logistic growth curve - staff web sites @...

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Ch 5 6 Ac Bio Pop + Hum in Bio 1 September 25, 2012 Chapter 5 Academic Biology Populations How Populations Grow Population Density the number of individuals per unit area. Number can vary depending on the species and its ecosystem. population size factors number of deaths, number of individuals that enter or leave, number of births immigration the movement of individuals into an area emigration the movement of individuals out of an area exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant at first the number increases slowly, over time, population becomes larger, larger, larger infinitely large size *under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially logistic growth occurs when a population's growth slows or stops followin a period of exponential growth S shaped curve carrying capacity the largest number of individuals that a given environment can support Exponential Growth Curve The rate of increase in the population under ideal conditions. This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic Growth Curve Idealized population growth slowed by limiting factors as the population size increases. Logistic Growth Curve

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Page 1: Logistic Growth Curve - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSDstaff.bbhcsd.org/reynoldsd/AcademicBiology2012/chapters5_6notes.pdf · This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic

Ch 5 ­ 6 Ac Bio Pop + Hum in Bio

1

September 25, 2012

Chapter 5 Academic Biology  PopulationsHow Populations GrowPopulation Density ­ the number of individuals per unit area. Number can vary depending on the species and its ecosystem.

­ population size ­ factors ­ number of deaths, number of individuals that enter or leave, number of births

immigration ­ the movement of individuals into an areaemigration ­ the movement of individuals out of an area

exponential growth ­ occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant

­ at first ­ the number increases slowly, over time, population becomes larger, larger, larger ­ infinitely large size*under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially

logistic growth ­ occurs when a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth ­ S shaped curve

carrying capacity ­ the largest number of individuals that a given environment can support

Exponential Growth Curve

• The rate of increase in the population under ideal conditions.  This produces a J shaped curve.

Exponential Growth

Logistic Growth Curve

• Idealized population growth slowed by limiting factors as the population size increases.

Logistic Growth Curve

Page 2: Logistic Growth Curve - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSDstaff.bbhcsd.org/reynoldsd/AcademicBiology2012/chapters5_6notes.pdf · This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic

Ch 5 ­ 6 Ac Bio Pop + Hum in Bio

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• Density Dependent Limiting Factor – factors that    limit the growth of a population as the population grows larger.  • Includes competition (for food, water and space) predation, parasitism and disease • Does not impact small scattered populations as greatly.

Density Dependent Limiting FactorDensity Dependent: Decrease in song sparrow clutch sizes as population density increases.

• Density Dependent Limiting Factor

Predation = density dependent

• The regulation of a population size as one organism captures and feeds on another organism.  This predator prey relationship is one of the best­known mechanisms of population control.

Predator Prey Relationship

• Density Independent Limiting Factors – factors that limit the size of a population regardless of size.• Natural disasters, unusual weather, human activities.• These factors determine the Carrying Capacity – the maximum population size that an environment can support.

The effect of an abiotic factor (climate) on aphid population size.

Fluctuations in a song sparrow population, with periodic catastrophic reductions due to severe winter weather.

Human Population Growth ­ the size of the human population tends to increase with time

­ about 500 years ago ­ human population began growing more rapidly ­ agriculture and industry ­ made life easier and safer ­ exponential growth curve

Patterns of Population Growth Demography ­ scientific study of human populations ­ examines the characteristics of human populations ­ attempts to explain how those populations will change over time

* birthrates, death rates, and the age structure of a population help predict why some countries have high growth rates while other countries grow more slowly

Page 3: Logistic Growth Curve - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSDstaff.bbhcsd.org/reynoldsd/AcademicBiology2012/chapters5_6notes.pdf · This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic

Ch 5 ­ 6 Ac Bio Pop + Hum in Bio

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September 25, 2012

Human PopulationDemographic Transition ­ a dramatic change in birth and death rates­ as countries modernize ­ nutrition, sanitation, medicine ­ more children survive into adulthood ­ and live to old age ­ lower the death rate and begin the demographic transition­ as societies continue to modernize ­ families have fewer children ­ birth rate falls, population growth slows ­ demographic transition is complete when birthrate falls to meet the death rate, and population growth stops­ US, Europe, Japan ­ demographic transition­ worldwide human population is still growing exponentially

Mexico ­ Demographic Transition ­ Why?

age structure diagrams or population profiles ­ graph the numbers of people in different age groups in a population Age Structure Diagrams

Future Population Growth ­ current projections suggest by the year 2050 ­ the population could be 9 billion

Page 4: Logistic Growth Curve - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSDstaff.bbhcsd.org/reynoldsd/AcademicBiology2012/chapters5_6notes.pdf · This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic

Ch 5 ­ 6 Ac Bio Pop + Hum in Bio

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September 25, 2012

Chapter 6 Academic Biology  Humans in the Biosphere

Earth as an Island ­ How??

Hawaii ­ land reduction by 2/3­ enormous number of land snails, plants, insects, hundreds of other native Hawaiian species are gone ­ imported plants and animals have crowded out many remaining native species

­ among the human activities that have transformed the biosphere are hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, and urban development

hunting and gathering ­ gathered wild seeds, fruits, nuts

subsistence hunting ­ hunting only to acquire basic necessities for survival, makes relatively few demands on the environment

agriculture ­ began at the end of the last ice age, about 11,000 years ago­ combination of Latin words "ager" ­ a field and "cultura" ­ care­ science and art of farming which includes the cultivation of field soils, production of crops, and the raising of live stock

Domestication of Animals­ overgrazing ­ changed the grassland ecosystems

green revolution ­ introduction of intensive farming practices that lead to a substantial increase in crop yields­ central strategy was the development of new, highly productive varieties of major food crops ­ developed "miracle strains" to improve harvests

monoculture ­ farming strategy in which large fields are cleared, plowed, and planted with a single, highly productive crop year after year

benefits ­ increased food production

problems ­ can deplete energy and water supplies ­ pest species can reproduce ­ pesticides

industrial growth and urban development ­ industrial revolution ­ fossil fuels ­ pollute air, water, soil. Dense human communities produce waste, suburban sprawl

nonrenewable resources ­ is one that cannot be replenished by natural processes ­ fossil fuels, population of trees in an ecosystem

renewable resources ­ can regenerate and are therefore replaceable ­ but not necessarily unlimited ­ fresh water

Tragedy of the Commons

What was the tragedy?

Page 5: Logistic Growth Curve - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSDstaff.bbhcsd.org/reynoldsd/AcademicBiology2012/chapters5_6notes.pdf · This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic

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sustainable use ­ using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them­ sustainable practices are based on principles of ecology as well as economics

land resourcesdesertification ­ dry climates, combination of farming, overgrazing, drought ­ have turned productive areas into deserts

soil erosion ­ wearing away of surface soil by water and wind­ contour plowing, leave stems and roots of previous year crop in place

forest resources ­ old growth forestdeforestation ­ loss of forests­ logged, soil erosion, grazing, plowing­ tropical soils ­ laterite­ selective harvest, tree farms

ocean resources ­ over fishingaquaculture ­ farming of aquatic organisms

Oil Spill

deforestation ­ loss of forests Oil Spill Sustainable Agriculture

air resources ­ smog ­ a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray­brown haze in the atmosphere ­ car exhausts and industrial emissions (e.g. Beijing)

pollutant ­ a harmful material that can enter the biosphere through land, air, or water particulates

acid rain ­ fossil fuels ­ release acidic gases containing nitrogen and sulfur compounds ­ nitric acid ­ sulfuric acids

Formation of Acid Rain

Biological Magnification

Page 6: Logistic Growth Curve - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSDstaff.bbhcsd.org/reynoldsd/AcademicBiology2012/chapters5_6notes.pdf · This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic

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Biological Magnification water resources ­ although water is a renewable resource, the total supply of fresh water is limited

biodiversity ­ is the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere­ ecosystem diversity­ species diversity­ genetic diversity­ biodiversity is one of the earth's greatest natural resources. Species of many kinds have provided us with food, industrial products, and medicines ­ antibiotics, heart drugs, and anticancer drugs ­ "library" of genetic information upon which humans can draw for future use

conservation  ­ is used to describe the wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife

zoned reserves

Clearing Rainforest

Clearing Rainforest

zoned reserves

human activity can reduce biodiversity by altering habitats, hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic compounds into food webs, and introducing foreign species to new environmentsextinction ­endangered species ­ 

Species Diversity

Page 7: Logistic Growth Curve - Staff Web Sites @ BBHCSDstaff.bbhcsd.org/reynoldsd/AcademicBiology2012/chapters5_6notes.pdf · This produces a J shaped curve. Exponential Growth Logistic

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Fishery Collapse

Collapse of Northern Cod Fishery off Newfoundland

Fishery Collapse

Ecosystem Services