looking south from syene egypt latitude: 24º n scorpius looking south from athens greece latitude:...
TRANSCRIPT
Looking Southfrom Syene Egypt
Latitude: 24º N
Scorpius
Looking Southfrom Athens Greece
Latitude: 38º N
Scorpius
Earth Shadow during Lunar Eclipse
Multiple ExposurePhotograph
Alexandria
Cyrene
Tropic of CancerSyene
Syene
Alexandria
Earth
7 14/60º
Sunlight
North Pole
South Pole
Equator
South Pole
Equator
North Pole
Meridian
North Pole
South Pole
Equator
South Pole
Equator
North Pole
Meridian
South Celestial Pole
North Celestial Pole
Celestial Sphere
CelestialEquator
SCP
NCP
CelestialMeridian
CEq
Declination
N
W
E
S
Horizon
ZenithLocal Sky
SCP
NCP
CEq
Below theHorizon
N
S
EW
Z
Visible Halfof the Sky
Horizon
MeasuringLatitude
N
W
E
S
NCPCEq
Zenith
Latitude
NS
W
E
Z
NCP
Equator
Z NCP
NS
W
E
40º N Latitude
Z
NCP
North Pole
Zenith
W
E
S N
NCP
CEq
Never Sets
Above Horizon for 12h
Above Horizon for > 12h
Above Horizonfor < 12h
Never Rises
SCP
NCP
CEq
Ecliptic
~23.5º
Obliquity of the Ecliptic
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus AriesPisces
Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
March 1999: Sun in Pisces
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus Aries Pisces Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
September 1999: Sun in Virgo
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus Aries Pisces Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
December 1999: Sun in Sagittarius
Cancer
Gemini
Taurus AriesPisces
Aquarius
Capricorn
Sagittarius
Scorpius
LibraVirgo
Leo
June 1999: Sun in Gemini
SCP
NCP
CEq
WinterSolstice
SummerSolstice
Ecliptic
SCP
NCP
CEq
WinterSolstice
SummerSolstice
VernalEquinox
AutumnalEquinox
Ecliptic
W
E
S N
NCPSummer Solstice
Vernal & AutumnalEquinoxes
Winter Solstice
Z
CEq
W
E
S N
NCP
CEq
Summer Solstice
Vernal & AutumnalEquinoxes
Winter Solstice
Z
December
March
June
September
Equinoxes: March 20 & Sept. 22
Northern Spring/Fall
Southern Fall/Spring
December 21: Winter Solstice
Northern Winter
Southern Summer
June 21: Summer Solstice
Northern Summer
Southern Winter
1 KW/m2 1 KW/m2
1 m2 2 m2
2000 Dec 21: Winter Solstice
2001 June 21: Summer Solstice
2001 Mar 20: Vernal Equinox
2001 Sept 22: Autumnal Equinox
Winter
Summer
Summer
Winter
Spring
Autumn
Autumn
Spring
Draco
Ursa Minor
Cepheus
Thuban
Polaris
2000 AD
2700 BC
North Ecliptic Pole North Celestial Pole
2000 AD
Rotate EastwardPrecess Westward
North Ecliptic PoleNorth Celestial Pole
15000 AD
Precession of the Equinoxes
Moon at Perigee Moon at Apogee
New Moon Full Moon
Waning Crescent
Last Quarter
Waning Gibbous
Waxing GibbousWaxing Crescent
First Quarter
Sunset
Sunrise
MidnightMoonset
NoonMoonrise
Moonrise & Moonset at 1st Quarter
SunsetMoonrise
MoonriseSunrise
MidnightNoon
Moonrise & Moonset at Full Moon
Sunset
Sunrise
MidnightMoonrise
NoonMoonset
Moonrise & Moonset at Last Quarter
Sidereal vs. Synodic Months
NewMoon
T=0d
T=27.3d
(Sidereal)
T=29.5d
(Synodic)
Penumbra
Sun Earth
Umbra
Sunlight
Uneclipsed Moon
Penumbral Eclipse
Total Lunar Eclipse
Partial Lunar Eclipse
Total Lunar Eclipse (Note the ruddy scattered sunlight)
Partial Lunar Eclipse
SunlightUmbra
Penumbra
Moon
Earth
SCP
NCP
CEqEcliptic
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
Cross-QuarterDays
WinterSolstice
SummerSolstice
VernalEquinox
AutumnalEquinox
NoonT=0h
T=23h 56m 04s
(Sidereal Day)
T=24h
(Solar day)
Noon
Not to Scale
Solar & SiderealDays
InferiorConjunction
SuperiorConjunction
Earth
Maximum Eastern Elongation
Maximum WesternElongation
Earth
ConjunctionOppositionEarth
Opposition Conjunction
EasternQuadrature
WesternQuadrature
Earth
Mars Retrograde Motion in 1994/95
1995 Jan 2
1995 Mar 24 1994 Sept 24
1995 July 4
Saturn & Jupiter4/1999 - 6/2000
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars 11/1998-10/1999
Venus 6-11/1999Mercury
10-12/1999
SCP
NCP
Celestial Sphere(Daily E-W Motion)
Ecliptic Sphere(Annual W-E Motion
23.5º tilt)
Planetary Spheres(Retrograde Motions)
LessTime
MoreTime
First Quarter
Last QuarterNot to Scale
EarthDeferent
Epicycle
Earth
Equant
Center
Saturn
Mars
Jupiter
Sun
MercuryVenus
Earth
Ptolemaic System
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
EarthVenus
Mercury
Sun
Solar System
EarthMars
Retrograde Motion
Venus Maximum Eastern Elongation
1 AU
DVenus46º
VenusD 1 AU sin(46 )
0.719 AU
F1 F2
Semimajor Axis
Center
T=0d
T=10d
T=0d
T=10d Equal Areas in Equal Times
Jan 10
Jan 11
Jan 12
Jan 13
Jan 19
Jan 18
Jan 15
Jan 16
Io
EuropaGanymede
Callisto
Ptolemaic System
3
3
4
4
2
2
1
1
5
5
6
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
Copernican System
Falling Apple:Changing Speed
(gets faster as it falls)Same Direction
(always falls down)
Ball Swung around on a String:
Same Speed,(in uniform circular motion)
Changing Direction(swinging around the circle)
Donut Swung around on a String
Force
Acceleration
Force = (apple’s mass) (acceleration due to gravity)
Equal and OppositeForce from the Table
Net Force is Zero, No Net Motion
M1 M2
d
M1 M2
2d
1 2 1 22 2
1
(2 ) 4
GM M GM MF
d d
1 22
GM MF
d
M1 M2
d/21 2 1 2
2 24
( / 2)
GM M GM MF
d d
2M1
M2
d1 2 1 22 2
(2 )2
G M M GM MF
d d
M1 M2
d1 22
GM MF
d
2M1
2M2
d1 2 1 2
2 2
(2 )(2 )4
G M M GM MF
d d
Parabola Hyperbola
Circle Ellipse
Conic Section Curves
Parabolav = vE
Hyperbolav>vE
EllipsevC<v<vE
Circlev = vC
Ellipse
v<vC
Columbus, Ohio40º N: 1280 km/h
Arctic Circle66.5º N: 666 km/h
Equator1670 km/h
6 hours later
Towards Sirius
Wavelength ()
Speed (c)
Frequency (f) (# waves/second)
d=1
d=2
d=3
B=1
B=1/9
B=1/4
Doppler Effect in Sound
High Pitch(short waves)
Low Pitch(long waves)
T=0s
0 popped16 unpopped
T=35s
8 popped8 unpopped
Half-Life = 35 sec
Hot GasFaster Average Speeds
Cool GasSlow Average Speeds
Spectrum
Prism
WhiteLight
Prisms disperse light into its component colors
ContinuumSource
Continuous Spectrum
Absorption-lineSpectrum
Emission-line Spectrum
Cloud of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen
Helium
Oxygen
Neon
Iron
ContinuumSource Cloud of
Hydrogen Gas
LampLight
Absorbedby
HydrogenAtomsin theCloud
Lamp emits light at all energies
n=1 (Ground State)
n=3 (2nd excited state)
n=2 (1st excited state)
n=4n=5
Energy Level Diagram of 1H
Continuum
n=
n=1 (Ground State)
n=3 (2nd excited state)
n=2 (1st excited state)
n=4n=5
n=3262 52 42
Larger Jump = More Energy = Bluer Wavelength
n=6
n=1 (Ground State)
n=3 (2nd excited state)
n=2 (1st excited state)
n=4n=5
Photons of all other energies (wavelengths) are ignored and pass on by unabsorbed.
n=2326 25 24n=6
Spectrum of a Fluorescent Light
Mercury
Collecting Area
Lens
Retina
Simple Refracting Telescope
Objective Lens
Secondary Lens (Eyepiece)
Focus
PrimaryMirrorPrime
Focus
Secondary Mirror
Cassegrain Focus
238U
206Pb
235U
207Pb
4.5 Billion Years Ago238U
206Pb
235U
207Pb
Today
1 half-life 6.3 half-lives
50% left 1.2% left
Seismic Station
LowerMantle
Core
UpperMantle
Crust
Seismic Station
SurfaceWaves
P-waves
S wavesP & Swaves
Earthquake!
Near Side Far Side
Two Faces of the Moon
Maria Impact Basin
CrateredHighlands
A12 A14
A15A17
A11
A16
L24
L20L16
Apollo and Luna Landing Sites
Mars
EarthVenus
Mercury
Pluto
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Pluto
Ecliptic
MolecularHydrogen
MetallicHydrogen
“Ice”
Rock
Jupiter Interior
MolecularHydrogen Metallic
Hydrogen
“Ice”
Rock
Saturn Interior
Interiors of Uranus & Neptune
Uranus Neptune
RockyCores
Slushy“Ice”Mantles
MolecularHydrogen
MetallicHydrogen
Jupiter Saturn
Uranus Neptune
Earth
S
S
P
P
Star’s spectrum shifts redward
Star’s spectrum shifts blueward