lorenzo peña: graham priest's dialetheism: is it altogether true?

7/30/2019 Lorenzo Pea: Graham Priest's dialetheism: Is it altogether true?

1/24

NUBGBJ [UOASYS IOBFAYGAOSJ OS OY BFYGLNAYGAU YUQA

Hltajeua 2??4

OSSH 2231*239?

{{( 57*14

Clhyahys=

;2( Yuqa Clhyubiocyolhs

;5( Bua yuqa clhyubiocyolhs oh eay~aah clj{faya yuqyg bhi clj{faya dbfsoy( Mquoiocbf bhi ialhyoc flnoc

;7( Lygau nulqhis dlu yuqa clhyubiocyolhs

;?( Yga Clhflhajahy [lfoc bhi Qsohn IS

2;( Clhcfqsolh

2( Yuqa Clhyubiocyolhs

Nubgbj [uoasys ell` Oh Clhyubiocyolh 'Iluiuacgy= Jbuyohqs Homgldd& 2?7>/ os b

elfi bhi ~aff bunqai*dlu iadahsa ld yga awosyahca ld yuqa clhyubiocyolhs( [uoasys cbsa dlu

yuqa clhyubiocyolhs lu iobfaygaobs& bs ga cbffs ygaj os e hl jabhs yga lhf lha ohclhyaj{lubu bhbfyocbf {goflsl{g& fay bflha oh {goflsl{g ylqy clquy( Oh slja sahsa& lygau

iadahsas ld yga awosyahca ld yuqa clhyubiocyolhs bua fass {goflsl{gocbff gayaulilw ygbh

gos os& sohca& qhfoà [uoasys luoahybyolh& lygau b{{ulbcgas bua cflsau yl {uatbofohn oiabs oh

jbohsyuabj 'Rqohabh/ bhbfyocbf {goflsl{g& ~gauabs [uoasys fabhohns bua syulhnf bhyo*

uabfosy& bhi hly iosybhy dulj yga flnocbf aj{ouocosj ld yga ygouyoas(

Gl~atau& sqcg ossqas saaj yl ja bfjlsy ojjbyauobf dlu yga cgoad bunqjahys oh

[uoasys ell`( Jqcg ld ~gby ga sbs cbh ea bcca{yai dulj b ~oia tbuoay ld {goflsl{gocbf

lqyfll`s( Bhi jlsy ld oy saajs yl ja uongy bhi oj{luybhy( Lygau bjlhn gos bunqjahys bua

fass clnahy& bhi ay cbh ea jlioflai bhi ygqs uahiauai dbu jlua clhtohcohn( Atah ~gah ygby

os hly sl& ~abàu fass s~aa{ohn& eqy jlua {fbqsoefa bunqjahys cbh ea {qy oh ygaou {fbca(Bhi& ~gby os jlua& sqcg b ~byauohn*il~h ilas hly bddacy yga jboh clhcfqsolh ld yga ell`&

yga awosyahca ld yuqa clhyubiocyolhs(

^glatau os {ua{buai yl bcca{y ygasos AYC hbjaf& ygby ygaua bua yuqa clhyub*

iocyolhs ~off jaay syulhn l{{lsoyolh( B hqjeau ld {al{fa ~off ea stbeeaunbsyai( Eqy oy

os clhyubiocylu yl sb ygby ygaua bua yuqa clhyubiocyolhs"( Bhi< âff& bs dlu bunqjahys

ygaua os b ia{flubefa sgluybna ld ygaj bnbohsy AYC( Mqsy cfbojohn ygby AYC os clhyubiocylu

cbh gbuif ea uanbuiai bs bh bunqjahy( [uoasy gbs oh lygau {fbcas ybc`fai slja ld sqcg

bunqjahys bs ygaua awosy( Fay ja eanoh ygos cuoyocbf hlyoca ~oyg b sgluy ioscqssolh ld b clq{fa

ld yglsa {uafojohbu lemacyolhs bnbohsy AYC(

Yga jboh bunqjahy os ld clqusa Buosylyfas& ~gocg gbs bf~bs eaah ybàh yl ea bh

bunqjahy dlu yga {uohco{fa ld hlhclhyubiocyolh& eqy ~gocg cbh ea uabi bs bh lemacyolh


2/24

Nubgbj [uoasys Iobfacygaosj e Fluah}l [ab 5

bnbohsy AYC( '^gaygau bh bunqjahy bnbohsy { os yga sbja bs lha dlu hly*{ os b cahyubf

ossqa& ~gocg ~off oh iqa clqusa ea iabfy ~oyg oh ygos {b{au(/ Buosylyfas lemacyolh bjlqhys

yl ygos& bccluiohn yl j awanayocbf fongys 'bfyglqng ld clqusa ygaua os bh bsylhosgohnf ~ofi

tbuoay ld ohyau{uaybyolhs/= od lq bua {ua{buai yl bcca{y mqsy lha yuqa clhyubiocyolh& lq buaelqhi yl bcca{y bh bhi atau clhyubiocyolh bhi gahca atau sybyajahy & sohca yga lhf

lu by fabsy yga syulhnasy uabslh bnbohsy bcca{yohn b clhyubiocyolh os mqsy yga dbcy ygby oy os lha0

od ygby dbcy ilas hly iaebu lq dulj bcca{yohn oy& lq flsa bh uabslh dlu uamacyohn bh lygau

clhyubiocylu cfboj( Hly ygby hl lygau uabslh cbh ea dlqhi& eqy hlha ~off ea bs syulhn bs

yga jaua dbcy ygby yga eafoad lu yga sybyajahy os clhyubiocylu( Od yga syulhnasy uabslh

bnbohsy b cfboj os hly syulhn ahlqng& haoygau bua ~ab`au uabslhs(

B {lssoefa ua{f os ygby dlu b eafoad yl ea clhyubiocylu os hly ebi& bhi sl oy os hl

uabslh bnbohsy ygby eafoad0 gahca& oy os il~huongy dbfsa ygby clhyubiocyluohass os yga syulhnasy

uabslh bnbohsy b eafoad(

Sqcg b ua{f ilas hly saaj yl ja yl ea l{ah yl N( [uoasys {acqfobu eubhi ld iob*

faygaosj bigauahca yl AYC( Dlu ga saajs yl sgbua yga toa~ ygby yuqa clhyubiocyolhs bua

eoyyau {offs yl s~bffl~& ~gocg jqsy ea ilha lhf awca{yolhbff oh b da~ flafis( Lygau ygohns

eaohn arqbf ~a lqngy yl uaduboh dulj bcca{yohn clhyubiocyolhs( Sl clhyubiocyluohass os bdyau

bff b uabslh bnbohsy b eafoad( _ay [uoasy cfabuf iahoas ygby oy os yga syulhnasy uabslh( Eqy hl

cfabu ohiocbyolh ld ~gby uabslhs bnbohsy b eafoad bua nlli lu clhtohcohn os {ultoiai oh

[uoasys ell`( 'Off i~aff lh ygos ossqa fbyau lh(/

B ioddauahy lemacyolh bnbohsy AYC os ygby ~gbyatau uabslhs ygaua bua dlu { bua uab*

slhs bnbohsy hly*{ bhi yga lygau ~b ulqhi( Sohca uabslhs dlu { bhi hly*{ bua lhf bff

uabslhs dlu { bhi bff uabslhs dlu hly*{ & oy ajaunas ygby bff uabslhs dlu { bhi hly*{ buabfsl uabslhs bnbohsy { bhi hly*{ ( Sohca ygaua bua lygau uabslhs bnbohsy { bhi hly*{

'hbjaf uabslhs dlu yga qhotausbf yuqyg ld yga {uohco{fa ld hlhclhyubiocyolh/& yga ebfbhca os

iaflhoyaf bnbohsy { bhi hly*{ (

[uoasy uamacys yga arqbyolh eay~aah uabslhs*dlu*hly*{ bhi uabslhs bnbohsy*{( O

ygoh` ga os uongy& eqy qhdluyqhbyaf gos iobfaygaosj saajs yl ja ohcb{befa ld aw{fbohohn ~gby

b uabslh bnbohsy b eafoad jb ea( Yga hlyolhs ld uamacyolh bhi eaohn*b*uabslh*bnbohsy gbta

yl uajboh {uojoyota 'lu aw{fbohai lha ygulqng yga lygau/& ~oyg hl sahyahca eaohn atah btbof*

befa oh yga fbhnqbna e bssauyohn ~gocg uamacyolh clqfi ea aw{uassai( Ygby os qhdluyqhbya(

^gby belqy yga ayjlfln ld clhyubiocyolh bs sbohn*bnbohsy>/ Sby2'w/'t o,w /0 o(a( w sbyosflas 'oh lha {fbca/ Pyga Niaf

hqjeau ldZ dlujqfb odd'w/0 e ohsybhyobyohn w ~oyg #PSby2't o&t oZ bhi ~oyg

Sby2't o&t o/ & ~a bua sq{{lsai yl leyboh b clhyubiocyolh( _ay yga clhyubiocyolh dlffl~s lhfoh touyqa ld yga beiqcyolh uqfas 'Cfbtoqs/( Od lha uafohrqosgas yga hbota soj{focoy qhiaufohn

yga luonohbf Y scgajb hbjaf ygby { s yuqyg os mqsy yga dbcy ygby { & O nqass slja

clhyubiocyolh*btauyohn jbhlaqtuas eaclja fass oj{fbqsoefa= a(n( uadqsohn yl bcca{y yga

bhyosbyosdbcyolh {uohco{fa& lu lha lu lygau ld yga beiqcyolh uqfas dlu clhioyolhbf (

Gahca& O flhi ~botohn yga awcfqsolh {uohco{fa qhbyyubcyota( Hlhaygafass& atah

~oyglqy yga awcfqsolh {uohco{fa ~a syoff haai yl ioddauahyobya eay~aah soyqbyolhs ~gocg bua

lhf dbfsa bhi sqcg bs bua elyg yuqa bhi dbfsa( Sq{{lsa ygby { os elyg& o(a( ygby oy gbs yuqyg

tbfqa pY&Dz& ~gofa elyg Y#{ bhi D#{ bua lhf lu {fbohf yuqa& ~oyg hl bijowyqua ld

dbfsahass oh ygaj '"/( Fay r ea sqcg ygby oys yuqyg*tbfqa os pDz( Gl~ cbh ~a ioddauahyobya

ygaou tbfqas< Hly ygulqng D& sohca elyg D#r bhi D#{& eqy ygulqng Y( Eqy ygah ~a sgbff gbta

b ~b ld aw{uassohn b syulhn hanbyolh( Fay qs iaflha G oh ygos ~b= G{ beeu

Y#{Y#'{/ ( Hlyoca ygby G os bh l{aubylu& hly b {uaiocbya( _ay& ~oygoh yga ~glfabuoygjayoc*cqj*sajbhyoc ygalu [uoasy {ultoias& oy os iaflhbefa( G os syulhn bssauyolh( Yga

uqfa G{& { r os yuqyg*{uasautohn yga {uajosas cbhhly ea elyg yuqa( Syulhn hanbyolh osiaflhbefa= { beeu G{ ( Yga Cluhqeob uqfa dlu syulhn hanbyolh 'to}( {& { r/ os bfsl

yuqyg*{uasautohn 'dlu yga sbja uabslh& ld clqusa/= { & { r( Yglsa uqfas cbh ld clqusa eabtloiai e oj{lsohn clhioyolhs lh yga yquhsyofa ltau bhi belta jaua yuqyg*{uasautbyolh( Eqy

O il hly saa ~gby dquygau uarqouajahys [uoasy oj{lsas(

Hl~& fay qs clhsoiauau yga sahyahca=

'F/ F

'F/ sbs ld oysafd ygby oy os clj{fayaf hlh*yuqa& o(a( ygby oy os hly by bff yuqa ygby oy

glfis( Od bff yga sajbhyoc jbcgohau [uoasy gbs iatafl{ai os syoff btbofbefa by ygos sybna 'bhi

gl~ clqfi oy gbta eul`ah il~h e hl~


9/24

Nubgbj [uoasys Iobfacygaosj e Fluah}l [ab ?

yga sbja yuqyg tbfqa bs { ( ^gocg ~lqfi jabh ygby ~a bcca{y yga awcfqsolh {uohco{fa bdyau

bff(

ôyg yga awcfqsolh {uohco{fa& gl~atau& ~a cbh hl flhnau ~oygoh [uoasys bcclqhy

ioddauahyobya yuqyg ylqy clquy dulj {fboh yuqyg( Oy ilas hly gaf{ yl sb ygby { os yuqa bhihly dbfsa0 ygby ~off ea yga cbsa& yll& od oys yuqyg tbfqa os pY&Dz= oy ~off elyg gbta bhi dbof yl

gbta yuqyg0 yga fbyyau os yuqa& dlu Y#{ os oh bccluibhca ~oyg yga awcfqsolh {uohco{fa oj{foai e Y#{ & ~gocg os yuqa od yga tbfqa dlu { os pY&Dz(

B syulhn hanbyolh os haaiai& lha sqcg ygby { clj{fayaf uqfas lqy { bhiyga lygau ~b ulqhi( ôyg syulhn hanbyolh ~a cbh aw{fboh yga ioddauahca eay~aah eaohn yuqa

bhi eaohn {fbohf 'o(a( clj{fayaf/ yuqa0 bhi eay~aah eaohn dbfsa bhi eaohn il~huongy dbfsa(

Ygah jbh ygohns clja ohyl {fbca( âff gbta b cuoyauolh lh ~gah IS cbh ea uafoai q{lh

'{{( 23>dd/= ~gahatau yga hanbyolh ohtlftai os syulhn& lu cbh ea ybàh yl ea syulhn( â

`hl~ ~gah ygaua os bh bunqjahy bnbohsy b cfboj= ~gahatau ygaua os lha dlu yga syulhn hanb*

yolh ld yga cfboj( â `hl~ ~g uamacyolh bhi bcca{ybhca bua dqff ohclj{byoefa '{{( 257*

35/= uamacyohn { jabhs lu ahybofs bcca{yohn hly { by bff & o(a( { ( a `hl~ ~g [uoasys{uohco{fa U 'saa {( 292/ glfis& hbjaf Od b iosmqhcyolh os ubyolhbff bcca{ybefa bhi lha ld

yga iosmqhcys os ubyolhbff uamacybefa& ygah yga lygau os ubyolhbff bcca{ybefa0 yga uabslh oy

glfis os ygby IS os tbfoi dlu syulhn hanbyolh(

Jlua ygbh ygby os nbohai ~oyg biiohn syulhn hanbyolh( CF& bff ld oy ohcfqiohn

Jliqs [lhahs dlu & {ultoiai {r beeuatobyas {r os hl~ ohclu{lubyai ohyl yga{bubclhsosyahy ssyaj( CF os sgl~h yl ea& hly ~ulhn eqy {llu& ohsqddocoahy( Yga cfbssocosy

cbh ea {fbcbyai0 ga cbh ea bsài lhf yl uaduboh dulj uabiohn bs hly( Yga uasqfyohn

ssyaj os jlua acqjahocbf(_ay& ld clqusa& ygaua os b {uoca& b gong {uoca( â cbh hl flhnau bcca{y yga Y {uai*

ocbya '~oygoh b fbhnqbna sqddocoahyf {l~audqf/ lu yga clj{uagahsolh bwolj oh say ygalu 'lh

~gocg& saa gauaoheafl~/& lu [uoasys afanbhy bhi soj{fa yuabyjahy ld yga Niaf sahyahca E&

hbjaf Ygos tau sbja sahyahca cbhhly ea {ultai( Dlu oh abcg ld yglsa cbsas& {qyyohn

syulhn hanbyolh oh yga {fbca ld hbyqubf hanbyolh euohns belqy bh ltauclhyubiocyolh qhfass

yga {uohco{fas oh rqasyolh bua ~abàhai lu sljagl~ rqbfoflai(

[uoasy saajs yl ja oj{focoyf cljjoyyai yl gbtohn syulhn hanbyolh( Lh {( 294 ga

ohyuliqcas b {ul{lsoyolhbf clhsybhy D sqcg ygby dlu bff sahyahcas { D{( Ga syuassasygby od yga fbhnqbna clhybohs oys l~h yuqyg {uaiocbya yga clhsybhy D cbh ea iaflhai bs

wYw0 yga cgbubcyauosyoc {uohco{fa os ygah {ultai( Sqcg eaohn yga cbsa& [uoasys ssyaj lhca oy ahclj{bssas buoygjayocs bhi yga yuqyg {uaiocbya ilas oh dbcy clj{uosa syulhn

hanbyolh0 dlu fay { beeu {D ( [uoasy os uongy ~gah ga ygoh`s ygby uamacyolh ldclhyubiocyolhs oh nahaubf os aw{uassai e yga scgajb {{D '~gocg bjlqhys yl'{{/ 0 o(a( atau clhyubiocyolh os clj{fayaf dbfsa/( Ua{fbcohn ~oyg oafis b

dlujqfb ~gocg aw{uassas uamacyolh ld ltauclhyubiocyolhs& hbjaf '{{/ 'ltauhanbyolhld bh clhyubiocyolh ohtlftohn ltauhanbyolh/( Bfyglqng [uoasys l~h ssyaj sgqhs

'{{/ bs b ygaluaj e iohy ld btloiohn clhmqhcyota bssauyolh 'saa eafl~& 1/ oy oscljjoyyai yl sljaygohn cflsa& hbjaf {({D (

Ygqs [uoasy os oh b iofajjb( Od ga bcca{ys clhsybhy D bhi sl syulhn hanbyolh 'luod oy os yuqa ygby D& ~oyg oys cgbubcyauosyoc {uohco{fa& os bfuabi {uasahy oh gos ~glfa ssyaj/&

ygah sljaygohn hly dbu iosybhy dulj CF os ohcfqiai& yga hbota bhi soj{fa bunqjahys dlu


10/24

Nubgbj [uoasys Iobfacygaosj e Fluah}l [ab 2;

AYC oh sajbhyocs bhi say ygalu bua hl flhnau btbofbefa& bhi bh~b sajbhyocs bhi say

ygalu haai slja dquygau uajaioas ltau bhi belta yga jaua bcca{ybhca ld clhyubiocyolhs

'clhyubiocyolhs ohtlftohn eqy hly & o(a( hly ltauclhyubiocyolhs/( Od ga àa{s cfabu ld

syulhn hanbyolh 'bhi ld clhsybhy D& ~gocg O ilqey ga cbh il& bhi sl ilas ga/& ygahohaddbeofoy uasqfys ahsqa& ~gocg fassahs yga addacy ld gos cuoyocosjs ld bh goaubucgosy ~b*

lqy ld yga sajbhyocbf {bubilwas0 jlualtau& bff yga ~glfa ossqa ld bunqohn*bnbohsy '{( 292/&

yga ubyolhbfa dlu {uohco{fa U& uamacyolh& ayc(& eacljas josy od hly ahonjbyoc(

9( Say Ygalu

Bfyglqng sajbhyocs os yga jboh uabslh dlu [uoasys iobfaygaosj& say ygaluayoc

{bubilwas bfsl dabyqua bjlhn yga nulqhis dlu gos b{{ulbcg( Bhi uongyf sl( Ga ioscqssas

yga besyubcyolh {uohco{fa qhiau yga dluj w'w/ bhi awyahsolhbfoy( Ga fbqhcgas

'{{( 3>dd/ bh lhsfbqngy lh yga cqjqfbyota clhca{yolh ld says oj{fajahyai oh ]D( Goscuoyocosj os& yl jsafd& rqoya clnahy( Ygah ga as{lqsas '{{( 2>7dd/ yga besyubcyolh {uohco{fa

bhi gl{as ygby gos dlujbf ssyaj cbh bijoy oy ~oyglqy iaforqascahca 'o(a( [lsy*ohclhsosyahc& lu yuotobfoy& bs ga sbs dlffl~ohn yga cquuahy dbsgolh/( Gos uabslh yl gl{a os

ygby os tau cflsa yl b uafatbhy flnoc& I@& ~gocg gbs eaah sgl~h e Eubi yl eaclj{byoefa ~oyg yga besyubcyolh scgajb(

[uoasys lemacyolhs bnbohsy yga cqjqfbyota goaubucg saaj yl ja sl letolqs ygby O

flhi oy bjb}ohn& hly ygby b hqjeau ld jbygajbyocosjs qsa ]D& eqy ygby slja {goflsl{gaus

ybà oy bs ~gby oy ~bs hatau jabhy yl ea 'hly e ]aujafl bh~b/& hbjaf bh ohyqoyota

clhca{yolh ld ~gby says bua( [uoasys lemacyolhs cbh ea syuahnygahai( Od sljaygohn foà yga

yaj{lubf jayb{glu ga uongyf iahlqhcas '{( 3? elyylj/ os yl ea ybàh atau sl foyyfa sauolqsf&ygah yga oiab os b clhsyuqcyotosyoc lha( Eqy ygah rqbhyoflaus cbhhly ea bffl~ai yl ubhna ltau

bff says& eqy lhf ltau says ~gocg bfuabi awosy 'o(a( b {uaiocbyota say ygalu os uarqouai&

~gocg ]D bhi yga foà bua hly/(

B ioddauahy lemacyolh bnbohsy ]D os ygby oy fbc`s hly lhf b qhotausbf say eqy clj{fa*

jahys 'awca{y uafbyota clj{fajahys/( Hly lhf oy cbhhly ea yga say ygalu qsai oh oys l~h

jaybygalu& eqy oy cbhhly {ultoia b sbyosdbcylu sajbhyocs dlu ohyauhbf hanbyolh ygaua eaohn

hl say ~gocg clj{uosas lhf bff ahyoyoas ygby hly {& dlu bh { (

Gl~atau& [uoasy dbofs yl ioscqss Rqohas ssyajs HD bhi JF dlu yga uabslh ygby

yga bua ~oiaf uanbuiai bs foyyfa jlua ygbh cquolsoyPoasZ '{( 37/( _ay& od CF os yuqa& bhiod slja sluy ld Ybusòbh sajbhyocs os yl ea {lssoefa& yga goaubucgocbf cqjqfbyota b{{ulbcg

os elqhi yl ea ~ulhn& bhi sljaygohn foà HD ld JF uongy( [goflsl{gocbff yglsa ssyajs

bua ohflhoyaf jlua b{{abfohn ygbh ]D& bhi iasauta yl ea ioscqssai( Ygby HD ahybofs slja

liioyoas clhcauhohn yga luiohbfs& os ld foyyfa lu hl clhcauh& sohca yga ~glfa sqemacy os bh~b

uoiifai ~oyg squ{uosohn uasqfys(

[uoasy ilas hly ioscqss hlh*~aff*dlqhiai say ygalu lu Doycgs cljeohbylu flnoc&

aoygau( Gos cbsa ~lqfi ea jqcg syulhnau od ga yll` sqcg bfyauhbyotas ohyl bcclqhy( Haoygau

ilas ga ioscqss lygau {bubclhsosyahy b{{ulbcgas& ~gocg bcca{y yga besyubcyolh {uohco{fa ~oyg

slja uasyuocyolhs( _ay O nqass ~gby fabis goj yl onhlua sqcg b{{ulbcgas(


11/24


Gos foha os syubongydlu~bui bhi cfabu( Ybà yga besyubcyolh {uohco{fa oh oys {uosyoha

bhi qh{lffqyai {quoy0 b clhyubiocyolh ahsqas( Ybj{auohn ~oyg Besyubcyolh& bs oh ]D& cbqsas

b fly ld yulqefa bhi awyuajaf qhiasoubefa uasqfys( Gahca(

Eqy sq{{lsa ygby ~a gbta elyg hbyqubf hanbyolh bhi syulhn hanbyolh & bs ~agbta saah oh yga {uatolqs sacyolh( Ygah Besyubcyolh gbs yl nl( _ay ~a clqfi gbta sljaygohn

~abàu(

Fay qs ioscqss& hly besyubcyolh& eqy Clj{uagahsolh( Fay p=***z ea b teyl 'tbuobefa*

eohiohn yauj*dlujohn l{aubylu/& ~gocg ~a ybà bs {uojoyota '~a clqfi qsa hlybyolh/( âhaai b say ygalu ~oyg ygasa {uohco{fas& lu rqbfoflai tausolhs ygauald=

'Awosyahca/ }'}:pw={z/

'Clj{uagahsolh/ pw={zw{

'~oyg } hly duaa oh { oh yga dlujau {uohco{fa/& bhi jajeausgo{ eaohn aw{uassai bs }wubygau ygbh w}/(

ôyg syulhn hanbyolh& cbybsyul{ga"

pw ='ww/zpw='ww/zpw ='ww/zpw='ww/z

Gahca r ( Sq{{lsa ygby ~a rqbfod Clj{uagahsolh e uarqouohn ygby { clhybohs haoygau

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{ulta ygby oy ilas hly clj{uosa oysafd/(

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clj{f ~oyg yga ahyu*clhioyolh ~oyg yga cgbubcyauo}ohn jbyuow lu dlujqfb( Sqcg cbsas cbh

ea awca{yolhbf( â cbh bii b hqjeau ld {buyocqfbu cbsas ld 'dqff/ Clj{uagahsolh dlu ~gocg

~a sbyosd lqusaftas ygby hl ltauclhyubiocyolh os nlohn yl buosa(

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iosybsyadqf( Nlha ~oyg ygaj os yga syubongydlu~bui bunqjahy dulj Besyubcyolh yl iobfaygaosj(

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y~l*~bs Clj{uagahsolh {uohco{fa& ~g hly sl*cbffai hbyqubf hanbyolh& yll< Bua yga hly

lh b {bu< Od dulj b{{fohn clj{uagahsolh yl pw='ww/z atauygohn dlffl~s& ~g hly duljb{{fohn oy yl pw='ww/z gbtohn yga {ul{auy ld hanbyolh oh uafatbhy flnoc A< Buayglsa hly awbcyf yga sbja {byyauh ld ohdauahca7*7;/ sqnnasys(

Jqcg yga sbja cbh ea sboi ld sajbhyocbf {bubilwas( Ygaua os b sajbhyoc iq{focbya

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14/24


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uafatbhyosj( Oh Aw{fluohn Jaohlhns Mqhnfa 'bqygluai ~oyg gos ygah hbja& Uocgbui

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{( 5>?& yl{ yga yguaa*{fbca uafbyolh gbs yl ea uastawota dlu CB yl glfi nahaubff& o(a( Ubbb

gbs yl leyboh dlu atau P~lufi lu sayq{Z b( Yga bunqjahy nlas lh=

Sqcg uastawotoy uarqouajahys oh dbcy oj{lsa sauolqs uasyuocyolhs lh yga cfbss ld soyqbyolhs

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15/24


sqcg bh bunqjahy gbs oys ibhnaulqs bs{acys& as{acobff bs ~a cbh hl~ clqhyaujliaf tou*

yqbff bh flnocbf {uohco{fa( Bccluiohnf b nahaubf lemacyolh yl sajbhyocs ~gocg dbfsod

ahyuahcgai {uohco{fas foà PCBZ ybàs yga dlffl~ohn yquh '/

^gby dlffl~s os b rqlybyolh ld b {uatolqs {b{au e N( [uoasy 'Sahsa& Ahybofjahy&bhi Jliqs [lhahs& Mlquhbf ld [goflsl{gocbf Flnoc ? '2?7;/& {{( 921*31/( Yga nosy ld yga

bunqjahy os ygby sbohn â bua jlua squa ld yga Yuqyg ld P CBZ ygbh ld bh ygaluayocbf bc*

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lha gbhi bhi yga Y scgajb bhi Clj{uagahsolh lh yga lygau bua& bs ga {qys oy& letolqs(

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yga ibjbna PCBZ ~uab`s oh {bubilwocbf soyqbyolhs os ahlqng yl sgbà clhfliahca oh oy bhi

yl eanoh yl sgody yga lhqs ld bunqjahy( Bhi yga bqyglus bii ygby Jliqs [lhahs hl jlua

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g{lygasos ygby B os yuqa0 oh sgluy& oy b{{foas oh soyqbyolhs ealhi yga bcyqbf lha(

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{ultai q{lh(

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ld goaubucgocbf {uacaiahca os ilqeydqf oh b hqjeau ld cbsas(

_ay yga jlsy oj{luybhy {lohy os hly ygby& eqy yga dbcy ygby atah yga ltauuoiiah cfboj

lu uongy os bff yga sbja b fanbf cfboj lu uongy( Yuqa& mquosys bua sl bccqsyljai yl uabslh oh

yga cfbssocbf yaujs ld bff lu hlygohn ygby yga dbhc ygby lhf b clj{focbyai cbsqosyu cbh

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a(n( clhcauhohn eluiau iajbucbyolhs( Bhi jbh fanbf {bubilwas ~gocg nota uosa yl


19/24

Nubgbj [uoasys Iobfacygaosj e Fluah}l [ab 2?

sfo{{au sfl{a bunqjahys ohtoya b hbyqubf bhi sahsoefa slfqyolh e btloiohn gbui fohas& e

cgllsohn duohnas& yubhsoyolhs& nubibyolhs(

Atah od& bff oh bff& clqhyu B gbs b syulhnau cfboj yl ygos yauuoylu ygbh clqhyu E&

oy ilas hly dlffl~ ygby Es cfboj os PbfylnaygauZ hqff bhi tloi( Slja clj{uljosa jb eahanlyobyai ~gocg sljagl~ uastacys yga ioddauahy 'nulqhiai/ cfbojs ohsyabi ld notohn bff yl

B bhi hlygohn yl E( Jbh fanbf ios{qyas lqngy yl gbta sahsoefa slfqyolhs e bil{yohn scbfas

ld nubiai bfflcbyolhs ld l~hausgo{& lu nqofy& lu ~gbyatau ubygau ygbh yga iu bff*lu*

hlygohn(

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ygby bfjlsy atau ohduohnajahy ld yga fb~ ahybofai jbwojbf {ahbfy yga nbffl~s lu yga nbf*

fas & ~gauabs lqu jlua cotofo}ai ~bs il oh addacy ohyuliqca b hlyolh ld ianuaas ld nqofy(

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yga slquca ld yga yuqa clhyubiocyolhs {fbcas qs oh b tau ioddocqfy soyqbyolh( Od ~a ~bhy yl{ulta ygby ygaua bua fanbf clhstocys bhi ~a sgbua yga oiab ygby ohdauolu cfbojs bua hl cfbojs

by bff& ~a haai yl flhi cbsas ~gaua oy cbh ea sgl~h ygby hl cfboj os gongau lu ld sq{auolu

ubhòhn( Bfyglqng O bj squa sqcg cbsas awosy& bhi bua duarqahy& abcg ld ygaj ~off ea

clhyahyolqs( [fbohn ~oyg ~gaua os yga equiah ld yga {ulld os hly ygby ohyauasyohn( Yga jlsy

oj{luybhy ygohn yl sb os ygby atah ~gah oh dbcy lha ld yga cfbojs os ltauuoiiah& oy jb ea

b nlli& elhb flia cfboj& notohn yga cfbojbhy b {buyobf uongy(

Ygos os jlua atoiahyf sl oh yga cbsa ld jlubf clhstocys( Atah od& bff oh bff& b clqusa

ld bcyolh& B& os eayyau bhi jlua iqyodqf ygbh E& oy ilas hly dlffl~ ygby ~a bua qhiau hl lefo*

nbyolh by bff yl il E& ygby uadubohohn dulj ilohn E os clj{fayaf mqsyoflai mqsy eacbqsa E

cfbsgas ~oyg b nuabyau lefonbyolh& ygby ld ilohn B(

Yga saclhi uabslh ~g [uoasys foha ld bunqjahy dlu jlubf bhi fanbf clhyubiocyolhs

saajs yl ja yl ea oh haai ld bh ltaugbqf os ygby gos cgloca ld {uohco{fas dlu mquoiocbf bhi

ialhyoc flnoc os hly yga easy lha( Ga bigauas yl y~l {uohco{fas '~gaua i jabhs Oy os b iqy

yl il& { jabhs ygby oy os {aujossoefa/

'2/ i{iri'{r/

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bhi ygby sqcg {uohco{fas bjlhn yglsa O hl~ uamacy ~gocg bua as{lqsai oh [uoasys b{{ulbcg

lhca saajai yl ja uongy(

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by bff yl il elyg& od ilohn elyg os bfylnaygau oj{lssoefa '{augb{s hly jayb{gsocbff oj*

{lssoefa oh yga sahsa ld bh besyubcy {lssoeofoy eqy clhcuayaf oj{lssoefa/( Ygos os cfabu oh


20/24

Nubgbj [uoasys Iobfacygaosj e Fluah}l [ab 5;

yga cbsa ld jlubf iofajjbs( O bj lefonai yl uascqa Mqfob& bfsl yl uascqa Jbuobhb& eqy hly

elyg& ~gocg jb ea qyyauf oj{lssoefa( [augb{s Mqfobs cfboj os gongau& {augb{s elyg cfbojs

bua arqbf( ^gbyatau O il sohca O gbta hly gbi jlubf fqc` O dbof bh lefonbyolh( Eqy&

{fabsa& il hly efbja ja dlu dbofohn yl uascqa elyg Mqfob bhi Jbuobhb( Il hly efbja ja dludbofohn yl gaf{ gqhnu {al{fa oh Sqibh& bhi oh Aygol{ob& bhi oh [auq& bhi oh Jl}bjeorqa&

bhi oh Ycgbi& bhi oh Gboyo& bhi Efbja ja dlu abcg ld yglsa dbofohns sa{bubyaf& hly dlu

dbofohn yl il yga oj{lssoefa(

Efbja yga dbjlqs lqhn jbh ld Sbuyuabh jajlu dlu dbofohn gos {byuolyoc iqy od

ga notas {uadauahca yl gos jlygau& lu gos flfobf iqy lygau~osa( Il hly efbja goj dlu ygos=

dbofohn yl clj{f elyg ~oyg gos {byuolyoc bhi gos flfobf iqyoas(

Bs dlu '5/& lu yga cflsqua uqfa& oy notas uosa yl {bubilwas sqcg bs yga nlli Sbjbuoybh&

~gocg [uoasy ygoh`s cbh ea slftai ygulqng scl{a iosyohcyolhs( O 'hl~/ iosbnuaa( Jbh ld

yglsa iosyohcyolhs eaclja qheafoatbefa a{occfas& ~gofa ha~ clqhyauawbj{fas buosa ~gocg

cgbffahna yga {uohco{fa( _ay od ~a mayyoslh '5/ ~a haai sljaygohn oh oys {fbca( Yga jboh oiab

os ygby lq bua hly bffl~ai yl il B od ilohn B {uatahys sljalha dulj dqfflffohn gos iqy&

lu dulj ahmlohn gos uongys( Sl b cbqsbf clhhacyolh saajs yl ja yl ea ohtlftai gaua& ~oyg

b uasqfyohn {uohco{fa ld hlh*gohiubhca lu sljaygohn foà ygby(

Bs dlu '3/& lu by fabsy '3/& ojbnoha ygby yga dbof clj{fayaf& o(a( ygby& a(n(& Mlh*

bygbh jqsy il B eqy ga os hly {aujoyyai by bff yl il B( Ygby jabhs ygby Mlhbygbh elyg os

lefonai yl B bhi os clj{fayaf lefonai hly yl B 'od& bs ~a cljjlhf ygoh`& {{ jabhs

i{ 0 bh~b yga {uohco{fa os ioscqssai e [uoasy oh {uojoyota hlybyolh {( 593/(

[uoasys bunqjahy bnbohsy '3/ os ygby oy jqfyo{foas clhyubiocyolhs( Sohca ga bigauas

yl yga jbwoj ld btloiohn clhyubiocyolhs bs dbu bs {lssoefa 'saa eafl~& ?/& gos foha gaua os

{bubffaf yl gos iosyuqsy yl~buis yga awcfqsolh {uohco{fa ~a gbta nlha ohyl belta(

Od Mlhbygbh os clj{fayaf lefonai hly yl B bhi os lefonai yl B& ga dbcas y~l clh*

stocyohn lefonbyolhs oh sqcg b ~b ygby lha ld ygaj os dqff eohiohn( _ay od lha ld ygaj os

dqff bhi ahyouaf eohiohn& yga lygau os hly mqsy ltauuoiiah& eqy ylybff ltauuoiiah& bhi sl hl

lefonbyolh by bff( Ojbnoha ~gby oy ~lqfi sonhod elyg yl clj{fayaf dlueoi b clqusa ld bcyolh

bhi ay yl jbà oy lefonbylu(

Jlualtau& ~oyglqy '3/ ygaua os hl nlli uabslh dlu ygohòhn ygby jlubf lu fanbf

clhstocys ahybof yuqa clhyubiocyolhs( [uoasy eulbcgas ygos sqemacy '{{( 53;*2/ bhi bhs~aus ygby

ygaua jb ea lygau uabslhs& ~oyglqy '3/& ~g fanbf clhstocys nota uosa yl clhyubiocyolhs( A(n(od WW ahmls fanbf {uoluoy oh touyqa ld slja fanbf ios{lsoyolh bhi ay __bfsl ahmls

{uoluoy oh touyqa ld b ioddauahy ios{lsoyolh & ~a cbh ohdau ygby __ilas hly ahml {uoluoy

'sohca WWilas/ bhi foà~osa WWilas hly ahml {uoluoy 'sohca __ilas/( Abcg ld ygaj elyg gbs

bhi fbc`s {uoluoy(

Eqy ~g< Ilqeyfass b {uohco{fa os eaohn bssqjai& sljaygohn foà ygos= Od sljaeli

afsa gbs {uoluoy& lq il hly gbta {uoluoy( Eqy ~gby os yga ubyolhbfa< Bhi ~gby os oys

nahaubf dlujqfbyolh b{{fohn yl lygau jbyyaus& hly mqsy yl culss*ulbi iuotohn {uoluoy< O cbh

lhf flnqua lqy tbuobyolhs ld '3/( Yga oiab os ygby& sohca WW gbs b uongy yl culss eadlua __& WW

os hly ahyouaf elqhi hly yl culss eadlua__ilas o(a(

WW os hly ~lff elqhi yl iadau yl

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{uoluoy0 bhi sl& sohca __gbs Pyl slja awyahyZ {uoluoy& o(a( yga uongy yl culss eadlua WW ilas&


21/24


bhi WW jqsy 'q{ yl b {lohy/ iadau yl sqcg b uongy& WW elyg gbs bhi ilas hly gbta yga iqy yl

nota ~b yl __(

7( Lygau nulqhis dlu yuqa clhyubiocyolhs

Bfyglqng [uoasy yahis yl dlcqs lh b {uoluo nulqhis dlu iobfaygaobs awca{y dlu

jlyolh bhi jlubf bhi fanbf iofajjbs by lha {lohy by fabsy ga eulbcgas b ioddauahy uabslh&

hbjaf clj{fohn ~oyg lhf slja bjlhn b tbuoay ld cuoyauob dlu sbyosdohn b {uaiocbya( Ga

lddaus y~l offqsyubyolhs& lha belqy yaj{aubyqua& yga lygau lh fady ts uongy oh {lfoyocs( Yga

dlujau saajs yl ja awyuajaf iqeolqs eqy O il hly ~bhy yl ioscqss oy( Bs dlu yga fbyyau& yga

oiab os ygby od eaohn fady*~ohn oh {lfoyocs os clj{fohn ~oyg clhioyolhs cc2& & cch& bhi eaohn

uongy*~ohn os clj{fohn ~oyg hlhly*cy*c 2& bhi& & bhi hlhly*cy*c h& ygah b nulq{ NN~gocg dlu slja 26m6h

sbyosflas cc2& & ccm& hlhly*cy*cm+2& & hlhly*cy*c h ~off ea elyg fady bhi hly fady(

O nqass ygby lhf b da~ cfbssocosys ~off ea clhtohcai e sqcg bh bunqjahy( Yga bua

foàf yl uamlohiau ygby eaohn fady bhi eaohn uongy bua clhyubuoas& hly clhyubiocyluoas& bhi ygby

NN os haoygau( Cbff sqcg b ua{f yga haoygauosy {fl(

Yga yulqefa ~oyg sqcg b ua{f os ygby oy ~botas yga {uohco{fa ygby& oh sl dbu bs b {lfoy*

ocbf nulq{ os hly uongy*~ohn& oy os fady*~ohn( Od ~gbyatau os haoygau eaflhns yl yga cahyua&

ygah squaf oy os nlohn yl ea tau gbui yl flhi {lfoyocbf nulq{s lqysoia yga cahyua( Oh dbcy&

yga say ld uarqouajahys lh cuoyauob os l{ah*ahiai( Tau ldyah fady*~ohnaus gbta clhsautbyota

fabhohns bs uanbuis sawqbf jlubfoy& bhi sljayojas dbjof uafbyolhs& ayc( Lh aclhljocbf

ossqas& slja uongy*~ohnaus jb dbof yl sq{{luy {quaf {uotbya duaa jbuày aclhljoas& ~gofa

{uadauuohn slja sluy ld uanqfbyai jbuày& lu yga foà( Oh dbcy ygaua bua hly jbh {al{fa ~glrqbfod bs aoygau fady*~ohnaus lu uongy*~ohnaus lh bff bhi atau iajbucbyolh cuoyauolh( Ygqs&

yga haoygauosy {fl& ylnaygau ~oyg yga dbcys ld yga jbyyau& ahybofs ygby ygaua os bfjlsy hl uongy

bhi hl fady( Bhi belqy yga sbja clqfi ea sboi dlu jbh b sojofbu cfbssoflcbyolh 'uocg,{llu&

{fabsbhy,qh{fabsbhy& foyaubya,offoyaubya& uqubf,quebh& bhcoahy,jliauh& bhi sl lh/(

Yga {ulefaj ~oyg [uoasys yuabyjahy os bnboh ygby oy ilas hly bffl~ ld ianuaas( Eqy

sq{{lsa ygby NN; sbyosflas bff cuoyauob lh fady*~ohn*hass0 NN2 clj{foas ~oyg bff awca{y y~l 'oy&

a(n(& l{{lsas beluyolh bhi os gbui lh ojjonubyolh/& ~gauabs NN5 dbofs yglsa y~l cuoyauob bhi

jlualtau b 3i lha 'oy ilas hly dbtlqu duaa clj{qfslu aiqcbyolh dlu bff& lu lhf ~oyg b

hqjeau ld uasyuocyolhs/0 NN3 sgbuas bff yga {lsoyolhs ldNN5 awca{y ygby oy bitosas {uotbya l~hau*

sgo{ ld jabhs ld {uliqcyolh ~oygoh syuocy fojoys0 NN9 gbs yga sbja {lsoyolh bs NN3 awca{y ygbyyga fojoys dlu {uotbya l~hausgo{ bua gongau bhi yga uanqfbyolhs fllsau& bhi sl lh0 by yga lygau

ahi& nulq{ NNh sbyosflas bff clhioyolhs dlu uongy*~ohn*hass& eqy NNh*2 dbtlqus duaa ojjonubyolh(

Yga hbyqubf ygohn yl sb os ygby NNh os ~glff uongy*~ohn& NNh*2 fass uongy*~ohn ygbh NNh os&

NN5 fass uongy*~ohn ygbh NN3 eqy jlua sl ygbh NN2& bhi NN; clj{fayaf fady*~ohn( 'Ld clqusa

bfjlsy ataueli os oh eay~aah yga awyuajas(/

Jlualtau& oy os hly b jbyyau ld aoygau ahyouaf sbyosdohn b cuoyauolh lu afsa clj{faya*

f dbofohn yl sbyosd oy( Ygaua bua ianuaas( Eqy atah od yga cuoyauob ~aua sl cuos{ ygby yga ioi

hly bijoy ld ianuaas ygaua ~lqfi ea bh bff*oh*bff clhsoiaubyolh( Ld clqusa oy jb gb{{ah

ygby oh slja uas{acys NN os jlua uongy*~ohn ygbh NN& oh slja lygau uas{acys NN os fass uongy*~ohn ygbh NN( 'Od yuqyg*tbfqas bua scbfbu& ubygau ygbh yahsluobf& sqcg b {lssoeofoy os gbui yl

ea bcclqhyai dlu(/ Eqy oh b hqjeau ld cbsas slja bff*oh*bff clhsoiaubyolh os oh luiau bhi


22/24


{fbqsoefa( 'Lygau~osa ~a clqfi sb hlygohn belqy ~gaygau b clffabnqa os b nlli bcbiajoc&

b syqiahy os {uljosohn& b ubiol eulbicbsy ohyauasyohn& b scoahyoflc ygalu ohhltbyota& b

sldy~bua {ulnubj qsadqf& bhi sl lh& awca{y ygby oh slja uas{acys oy os& oh lygau oy oshy Pby

bff


23/24


Yga uabslh os b soj{fa lha= yga sybyosyocbf duarqahc ld iobfaygaobs oh hlujbf iosclqusa

os fl~( Iobfaygaobs b{{abu yl lccqu oh b rqoya fojoyai hqjeau ld iljbohs= cauyboh flnocl*

jbygajbyocbf clhyawys& cauyboh fanbf bhi iobfacyocbf clhyawys& bhi jb ea b da~ lygaus(

J flusy cljjahy lh sqcg bh bunqjahy os ygby& od yga òhi ld awbj{fas ld yuqa clh*yubiocyolhs ~gocg ~aua {ultoiai belta& oh 7& os uongy& ygah yuqa clhyubiocyolhs {l{ q{ oh

bff iljbohs( Hly b da~ lygaus( Hl iljboh awosys oh ~gocg yuqa clhyubiocyolhs il hly buosa(

J saclhi cljjahy os ygby& od clhyubiocyolhs bua bijoyyai oh yga flafi oh ~gocg yga

~aua sq{{lsai yl ea fabsy foàf yl buosa bhi jlsy ibjbnohn jbygajbyocs ygaua os hl

nlli uabslh dlu qs yl ea cl belqy ygaj oh lygau iljbohs( Ld clqusa& oy mqsy jongy ea yga

cbsa ygby clhyubiocyolhs ~aua yuqa lhf ~gaua yga ~aua aw{acyai yga fabsy yl buosa( Slja

gongf oj{ulebefa ygohns gb{{ah sljayojas( _ay tau ldyah ~gah soyqbyolhs ld slja òhi

ajauna atah ~gaua yga ~aua yga fabsy aw{acyai& yga bua foàf yl lccqu afsa~gaua& oh jbh

lygau iljbohs( A(n( bcyqbf ohflhoyoas ~aua sq{{lsai yl ea uqfai lqy oh touyqa ld Aqcfoias

{uohco{fa ygby yga ~glfa os nuabyau ygbh bh {buy ygauald( Lhca yga bulsa oh jbygajbyocs&~oyg yga cbfcqfqs& yga gbi yl ea bijoyyai oh bff iljbohs bfyglqng hl~bibs slja {al{fa

ygoh` ygby rqbhyqj jacgbhocs gbs bnboh iosflinai ygaj dulj {gsocs& oy uajbohs yl ea saah

gl~ flhn {al{fa bua nlohn ygoh` ygby(

J 3i cljjahy os ygby& od clhyubiocyolhs bua hly ebi oh nahaubf ygaua os hl

uabslh yl ea bduboi ld ygaj( Od yga buosa oh yga sbhcyqj sbhcyluqj& jbygajbyocs& squaf oy

os hly ouubyolhbf yl gbta b clhyubiocylu eafoad( Ygah ~gah {al{fa sb ygby oy ubohs bhi oy ilas

hly uboh& ygby yga jbh lhiau os bhi os hly ebfi& ygby ygos {b{au os bhi os hly ~goya& ygby sqcg

b clqusa ld bcyolh os bhi os hly ibhnaulqs& ayc(& ~g bua ~a elqhi yl clhsyuqa ~gby yga sb

oh iatolqs ~bs lu yl scluh ygaj dlu ygaou {qu{luyai ouubyolhbfoy

lorenzo peña: graham priest's dialetheism: is it altogether true?

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