By Holly Winn and Cathy Mac Donald

LUNG CANCERBy Widiyaningsih

ObjectivesObjectives

The Signs And Symptoms Of Lung Cancer

Causes And Risk Factors Of Lung Cancer

The Types And Classifications Of Lung Cancer

General Overview Of Lung Physiology

Preventive Health Strategies Regarding Lung Cancer

Medical Management for Lung Cancer

Differentiation Beetwen Healthy and Diseased Lung Tissue

Diagnostic Test For Lung Cancer

General Overview of Lung General Overview of Lung Physiology Physiology

Breathing

Healthy lung tissueHealthy lung tissue

Diseased Lung TissueDiseased Lung Tissue

Types of Lung Types of Lung CancerCancer

Two main Types of Lung CancerTwo main Types of Lung Cancer::

Small Cell Lung Cancer Small Cell Lung Cancer (20-25% of all lung (20-25% of all lung cancers)cancers)

Non Small Cell Lung CancerNon Small Cell Lung Cancer (most common (most common ~80%)~80%)

Small Cell Lung CancerSmall Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancerNon-small cell lung cancer

• 1. Squamous cell carcinoma1. Squamous cell carcinoma• 2. Adenocarcinoma2. Adenocarcinoma• 3. Large cell carcinomas3. Large cell carcinomas

Causes and Risk factors ofCauses and Risk factors of

Lung Cancer

Early/late Signs and SymptomsEarly/late Signs and Symptoms

Early Signs Late signsCough/chronic cough Bone pain, spinal cord compression

Dyspnea Chest pain/tightnessHemoptysis DysphagiaChest/shoulder pain Head and neck edemaRecurring temperature

Blurred vision, headaches

Recurring respiratory infections

Weakness, anorexia, weight-loss, cachexia

Pleural effusionLiver metastasis/regional spread

Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic Tests

• CT ScansCT Scans• MRIMRI• Sputum cytologySputum cytology• Fibreoptic bronchoscopyFibreoptic bronchoscopy• Transthoracic fine needle aspirationTransthoracic fine needle aspiration

Laboratory TestsLaboratory Tests

Blood TestsBlood Tests *CBC-to check red/white blood cell & platelets*CBC-to check red/white blood cell & platelets

-to check bone marrow and organ function-to check bone marrow and organ function

*Blood Chemistry Test-to assess how organs *Blood Chemistry Test-to assess how organs are functioning such as liver and kidneyare functioning such as liver and kidney

Biopsy-to determine if the tumor is cancer or Biopsy-to determine if the tumor is cancer or notnot

-to determine the type of cancer-to determine the type of cancer -to determine the grade of cancer (slow-to determine the grade of cancer (slow or fast)or fast)

BiopsyBiopsy

EndoscopyEndoscopy

• BronchoscopyBronchoscopy• MediastinoscopyMediastinoscopy• VATS (video assisted thoracoscopic VATS (video assisted thoracoscopic

surgery)surgery)

BronchoscopyBronchoscopy

MediastinoscopyMediastinoscopy

VATS (video assisted thoracoscopic VATS (video assisted thoracoscopic surgery)surgery)

Medical ManagementMedical Management

The three main cancer The three main cancer treatments are:treatments are:*surgery (lung resections)*surgery (lung resections)*radiation therapy*radiation therapy*chemotherapy*chemotherapy

Other types of treatment that Other types of treatment that are used to treat certain cancers are used to treat certain cancers are hormonal therapy, biological are hormonal therapy, biological therapy or stem cell transplant.therapy or stem cell transplant.

Prevention: PrimaryPrevention: Primary

• Avoid the use of tobacco smoke• Know environmental carcinogens that increase

risk• Chemoprevention:– Consuming carotenoids, Vit A, retinoids Vit E, selenium, Vit

C, fat

Prevention: SecondaryPrevention: Secondary

• Aim is to early diagnose high risk Aim is to early diagnose high risk populations via screeningpopulations via screening

• CXR, MRI, CT scans, sputum cytologyCXR, MRI, CT scans, sputum cytology

Prevention: TertiaryPrevention: Tertiary

• Targeted at people who survived a Targeted at people who survived a cancer diseasecancer disease

• Assists them to retain an optimal Assists them to retain an optimal level of functioning regardless of level of functioning regardless of their potential debilitating diseasetheir potential debilitating disease

ReferencesReferences

• Carpenito-Moyet, L.J. (2009). Carpenito-Moyet, L.J. (2009). Nursing Diagnosis; Application to clinical Nursing Diagnosis; Application to clinical practice practice (13(13thth ed.). Philadelphia, P.A.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ed.). Philadelphia, P.A.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Cassileth, B., Deng, G., Gomez, J., Johnstone, P., Kumar, N., Vickers, A.Cassileth, B., Deng, G., Gomez, J., Johnstone, P., Kumar, N., Vickers, A.• Day, R.A., Paul, P., Williams, B. Smeltzer, S.C., Bare, B. (2010). Day, R.A., Paul, P., Williams, B. Smeltzer, S.C., Bare, B. (2010).

Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Canadian Medical-Surgical NursingBrunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Canadian Medical-Surgical Nursing (2(2ndnd ed.). Philadelphia, P.A.: Lippincott ed.). Philadelphia, P.A.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Williams & Wilkins.

• Otto, S. (2001). Otto, S. (2001). Oncology NursingOncology Nursing (4 (4thth ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc.Inc.

• http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/lung-cancer/http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/lung-cancer/• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7130216.stm• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7130216.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7130216.stm• www.cancer.cawww.cancer.ca