lte sae system architecture evolution __ radio-electronics
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LTE SAE system Architecture EvolutionTRANSCRIPT
5/29/2014 LTE SAE System Architecture Evolution :: Radio-Electronics.Com
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LTE SAE System Architecture Evolution- information, overview, or tutorial about the basics of the 3G LTE SAE, system architectureevolution and the LTE Network
IN THIS SECTION
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Along with 3G LTE - Long Term Evolution that applies more to the radio access technology of the cellulartelecommunications system, there is also an evolution of the core network. Known as SAE - System ArchitectureEvolution. This new architecture has been developed to provide a considerably higher level of performance that is inline with the requirements of LTE.
As a result it is anticipated that operators will commence introducing hardware conforming to the new SystemArchitecture Evolution standards so that the anticipated data levels can be handled when 3G LTE is introduced.
The new SAE, System Architecture Evolution has also been developed so that it is fully compatible with LTE Advanced,the new 4G technology. Therefore when LTE Advanced is introduced, the network will be able to handle the furtherdata increases with little change.
Reason for SAE System Architecture Evolution
5/29/2014 LTE SAE System Architecture Evolution :: Radio-Electronics.Com
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The SAE System Architecture Evolution offers many advantages over previous topologies and systems used for cellularcore networks. As a result it is anticipated that it will be wide adopted by the cellular operators.
SAE System Architecture Evolution will offer a number of key advantages:
1. Improved data capacity: With 3G LTE offering data download rates of 100 Mbps, and the focus of the systembeing on mobile broadband, it will be necessary for the network to be able to handle much greater levels ofdata. To achieve this it is necessary to adopt a system architecture that lends itself to much grater levels of datatransfer.
2. All IP architecture: When 3G was first developed, voice was still carried as circuit switched data. Since thenthere has been a relentless move to IP data. Accordingly the new SAE, System Architecture Evolution schemeshave adopted an all IP network configuration.
3. Reduced latency: With increased levels of interaction being required and much faster responses, the new SAEconcepts have been evolved to ensure that the levels of latency have been reduced to around 10 ms. This willensure that applications using 3G LTE will be sufficiently responsive.
4. Reduced OPEX and CAPEX: A key element for any operator is to reduce costs. It is therefore essential thatany new design reduces both the capital expenditure (CAPEX)and the operational expenditure (OPEX). The newflat architecture used for SAE System Architecture Evolution means that only two node types are used. Inaddition to this a high level of automatic configuration is introduced and this reduces the set-up andcommissioning time.
SAE System Architecture Evolution basicsThe new SAE network is based upon the GSM / WCDMA core networks to enable simplified operations and easydeployment. Despite this, the SAE network brings in some major changes, and allows far more efficient and effecttransfer of data.
There are several common principles used in the development of the LTE SAE network:
a common gateway node and anchor point for all technologies.an optimised architecture for the user plane with only two node types.an all IP based system with IP based protocols used on all interfaces.a split in the control / user plane between the MME, mobility management entity and the gateway.a radio access network / core network functional split similar to that used on WCDMA / HSPA.integration of non-3GPP access technologies (e.g. cdma2000, WiMAX, etc) using client as well as network basedmobile-IP.
The main element of the LTE SAE network is what is termed the Evolved Packet Core or EPC. This connects to theeNodeBs as shown in the diagram below.
LTE SAE Evolved Packet Core
As seen within the diagram, the LTE SAE Evolved Packet Core, EPC consists of four main elements as listed below:
Mobility Management Entity, MME: The MME is the main control node for the LTE SAE access network,handling a number of features:
Idle mode UE trackingBearer activation / de-activationChoice of SGW for a UE
5/29/2014 LTE SAE System Architecture Evolution :: Radio-Electronics.Com
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Intra-LTE handover involving core network node locationInteracting with HSS to authenticate user on attachment and implements roaming restrictionsIt acts as a termination for the Non-Access Stratum (NAS)Provides temporary identities for UEsThe SAE MME acts the termination point for ciphering protection for NAS signaling. As part of this it alsohandles the security key management. Accordingly the MME is the point at which lawful interception ofsignalling may be made.Paging procedureThe S3 interface terminates in the MME thereby providing the control plane function for mobilitybetween LTE and 2G/3G access networks.The SAE MME also terminates the S6a interface for the home HSS for roaming UEs.
It can therefore be seen that the SAE MME provides a considerable level of overall control functionality.Serving Gateway, SGW: The Serving Gateway, SGW, is a data plane element within the LTE SAE. Its mainpurpose is to manage the user plane mobility and it also acts as the main border between the Radio AccessNetwork, RAN and the core network. The SGW also maintains the data paths between the eNodeBs and the PDNGateways. In this way the SGW forms a interface for the data packet network at the E-UTRAN.
Also when UEs move across areas served by different eNodeBs, the SGW serves as a mobility anchor ensuringthat the data path is maintained.PDN Gateway, PGW: The LTE SAE PDN gateway provides connectivity for the UE to external packet datanetworks, fulfilling the function of entry and exit point for UE data. The UE may have connectivity with morethan one PGW for accessing multiple PDNs.Policy and Charging Rules Function, PCRF: This is the generic name for the entity within the LTE SAE EPCwhich detects the service flow, enforces charging policy. For applications that require dynamic policy orcharging control, a network element entitled the Applications Function, AF is used.
LTE SAE PCRF Interfaces
LTE SAE Distributed intelligenceIn order that requirements for increased data capacity and reduced latency can be met, along with the move to an all-IP network, it is necessary to adopt a new approach to the network structure.
For 3G UMTS / WCDMA the UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, comprising the Node B's or basestationsand Radio Network Controllers) employed low levels of autonomy. The Node Bs were connected in a star formation tothe Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) which carried out the majority of the management of the radio resource. Inturn the RNCs connected to the core network and connect in turn to the Core Network.
To provide the required functionality within LTE SAE, the basic system architecture sees the removal of a layer ofmanagement. The RNC is removed and the radio resource management is devolved to the base-stations. The new stylebase-stations are called eNodeBs or eNBs.
5/29/2014 LTE SAE System Architecture Evolution :: Radio-Electronics.Com
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The eNBs are connected directly to the core network gateway via a newly defined "S1 interface". In addition to this thenew eNBs also connect to adjacent eNBs in a mesh via an "X2 interface". This provides a much greater level of directinterconnectivity. It also enables many calls to be routed very directly as a large number of calls and connections areto other mobiles in the same or adjacent cells. The new structure allows many calls to be routed far more directly andwith only minimum interaction with the core network.
In addition to the new Layer 1 and Layer 2 functionality, eNBs handle several other functions. This includes the radioresource control including admission control, load balancing and radio mobility control including handover decisionsfor the mobile or user equipment (UE).
The additional levels of flexibility and functionality given to the new eNBs mean that they are more complex than theUMTS and previous generations of base-station. However the new 3G LTE SAE network structure enables far higherlevels of performance. In addition to this their flexibility enables them to be updated to handle new upgrades to thesystem including the transition from 3G LTE to 4G LTE Advanced.
The new System Architecture Evolution, SAE for LTE provides a new approach for the core network, enabling far higherlevels of data to be transported to enable it to support the much higher data rates that will be possible with LTE. Inaddition to this, other features that enable the CAPEX and OPEX to be reduced when compared to existing systems,thereby enabling higher levels of efficiency to be achieved.
By Ian Poole (https://plus.google.com/104687638164370436625?rel=author)
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