lymph transport & immunity chapter 35. lymph transport & immunity 2outline the lymphatic...

Lymph Transport & Immunity

Chapter 35

2Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity

OutlineOutline

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System Lymph VesselsLymph Vessels Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs

Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses BarriersBarriers Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response

Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses AntibodiesAntibodies T CellsT Cells

Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity Active versus Passive ImmunityActive versus Passive Immunity

Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects AllergiesAllergies Blood TypingBlood Typing


The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

Consists of lymphatic vessels and the Consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid organslymphoid organs

Three main homeostatic functions:Three main homeostatic functions:

Lymphatic capillaries take up and return Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to the bloodstreamexcess fluid to the bloodstream

Lacteals receive lipoproteins and Lacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstreamtransport them to the bloodstream

Helps defend body against diseaseHelps defend body against disease

4Lymphatic System

5The Lymphatic Organs


Lymphatic SystemLymphatic SystemOne-way system that begins with One-way system that begins with lymphatic capillarieslymphatic capillaries

Take up fluid that has been diffused Take up fluid that has been diffused from, and not reabsorbed by, blood from, and not reabsorbed by, blood capillariescapillaries

Edema - Localized swelling due to Edema - Localized swelling due to accumulation of tissue fluidaccumulation of tissue fluid

Lymph flows one wayLymph flows one way

From a capillary to ever-larger lymphatic From a capillary to ever-larger lymphatic vesselsvessels

Finally to a lymphatic duct, which enters a Finally to a lymphatic duct, which enters a subclavian veinsubclavian vein


Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs

Lymph Nodes - Capsule surrounding Lymph Nodes - Capsule surrounding two distinct regions, cortex and two distinct regions, cortex and medullamedulla

Lymphocytes congregate in cortex Lymphocytes congregate in cortex when fighting off a pathogenwhen fighting off a pathogen

Macrophages concentrated in medulla Macrophages concentrated in medulla - cleanse lymph- cleanse lymph

Lymph nodes named for their locationLymph nodes named for their location


Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid OrgansTonsilsTonsils

Patches of lymphatic tissue located Patches of lymphatic tissue located around the pharynxaround the pharynx

First to encounter pathogens that enter First to encounter pathogens that enter via the nose and mouthvia the nose and mouth

SpleenSpleen

Located in upper left region of Located in upper left region of abdominal cavity just beneath abdominal cavity just beneath diaphragmdiaphragm

Cleanses bloodCleanses blood


Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs

Thymus GlandThymus Gland

Located along trachea behind the Located along trachea behind the sternum in upper thoracic cavitysternum in upper thoracic cavity

Produces thymic hormonesProduces thymic hormones

Red Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow

Origin for all types of blood cellsOrigin for all types of blood cells

Area of maturation for most white Area of maturation for most white blood cellsblood cells


Immune SystemImmune System

Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses

Barriers to entry serve as mechanical Barriers to entry serve as mechanical barriersbarriers

SkinSkin

Mucous membranes lining respiratory, Mucous membranes lining respiratory, digestive, and urinary tractsdigestive, and urinary tracts


Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses

Inflammatory ReactionInflammatory Reaction

Damaged cells and mast cells release Damaged cells and mast cells release histamine and kininshistamine and kinins

Capillaries dilate and become more Capillaries dilate and become more permeablepermeable

Enlarged capillaries cause skin to Enlarged capillaries cause skin to reddenredden

Swollen area and kinins stimulate free Swollen area and kinins stimulate free nerve endings causing painnerve endings causing pain


Inflammatory ReactionInflammatory Reaction

Neutrophils and monocytes migrate to Neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the site of injurythe site of injury

Neutrophils and mast cells Neutrophils and mast cells phagocytize pathogensphagocytize pathogens

Monocytes differentiate into Monocytes differentiate into macrophagesmacrophages

13Inflammatory Response


Complement SystemComplement SystemA collection of plasma proteinsA collection of plasma proteins

Activated when pathogens enter the Activated when pathogens enter the bodybody

Complements certain immune responsesComplements certain immune responses

Interferon binds to receptors of non-Interferon binds to receptors of non-infected cellsinfected cells

Causes them to prepare for possible Causes them to prepare for possible attackattack

Produce substances that interfere with Produce substances that interfere with viral replicationviral replication

15Action of the Complement System

Against a bacterium


Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses

An antigen is any foreign substance An antigen is any foreign substance that stimulates the immune system that stimulates the immune system to reactto react

Lymphocytes capable of recognizing Lymphocytes capable of recognizing antigensantigens

Have antigen receptors on plasma Have antigen receptors on plasma membranemembrane

Protein’s shape allow it to combine Protein’s shape allow it to combine with a specific antigenwith a specific antigen


Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses

Immunity primarily the result ofImmunity primarily the result of

B lymphocytesB lymphocytes

B cells give rise to plasma cellsB cells give rise to plasma cells

Produce antibodiesProduce antibodies

T lymphocytesT lymphocytes

T cells directly attack cells that bear T cells directly attack cells that bear non-self proteinsnon-self proteins


Antibody-Mediated ImmunityAntibody-Mediated ImmunityClonal selection theory:Clonal selection theory:

The antigen selects which lymphocyte The antigen selects which lymphocyte willwill

Undergo clonal expansion, andUndergo clonal expansion, and

Produce more lymphocytesProduce more lymphocytes

If the same antigen enters the system If the same antigen enters the system againagain

Memory B cells quickly divideMemory B cells quickly divide

Give rise to more lymphocytes capable of Give rise to more lymphocytes capable of quickly producing antibodiesquickly producing antibodies

19Clonal Selection Model as it Applies to B Cells


ImmunoglobinsImmunoglobins

IgG - Main antibody type in circulationIgG - Main antibody type in circulation

IgM - Found in circulation Largest IgM - Found in circulation Largest antibodyantibody

IgA - Found in secretionsIgA - Found in secretions

IgD - Found on surface of immature B IgD - Found on surface of immature B cellscells

IgE - Found as antigen receptors on IgE - Found as antigen receptors on basophils in blood and on mast basophils in blood and on mast cells in tissuecells in tissue

21Structure of an Antibody


T CellsT Cells

Requirements for T cell antigen Requirements for T cell antigen recognition:recognition:

Antigen must be presented by an Antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting cellantigen-presenting cell

Antigen is first linked to a major Antigen is first linked to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein in the plasma membraneprotein in the plasma membrane

Cytokines - signaling chemicals that Cytokines - signaling chemicals that stimulate various immune cellsstimulate various immune cells

23Clonal Selection Model

as it Applies to T cells


Types of T CellsTypes of T Cells

Cytotoxic T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells

Destroy antigen-bearing cellsDestroy antigen-bearing cells

Contain PerforinsContain Perforins

Helper T CellsHelper T Cells

Regulate immunity by secreting Regulate immunity by secreting cytokinescytokines

25Cell-mediated Immunity

26Overview ofNonspecific and Specific

Defenses


Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity

Active ImmunityActive Immunity

ImmunizationImmunization

Pathogens or pathogen products Pathogens or pathogen products treated to remove virulencetreated to remove virulence

Dependent upon memory B cells & Dependent upon memory B cells & memory T cells capable of responding to memory T cells capable of responding to lower doses of antigenlower doses of antigen

28Active Immunity Due to Immunizations


Passive ImmunityPassive Immunity

Passive immunityPassive immunity

Occurs when an individual is given Occurs when an individual is given prepared antibodies (immunoglobins) prepared antibodies (immunoglobins) to combat a diseaseto combat a disease

Short-livedShort-lived

Newborns are often passively immune Newborns are often passively immune due to mother’s blooddue to mother’s blood

30Passive Immunity


Cytokines and ImmunityCytokines and Immunity

CytokinesCytokines

Signaling molecules produced by Signaling molecules produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, or other lymphocytes, monocytes, or other cellscells

Both interferon and interleukins have Both interferon and interleukins have been used as immunotherapeutic been used as immunotherapeutic drugsdrugs

Enhance the ability of the individual’s Enhance the ability of the individual’s T cells (and B cells) to fight cancerT cells (and B cells) to fight cancer

32Production of Monoclonal Antibodies


Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects

AllergiesAllergies

Hypersensitivities to substances that Hypersensitivities to substances that ordinarily would not harm the bodyordinarily would not harm the body

Immediate ResponseImmediate Response

IgE antibodiesIgE antibodies

Delayed ResponseDelayed Response

Memory T cellsMemory T cells



Blood Type ReactionsBlood Type ReactionsABO blood typingABO blood typing Two self antigens - A and B Two self antigens - A and B

If same antigen and its antibody are If same antigen and its antibody are present in the blood, agglutination present in the blood, agglutination occursoccurs

Rh blood typingRh blood typingPeople that are RhPeople that are Rh++ have Rh factor have Rh factor

People that are RhPeople that are Rh-- do not have Rh factor do not have Rh factor

RhRh-- individuals may produce antibodies individuals may produce antibodies to Rh factor if exposedto Rh factor if exposed

35Blood Transfusions

36Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn



Tissue RejectionTissue Rejection

Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring about destruction of foreign tissues in about destruction of foreign tissues in the bodythe body

Immune system is correctly Immune system is correctly distinguishing between self and distinguishing between self and nonselfnonself

Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases

Cytotoxic T cells or antibodies Cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cellsmistakenly attack the body’s own cells


ReviewReview

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System Lymph VesselsLymph Vessels Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs

Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses BarriersBarriers Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response

Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses AntibodiesAntibodies T CellsT Cells

Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity Active versus Passive ImmunityActive versus Passive Immunity

Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects AllergiesAllergies Blood TypingBlood Typing

Lymph Transport & Immunity

Ending Slide Chapter 35

lymph transport & immunity chapter 35. lymph transport & immunity 2outline the lymphatic...

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