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1. Pre Spanish Era- Barangay (Datu)- Maragtas Code- Code of Kalantiao

*Montivideo Doctrine Elements of tate !eo"le #erritory $overnment overeignty

*!%ili""ine Constitution Malolos Constitution 1&' 1& ' 1&

+. Spanish Era (1521)- ($overnor-$eneral)- ,oyal udiencia u"reme

Court (Don $racia$on/aga)

- !%ili""ine 0nde"endenceKa2it Cavite (Emilio

guinaldo) 3une 1+ 1 &- #reaty of !aris

'. American Era- 4ran5lin ,oosevelt

(!resident of merica)- Military $overnment- #ydings Mcduffie ct- Common2ealt% (Manuel

6ue/on)- 1 st 0nde"endence 3une 1+

1 &

- +nd 0nde"endence 3uly 71&7 (4ili"ino- merican4riends%i" Day)

- Bilateral

7. Japanese Era- Cayetano rellano 4irstu"reme Court C%ief

3ustice 1&8 or 1&81- 3ose !. 9aurel (!resident)

1&7' Constitution- 3ose :ulo ( u"reme Court

C%ief 3ustice)- 1&7' Constitution (ratified

;y K 90B !0)- K 90B !0 !%ili""ine

,e"orts 1&

. 1973 Constitution- mendments- !resident "o2er to create

la2s- 9egal Ca"acity 1 years old- Ca"acity to ct in%erent- 4erdinand Marcos

!resident Batas !am;ansana" Election

- ure legal- de facto 2it%out title ;ut

2it% "o2er

?. 1987 Constitution- ,atified 4e;ruary + 1&- 1 rticles- ,e"u;lic ct- Bilateral Congress


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- +7 enators- urisdiction

"ratlys a;a% car;oroug%%oal (Ba>o de Masinloc) Baseline 0nternal aters

#erritorial aters Contiguousone EE

rc%i"elago A- round -Bet2een C- Connecting

*Bill of ,ig%ts rit of @a;eas Cor"us (for

c%ildren s custody for "oliceofficers)

3 ranches o! the "o#ernment1. 9egislative+. EFecutive'. 3udiciary

u"reme Court

Court of #aF""eals

Court of ""eals

%ari a Courts ,egional #rial Court

%ari a DistrictCourts

Munici"al #rial CourtMunici"al #rial Court iCitiesMunici"al Circuit #riCourtsMetro"olitan #rial Courts

Court o! Appea$s- ? ssociate 3ustice- 1 !residing 3ustice ( ndres

B. ,eyes 3r.Supreme Court

- 17 3ustices- 1 C%ief 3ustice (Maria

9ourdes ereno)%!!ice o! the Court A&ministrator(%CA)

- 3ose Midas !. Mar=ue/

'an&ator Continuin *e a$E&uaction ('C*E)*api& *a+

- 4ree 9egal id 9a2,in&er arten Act

- Mot%er #ongueC ercrime *a+

- Cy;er 9i;el- C%ild !ornogra"%y

Pu $ic Accounta i$it- !u;lic Affice is a !u;lic

#rust.mpeacha $e %!!icers

- !resident- Gice-!resident


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- C%ief 3ustice- 3ustices- Constitutional Commissions

(CA C C CAME9EC)

- Am;udsmanSui "eneris- Hni=ue- 0m"eac%ment I Dis;arment

(not civil criminal nor administrative case)

Cause o! Action- ,ig%ts- Amission- ct

%r&inance ("ermanent)/eso$ution (tem"orary)0otaria$ 0otar Pu $ice

- to ma5e a document a "u;licdocument

%!!ense against s"ecial la2Crime against ,evised !enal Code

,atarun an Pam aran a - may ;e 2ritten or oral- 2it%out "re>udice to refilling

----------------------------------------------*e a$ ritin is a ty"e of tec%nical2riting used ;y la2yers >udgeslegislators and ot%ers in la2 toeF"ress legal analysis and legal rig%tsand duties. 9egal 2riting in "ractice isused to advocate for or to eF"ress t%eresolution of a client s legal matter.

*e a$ /esearch is t%e "rocess of finding t%e la2s rules regulationst%at govern activities in %uman

society. 0t involves locating ;ot% t%ela2s and rules 2%ic% are enforced ;yt%e state and t%e commentaries 2%ic%eF"lain or analy/e t%ese rules

Sources o! *a+ Primar Source are t%ose

recorded la2s and rules2%ic% 2ill ;e enforced ;yt%e tate. #%ey may ;efound in statutes "assed ;ylegislature regulations and

rulings of administrativeagencies and decisions of a""ellate courts.

EFam"leJ legislativeactions codes statutes >udicialdecisions administrative la2

Secon&ar 'ateria$s "u;lications 2%ic% are not

"rimary aut%ority ;ut 2%ic%discuss or analy/e legaldoctrine.

EFam"leJ treatisescommentaries encyclo"edias la2revie2s of la2 sc%ools 0B! 3ournal9a2yer s ,evie2

in&in 4oo$ used to

locate t%e legal sources.it%out a to"ical a""roac%to legal sources researc%escould not find eFistingstatutes of decisions on

"oint. 4inding tools do not


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"ersuade nor do t%eyt%emselves %ave any

"rimary or "ersuasiveaut%ority. #%ey are only a

means for locating "rimarysources.

EFam"lesJ C, 6uic5 0ndeF Digest !@093H,0 9E90B,0

Comp$aint #%e com"laint is t%e "leading alleging t%e "laintiffLs cause

or causes of action. #%e names andresidences of t%e "laintiff anddefendant must ;e stated in t%ecom"laint. ('a) (,ule ? ection ')

Parts o! a P$ea&in (/ *E 7)

Section 16 Caption . #%eca"tion sets fort% t%e name of t%ecourt t%e title of t%e action and t%edoc5et num;er if assigned.

#%e title of t%e action indicatest%e names of t%e "arties. #%ey s%all all

;e named in t%e original com"laint or "etition ;ut in su;se=uent "leadingsit s%all ;e sufficient if t%e name of t%e

first "arty on eac% side ;e stated 2it%an a""ro"riate indication 2%en t%ereare ot%er "arties.

#%eir res"ective "artici"ation int%e case s%all ;e indicated. (1a +a)

Section 26 The body . #%e ;ody of t%e "leading sets fourt% its

designation t%e allegations of t%e "artyLs claims or defenses t%e relief "rayed for and t%e date of t%e "leading. (n)

(a) Paragraphs . #%eallegations in t%e ;ody of a

"leading s%all ;e divided into "aragra"%s so num;ered to ;ereadily identified eac% of 2%ic% s%all contain a statementof a single set of circumstancesso far as t%at can ;e done 2it%convenience. "aragra"% may

;e referred to ;y its num;er inall succeeding "leadings. ('a)

(;) Headings . %en t2o or more causes of action are

>oined t%e statement of t%e firsts%all ;e "refaced ;y t%e 2ordsNfirst cause of action LL of t%esecond ;y Nsecond cause of actionN and so on for t%eot%ers.

%en one or more "aragra"%s in t%e ans2er areaddressed to one of severalcauses of action in t%ecom"laint t%ey s%all ;e

"refaced ;y t%e 2ords Nans2er


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to t%e first cause of actionN or Nans2er to t%e second cause of actionN and so on and 2%enone or more "aragra"%s of t%e

ans2er are addressed to severalcauses of action t%ey s%all ;e

"refaced ;y 2ords to t%ateffect. (7)

(c) Relief. #%e "leading s%alls"ecify t%e relief soug%t ;ut itmay add a general "rayer for suc% furt%er or ot%er relief asmay ;e deemed >ust or e=uita;le. ('a ,?)

(d) Date . Every "leadings%all ;e dated. (n)

Section 36 Signature and address . Every "leading must ;esigned ;y t%e "arty or counselre"resenting %im stating in eit%er case %is address 2%ic% s%ould not ;e a

"ost office ;oF.

#%e signature of counselconstitutes a certificate ;y %im t%at %e

%as read t%e "leading t%at to t%e ;estof %is 5no2ledge information and

;elief t%ere is good ground to su""ortit and t%at it is not inter"osed for delay.

n unsigned "leading "roducesno legal effect. @o2ever t%e courtmay in its discretion allo2 suc%deficiency to ;e remedied if it s%all

a""ear t%at t%e same 2as due to mereinadvertence and not intended for delay. Counsel 2%o deli;erately filesan unsigned "leading or signs a

"leading in violation of t%is ,ule or alleges scandalous or indecent matter t%erein or fails "rom"tly re"ort to t%ecourt a c%ange of %is address s%all ;e

su;>ect to a""ro"riate disci"linaryaction. ( a)

Section 6 Verification . EFce"t 2%en ot%er2ise s"ecificallyre=uired ;y la2 or rule "leadingsneed not ;e under oat% verified or

accom"anied ;y affidavit .( a)

"leading is verified ;y anaffidavit t%at t%e affiant %as read t%e

"leading and t%at t%e allegationst%erein are true and correct of %is5no2ledge and ;elief.

"leading re=uired to ;everified 2%ic% contains a verification

;ased on Ninformation and ;eliefN or u"on N5no2ledge information and

;eliefN or lac5s a "ro"er verifications%all ;e treated as an unsigned

"leading. (?a)


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Section 56 Certification against forum shopping . #%e "laintiff or

"rinci"al "arty s%all certify under oat%in t%e com"laint or ot%er initiatory

"leading asserting a claim for reliefor in a s2orn certification anneFedt%ereto and simultaneously filedt%ere2it%J (a) t%at %e %as nott%eretofore commenced any action or filed any claim involving t%e sameissues in any court tri;unal or =uasi-

>udicial agency and to t%e ;est of %is5no2ledge no suc% ot%er action or claim is "ending t%erein (;) if t%ere issuc% ot%er "ending action or claim acom"lete statement of t%e "resentstatus t%ereof and (c) if %e s%ouldt%ereafter learn t%at t%e same or similar action or claim %as ;een filedor is "ending %e s%all re"ort t%at fact2it%in five ( ) days t%erefrom to t%ecourt 2%erein %is aforesaid com"laintor initiatory "leading %as ;een filed.

4ailure to com"ly 2it% t%e foregoingre=uirements s%all not ;e cura;le ;ymere amendment of t%e com"laint or

ot%er initiatory "leading ;ut s%all ;ecause for t%e dismissal of t%e case2it%out "re>udice unless ot%er2ise

"rovided u"on motion and after %earing. #%e su;mission of a falsecertification or non-com"liance 2it%

any of t%e underta5ings t%erein s%allconstitute indirect contem"t of court2it%out "re>udice to t%ecorres"onding administrative and

criminal actions. 0f t%e acts of t%e "arty or %is counsel clearly constitute2illful and deli;erate forum s%o""ingt%e same s%all ;e ground for summarydismissal 2it% "re>udice and s%allconstitute direct contem"t as 2ell asa cause for administrative sanctions.(n)

i$$ refers to a legislative measuregeneral or s"ecial "u;lic or "rivatelocal a""ro"riation revenue andtariff to effect a ne2 statute or a;olis% an eFisting one.

o+ &oes a i$$ ecome a $a+

P/EPA/A4.%0 % 4 E .**#%e Mem;er or t%e Bill DraftingDivision of t%e ,eference and,esearc% Bureau "re"ares and draftst%e ;ill u"on t%e Mem;erLs re=uest.

./S4 /EA:.0"#%e ;ill is filed 2it% t%e Bills

and 0ndeF ervice and t%e same isnum;ered and re"roduced.


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#%ree days after its filing t%e same isincluded in t%e Arder of Business for 4irst ,eading.

An 4irst ,eading t%e ecretary

$eneral reads t%e title and num;er of t%e ;ill. #%e "ea5er refers t%e ;ill tot%e a""ro"riate CommitteeOs.

C%''.44EEC%0S.:E/A4.%0;AC4.%0

#%e Committee 2%ere t%e ;ill2as referred to evaluates it to

determine t%e necessity of conducting "u;lic %earings.

0f t%e Committee finds itnecessary to conduct "u;lic %earingsit sc%edules t%e time t%ereof issues

"u;lic notices and invites resource "ersons from t%e "u;lic and "rivatesectors t%e academe and eF"erts ont%e "ro"osed legislation.

0f t%e Committee finds t%at no "u;lic %earing is needed it sc%edulest%e ;ill for Committee discussionOs.Based on t%e result of t%e "u;lic%earings or Committee discussionst%e Committee may introduceamendments consolidate ;ills on t%esame su;>ect matter or "ro"ose asu;stitute ;ill. 0t t%en "re"ares t%ecorres"onding committee re"ort.

#%e Committee a""roves t%eCommittee ,e"ort and formallytransmits t%e same to t%e !lenary

ffairs Bureau.

SEC%0: /EA:.0"#%e Committee ,e"ort is

registered and num;ered ;y t%e Bills

and 0ndeF ervice. 0t is included int%e Arder of Business and referred tot%e Committee on ,ules.

#%e Committee on ,ulessc%edules t%e ;ill for consideration on

econd ,eading.An econd ,eading t%e

ecretary $eneral reads t%e num;er

title and teFt of t%e ;ill and t%efollo2ing ta5es "laceJ

a. !eriod of "onsors%i" andDe;ate

;. !eriod of mendmentsc. Goting 2%ic% may ;e ;yJ

- viva voce- count ;y tellers- division of t%e @ouse or

- nominal voting

4 ./: /EA:.0"#%e amendments if any are

engrossed and "rinted co"ies of t%e ;ill are re"roduced for #%ird ,eading.#%e engrossed ;ill is included in t%eCalendar of Bills for #%ird ,eadingand co"ies of t%e same are distri;utedto all t%e Mem;ers t%ree days ;eforeits #%ird ,eading.

An #%ird ,eading t%eecretary $eneral reads only t%e

num;er and title of t%e ;ill.


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roll call or nominal voting iscalled and a Mem;er if %e desires isgiven t%ree minutes to eF"lain %isvote. ority of t%eMem;ers "resent.

0f t%e ;ill is disa""roved t%esame is transmitted to t%e rc%ives.

4/A0S'.44A* % 4 E

APP/%ect matter or may

re"ort out an entirely ne2 ;ill on t%esu;>ect.

#%e Conference Committee "re"ares a re"ort to ;e signed ;y all

t%e conferees and t%e C%airman.#%e Conference Committee ,e"ort issu;mitted for considerationOa""rovalof ;ot% @ouses.


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to t%e im"lementing agencies. 0t ist%en included in t%e annualcom"ilation of cts and ,esolutions.

AC4.%0 %0 urisdictionregarding t%e rig%ts or ot%er matterssu;mitted to it in an action.

A&ministrati#e %r&er #%e acts of t%e eFecutive ;ranc% of government2%ic% related to "articular as"ects of governmental o"erations in "ursuanceof t%eir duties.

/e=uisites o! a #a$i& >u& ment? #%e court or tri;unal must

;e clot%ed 2it% aut%ority to%ear and determine t%ematter ;efore it.

#%e court must %ave >urisdiction over t%e su;>ectmatter and t%e "arties.

#%e "arties must %ave giveno""ortunity to adduceevidence in t%eir ;e%alf.

#%e evidence must %ave

;een considered ;y t%etri;unal in deciding t%e case.

#%e >udgment must ;e in2riting "ersonally anddirectly "re"ared ;y t%e

>udge. #%e >udgment must state

clearly t%e facts and t%e la2

on 2%ic% it is ;ased signed ;y t%e >udge and filed 2it%t%e cler5 of court.

Parts o! a >u& ment? ,acio decidendi (t%e ;ody of

t%e >udgment) 4allo (t%e dis"ositive "ortion of

t%e >udgment)

% iter :ictum- n o"inion eF"ressed ;y t%e

court 2%ic% is not necessaryto t%e decision of t%e case

;efore it. 0t is neit%er enforcea;le as a relief nor asource of a >udiciallyactiona;le claim.

.mp$ementin /u$es an&/e u$ations


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- are t%ose rules t%at governt%e "rocess on %o2 toim"lement a ,e"u;lic ct.

Ans+er - n ans2er is a "leading in2%ic% a defending "arty sets fort% %isdefenses. (,ule ? ec. 7)

'otion - motion is an a""licationfor relief ot%er t%an ;y a "leading.(,ule 1 ec. 1)

Summons is t%e 2rit ;y 2%ic% t%edefendant is notified of t%e action

;roug%t against %im

Su poena - u;"oena is a "rocessdirected to a "erson re=uiring %im toattend and to testify at t%e %earing or t%e trial of an action or at anyinvestigation conducted ;y com"etentaut%ority or for t%e ta5ing of %isde"osition. 0t may also re=uire %im to

;ring 2it% %im any ;oo5s documentsor ot%er t%ings under %is control in2%ic% case it is called a su;"oenaduces tecum. (,ule +1 ec. 1)

i$in - 4iling is t%e act of "resentingt%e "leading or ot%er "a"er to t%ecler5 of court. (,ule 1' ec. + !ar. 1)

Ser#ice - ervice is t%e act of "roviding a "arty 2it% a co"y of t%e "leading or "a"er concerned. 0f any

"arty %as a""eared ;y counsel serviceu"on %im s%all ;e made u"on %iscounsel or one of t%em unless serviceu"on t%e "arty %imself is ordered ;y

t%e court. %ere one counsel a""earsfor several "arties %e s%all only ;eentitled to one co"y of any "a"er served u"on %im ;y t%e o""osite side.(,ule 1' ec. 1 !ar. +)

:eman& *etter a formal noticedemanding t%at t%e "erson to 2%om

t%e letter is addressed "erform analleged legal o;ligation suc% asrectifying some identified "ro;lem

"aying a sum of money or acting on acontractual commitment.

.pso !acto - P;y t%e fact itselfQmeans t%at a certain "%enomenon is adirect conse=uence a resultant effectof t%e action in =uestion instead of

;eing ;roug%t a;out ;y a "reviousaction.

'otu Propio Pon %is o2n im"ulseQcourt s o2n initiative.

Pro ha# #ice Pfor t%is occasionQ alegal term usually referring to ala2yer 2%o %as not ;een admitted to

"ractice in a certain >urisdiction ;ut%as ;een allo2ed to "artici"ate in a

"articular case in t%at >urisdiction.


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Et6 a$ Pand ot%ersQ commonly used2%en you don t 2ant to name all t%e

"eo"le or t%ings in a list and 2or5s inroug%ly t%e same 2ay as etc.

e6 6 Pfor eFam"leQ

Supra Pa;ove u"on in additiontoQ academic and legal citation signalused 2%en a 2riter desires to refer areader to an earlier cited aut%ority.

.n!ra P;elo2 under ;eneat%underneat%Q it is a legal s%ort%and toindicate t%at a "articular reference2ill ;e furt%er discussed or cited latein t%e same document.

. i& Pin t%e same "laceQ is t%e termused to "rovide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for asource t%at 2as cited in t%e "receding

endnote or footnote.

s6s6 an a;;reviation used in t%e "ortion of an affidavit "leading or record 5no2n as t%e statement of venue. ;;reviation is read as Pto2itQ.

D0 0

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