lorenzo peña: the coexistence of contradictory properties in the same subject according to...

7/30/2019 Lorenzo Pea: The coexistence of contradictory properties in the same subject according to Aristotle

1/18

^fd Jodvcz~dejd oa Joe~xmncj~oxs Rxordx~cdz ce ~fd Zmid Zth`dj~Mjjoxnceg ~o Mxcz~o~kd

Koxdepo Rdm

Zrmeczf Cez~c~t~d oa Mnqmejdn Z~tns \JZCJY+ Imnxcn

rthkczfdn ce Mrdcxoe :8/:

&Mjmndicj Rxce~ceg men Rthkczfceg+ Tecqdxzc~s oa Mkhdx~m+ Dnioe~oe+ Jmemnm+ =333#+ rr% 82:):2

CZZE 222:)1:32

Joe~de~z0

=% Gdedxmk Oqdxqcdw

8% M Nd~mckdn Memkszcz oa ~fd Me~c)Joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~ Xdmzoeceg ce Hool CQ

:% Mxcz~o~kdz ]tmenmxs Joejdxeceg Ndgxddz men Ce~dxidncmxcdz

>% Xd`dj~coe men Ndecmk< Mniczzchkd qz Cemniczzchkd Joe~xmncj~coez

=% Gdedxmk Oqdxqcdw

M joe~cetotz ca xm~fdx wcenceg ~fxdmn ce Mxcz~o~kdz amcxks joirkdv mxgtide~ ce

Id~mrfszcjz mgmcez~ ~fd mzzdx~coe oa mes joe~xmncj~coe cz ~fm~ fd wfo mzzdx~z m joe~xmncj~coecz ~fdxdhs joiic~~dn ~o m xd`dj~coe oa ndgxddz% Oe ~fd o~fdx fmen+ ~fotgf+ Mxcz~o~kd jkmciz

~fm~ ~fdxd jme hd eo ce~dxidncmxs zc~tm~coe cehd~wdde rtxd ox de~cxd ~xt~f ox dvcz~dejd men

t~~dx+ joirkd~d amkzdedzz ox eoedvcz~dejd% Teaox~tem~dks ~fotgf ztjf m joihcem~coe oa qcdwz

jme hd xdendxdn eoejoe~xmncj~oxs m~ hdz~ ~fxotgf imeodtqxdz fd fcizdka xd`dj~z%

^fm~ ~fd mzzdx~coe oa m joe~xmncj~coe de~mckz ~fd xd`dj~coe oa ndgxdd qmxcm~coez cz mxgtdn)

aox ce m xotenmhot~+ itnns wms &=226m:2)=226h:=#% ^fd gcz~ oa ~fd mxgtide~ cz mz aokkowz%^fd joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~ jkmciz zoid~fceg+ V+ ~o hd ~ftz men sd~ eo~ ~ftz & #+ M men eo~)M% Fd cz ~fdxdhs joiic~~dn ~o ~fd qcdw ~fm~ zoid~fceg cz edc~fdx zo eoxeo~)zo+ edc~fdx M eox eo~)M+ ~fdxdhs xdeotejceg ~fd rxcejcrkd oa dvjktndn icnnkd% Zo+ fd nxorz

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oa ndgxdd qmeczf% ^ftz me ot~ men ot~ joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~ nodz mwms wc~f ndgxddz%

^fd mxgtide~ eow rxojddnz mz aokkowz &=226h:=)=223m4#% ^fdxd mxd ndgxddz oa ~xt~f%^fd ioxd ~ftz)men)zo zoid~fceg cz+ ~fd jkozdx c~ cz ~o wfm~ cz ~ftz)men)zo% ^fdxdaoxd zoid~fceg

itz~ hd rtxdks+ terokkt~dnks ~ftz men zo< zoid~fceg itz~ hd rtxdks ~xtd% Ht~ dqde ca ~fm~

joejktzcoe nodz eo~ aokkow fd godz oe ~o mxgtd + zoid mzzdx~coez mxd ~xtdx ~fme o~fdxz+

men mjjoxncegks eo~ mkk mxd d}tmkks ~xtd< fdejd eo~ mkk joe~xmncj~coez mxd ~xtd%

Mrrmxde~ks Mxcz~o~kd fmz &m~ ioz~# imemgdn ~o rxoqd ~fm~ eo~ mkk joe~xmncj~coez mxd

~xtd+ ox mk~dxem~cqdks rt~ ~fm~ c~ cz cxxm~coemk ~o dzrotzd mkk joe~xmncj~coez% Ht~ cz fd rtxztceg


2/18

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m idxd nczjtzzcoe wc~f m rmx~cjtkmx rfckozorfdx d%g% Fdxmjkc~tz?= Fd zddiz eo~% Ndzrc~d

fcz ~mxgd~ceg Fdxmjkc~tz mz wdkk mz Ndiojxc~tz+ Memvmgoxmz+8 Dirdnojkdz men o~fdxz

mz rdorkd fmqceg dzrotzdn ~fd qcdw ~fm~ ~fdxd mxd joe~xmncj~oxs ~xt~fz+ fd ohqcotzks wme~z

~o dz~mhkczf+ ce m gdedxmk wms+ ~fm~ mes ztjf qcdw cz wxoeg men cxxm~coemk% Sd~+ wfm~dqdxFdxmjkc~tz ox o~fdx rxdzojxm~cj rfckozorfdxz rmx~cjtkmx orcecoez+ ~fd idxd mzzdx~coe oa m joe~xm)

ncj~oxcmkcz~ ~fdzcz ~o ~fd daadj~ ~fm~ m jdx~mce joe~xmncj~coe cz ~xtd nodz eo~ miote~ m~ mkk

~o ~fd jkmci ~fm~ dqdxs joe~xmncj~coe cz ~xtd%

Ht~ Mxcz~o~kd zddiz ~o mzztid ~fm~+ ca ~fd jkmci ~fm~ mkk joe~xmncj~coez mxd ~xtd cz

~o hd xd`dj~dn+ zo cz ~fd ~fm~ jkmci zoid joe~xmncj~coez mxd ~xtd% Wfs? Ioz~ kcldks oe mjjote~

oa ~fd rxcejcrkd oa kogcjmk d}tc~s &~o ~xdm~ kcld jmzdz mkcld%# :

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hd xdmn mz ~o zoid dv~de~#%

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oa ide ox jkotnz+ ox oa mes~fceg wfcjf joidz ~o hd ox rmzzdz mwms% Wfm~ fmz eo~ ojjtxxdn ~o Hmxedz cz ~fd rozzchckc~s oa ndgxddz oa dvcz~dejd%^fd cec~cmkks ~foxotgfks hkdendn z~taa ce Memvmgoxdme joziokogs jme hd ~fotgf~ ~o fmqd+ ce zoid ndgxdd+ joe~mcedn dqdxs~fceg wfcjf km~dx oe

joidz ~o hd c%d% cejxdmzdz c~z ndgxdd oa xdmkc~s% Ztxdks ~fm~ ~fdcx qcdwz de~mckdn ~fd mjjdr~mejd oa ~xtd joe~xmncj~coez ncn eo~ zjmxd Ndiojxc~tz+

Memvmgoxmz ox Dirdnojkdz kd~ mkoed Fdxmjkc~tz% ^fdseddne~ wmc~ aoxrmxmjoezcz~de~ kogcj &kogcj mz kogcjm nojdez# ~omxczd zoid84 jde~txcdz

km~dx% ^fdcx tendxksceg kogcjm t~dezwmz mkxdmns rmxmjoezcz~de~% Zdd mkzo+ oe Memvmgoxmz+ Lcxl+ Xmqde ! Zjfoacdkn+ or% jc~%+ rr% :48aa%

:% ^fd rxcejcrkd oa kogcjmk d}tc~s ox amcxedzz cz rkmceks eo~ me ceamkkchkd oe~okogcjmk rxcejcrkd ht~ rxoqcndz xm~fdx m zoidwfm~ qmgtd xtkd oa ~ftih

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mxgtide~m~coez ce ~fd Mxcz~o~dkcme zdezd+ c%d% ce ~fd lcen oa eoe)z~xcj~ks ndioez~xm~cqd mxgtide~z goed ce~o ce ^orcjz% Ce Zorf% Dk% =7 &=74m

:8)7# Mxcz~o~kd jkmciz ~fm~+ wfde wd fmqd ~o acgf~ mgmcez~ joe~de~cotz mxgtdxz+ c%d% wfde wd mxd wmxxme~dn ~o xdimxl ~fm~ ~fds mxd eo~ xdmkks

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idmez \ox cirkcdzY ~o eo~)fmqd ~fd ~fotgf~ ~fm~ r< Mxcz~o~kd zddiz mz fmrrdez oa~de ~o fci ~o ztaadx axoi m joeatzcoe joejdxeceg ~fd zjordoa edgm~coe+ owceg ~o zoid cncoim~cj rmx~cjtkmxc~cdz oa Gxddl%# Wfckd degmgceg ce m xdat~m~coe oa ~fd Fdxmjkc~cpdxz qcdwz+ ox mkkdgdn qcdwz+ kdzz

~fme mhzokt~dks jdx~mce rxcejcrkdz itz~ hd mkkowdn ~o adm~txd mz rxdiczdz ox mzztir~coez%


3/18

^fd Jodvcz~dejd oa Joe~xmncj~oxs Rxordx~cdz ce ~fd Zmid Zth`dj~ Mjjoxnceg ~o Mxcz~o~kd hs Koxdepo Rdm% Mrdcxoe :8/: :

Fowdqdx+ troe gxme~ceg ztjf m joejdzzcoe+ Mxcz~o~kd godz oe ~o m~~mjl ~fd cndm ~fm~

cehd~wdde mzzdx~coe men ndecmk+ ~xt~f men amkzdedzz+ ~fdxd cz zoid ce~dxidncmxs ~dx~cti }tcn%

^fd wotkn)hd fmkawms de~c~s ox zc~tm~coe fd xdrkcdz + ksceg cehd~wdde ~xt~f men amkzdedzz

ox dvcz~dejd men eoedvcz~dejd+ wotkn fmqd dc~fdx m }tc~d fd~dxogdedotz em~txd ox dkzd ~fdzmid em~txd mz oed oa ~fd orrozc~d dv~xdidz ht~ ce m nciceczfdn ndgxdd% ^fd rxohkdi zmsz

Mxcz~o~kd \=2=8m=Y cz ~fm~ ztjf m lcen oa cehd~wddeedzz cz eo~ ~o hd zdde% Ce o~fdx woxnz+

mk~fotgf zoid~fceg jme hd zoidfow ox zoidwfm~ zo men sd~ mkzo zoidfow ox zoidwfm~

eo~)zo+ ~fm~ zc~tm~coe cz eo~ ~o hd xdgmxndn mz oed oa ksceg cehd~wdde hdceg)zo men eo~)hdceg)zo

ce mes zdezd% O~fdxwczd &=2=8m:aa%# dqdxs joe~xmncj~coe wotkn mnic~ oa m + zoid~fcegcehd~wdde+ me ce~dxidncmxs zc~tm~coe dqde ~fd jkdmxdz~ mkk)ox)eo~fceg mk~dxem~cqdz+ ztjf mz

onnedzz men dqdeedzz%

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d}tc~s#+ tekdzz ~fd qdxs em~txd oa ~fd joe~xmncj~coe+ ~fd idxd amj~ ~fm~ ~fd joe~xmncj~oxs ~dxiz

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^fde &=2=8m=8# me ceec~d xdgxdzz wotkn hd ~xcggdxdn0 ~fdxd wotkn hd me ce~dxidncmxs

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Fdxmjkc~tz qcdw ~fm~ ~fdxd mxd ~xtd joe~xmncj~coez%

Cz Mxcz~o~kdz wfokd noj~xced oe ~fd im~~dx joe~xmncj~coekdzz? Ce oxndx ~o lddr jkdmx

oa joe~xmncj~coez ztjf m noj~xced itz~ dihxmjd ~fd qcdw ~fm~ oeks wfm~ cz zo ox zo ~o ~fd

t~ioz~ cz zo ox zo ~ot~ jotx~ &mkd~fcj imvcimkczi#% Oed oa ~fd xdztk~z oa ztjf m qcdw cz ~fm~hdceg)~o)~fcz)ox)~fm~)dv~de~)zo cz xdmkks }tc~d tekcld hdceg)zo% Aox wfm~ cz ~o zoid dv~de~ &oeks#

~ftz)ox)zo jmeeo~ ~xt~fatkks hd zmcn ~o hd ~ftz)ox)zo m~ mkk% ^ftz Mxcz~o~kd fcizdka cz joiic~~dn

~o m qcdw fd ~xcdz ~o dzjfdw men xd`dj~+ emidks ~fm~ ~fd ce~dxidncmxs zc~tm~coe cz zoid~fceg

de~cxdks men cxxdntjchks ncaadxde~ mz xdgmxnz ho~f dv~xdidz%

Ce m adw dvjdr~coemk rmzzmgdz Mxcz~o~kd tejfmxmj~dxzj~xcz~cjmkks qdxgdz oe mjjdr~ceg

~fm~ me ce~dxidncmxs zc~tm~coe cz m icv~txd oa ~fd ~wo dv~xdid orrozc~dz men ~fm~ ho~f orrozc~dz

mxd rxdzde~ ce ztjf m zc~tm~coe ~fm~ ~fds jodvcz~% Fd ~fde zddiz ~dir~dn ~o joejdnd ~fd

ceadxdejd axoi ~o % &^ftz ce Id~mrfszcjz C+ 7+ =247h87)83+ dqde ~fotgf m+ ox zoidfow zoa~dez ~fd jkmci%# Zcickmx qcdwz mxd dejote~dxdn dkzdwfdxd%

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aoxiz no eo~ mnic~ oa kdzzdeceg+ edc~fdx jme ~fds icv wc~f ~fdcx xdzrdj~cqd orrozc~dz

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cegxdncde~+ men ~ftz+ mz m wfokd+ men+ mkk ~fcegz joezcndxdn+ ~fd hkdendn z~taa fmz joe~xmncj~oxs rxordx~cdz< ox dkzd &8# ~fd cegxdncde~z no eo~

xdimce ce dvcz~dejd ce ~fd xdztk~ceg icv~txd+ wfcjf mjjoxncegks fmz eoed oa ~fozd adm~txdz% Ce ~fd aoxidx jmzd+ wd mxd kcjdezceg m edgm~coe oa

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4/18

^fd Jodvcz~dejd oa Joe~xmncj~oxs Rxordx~cdz ce ~fd Zmid Zth`dj~ Mjjoxnceg ~o Mxcz~o~kd hs Koxdepo Rdm% Mrdcxoe :8/: >

Ioxdoqdx mz wd fmqd roce~dn ot~ ~fd dvcz~dejd oa ce~dxidncmxcdz hd~wdde

joe~xmncj~oxs ~dxiz fmz ~o hd xd`dj~dn &=247m:>0 0 joe~xmncj)~oxcdz no eo~ mnic~ oa ce~dxidncmxcdz#% Dqde ~fotgf ~fdxd cz me ce~dxidncmxs cehd~wdde hkmjl

men wfc~d+ ~fdxd cz eoed cehd~wdde hkmjl men eoe)hkmjl% Mxcz~o~kd cz jkdmxks ~dkkceg tz ~fm~+wfdedqdx m ~fceg cz eo~ de~cxdks hkmjl+ c~ cz eo~ hkmjl+ men kcldwczd+ wfde c~ cz eo~ atkks wfc~d+

c~ cz eo~ wfc~d% Gxds ~fcegz jme edc~fdx hd ~xt~fatkks zmcn ~o hd wfc~d+ eox hkmjl% Gxds ~fcegz

mxd de~cxdks men mhzokt~dks eoewfc~d+ de~cxdks men mhzokt~dks eoehkmjl% Ce~dxidncmxcdz hd~wdde

hkmjl men wfc~d mxd ce~dxidncmxs ox cehd~wdde oeks ce m rdjtkcmx zdezd+ mz m ~xdd cz ce)

hd~wdde m fmen men m fm~ &zcejd c~ cz edc~fdx#% ^fozd ce~dxidncmxs jokotxz fmqd eo hkmjledzz

men eo wfc~dedzz m~ mkk< ~fds mxd jokotxz wfcjf mxd }tmkc~m~cqdks cxxdntjchkd+ wfcjf mxd eo~

icv~txdz oa ~fd it~tmkks joe~xmxs jokotxz hkmjl men wfc~d% &^fd orrozc~coe hd~wdde hkmjledzz

men wfc~dedzz cz eo kdzzdx ox ickndx ~fme ~fm~ hd~wdde hkmjledzz men eoe)hkmjledzz%#4

Mxcz~o~kd ~xcdz ~o mqocn jm~mz~xorfd hs wfc~~kceg nowe ~fd xmegd oa rxdncjm~dz ox

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fo~%


5/18


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6/18


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7/18


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hd mz~oeczfdn ~o en m~ ~fcz roce~ ce ~fd gdedxmk mxgtide~ m joejktzcoe wd wdxd ztrrozdn

~o fmqd mkxdmns xdmjfdn men kda~ hdfcen+ qcp% ~fm~ troe MR \=226m8>)84Y % Mgmce wfm~ cz hdceg ndntjdnaxoi ~fd joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~ fsro~fdzcz cz ~fd Rmxidecndme jkmci ~fm~ oeks oed de~c~s dvcz~z%

^fm~ Mxcz~o~kd cz ztrrozdn ~o fmqd mkxdmns dz~mhkczfdn% Ht~ eow &ce m rmxde~fd~cjmk xdimxl

=2226m84)87# fd cz jkdmxks mxgtceg ce m ncaadxde~ wms% Acxz~+ fd cz mzzticeg ~fm~+ ca V cz kcld

~fm~+ zo cz mes o~fdx de~c~s% ^fde fd mzztidz ~fd rxcejcrkd oa cnde~c~s oa cenczjdxechkdz% Ceoxndx aox ~fd rxcejcrkd oa cnde~c~s oa cenczjdxechkdz ~o ordxm~d+ c~ itz~ hd mrrkcdn ~o m~ kdmz~


8/18


~wo rt~m~cqd de~c~cdz+ V men S% ^fcz cz wfs Mxcz~o~kd cz jkdmxks mzzticeg ~fm~+ oejd \mkkY

joe~xmncj~coez fmqd hdde mzjxchdn ~o V+ eo~fceg z~menz ce ~fd wms oa mzjxchceg mkk joe~xmncj~coez

~o S+ hd S wfm~ c~ ims%

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joenc~coemk jkmtzd0 + % Sd~ fczce~de~coe nodz eo~ zddi ~o hd ~o idxdks zfow ~fm~ m~ kdmz~ oed de~c~s cz ztjf ~fm~ eo~ mkk

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^ftz Mxcz~o~kd hdkcdqdz fd fmz rxoqdn ~fm~ troe MR mkk cz t~~dxks cend~dxicem~d men

~fdxd dvcz~z oeks oed &cend~dxicem~d# de~c~s%

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ca r cirkcdz eo~)r+ ~fde eo~)r# ~fd joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~z jkmci de~mckz ~fm~ eo~ mkk joe~xmncj~coez

mxd ~xtd%

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~fm~ fcz qcdwz mxd ndec~dks ~xtdx< fdejd zoid~fceg cz oeks)~xtd+ emidks ~fm~ ~fd ndgxdd oa

~xt~f oa ~fd joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~ jkmci cz fcgfdx ~fme ~fd ndgxdd oa ~xt~f oa ~fd orrozc~d jkmci%

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~fm~ fd cz eo~ rxdzticeg ~o hd ndec~dks ioxd ce ~fd ~xt~f ~fme fcz mnqdxzmxs ht~ oeks ~fm~

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ceec~d xdgxdzz cz ~xcggdxdn%

&^fd aoxdgoceg mxgtide~ cz eo~ dvrkcjc~ks ndqdkordn hs Mxcz~o~kd+ ht~ fd rt~z aoxwmxn

~fd 8n z~dr+ qcp ~fm~ oa xdjoxnceg ~fd amj~ ~fm~+ ca ~fd joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~ cz ioxd ce ~fd ~xt~f


9/18


~fme fcz mnqdxzmxs+ ~fde ~fdxd cz m~ kdmz~ m rxorozc~coe wfcjf itz~ hd ~xtd ~o ~fd dvjktzcoe

oa c~z edgm~coe% Jkcihceg tr ~o atx~fdx z~drz ce ~fd mxgtide~ men zfowceg fow ~fd ~ftz

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nczzdicem~dn ~fxotgf fcz woxlz% \ja% Y%#Ht~ eow wd fmqd xdmjfdn m edw z~mgd ce ~fd mxgtide~% Mxoten ioxd men kdzz

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onn+ zcejd c~ cz oa~de mnic~~dn ~fm~ gxmntmkc~s ims hd icz~mldeks rdxfmrz ztzrdj~dn ~o

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wc~f ~fd joe~xmncj~oxcmkcz~ jkmci%

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^fd km~~dx eddnz ~o jkmci dvjktzcqd ~xt~f aox fcz qcdw ~o ~fd dvjktzcoe oa fcz orroede~z

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etihdx% Dqde zfotkn wd hd rxdrmxdn ~o zwmkkow ~fd cndm ~fm~ etihdx ~wo cz onn men eo~

onn men ~fm~ zo cz etihdx ~fxdd+ dqde ~fde m~ ~fd qdxs kdmz~ wdn z~mtejfks jkdmqd ~o ~fd

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: cz onn cz kdzz wxoeg ~fme fd wfo jkmciz ~fm~ 8 cz onn% Ca dqde mz xdgmxnz ztjf dv~xdid

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mzzdx~coez mxd d}tmkks ~xtd &men amkzd# zcejd+ mjjoxnceg ~o ~fm~ jkmci+ aox dqdxs r men

}+ ~fm~ r cz ~xtdx ~fme } wotkn ztrrozdnks hd ~xtd men eo~ ~xtd+ men zo oe men zo aox~f%

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zoid~fceg wfcjf cz atkks ox de~cxdks ~xtd+ m rtxd ~xt~f ~o wfcjf rmx~cmk ox nciceczfdn ~xt~fz

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=8% Fowdqdx ce Jm~% QC &1m82)87# }tme~c~cdz mxd rox~xmsdn mz eo~ mnic~~ceg oa ndgxddz0 oed ~fceg jmeeo~ rozzchks hd 8)jthc~z)koeg ce m fcgfdx

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10/18

^fd Jodvcz~dejd oa Joe~xmncj~oxs Rxordx~cdz ce ~fd Zmid Zth`dj~ Mjjoxnceg ~o Mxcz~o~kd hs Koxdepo Rdm% Mrdcxoe :8/: =2

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rfckozorfdxz mz fmqd hdggdn ~o nczmgxdd oe ~fozd czztdz \=223m1aaY+ trxoo~ceg men nczrdkkceg

~fd jmtzdz oa ~fdcx joeatzcoe% Fd emidz emidz% Hdzcndz Rxo~mgoxmz+ Memvmgoxmz+ Ndiojxc~tz

men Dirdnojkdz mxd jfmxgdn wc~f ztjf Fdxmjkc~cpceg joeatzcoez men zo ~o zrdml dqdxshonsdkzd \mioeg rmz~ rfckozorfdxzY dihxmjdn ztjf m qcdw0 =223h=1)=7#% Memvmgoxmz men

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~fm~ mkk cz icvdn+ wfckd ~fd km~~dx ~fcelz ~fm~ Hdceg men Eo~)Hdceg &~fd atkk men ~fd dir~s#

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cz joirkd~d + ce o~fdx jmzdz ~fdxd cz zoid~fceg ce)hd~wdde joirkd~d V)edzz men joirkd~d eo~)V)edzz%


13/18

^fd Jodvcz~dejd oa Joe~xmncj~oxs Rxordx~cdz ce ~fd Zmid Zth`dj~ Mjjoxnceg ~o Mxcz~o~kd hs Koxdepo Rdm% Mrdcxoe :8/: =:

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14/18

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15/18


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16/18


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17/18


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18/18


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lorenzo peña: the coexistence of contradictory properties in the same subject according to...

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