sense of identity.

5. Carmichael’s “black power” greatly influenced Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to start a a new movement known as the Black Panther Party, a revolutionary push for equality and defense of African Americans.

E. Death of a hero…

1. April 4, 1968: Memphis Tennessee

2. MLK killed by a sniper’s bullet

3. James Earl Ray: arrested in June of 1968 for killing MLK jr.

4. Sentenced to 99 years in prison; died in 1998.

5. Hinted he was only part of the

conspiracy

6. Many African Americans will respond to this tragedy through violence. At the end of a week of rioting, almost 50 were dead!

Isn’t this exactly what MLK preached AGAINST?!?!

"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence multiplies violence, and toughness multiplies toughness in a descending spiral of destruction. The chain reaction of evil………must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation."

~Dr. MLK, Jr

Results of the Civil Rights Movement:

Segregation became illegal Right to vote

South would never be the same again Black citizens served in politics at all levels

Ended an Era Civil Rights campaigns in the South led by peaceful moderates

Lets go North!

25th Amendment: This amendment deals with succession to the Presidency, also establishing procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. Ratified in 1967

Miranda v. Arizona (1966): A person in custody must be informed of his rights (to remain silent, that statements made may be used against him in court, and of his right to an attorney).