Lookattheperiodictableofelements.1. Periodsrepresentthe(vertical/horizontal)rowsonthetable.2. DrawBohrdiagramsforCarbon-12,Boron-11andOxygen-16,allinperiod2.

3. Elementsinthesameperiodhavethesamenumberof______________________.4. Groupsrepresentthe(vertical/horizontal)columnsonthetable.5. DrawBohrdiagramsforLithium-7,Sodium-23,andPotassium-39,allingroup1.

6. Elementsinthesamegrouphavethesamenumberof______________________.

RULES:Group1areknownasAlkaliMetals.Group2areAlkalineearthmetals.Groups3-12areTransitionmetals.Group17areHalogens.Group18areNoblegases.Allothergroupsdonothavenames.

Name Symbol Period #EnergyLevels Group #Valence

Electrons GroupName LewisDiagram

Sodium

S

Ne

1 NobleGases

2 2

2 AlkaliMetals

4 1

4 7

4 AlkalineEarth

Metals

2 Halogens

3 8

Lookattheperiodictableofelements.

1. Howmanyperiodsareontheperiodictableofelements?

2. Writeoutelectronconfigurationsforanythreeelementsinperiod3.

3. Whatdoelementsinthesameperiodhaveincommon?

4. Howmanygroupsareontheperiodictableofelements?

5. WriteoutLewisdotdiagramsforanythreeelementsingroup18.

6. Writeoutthemostprobablechargesofelementsingroup:

a. One___ b.Two___ c.Seventeen____ d.Eighteen___

7. Whatdoelementsinthesamegrouphaveincommon?

8. Doelementsinthesameperiodhavemoreorlessincommonthanelementsinthesamegroup?

1. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforNeonandHeliumandexplainwhytheydonotbond:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforSodiumandCalciumandexplainwhymetalsloseelectrons:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforFluorineandSulfurandexplainwhynonmetalsgainelectrons:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforSiliconandgermaniumandexplainwhytheyaremetalloids:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Putacheckineachboxthatcorrectlydescribestheelementgiven.

2. Writeinthespace,“alkalimetals”,“alkalineearthmetals”,“transitionmetals”,“halogens”,or“noblegases”toindicatewhichgroupeachstatementisdescribing.

a. Coloredsolutionsb. Fullvalenceshellc. Mostactivemetalsd. Mostactivenonmetalse. Monatomicgasesf. Diatomicelementsg. Stableandunreactiveh. 7valenceelectronsi. 2valenceelectronsj. Formionswitha+1charge

Metal Metalloid Nonmetal AlkaliMetal

AlkalineEarthMetal

Transitionmetal

Halogen Noblegas

Monatomic Diatomic

Sb Sr Rn P Pt Cs S Fe Br Ar H Si B F He Se Zn Ra

1. UsingtableS,recordtheradiusofLithiumandFluorine:_______________and_______________.2. DrawtheBohrdiagramsforLithiumandFluorine.Createanucleuswithadiameterof2.0cm.Createafirst

energylevelwithadiameterof4.0cm.Thesecondenergylevelwillhavearadiuscloseto4.0cm.Recall,positivechargesattractnegativecharges.Therefore,protonswillattracttheelectronsintheenergylevels.Themoreprotonsanatomhas,thestrongerthepullonelectrons.Drawthesecondenergylevelinconsideringthesestatements.

3. ProvidearulethatexplainsthetrendofAtomicRadiusinaperiodwithrespecttothenumberofprotons,electrons,andenergylevelsintheatom.

4. UsingtableS,recordtheradiusofBerylliumandMagnesium:_______________and_______________.

5. DrawtheBohrdiagramforBerylliumandMagnesium.Createanucleuswithadiameterof2.0cm.Createafirstenergylevelwitharadiusof2.0cm(measurefromcenterofnucleus).Eachadditionalenergylevelwilladd1.0cmtotheradius.

6. ProvidearuletoexplainthetrendofAtomicradiusinagroupwithrespecttothenumberofprotons,electrons,andenergylevelsintheatom.

PeriodTrend:1. UsingtableS,recordtheIonizationenergiesofLithiumandFluorine:_______________and

_______________.2. DrawtheBohrdiagramsofLithiumandFluorineusingthekey:

3. Onyourdiagramsabove,useanarrowtoshowtheattractionofprotonstoelectronsinthestructure.Forexample:

4. Whichatom,lithiumorfluorine,feelsthemostpullonitsvalenceshell?Explainyouranswer.

IonizationEnergyisdefinedastheenergyneededtoremovethemostlooselyboundvalenceelectronfromanatom.

5. Forwhichatom,Lithiumorfluorine,isithardertoremoveitsmostlooselyboundvalenceelectron?Explain

youranswer.

6. Describethetrendofionizationenergieswithinaperiodintermsofprotons,electrons,andenergylevels.

7. UsingtableS,recordtheIonizationEnergiesofBerylliumandMagnesium:____________and___________.8. DrawtheBohrdiagramsofBerylliumandMagnesiumusingthekeyabove.

9. Onyourdiagramsabove,useanarrowtoshowtheattractionofprotonstoelectronsinthestructure.Forexample: Usethesamesizearrowstodenotethatthepullofeachprotonisthesameamountofenergy.

10. Whichatom,berylliumormagnesium,feelsthemostpullonitsvalenceshell?Explainyouranswer.

11. Forwhichatom,berylliumormagnesium,isithardertoremoveitsmostlooselyboundvalenceelectron?Explainyouranswer.

12. Describethetrendofionizationenergieswithinagroupintermsofprotons,electrons,andenergylevels.

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Using table S, record the electronegativity values of Lithium and Fluorine: _____________ and ____________.

2.

3. Whatparticleinthenucleusisresponsibleforattractingtheelectronsofanotheratomasdescribedabove?

4. Finishthestatement:Fluorinehas(more/less)protonsthanlithiumanda(larger/smaller)electronegativityvaluebecausefluorine’snucleushasa(stronger/weaker)pullonnewelectronsthanlithium.

5. Describethetrendofelectronegativitywithinaperiodintermsofprotons,electronsandenergylevels.

6. UsingtableS,recordtheelectronegativityvaluesofBerylliumandMagnesium:_____________and_____________.

7. Magnesiumhasmoreprotonsthanberylliumbutaweakerpullonelectrons.DrawBeandMgBohrdiagramswitharrowstodenotethepullofprotonsonelectronsofanewatom.UsethediagramstodeterminewhatotherfactormightmakeMagnesium’snucleusnotpullasstrong.

8. Describethetrendofelectronegativitywithinagroupintermsofprotons,electronsandenergylevels.

9. Describewhyfluorinewouldhavethehighestelectronegativityofallelementsintermsofprotons,electronsandenergylevels.

10. Explainapossiblereasonwhynoblegaseshavenopublishedelectronegativityvaluesbasedonyourknowledge

ofnoblegasproperties.

1.Writeinthespace,“metals”,“metalloids”,or“nonmetals”toindicatewhichtypeofelement.a. LocatedontheleftsideoftheP.T.b. LocatedontherightsideoftheP.T.c. Solidsarebrittled. Majorityoftheelementse. Gainelectronstoformnegativeionsf. Locatedalongthe“staircase”g. Havelusterh. Malleablei. Loseelectronstoformpositiveionsj. Ductilek. Excellentconductorsofheat&electricityl. Poorelectrical&heatconductorsm. Lowelectronegativityvaluesn. Lowionizationenergyo. Highionizationenergyp. Highelectronegativityvaluesq. Ionsarelargerthantheiratomsr. Ionsaresmallerthantheiratoms

2.UseTableStofillinthenamesandstatesofeachelementbelow.Checkalltheboxeswhichdescribetheelement.

Name

PhysicalProperties ChemicalProperties

StateatSTP(s,l,org)

BrittleMalleable/ductile

Conductor

Ionizationenergy

Electro-negativity

Electrons

Good Poor Low High Low High Lose Gain

C

Ag

Mg

I

S

Au

Fe

Br

Ar

H

Hg

THEPERIODICLAW

ThePeriodicLawstatesthatwhenelementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,repetitioustrendscanbeseen.Mendeleev’speriodictablewasarrangedinorderofincreasingatomicmass.Hethenarrangedcolumnsinordertohaveelementswithsimilarpropertiesalignincolumns.Themoderntableisarrangedbyatomicnumber.

a.Whatsubatomicparticledecidestheorderofthemodernperiodictable?______________________

b.ExplainhowMendeleev’stableisonlyslightlydifferentthanthemoderntable._________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

METALS,NONMETALS,ANDMETALLOIDS

Metalsareelementsontheleftsideofthestaircaseontheperiodictable.Theyhave1-2valenceelectrons,whichtheytendtolosetoformcations.Metalsarelustrous,malleable,ductile,andgoodconductorsofheatandelectricity.

a.Definelustrous._____________________________________________________________________

b.Definemalleable.___________________________________________________________________

c.Defineductile.______________________________________________________________________

d.Circlethemetal: H P Cu S

Nonmetalsareelementsontherightsideofthestaircaseontheperiodictable.Theyhave4-8valenceelectrons,whichtheytendtogaintoformanionsandfilltheiroctet.Nonmetalsaredull,brittle,andpoorconductorsofheatandelectricity.

a.Circlethenonmetal: C Mg Na Au

b.Whyishydrogenconsideredtobeanonmetal?___________________________________________

Metalloidsareelementsthattouchthestaircaseontheperiodictable.Theyhavepropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetals.

a.Mostelementsontheperiodictablecanbeclassifiedasmetal,nonmetal,ormetalloid?

b.Circlethemetalloid: S Si Se Sr

c.Circletheelementthatislustrous: Na N Rn Ne

d.Circletheelementthatismalleable: Mg C Ar H

e.Circletheelementthatisdull: S Sc Sr Sn

f.Circlethebestconductor: C Cl Cu He

g.Circletheelementthathaspropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetals: Ge Ga

GROUPSANDPERIODS

Periodsarethehorizontalrowsontheperiodictable.ElementsinthesameperiodhavethesamenumberofelectronlevelsintheBohrdiagram.

a.DrawBohrdiagramsofNa,Si,LiandCandshowhowyoucantellwhichareinthesameperiod.

b.Howmanyenergylevelswillanatominthesecondperiodhave?________Thirdperiod?_________

Groups(orfamilies)aretheverticalcolumnsontheperiodictable.Elementsinthesamegrouphavethesamenumberofvalenceelectronsandoftenhavesimilarproperties.

a.Howmanyvalenceelectronsdothefollowingatomshave?

Na:___ Mg:___ Al:___ Si:___ P:___ S:___ Cl:___

b.Whichtwohavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons? Ca S Mg

Group1elementsaretheAlkaliMetals,whichhave1valenceelectronandareveryreactive(explodeinwater).Group2elementsaretheAlkalineEarthMetals,whichhave2valenceelectronsandarestillveryreactive(notasmuchasalkali).Groups3-12aretheTransitionMetals,whichformcoloredcompoundsandsolutions.Group17elementsaretheHalogens,whichhave7valenceelectronsandarethemostreactivenonmetals.Group18aretheNobleGases,whichhave8valenceelectronsandarenotreactive.

a.Whyarethenoblegasesnotreactive?__________________________________________________

b.Whichelementmaybeblueinsolutions? C Cu Ca Cl

c.Whichelementisahalogen? C Cu Ca Cl

d.Whichelementisanalkalineearthmetal? C Cu Ca Cl

e.Whichelementisanoblegas? H F Cs Rn

f.Whichelementisthemostreactivemetal? H F Cs Rn

g.Whichelementisthemostreactivenonmetal? H F Cs Rn

ATOMICRADIUS

Theatomicradiusisthesizeofanatom.YoucanlookuptheatomicradiusonTableSofthereferencetables.

a.Recordtheatomicradiusof: Li________Be________B________C________

N________O________F________Ne________

b.Asyougoacrossaperiodtheatomicradius_______________________because_______________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c.Recordtheatomicradiusof: Na________Li________K________Rb_________Cs________

d.Asyougodownagrouptheatomicradius_______________________because________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

e.Whichelementisthelargest?____________Thesmallest?____________________

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Theelectronegativityofanatomisitsabilitytogainanelectron.YoucanlookuptheelectronegativityonTableSofthereferencetables.

a.Recordtheelectronegativityof: Li________Be________B________C________

N________O________F________Ne________

b.Asyougoacrossaperiodtheelectronegativity_______________________because_____________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c.Recordtheelectronegativityof: Na________Li________K________Rb________Cs________

d.Asyougodownagrouptheelectronegativity____________________because_________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

e.Whydon’tnoblegaseshaveelectronegativityvalues?______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

f.Whichelementhasthehighestelectronegativity?____________

IONIZATIONENERGY

Thelastlevelcontainsvalenceelectronsthatcanbelostorgainedtoformionsinvolvedinbonding.Cationsarepositiveionsthathavelostelectrons,thereforehavingmorepositiveprotonsthannegativeelectrons.Anionsarenegativeionsthathavegainedelectronsandthenhavefewerprotonsthanelectrons.

a.HowmanyvalenceelectronsdoesSodiumhave?________

b.Howmanyvalenceelectronsdoesfluorinehave?________

c.Ifanatomhas8protonsand10electrons,whatisthecharge?_______Whattypeofionisit?_____

d.Ifanatomhas12protonsand10electrons,whatisthecharge?______Whattypeofionisit?_____

Theionizationenergyofanatomishowmuchenergyisrequiredtoremoveanelectronfromthevalence.YoucanlookuptheionizationenergiesonTableSofthereferencetables.

a.Recordtheionizationenergiesof: Li________Be________B________C________

N________O________F________Ne________

b.Asyougoacrossaperiodtheionizationenergies_______________________because___________

____________________________________________________________________________________

c.Recordtheionizationenergiesof: Na________Li________K________Rb________Cs________

d.Asyougodownagrouptheionizationenergies____________________because_______________

____________________________________________________________________________________

e.Whichelementhasthehighestionizationenergy?____________Thelowest?__________________