logbook part 2 - goldberg - 699085
DESCRIPTION
Jasmin Goldberg Logbook Submission Construction EnvironmentsTRANSCRIPT
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CW!
The!materials!that!my!group!was!provided!with!for!the!construction!workshop!were!as!follows:!
• 3!pieces!of!35x35x1200!pine!o contained!faults!in!the!wood!
such!as!knots!which!were!areas!of!weakness!
• 1!piece!of!3!ply!o consists!of!3!layers!of!plywood!
with!alternating!grain!directions!
o flexible!o easily!deflected!o strongest!along!the!plane!(as!
pictured!right)!o stronger!in!tension!than!
compression.!Needed!to!consider!these!properties!of!the!materials!provided!when!coming!up!with!the!design!for!our!beam!structure.!!
Our! initial! design! had! the! plywood!supported!on! its!plane!by! two!pieces!of!pine! at! the!bottom!and!one! at! the! top.!The!bottom!two!pieces!of!pine!would!be!secured! to! the! plywood! with! nails! and!the! top!piece!would!have!a!grove!down!the! middle! as! a!way! of! securing! it! (see!sketch! left).! The! aim! of! this! design!was!to! spread! the! load! over! a! wide! surface!area! at! the! bottom! of! the! beam! while!also! supporting! the! plywood! in!compression! as! beams! are! subject! to!compression! at! the! top! and! tension! at!the!bottom! (see! sketch).!We! deemed! it!necessary! to! support! the! plywood! in!compression!at!the!top!as!it!is!weaker!in!compression!than!in!tension.!!
When! we! began! to! implement! this!initial! design! we! found! that! cutting!the!grove!into!the!piece!of!pine!was!above!our!technical!abilities!and!the!grove! became! rather! crooked! (see!photo!left).!!
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Forces!on!a!beam!
Collection!of!materials!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Plywood!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Crookedly!cut!pine!wood!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
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To!the!left!is!a!picture!of!our!revised!design!after!we!discovered!that!creating!a!grove!would!not!work.!We!kept! to! our! original! concept! of! reinforcing! the!plywood!and!creating!a!structure!that!would!spread!the! point! load! over! a! larger! area,! but! due! to!insufficient! material! we! were! not! able! to! reinforce!the!whole! upper! portion!of! the!plywood! section! as!we! had! hoped.! This! ran! the! risk! of! the! plywood!failing! under! compression! where! it! was! not!reinforced.! It!may! have! been! better! for! us! to! have!the!pine! reinforcement!running! the!entire! length!of!the!top!of!the!beam!as!the!top!of!the!beam!is!under!compression!and!plywood!is!weaker!in!compression.!Supports! would! then! have! been! needed! on! either!end! of! the! beam! rather! than! in! the! middle! (see!sketch! of! alternate! design).! Unfortunately! we! had!already!affixed!the!central!pine!reinforcement!at!his!point!so!this!alternate!design!was!not!an!option.!!
Alternate!beam!concept!!
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Revised!beam!design!
Another! thing! that! had! to! be! taken! into! account! in!the!design!of!our!beam!was!the!type!and!position!of!fixRins.!We!decided! to! put!our!beam!together!using!nails!as!the!nails!provided!to!us!were!long!enough!to!go! through! the! pine! and! the! plywood! and! a! small!section! of! the! pine! on! the! other! side! (see! picture,!left).!!The! position! of! the! fixRins! was! also! important! to!consider!as!they!create!weaker!spots!in!the!material.!Taking!this!into!we!decided!to!stagger!the!placement!of!our!fixRins!as!illustrated!in!the!sketch!below.!!
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Final!beam!design!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
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FixRins!and!materials!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
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In! the! testing! phase!our! beam!was!placed!on!the! testing! machine! pictured! left.! The! beam!was! gradually! subject! to! greater! amounts! of!force,! measured! in! kilograms.! At! the! same!time! the! amount! of! deflection!was!measured!(see! sketch! of! deflection).! Deflection! is! the!perpendicular! distance! a! spanning! member!deviated!from!a!true!course!under!a!point!load!and!it!increases!with!beam!span!(Ching,!2008).!!!Results:!Maximum!force:!610kg!Deflection:!34mm!!
Testing!Machine!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
As! can! be! seen! in! the! photograph! to! the!right!the!plywood!was!the!first!element!to!show!evidence!of!failure.!As!the!top!of!the!beam!was! subject! to!compression,!and! as!plywood! is! weaker! in! compression,! the!plywood! began! to! buckle! under! the!compressive! force,! as! illustrated! in! the!photograph!on!the!right.!This!put!pressure!on! the!nail! fixRins!which! began! to! loosen.!However,! at! this! stage! the!beam!was! still!stable!and!able!to!take!increasing!load.!!!
TESTING!PHASE!
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Deflection!of!beam!as!it!was!subject!to!increasing!force!
Load!Path!Diagram!!
Buckling!of!plywood!under!compression!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
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As! it! turned! out,! the! critical! failure! point! for! our!beam! was! not! the! bucking! of! the! plywood! under!compression! but! the! weakness! in! the! pine!reinforcement,! caused! by! a! knot! in! the! wood.! We!were!aware!that!knots!are!points!of!weakness!within!the!wood,!thus!put!the!knot!face!on!the!top!do!that!it! was! under! compression! but! it! was! still! the! first!point!to!fail.!After!the!pine!cracked!at!this!point!the!plywood!and!the!pine!beam!on!the!other!side!had!to!take! its! load! (see! sketch).! This! increased! the! force!acting! on! these! elements! causing! them! to! also! fail!eventually,!causing!the!eventual!failure!of!the!entire!beam!structure.!!
Critical!failure!point!of!beam!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
To!the! left! is!a!photograph!of!another! team’s!beam!design.! They! were! provided! with! 2! pieces! of!18x40x1200! pine! and! 2! pieces! of! the! plywood! my!group!was!given.!This!different!provision!of!materials!would!have!influenced!the!difference!of!their!design!as!well!as! the! fact!that!people!have!different! ideas.!They! employed! a! beam! and! column! concept! to!increase!the!strength!of!their!beam,!the!central!and!outer!columns!intended!to!take!some!of!the!load!of!the! beam! and! decrease! deflection! when! under! a!load.! The! diagonal! placement! of! the! plywood! is!designed! to! brace! the! beam! further! in! a! truss! like!system! utilising! the! geometric! strength! of! the!triangle.!
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COMPARISON!
Other!team’s!beam!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
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Critical!failure!point!of!beam!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Results:!Maximum!force:!165kg!Deflection:!100mm!!!As! it! turned! out,! this! group’s! structure! had! much! greater!deflection! than!ours! and!was!unable! to!withstand! as!much!pressure! as! ours.! As! it! was! subject! to! gradually! increasing!force! the! plywood! bracing! began! to! crack! and! the! fixUins!began! to! tear! apart! from! the! wood! before! the! outer! pine!frame!finally!cracked!and!the!beam!failed.!!!The! top! of! the! pine! frame! failed! first! due! to! the!weakness!created! by! the! fixUins! while! the! bottom! was! able! endure!slightly!more!force!due!to!the!lack!of!fix!ins.!As!is!quite!neatly!illustrated! in! the! photograph! to! the! right,! the! bottom! pine!element! was! torn! apart! through! tension! while! the! top!cracked! under! compression.! This! is! consistent! with! the!forces! acting! on! a! beam! which! is! subject! to! a! point! load!perpendicular!to!its!spanning.!!
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Key$Term$Glossary$–$Week$06$!Alloy$(ENVS10003,!2014,!April!9)!
• Combination!of!two!or!more!metals$• Metals!could!be!ferrous!or!nonCferrous$
$Cantilever$
• Occurs!when!there!is!only!one!structural!support!for!the!structural!element!or!when!the!overhanging!portion!is!significant!
!Ceiling$Joists$(ENVS10003,!2014,!April!9)$
• Support!the!ceiling!lining!underneath!a!roofing!system!!!
Eave$(ENVS10003,!2014,!April!9)!• Overhang!of!the!rafters!beyond!the!wall!plate!in!a!roofing!system!
$Portal$Frame$
• Consists!of!columns!and!rafters!joined!by!rigid!joints!• Connections!are!designed!to!be!moment!resistant!!• Able!to!span!large!distances!• Frame!acts!as!a!single!structural!unit!• Can!be!clad!in!a!variety!of!materials!
$Purlin$(ENVS10003,!2014,!April!9)$
• Structural!elements!within!a!roofing!system!that!span!perpendicular!to!rafters!or!roof!beams.!
$ !
Rafter!!Eave!
!!
Purlin!
Ceiling!Joist!
Rafter!(ENVS10003,!2014,!April!9)!• Structural!element!within!a!roof!system!which!supports!the!cladding!material!of!the!roof!
$Soffit$
• The!underside!of!a!structural!member.!$$Top$Chord$(Ching,!2008)!
• The!top!principle!member!of!a!truss!which!extends!from!end!to!end!and!is!connected!to!the!bottom!chord!by!web!members.!$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$Reference$List:$Ching,!F.,!D.,!K.,!(2008).!Building(Construction(Illustrated((fourth!edition).!New!Jersey:!John!Wiley!&!Sons.!2.16!!ENVS10003,!(2014,!April!9).!W06_c1(Roof(Systems.(Retrieved!April!12,!2014,!from:!https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be!!
Top!Chord!
Truss!(Ching,!2008,!2.16)!
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Key$Term$Glossary$–$Week$07$$Down$Pipe$(Ching,(2008)(
• Forms(part(of(a(roof’s(drainage(system(• Water(collected(by(gutters(empties(into(down(pipes(and(then(into(a(dry(well(or(storm(sewer(system(
(Drip$(ENVS10003,(2014,(April(16)(
• Strategy(used(to(prevent(water(clinging(to(the(underside(of(surfaces(• Gaps(prevent(water(reaching(and(entering(openings(in(buildings(as(the(surface(tension(is(broken(at(the(drip(
location(• Capillary(movement(action(of(the(water(stops(and(the(water(is(released(in(drop(form((
$Flashing$(Ching,(2008;(ENVS10003,(2014,(April(16)(
• Thin(continuous(pieces(of(impervious(material(that(is(installed(to(prevent(the(passage(of(water(into(a(structure(• Water(that(penetrates(exterior(is(caught(by(the(flashing(and(flows(out(of(opening((such(as(an(opening(perpend(
in(a(double(cavity(wall)(• Operates(on(principle(that(for(water(to(penetrate(a(joint(it(must(work(itself(upward(against(the(force(of(gravity(
or(follow(a(torturous(path(along(which(the(force(would(be(dissipated(($Gutter$(Ching,(2008)(
• Forms(part(of(a(roof’s(drainage(system(• Gutter(catch(rainwater(shed(by(roofs(and(empty(into(vertical(down(pipes(or(leaders(that(discharge(into(dry(
well(or(storm(water(sewer(systems($Insulation$(Ching,(2008)(
• Thermal(insulation(aims(to(control(the(flow(or(transfer(of(heat(through(the(exterior(assemblies(of(a(building,(preventing(heat(loss(in(cold(weather(and(heat(gain(in(warm(weather.((
Figure(1:(Drip((Ching,(2008,(7.18)(
Figure(2:(Flashing((Ching,(2008,(7.18)(
$Parapet$
• A(protective(wall/barrier(which(is(an(extension(of(the(wall(at(the(edge(of(a(roof,(balcony,(wall,(terrace(or(other(structure.(($Sealant$(Ching,(2008;(ENVS10003,(2014,(April(16)(
• A(strategy(employed(to(prevent(water(penetration(by(removing(openings(in(building(structure(• Must(be(durable,(resilient(and(have(both(cohesive(and(adhesive(strength(to(effectively(seal(against(the(passage(of(water(
$Vapour$Barrier$(Ching,(2008)(
• Material(of(low(permanence(that(is(installed(in(a(structure(to(prevent(moisture(from(entering(and(reaching(a(point(where(it(can(condense(into(a(liquid$
$$$$$$$$$$Reference$list:$$Ching,(F.(D.(K.,((2008).(Building(Construction(Illustrated((fourth(edition).(New(Jersey:(John(Wiley(&(Sons.(7.17,(7.18,(7.39,(7.47,(7.50((ENVS10003,(2014,(April(16.(W07_c1(Detailing(for(Heat(and(Moisture.(Retrieved(April(16,(2014,(from:(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be((
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W08:!In!Detail!
In! this! week’s! studio! content! we! were! required! to!redraw!a!detail!from!the!oval!pavilion!drawings!in!a!1:1!scale.! This! required! us! converting! the! measurements!from!the!1:5!scale!we!were!given!them!in.!!!I! was! assigned! the! ‘Section! –! Function! Room! South!(Fixed!Glazing)’!detail!which!includes!a!cross!section!of!the!glazed!window!façade!and!a!continuous!steel!beam.!My!full!1:1!detail!drawing!is!included!at!the!back!of!my!logbook!but! close!up!pictures!are!used! in!this! logbook!entry.!!
The!picture!above! is! the! south! face! of! the! detail!which!I!drew!a!cross!section!of.!The!glazing!visible!is!double!glazing,!as!obvious!in!the!detail!drawing,!which! provides! additional! insulation! due! to! the!layer!of!still!air!between!the!two!layers!of!glazing.!!!The! black! steel! beam! highlighted! in! red! in! the!photograph!acts!as!the!main!load!bearing!element!in! this! glazing! system.! It! is! a! hollow! element,! as!can!be!seen!in!the!detail!drawing,!and!it!runs!the!length! of! the! glazing! system,! as! seen! in! the!photograph.! It! acts! as! a! substructure! for! the!glazing,! not! taking! any! of! the! loads! of! the! main!building,!but!simply!the!dead! load!of!the!glass.! It!almost!acts!as!a! lintel,! transferring!the!dead! load!of!the!material!above!across!to!the!steel!columns!which! then! transfer! it! safely! to! the! ground,! as!shown!in!the!load!path!diagram!(left).!!
Insert!load!path!diagram!
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Glazing!system!–!view!from!exterior!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
!Pictured,!left,!is!the!bottom!section!of!the!glazing!system!where!the! glass! is! secured! in! place! and! to! the! floor.! The! structural!silicone!in!the!detail!drawing!(below)!can!clearly!be!seen! in!this!photograph.!This!acts!as!a!sealant,!removing!potential!openings!and!thus!protecting!the!building!against!water!penetration.!!!It! is! interesting! to! observe! the! differences! between! the! detail!drawing!and!the!actual!oval!pavilion!in!this!picture.!In!the!plans,!the! interior! flooring!was! intended!to!be! the!structural! concrete!slab! the! building! is!built!on!with! a! clear! floor! sealer! applied! to!help! in! wear! resistance.! However,! as! can! be! seen! in! this!photograph,! the! interior! floor! is! carpeted.! This!may! have! been!chosen! to!assist! in! insulation!of! the! interior,! the!concrete! floor!providing!less!insulation!than!a!carpeted!flooring.!!
As! can! be! seen! in! the! detail! drawing!(left),! a! steel! angle! fixed! to! the! base!angle! and! a! continuous! welded! tab,!attached! to! the! base! angle,! are! present!either!side!of!the!double!glazing,!on!the!outside!of!the!structural!silicone!sealant.!These!two!elements!are!designed!to!hold!the! selfUsupporting! glazing! in! place! and!ensure! it! does! not! overturn! or! falter!when!exposed!to!lateral!forces!caused!by!wind.! These! steel! supports! are! also!present! at! the! top! end! of! the! glazing!where! the! glass! meets! the! steel! beam.!The!steel!angle!on!the!building’s!interior!is! fixed! to! the! flooring! through! bolts!(hidden! by! the! carpet)! while! the! outer!steel! tab! is! welded! to! the! steel! angle!which!coats!the!concrete!flooring.!!
Glazing!system!–!view!from!interior!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Key$Term$Glossary$–$Week$08$$$Deflection$(Ching,(2008)(
• The(perpendicular(distance(a(spanning(member(deviates(from(a(true(course(under(transverse(loading(
• Increases(with(load(and(span(
• Decreases(with(an(increase(in(the(moment(of(inertia(of(the(section(or(the(modulus(of(elasticity(of(the(material(
$Door$Furniture$
• Fixtures(on(a(door(including(the(handle,(lock(and(others.($$Moment$of$Inertia$(Ching,(2008)(
• Sum(of(the(products(of(each(element(of(an(area(and(the(square(of(its(distance(from(a(coplanar(axis(of(rotation(
• Geometric(property(that(indicates(how(the(crossHsectional(area(of(a(structural(member(is(distributed(and(does(not(reflect(the(intrinsic(
physical(properties(of(a(material.((
$$Shear$Force$
• Unaligned(forces(pushing(one(part(of(a(body(in(one(direction,(and(another(part(of(the(body(in(the(opposite(direction.((
$Stress$
• Forces(exerted(on(a(structural(member(that(cause(bending,(buckling,(deflection,(crushing(or(failure.$• Can(be(either(compressive(or(tensile.($
$Window$Sash$(Ching,(2008)(
• The(fixed(or(moveable(framework(of(a(window(in(which(panes(of(glass(are(set.((
• Section(profile(differs(with(material,(manufacturer(and(type(of(operation.((
$$$Reference$List:$$Ching,(F.,(D.,(K.,((2008).(Building(Constructed(Illustrated((Fourth(Edition).(New(Jersey:(John(Wiley(&(Sons.(2.14,(8.22(
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Spencer!Street!Site!Visit!
As!can!be!seen!in!the!photograph!of!the!whole!project,!a!concrete!frame!structural!system!has!been!employed.!This!utilises!concrete!columns,!beams!and!slabs!to!safely!transfer!loads!to!the!ground,!as!shown!in!the!load!path!diagram.!!!Concrete!was!chosen!as!the!framing!material!as!it!is!economic!and!at! the! end! of! the! day! the!project! is! dollar!driven.! The! horizontal!concrete! elements! are! in! situ! concrete! which! was! cast! on! site!while!the!vertical!elements!are!precast.!A!steel! framing! system!is!used!on!the!roof,!as!can!be!seen!in!the!photograph,!and!this!steel!frame!will!be!covered!in!a!light!weight!cladding!to!form!additional!apartments.!!
Insert!load!path!diagram!
Pictured,!left,!is!the!elevator!shaft!that!will!service!the! apartment! building.! It! has! been! constructed!from!precast!concrete!panels!that!have!then!been!welded! together.! This! is! possible! due! to! indents!left! in!the!panels!where!steel!or!metal!plates!can!be! attached,! welded! together! and! then! covered!over! with! concrete,! as! illustrated! in! the! sketch!below.!!!!!!!Insert!sketch!of!joints!
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Spencer!Street!Site!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!!
Elevator!Shaft!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
! !
Pictured,! left,! is! the! single! staircase! that! services! the!building.!There!were!issues!with!the!fire!department!about!there!only!being!one! staircase! for! the!whole!building,!but!an! additional! staircase! would! decrease! the! number! of!apartments! that! could! be! in! the! building! and! the! fire!engineers!were!able!to!justify!the!use!of!a!single!staircase.!!!It! is! a! steel! framed!staircase! that! came!preformed.! It!was!bolted! into! place,! the! steel! frame! acting! as! formwork! for!the!concrete! stairs!which!were! poured! and! cured! on! site.!This!is!cheap!and!quick!way!of!constructing!stairs.!!!Pictured,! right,! are! the! joints! between! the! separate! preJcast! panels! that! form! the! walls.! They! act! as! both!construction! joints!and!control! joints.!The! joints!are!made!of!a! silicone!material!who’s! flexible! properties! absorb! the!thermal! expansion! and! contraction! of! the! concrete! thus!minimising!the!risk!of!the!panels!cracking.!!
Pictured,! right,! is! the! metal! work! for! the! stud!wall’s! that!will! act!as! the! interior!dividing!walls!of!the!apartments.!These!will!eventually!be!clad!in! plaster! board! which! acts! as! a! nonJload!bearing!element,!the!loads!being!carried!by!the!metal!studs!(as!seen!in!sketch).!!!As! can!be! seen! in! the! photograph,! the! services!have! already! been! run! through! the! wall!including! plumbing! and! data! connections.! The!next! stage! for! this! wall! is! for! the! plaster! to! be!added,!then!the!ceiling,!followed!by!the! joinery!and!then!it!is!done.!!!!Quite! cleverly,! the! bathrooms! on! each! floor!have! been! aligned! so! that! the! services! run! the!height!of!the!apartment!block!through!a!riser.!!
Insert!load!path!diagram!of!stud!wall!
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Staircase!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Silicone!Control!Joints!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Stud!Wall!with!Services!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
! !
Pictured,! left,! is! a! metal! preformed! hob! –! a! detail! for!waterproofing!and!preventing!the!penetration!of!water!into!the!interior!of!the!building.!The!hob!is!made!of!preformed!concrete!that!has!been!tracked!together!with!a!metal!frame.!A!sub!sill!will!be! placed! above! the! hob,! a! further! detailing! to! prevent! water!penetration!(see!sketch).!!!A!sliding!door!leading!to!a!tiled!balcony!is!to!be!placed!on!top!of!this!hob.!The!glass! for!the! sliding!doors!has!been!ordered! from!China! as! a! money! saving! exercise,! however,! this! can! create!delays! in! the! construction!process! as! they! have! to!wait! for! the!glass!panel’s!delivery!before!they!can!install!the!sliding!doors.!!The! tiled! balcony! is! going! to! have! a! waterproof! membrane! to!further!protect!against!water.!!
Insert!sketch!of!sub!sill!
!
Pictured,!left!are!pushJpull!props.!These!props!hold!the!in!situ!concrete!slab!forming!the!ceiling!in!place!until!it!is!structurally!sound!and!able!to!selfJ!support.!The!holes!visible! in! the! vertical! column! are! where! props! would!also!have!been!placed!to!keep!the!precast!elements!in!place! until! sufficient! support! was! installed! around!them.!These!holes!are!later!filled!in!the!concrete.!!An! interesting!point!made!by! the!builder!was! that! the!building! has! a! transfer! floor.! This! means! that! the!columns!do!not!line!up!floor!to!floor!(as!seen!in!sketch)!but!the!precast!columns!span!two!stories.!!!The!lines!visible!on!the!concrete!ceiling!slabs!have!been!caused!by!the!plywood!formwork!as!they!are!an!in!situ!construction.!!
Insert!sketch!of!transfer!floor!
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Hob!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Props!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
! !
Pictured,! left,! are! fire! collars.! These! are! placed!around! holes! that! provide! services! and! they! form!part!of!the!fire!rating!for!the!building.!They!contain!a!material! that!expands! in!the!presence!of! fire!and!stops!the!fire!spreading!from!floor!to!floor.!!
Pictured,! right,! is! a! section! of! postJtension!concrete!which!is!drying.!Post!tension!concrete!is!a! special! type! of! concrete! that! has! been!engineered! to! work! with! postJtension!technologies.! It! is! subject! to! tension,! thus!increasing! its! strength!and! reducing! the!need! for!reinforcement.! This! allows! thinner! concrete!panels!to!be!used!and!is!thus!a!more!cost!efficient!material!choice.!!The! process! involves! the! concrete! being! poured!with!coiled!cables!(as!seen! in!the!picture)!slightly!sticking! out! of! the! concrete.! ! One! day! after!pouring! these! cables! are! pulled,! increasing! the!strength!and!pulling!the!concrete!together.!This!is!done! again!when! the! concrete! is! at! around! 70%!strength! (30mpa)!and! this! is! the! final! tensioning,!creating!postJtension!concrete.!!
Fire!Collars!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!!
Drying!postJtension!concrete!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
! !Pictured,! right,! is! one! of! the! concrete! walls! in! the!basement.! The! circle! shape! is! a! board! pier.! Ground!anchors! ran! through! these! and! then! into! the! adjacent!ground.!A!capping!beam!is!present!around!the!board!pier!to!lock!it!in!place.!Once!the!concrete!slab!was!installed!on!the! floor,! as! well! as! the! columns! and! the!ceiling/basement!one! floor,! the!ground!anchors!become!deJstressed! and! are! no! longer! used.! This! is! a!consideration! for! neighbours! should! they! wish! to!excavate/build!in!that!area!of!ground.!!The! concrete! walls! are! in! situ! panels,! installed! on! site!using! the! shockJcrete! method! which! uses! a! pressure!hose.! The! line! running! through! the! middle! of! the!photograph! shows! where! the! previous! layer! of! shockJcrete!was!and!where!the!new!layer!starts.!These!walls!act!as! retaining!walls,! resisting! the! pressure! exerted! by! the!soil!and!holding!back!the!earth!(see!sketch).!!
A!metal!pan! roofing!material! has!been!used! for! the!basements! ceilings! (as! pictured,!left).! This!has!been!used!as! it!does!not!need! to!be! restricted,! as! traditional!plywood!would,!and!it!also!requires!less!propping.!This!is!a!significant!money!saver.!It!was!clear!during! our! tour! of! the! site! that! material! selection! was! most! heavily! influenced! by!economic!efficiency.!!!The!basement!was!designed!as!a!wet!basement,!meaning!it!has!not!been!waterproofed!against! water! penetration! but! rather! mechanisms! and! services! have! been!implemented! to! deal! with! water! leaking! into! the! basement.! Drains! and! grates! are!installed!in!the!floor!of!the!basement.!Water!drains!into!these!spaces!and!then!into!a!pump!pit!which!pumps!the!water!onto!the!street!or!into!drains.!!The!exhaust!fumes!from!the!cars!is!transported!through!a!ducting!tube!which!sucks!the!fumes!out!of!the!basement!and!directs!them!up!a!shaft!and!out!of!the!roof.!The!shaft!the!exhaust! is!pumped!through!also!acts!as!a!riser,! transporting!services!through!the!building.!!
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Basement!retaining!wall!with!board!pier!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Basement!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
Key$Term$Glossary$–$Week$09$$Sandwich$Panel$(ENVS10003,*2014,*May*8)$
• Type*of*composite*material*consisting*of*aluminium*and*plastic*
• Also*known*as*aluminium*sheet*composites*
• Consists*of*a*plastic*core*of*phenolic*resin*lined*with*two*external*skins*of*aluminium*sheet*
$Bending$
• Describes*the*movement*of*a*structural*element*when*subject*to*a*load*applied*perpendicularly*to*its*longitudinal*axis$$$Skirting$(Ching,*2008;*ENVS10003,*2014,*May*8)*
• Conceal*and*finish*the*joints*where*sidewalls*meet*the*floor*
• May*be*a*single*moulding*or*incorporate*a*cap*moulding*and*base*shoe*
• Base*show*is*flexible*enough*to*conform*to*irregularities*in*the*floor*surface*
• Provides*resistance*to*damage*
*
Composite$Beam$(ENVS10003,*2014,*May*8)*
• Beam*constructed*of*timber*composites*(mixture*of*timber*and*galvanised*steel)*
• Provides*maximum*strength*with*minimal*amount*of*material*
$$Shadow$Line$Joint$
• Type*of*joint*that*leaves*a*slight*shadow*between*the*panel*and*the*extrusion.*$$$$
Cornice$(Ching,*2008)$• Moulded*projection*that*crowns*a*wall*or*divides*it*horizontally*for*compositional*purposes.*$
$$$$$Reference$List:$$Ching,*F.,*D.,*K.,*(2008).*Building(Construction(Illustrated((Fourth*Edition).*New*Jersey:*John*Wiley*&*Sons.*pp.*10.26*$ENVS10003,*(2014,*May*8).*W09_c1(Construction(Detailing.(Retrieved*on*May*10,*2014,*from:*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be****
!
!!!!!!!!! !W10!
In!this!week’s!studio!content!we!expanded!upon!our!‘in!detail’!drawings!from!week!8.!We!created!oblique,!3! dimensional!drawings!of!our! details! to!allow!us! to!more! clearly! interpret! the! detail,! the! purpose! of! it,!the!waterproofing!techniques!and!how!it!works.!!!The!full!oblique!drawing!is!included!at!the!back!of!my!logbook! but! throughout! this! logbook! entry! close! up!pictures!of!the!larger!drawing!have!been!used.!!
A! concern!with! this!particular!detail!would!be!that! the!openings! could!allow!for!the!entrance!of!water!into!the!interior!of!the!building.!Water!is!able! to! enter! a! building! if;! a)! there! is! an! opening,! b)! if! there! is! water!present! at! this! opening! and! c)! there! is! a! force! to! move! the! water!through!the!opening.!Preventing!any!of!these!three!conditions!occurring!thus!stops!the!entrance!of!water!into!a!buildings!interior.!For!the!glazing!system,!there!would!be!concern!that!the!gaps!created!at!the! junctions!of!materials!(pointed!out!in!sketch).As!a!waterproofing!technique,!these!gaps! have! been! filled,! closing! the! openings!with! the! use! of! structural!silicone!as!a!sealant.!The!sealing!of!these!openings!removes!one!of!the!three! conditions! required! for! water! penetration,! thus! is! an! essential!waterproofing!detail!within!the!glazing!system.!!!This!silicone!sealant!can!be!clearly!seen!in!the!photograph!(above)!and!as! can! be! seen,! the! sealant! is! present! all! around! the! glazing,! at! every!junction,! thus!ensuring! that!any!possible!opening! is! closed!against! the!penetration! of! water.! A! danger,! however,! is! that! over! time,! due! to!weather! and! exposure,! this! sealant! will! eventually! break! down,! thus!recreating! openings! and! allowing! the! entrance! of! water! into! the!building.!Normally!this!kind!of!issue!would!be!safeguarded!by!one!of!the!remaining!two!conditions!also!being!prevented!but!as!is!clear!in!the!two!drawings!of!this!detail,!closing!of!the!openings!is!the!only!waterproofing!method!present.!This!means!that!over!time!the!glazing!system!is!at!risk!of!leaking.!!
Opening! created! by! the! junction! of!the! welded! tab! and! glazing! (if!structural!silicone!were!not!present)!
Opening! created! by! the! junction! of!the! steel! angle! and! glazing! (if!structural!silicone!were!not!present)!
Silicone!sealant!around!window!edge!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
!
!!
!!!
!!!!!!!!!
!
An! interesting! thing! that! was! noted! during! our! tute’s!visit!to!the!oval!pavilion!was!that!there!was!a!change!in!material!choice!from!the!plans!to!the!final!construction.!As! can! be! seen! in! the! sketch! (right)! the! original! plan!was! to! have! a! steel! angle! recessed! into! the! structural!concrete!slab!in!order!to!provide!a!cleaner!aesthetic!at!the! junction!of!the!reSlevelled!concrete!slab.!This!steel!angle!also!provided!a!place!for!the!steel!tab,!supporting!the!glazing,!to!be!welded!to.!However,!as!can!clearly!be!seen! in! the! picture! (left)! rather! than! a! steel! angle! a!simple! piece! of! painted! timber! has! been! used! at! the!junction! and! to! provide! a! grounding! for! the! glazing!system.! This! change! in! material! means! that! the! steel!tab! supporting! the! glazing! is! no! longer! welded! but!rather! bolted! to! the! floor.! The! reasoning! behind! this!change! in! material! choice! is! most! likely! economically!driven,! timber! being! a! much! cheaper! material! choice!than!steel.!!!
As! can! be! seen! be! seen! more! clearly! in! the! 3!dimensional,!oblique!sketch!of!this!detail!than!in!the! 2! dimensional! sketch,! the! steel! beam! is!hollow.! The! beam! almost! acts! as! a! lintel,!forming! the! substructure! for! the! glazing! above!and! transferring! the! dead! load! of! the! glass! to!steel! columns! which! then! safely! transfer! the!load! down! into! the! foundation! system.! The!hollowness! of! the! beam! could! be! an! economic!decision!made! in!order! to! conserve!material!as!steel!is!an!expensive!material!and!minimising!it’s!need! through! making! the! beam! hollow! would!be!a!cost!saving!exercise.!!
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Bottom!of!glazing!detail!(Photographer:!J.!Goldberg)!
*Sketch!not!to!scale!
Key$Term$Glossary$–$Week$10$!Shear$Wall$(Ching,!2008;!ENVS10003,!2014,!May!13)!
• A!wood,!concrete!or!masonry!wall!capable!of!resisting!changes!in!shape!and!transferring!lateral!loads!to!the!ground!foundation!• Weight!of!short!shear!walls!resist!overturning!• Long!shear!walls!act!as!a!cantilever!
!Soft$Story$(ENVS10003,!2014,!May!13)!
• Occurs!when!one!or!more!floors!are!significantly!weaker!or!more!flexible!than!those!above!and/or!below.!!!IEQ$(ENVS10003,!2014,!May!13)$
• Indoor!environment!quality!!Braced$Frame$(Ching,!2008)!
• A!timber!or!steel!frame!braced!with!diagonal!members!• Stabilise!the!structure!against!lateral!forces!
!Lifecycle$(ENVS10003,!2014,!May!13)$
• Used!in!the!evaluation!of!materials!• A!material’s!lifecycle!encompasses!extraction,!processing,!manufacture,!packaging,!transportation,!use,!maintenance,!reuse!and!
disposal!!Defect$$
• An!imperfection!in!a!material!or!structure.!!!!!
!Corrosion$(ENVS10003,!2014,!May!13)!
• The!gradual!destruction!of!materials!due!to!a!chemical!reaction!with!its!environment!• Example:!the!oxidation!of!copper!with!oxygen!which!dulls!it!and!finally!forms!a!green!patina!over!the!metal!
!Fascia$(ENVS10003,!2014,!May!13)!
• A!band!running!horizontally!on!a!structure!which!is!located!vertically!under!a!roof!edge.!$!!!Reference$List:$!Ching,!F.,!D.,!K.,!(2008).!Building(Construction(Illustrated((Fourth!Edition).!New!Jersey:!John!Wiley!&!Sons.!pp.!2.22!!ENVS10003,!(2014,!May!13).!W10_s1(Lateral(Supports.(Retrieved!14!May,!2014,!from:!https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA!!ENVS10003,!(2014,!May!13).!W10_m2((A(Tale(of(Corrosion.(Retrieved!14!May,!2014,!from:!https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be!!ENVS10003,!(2014,!May!13).!W10_m1(Heroes(and(culprits.(Retrieved!14!May,!2014,!from:!https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be!!ENVS10003,!(2014,!May!13).!W10_c1(Collapses(and(Failures.!Retrieved!14!May,!2014,!from:!https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEldfYRi_I&feature=youtu.be!!