loài vượn cổ
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Loài vượn cổTRANSCRIPT
Loi vn c(khong6 triu nm trc)-C th i, ng bng 2 chn, dng tay cm, nm, n hoa qu, ng vt nh.-Xng ha thch ng Phi, Ty , Vit Nam.* Ngi Ti c(4 triu nm trc y)-i,ng bng hai chn,i tay t do s dng cng c lao ng.-Trn thpv bt ra sau, u my ni cao, hp s ln hn v hnh thnh trung tm pht ting ni trong no.-yl hnh thc tin trin nhy vt t vn thnh ngi vl thi ku tin ca lch s loi ngi.-Di ct ng Phi, Gia va, Bc kinh, Thanh Ha (tm thy cng c ).-Cng c:S dng c sn lm cng c lao ng.Gh mt mt cho scv va tay cm, bit ch tc cng c lao ng--> c s k.Bit gi la v ly la, lm chn thc n, ci thin cn bn i sng.Qua lao ng, bn tay con ngi kho lo dn, c th bin i c t th lao ng thch hp, ting ni thun thc hn.Ngi ti cc quan h hp qun x hi, sng trong hang ng, mi hay lubng cnh cy, da th; sng quy quntheo quan h rut tht gm 5, 7gia nh lby ngi nguyn thy.
2. NGI TINH KHN V C SNG TONgi tinh khn hay Ngi hin i(khong 4 vn nm trc y):-Ngi tinh khn c cu to c th nh ngi ngy nay.-Xng nh, bn tay nh, kho lo, linh hot, hp s v th tch no pht trin, trn cao,mtphng, c th gn v linh hot, nn t th thch hp vi cc hot ngphc tp ca con ngi.-khp cc chu lc.-L bc nhy vt th hai, cng lc xut hin nhng mu da khc nhau (da vng, en,trng ) do thch nglu di ca con ngi vi honcnh t nhin khc nhau.-Bit:Gh hai ra ca mnh lm cho gn v sc hn lm ru, dao, no.Lm lao bngxng c,cnh cy.Ch to cung tn l thnh tu ln trong qu trnh ch tocng c v v kh.-Thc n tng ln - thc n ng vt.-C tr nh caD lThi mi: dao, ru, cc mi nhn, khoan l hay c nc tra cn. Bit an li nh c, lm gm (bnh bt, v).
3. CUC CCH MNG THI MI(thi mi, h bit trng trtv chn nui)-Con ngi bit trng trt,chn nui,bit khai thc t thin nhin.-Lm sch nhng tm da th che thn, tm thy nhng chic khuy lm bng xng.-Bit dng trang scnh vng c bng s c, chui ht xng, vng tay, vng c chn, hoa tai .bng mu, so bng xng di l, n , trng bt da.-Con ngi khng ngng sng to.
1. Th tc v b lc-Th tcl nhm ngi c khong hn 10 gia nh v c cng chung mt dng mu. ng u l tc trng.-B lcl tp hp nhng th tc sng gn nhausng ven sng sui, c quan h gn b vi nhau, mi ca ci sinh hot c coi l ca chung, cng lm chung, cng n chung, cng hng th nh nhau.... ng u l t trng v tnh cng ng rt cao 2. Bui u ca thi i kim kh-C dn Ty v Ai Cp bit s dng ng sm nht, ng - khong 5500 trc y.-Khong 4000 nm trc y nhiu c dn trn tri t bit s dngng thau.-Khong 3000 nm trc y, c dnTy v Nam u bitdng st.- Cng c kim kh m ra thi i mi, nng xut tng rt nhanh, y l cuc cch mng trong sn xut.-Vo bui u thi i kim khcon ngi to ra mt lng sn phm tha thng xuyn.3. S xut hin ca t hu v x hi c giai cp- Khi x hi c sn phm tha, mt s ngi li dng chc phn chim mtphm ca x hi lm sn phm ring cho mnh.-T hu bt u xut hin, quan h cng ngbt u b ph v, gia nh thay i theo, gia nh ph hxut hin.-Kh nng lao ngca cc gia nh khc nhau, thc y s phn bit giu, ngho. X hi nguyn thy tan v. Con ngi ng trcngng ca ca thi i x hic giai cp u tin - X hi c i.(C. on t1. iu kin t nhinv s pht trin kinh t-S xut hin ca cng c kim loi, con ngi bc vo thi i vn minh.-Nhng qucgia c i phng ng u tin hnh thnh lu vc cc dng sng lnv ct ai mu m,ma u n,d trng trt,thun li cho ngh nng nh:Ai Cp: sng NinLng H: sng Ti g r v sng ph rtn : sng n v sng HngTrung Quc: sng Hang H v Trng Giang.-Khong 3500-2000 nm TCN,c dn c Ty , Ai Cpbit s dng ng thau, cng c bng , tre v g.-C dn Chu v Chu Phisng bngngh nng, mi nm hai v.-H xy dng h thng thy li, cng vic tr thy khin mi ngi gn b vi nhautrong t chc cng x, ngoira cn chn nui, lm gm, dt vi.
2. S hnh thnh cc quc gia c i phng ng (khong thin nin k VI-III TCN) ra ism nht th giiSn xut pht trindn n s phn ha x hi, xut hin k giu,ngi nghonngiai cp v nh nc ra i: Thin nin k th IVTCN, trn lu vc sng Nin, c dn Ai Cpc isng tp trungtheo tng cng x. khong 3200 TCN nh nc Ai cp thng nht c thnh lp. Cc cng x kt hpthnh lin minh cng x, gi l cc Nm, khong 3200 TCN, mt qu tc c th lc chinh phc c tt c cc Nm thnh lp nh nc Ai cp thng nht. lu vc Lng H (thin nin K IV TCN), hng chc nc nh ngi Su me hnh thnh.Trn lu vc sng n, cc quc gia c i ra i gia thin nin k III TCN. Vng triu nh H hnh thnh voth k XXI TCNm u cho x hi c giai cpv nhnc Trung Quc.3. X hi c i phng ng-Do nhu cu thy li, nng dn gn b v rng buc vi nhau trong cng x nng thn, thnh vin trong cng x gi l nng dn cng x.-Nng dn cng xng o nht, l lao ng chnh trong sn xut.-ng u giai cp thng tr l vua chuyn ch, qu tc, quan li, ch rung, tng l c nhiu quyn th, gi chc v tn gio, qun l b my v a phng, rt giu sang bng s bc lt.-N l, thp nht trong x hi, lm vic nng nhc, hu h qu tc.
4. Ch chuyn ch c i-T thin nin k IV n thin nin k III TCN, x hi c giai cpv nh nc c hnh thnh lu vc sng Nin, Ti g r v ph rt, sngn, Hng, Hong H.-X hi c giai cp hnh thnh t lin minh b lc,do nhu cu thy li.-Nh nc chuyn chtrung ng tp quyn, ng u l vua.-Vua da vo qu tc v tn gio, bt mi ngi phi phc tng. Vua chuyn ch ngi Ai Cp gi lPha ra n(ci nh ln), ngi Lng h gi lEn xi(ngi ng u ),Trung Quc gi lThin T(con tri ).-Gip vic cho vua l mt b my hnh chnh quan liugm qu tc, ng u l Vidia (Ai cp), Tha tng ( Trung quc), h thu thu, xy dng cccng trnh nh n thp, cung in, ng s, ch huy qun i.5. Vn ha c i phng nga. S ra i ca Lch php v Thin vnhc-Lch php v Thin vnhc ra i sm nht, gn lin vi nhu cu sn xut nng nghip.-H bit s chuyn ng ca ca Mt tri, Mt trng-->Thin vn-->nng lch.-Mt nm c 365 ngy, chia thnh thng, tun, ngy, mi ngy c 24 gi.b. Ch vit-Ngi ta cn ghi chpv lu gi nn ch vit ra i, y l pht minh ln ca loi ngi.-Ban u l ch tng hnh, sau c cch iu hathnh nt dint ngha ca con ngigi l ch tng .-Ngi Ai Cpvit trn giy Pa pi rt.-Ngi Su me Lng Hdng cy sy vt nhnl bt vittrn nhng tm t st cn t, ri em phi nng hay nung kh.-Ngi Trung Quckhc ch trn xng th, mai ra, th tre, di la.
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-Ra i sm do nhu cu cuc sng:-Ban uch sl nhng vch n gin: ngi Ai Cp c i gii v hnh hc, bit tnh s Pi= 3,16-Tnh c din tch hnh trn, hnh tam gic, th tch hnh cu, ngi -Lng H gii v s hc; ch s ngy nay ta dngk c s 0l c ng ca ngi n .- li nhiu kinh nghim cho i sau.
Ngi Ai Cp cingh ra php m t 1n10, Pi=3,16. v gii v hnh hc.
S 1n9 v s 0 l cng cangi n c i.d. Kin trcPht trin phong phKim t thp Ai Cp, n thp n , thnh Ba bi lon Lng h y l nhng k tch v sc lao ng v ti nng sng to ca con ngi.1.Thin nhin v i sng ca con ngi-Hy Lp, R ma nm ven bin a Trung Hi, nhiu o, t canh tc t v kh cng, to ra nhng thun li v kh khn: Thun li:c bin, hi cng, kh hu m p, nn giao thng thun li, sm pht trinngh hng hi, ng nghip, thng nghip bin.Khkhn: t xu, t, thch hp trng cy lu nin nh nho, liu, cam chanh. Lng thc thiu phi mua la m, la mch ca ngi Ai Cp, Ty .-Khong u thin nin k I TCN, c dn a Trung Hibt u bit ch to cng c bng st, cho phpkhai hoang trn din tch rng hn.-Th cng nhip rt pht t, c nhiu ngnh ngh, nhiu th gii, hng ha p, cht lng cao, qui m ln.-Thng nghip ng binrt pht trin, m rng bun bn vi mi min ven a Trung Hi, vi cc nc phng ng: Sn phm mua vla m, sc vt lng th (Hchi, Ai Cp); t la, hng liu, xa x phm t phng ng. lt, Pi rl trung tm bun bn n l ln ca th gii c i..Thng mi pht t,thc y s lu thng tin t (tin cca R ma v A ten).Hi Lp, R ma tr thnhcc quc gia giu mnh.Nh vy cuc sng ban u ca c dn a Trung Hi l: Sm bit bun bn, i bin v trng trt.2. Th quc a Trung Hi(Thnh bang)Th quc:do tnh trng t ai phn tn nhv c dn sng bng ngh th cng v thng nghipnn hnh thnh cc th quc.-T chc ca th quc: Nc th nh, ngh bun pht trinnn cdn tp trung thnh th c phs, lu i n th, sn vn ng, nh ht v bn cng, ta gi l th quc: A tenl th quc, i dincho c At tch.-Tnh cht dn ch ca th quc: quyn lc khng nm trong tay qu tc m nm trong tay i hi cng dn. i hi cng dnbu v c racc c quan nh nc, (khng c vua), quyt nh mi cng vic nh nc.Hi ng 500c vai tr nh Quc hi, ngi tabu 10 vin chc iu hnh chnh ph, nhim k mt nm.-Bn cht ca nn dn ch c i Hy Lp, R-ma: l nn dn ch ch n, da vo s bc lt thm t ca ch n i vi n l.-Hi Lp giu c nhnn kinh t cng thng nghip, s dng lao ng n l. N l b bc lt nn phn khng ch n.-n th k III trc cng nguyn, th quc R ma ln mnhi xm chim cc nc khc, tr thnh quc R ma. quc R math tiu th ch dn chthay bngmt hong u quyn lc nh hong X da.3. Vn ha c i Hi lp v R ma- st v s tip sc vi bin nng h lntrnh cao hn v sn xutv bun bn trn bin-Cng l c s h t ti trnh sng to vn ha cao hn trc.a. Lch v ch vit* LchNgi Hy Lpc hiu bit chnh xc hn v tri t v h mt tri, ngi R matnh mt nm l365 ngy , nh ra mt thng ln lt c 30 v 31 ngy, ring thng hai c 28 ngy,rt gn vi hiu bit ngy nay.* Ch vit-Sng to ra ch vit gm k hiu n gin, c kh nng ghp ch rt linh hotthnh t th hin ngha ca con ngi.-H thng ch ci R matc A, B, C . ra i, ban u gm 20 ch, sau thm 6 ch. y l mt pht minh v cng hin ln laochonhn loi.b. S ra i ca khoa hcn thi c i Hy lp - R ma, nhng hiu bit khoa hc mi thc s tr thnh khoa hc v c chnh xc ca khoa hc t ti trnh khi qut thnh nh l, l thuyt v n c thc hin bi cc nh khoa hc c tn tui, t nn mng cho ngnh khoa hc .Ton hc: ngi Hi Lp vt ln trn nh Thales, Py tha gor, Euclid..Vt L: c Archimde.S hc: vt qua s ghi chp tn mn, h bit tp hp ti liu, phn tch v trnh by c h thng: H r t, Tu si i, Ta st.c. Vn hc:- Hy lp, sau bn anh hng cani ting ca H mel I li tv i x, xut hin nhng nh vn c tn tui nh Etxin, S phc, Bript.-Ngi R ma t nhn l hc tr v ngi tha k ca vn hc - ngh thut.Hy lp, nh th ni ting nh Lu cre x, Vic gin..d. Ngh thut-Hy lp li nhiu tng v n it trnh tuyt m, khin i saukhm phc: ngi lc s nm a, tng n thn A t nai m chin binh, thn V n Mi l-Kin trc: n Pc t nng A ten (Hi lp), u trng C li d R ma1. Trung Quc thi Tn - HnThi c i, trn lu vcsng Hong Hv Trng Giangc nhiu quc gia nhca ngi Trung Qucthng gy chin tranh v thn tnh ln nhau* Thi Tn: 221 TCN -206 TCN-u th k IV TCN, Tnln lt tiu dit cc i th, nm 221 TCN Tn thng nht Trung Quc.-Vua Tn xng l Tn Thy Hong c quyn hnh tuyt i, bt tay vo vic xy dng chnh quyn.-Chia t nc thnh qun huyn, c quan Thi th ( qun) v Huyn lnh ( huyn). Thatngng u quan vn, Thi y ng u quan v.-C lc lng qun s ln mnh duy tr trt t x hi, trn p cc cuc ni dy, tin hnh chin tranh xm lc.-Nh Tn tn ti 15 nm, Lu Bang ln ngi lp ra nh Hn.Nh Hn: 206 TCN - 220-Tip tc cng cb my cai tr, m rng hnh thc tin c.-Nh Tn v nh Hnchim vng thng lu sng Hong, thn tnh Trng Giang, chim pha ng Thin Sn, xm lc Triu Tin v t ai ca ngi Vit c.
2. S pht trin ch phong kin thi ngSau my th k ri ren, L Uyn dp tan c phe i lp, n pkhi ngha, ln ngi hong lp ra nh ng(618- 907).Ch phong kin thi ng t n nh cao :* Kinh t pht trin ton din:Thc hin ch qun in, nngdn thc hin ch ngha v cho nh nc theo ch t, dung, iu.Th cng nghip pht trin, cc xng th cng gi l tc phng nh luyn st, ng thuyn.Thng nghip thnh t, con ng t latrn t lin v trn bin c thit lp, m rng.* Chnh tr:b my cai tr phong kin hon chnh: c ngi thn tn cai qun a phng;c ngi trong h hay cng thn gi chc Tit s, trn i bin cng m khoa thi chn ngi ra lm quan.* Tip tc chnh sch xm lc:chim NiMng, Ty vc, xm lc Triu Tin, cng c ch h An Nam, p Ty Tng phi thn phc. Nh ngtr thnh mt quc phong kin pht trin nht.* n cui thi ng, mu thun x hi gay gt. Nm874, khi ngha Hong So n ra, nh ng b lt , Trung Quc li hn lon nhng Triu Khung Dntiu dit cc th lc phong kin khc lp ra nh Tngnm 960. n cui th k XIIIc hai nc Kim vNam Tng b Mng C tiu dit.3. Trung Quc Thi Minh, Thanh- u th k XIII, trn tho nguyn Mng C, mt nh nc phong kin chuyn ch qun s do Thnh Ct T Hn lm vua.-Nm 1271 Khu bi Lai (Ht Tt Lit) dit nh Tng, ln ngi Hong , lp triu Nguyn (1271-1368): thc hin chnh sch p bc, chia r cc dn tc, nhn dn Trung Quc ng ln lt nh Nguyn.-Nm 1368 Chu Nguyn Chng ln ngi Hong Nam Kinh lp ra nh Minh (1368-1644):Khi phc v pht trin kinh t, mm mng quan h sn xut t bn ch ngha xut hin (c nhng cng trng th cng ln Giang Ty - gm Cnh c; xng dt; nh bun ln; thnh th nhiu nh Bc Kinh, Nam kinh. Nm 1380 b chc Tha tng, Thi y thay vo l cc Thng Th ph trch cc b (6 b: Li, H, L, Binh, Hnh, Cng), hon chnh b my quan li.Hong tp trung mi quyn hnh, trc tip nm qun i.Cui thi Minh mu thun x hi gay gt. Nng dn khi ngha (L T Thnh lm cho triu Minh sp .* Gia lc mt b tc phng Bc Trung Qucl Mn Thanh ko vo nh bi L T Thnh lp ranh Thanh (1644-1911).Nh Thanh thi hnh chnhschp bc dn tc, ngi Trung Quc phi theo phong tc ca ngi Mn. Do chnh sch p bc bc ltca nh Thanh nng dn li khi ngha, li dng nh Thanh suy yu, bn t bn phng Tydm ng, xm lc Trung Quc.4. Vn ha Trung Quc thi phong kin: t nhiu thnh tu rc r-T tng Nho giogi vai trquan trng, l cng c sc bnphc v cho nh nc phong kin tp quyn .-Pht giothnh hnh nht vo thi ng, Bc Tng cho xy nhiu cha, tc tng in kinh -B S kca T M Thinrt ni ting, thi ng c c quan chp s l S qun ..-Th ngt n nh caoca ngh thutL Bch, Ph,Bch C D .-Tiu thuytpht trin di thi Minh,Thanh, nhiu tc phm ni ting nh:Tam Quc Din Ngha ca La Qun Trung.Thy H ca Th Ni Am.Ty Du K ca Ng Tha An.Hng Lu Mng ca To Tuyt Cn.-Ton hc:Cu chng ton thut (Hn ) tnh din tch v khi lng khc nhau .-Thin vn hc: Nng lch phc v cho sn xut; a ng nghi o ng t .- Y dc:t nhiu thnh tuquan trng: thy thuc Hoa (Hn) dng phu thut cha bnh; sch thuc Bn tho cng mcca L Thi Trn .-K thut: giy, k thut in, la bn, thuc sng .- Kin trc c sc : Vn l trng thnh, T cm Thnh,Tng pht bng ngc thch cn c lu gi n ngy nay.1Lnh th n nh hnh tam gic ngc, hai bn gip bin, cnh pha bc ni vi chu , nhng li ngn cch bi dy ni cao nht th gii dy Hi-ma-lay-a, nn cn c gi l Tiu lc a Nam . n cn l mt lnh th kh rng ln, hn 3 triu km2, gp khong 10 ln Vit Nam v gn 15 ln nc Anh. Hai b bin li c hai dy ni ng Gt v Ty Gt, ngn cch vi cao nguyn -can. Ni cao, rng rm, rng nguyn sinh khin lnh th n b ngn cch nhau ng k gia ng v Ty, Bc v Nam. Ch c min Bc l bng phng bi lu vc ca hai con sng ln. Xa kia, n gm c sng Ty Bc l sng n (Indus), nh n m c tn gi quyt nh (Hindustan) ni khi ngun ca nn vn ho n . Cn ng Bc bn o l lu vc sng Hng (Ganga) rng ln v mu m, l qu hng, ni sinh trng ca nn vn ho truyn thng, ca nn vn minh n .1. Thi k cc quc gia u tin.-Khong 1500 nm TCN lu vc sng Hng hnh thnh mt s quc gia nh, mnh nht l nc Magaa ( khong 500 nm TCN ).-Th k th III TCN, Asca thng nht n , to iu kin truyn b o Pht, xy dng ct Asca2. Thi k vng triu Gp ta v s pht trin ca vn ho truyn thng n .-Qu trnh hnh thnh v vai tr ca vng triu Gpta:u cng nguyn, min Bc A c thng nht, pht trin mnh di thi Gupta 319 - 467.T chc khng c khng cho cc tc ngi xm lc, thng nht min Bc n , lm ch gn nh ton b min Trung n .-Vn ho di thi Gp ta:o pht tip tc pht trin. Kin trc cha Hang, tng pht .n gio ( Hin u gio), th 3 v thn chnh: thn sng to, thn thin, thn c. Kin trc thp th thn nhiu tng.Ch vit: t ch vit c Brahmi nng ln, sng to v hon chnh h ch Phn ( Sanskrit)Vn hc c in n - vn hc Hin u, mang tinh thn v trit l Hinu gio rt pht trin.-nh hng vn ha n ra bn ngoi:nh hng n cc nc N.Yu t lnh hng l tn gio, kin trc, ch vit, tn gio ( Vit Nam cng nh hng ca vn ho n nh thp Chm, o Pht, o Hinu).I. Thi k cc quc gia u tin-Khong 1500 nm trc Cng nguyn, vng sng Hng ng Bc c iu kin thun li, ma thun gi ho, nn tin b vt ln, c vai tr ni tri trn c min Bc n .-T cc b lc trng la v chn nui trn b sng Hng, bt u hnh thnh mt s nh nc u tin, ng u l cc tiu vng, thng xuyn pht trin kinh t, xy dng nc ln mnh v tranh ginh nh hng vi nhau.-n 500 nm trc Cng nguyn, nc Ma-ga-a t ra ln mnh hn c, c nhiu nc khc tn phc. Kinh ca n Pa-ta-li-pu-tra, c ngi hi Lp n thm k li: c ph di 2 km, trn bn di thuyn, dc hu ngn ca sng Hng. Vua m u nc ny Bim-bi-sa-ra, c coi l cng thi v l bn ca Pht t.-Tri qua hn 10 i vua, n ng vua kit xut nht ca nc ny v ni ting bc nht trong lch s n , l vua A-s-ca (th k III trc Cng nguyn). A-s-ca xy dng t nc hng cng, ri em qun i nh cc nc nh, nhm mc ch pht trin, thu tm quyn lc v thng nht n . Sau khi nh thng nhiu i th, ng thng nht gn kt bn o n , ch tr mt mm t cc Nam xa xi (sau l nc Pa-y-a).-Chn cnh binh ao, tn st, ng tr v, mt lng theo Pht gio v to iu kin Pht gio truyn b rng khp. nhiu ni, ng cn cho dng nhiu ct , khc ch, gi l ch d A-s-ca, ni v lng sng tn v vic cai qun t nc ca mnh.-A-s-ca qua i cui th k III trc Cng nguyn. n bc vo mt thi k chia r, khng hong ko di my th k cui trc Cng nguyn cho n u Cng nguyn.II. Thi k Vng triu Gp-ta v s pht trin ca nn vn ho truyn thng n .-n u Cng nguyn, min Bc n c thng nht li, bc vo mt thi k mi, thi k pht trin cao v rt c sc ca lch s n - thi Vng triu Gp-ta.-Vng triu ny do vua Gp-ta lp, c vai tr t chc khng c, khng cho cc tc Trung xm ln t pha ty - bc, thng nht min Bc n ; tip , tn cng chim cao nguyn -can, lm ch gn nh ton b min Trung n .-Vng triu Gp-ta c 9 i vua, tri qua gn 150 nm (319 467) vn gi c s pht trin v nt c sc, c di thi Hu Gp-ta (467 606) v Vng triu Hc-sa tip theo (606 647), tc l t th k IV n th k VII. Nt c sc ni bt ca thi k ny l s nh hnh v pht trin ca nn vn ho truyn thng n .- bc n - thnh ph Ka-pi-la-va-xtu l qu hng ca nh hin trit St-c-ta t xng l Sa-ky-a Mu-ni (Thch Ca Mu Ni), sau tr thnh Pht t. o Pht c truyn b di thi vua A-s-ca, tip tc di triu Gp-ta v c di triu Hc-sa n th k VII.-Cng vi s truyn b Pht gio v lng tn sng i vi Pht, ngi ta lm nhiu ngi cha hang bng cch c o hang thnh hng chc ngi cha rt k v, l nhng cng trnh kin trc rt p v rt ln. Cng vi cha l nhng pho tng Pht iu khc bng hoc trn .-Ngoi ra n , o Hindu (hay n gio) cng ra i v pht trin. y l tn gio bt ngun t tn ngng c xa ca ngi n. X hi n tn th rt nhiu thn thnh, m ch yu l 4 thn: B ba Bra-ma (thn Sng to), Si-va (thn Hu dit), Vi-snu (thn Bo h) v In-ra (thn Sm st) l nhng lc lng siu nhin m con ngi phi s hi. Ngi ta cng xy dng nhiu ngi n bng rt s, hnh chp ni, l ni ng tr ca thn thnh v cng tc bng hoc c bng ng rt nhiu hnh tng thn thnh th, lm thnh nhng phong cch ngh thut tc tng rt c o.-Ngi n sm c ch vit, nh ch c vng sng n c t 3000 nm trc Cng nguyn, ch c vng sng Hng c khong t 1000 nm trc Cng nguyn. Ban u l kiu ch n gin Bra-mi (Brahmi), c dng khc trn ct A-s-ca, ri sng to thnh h ch Phn (Sanskrit), c hon thin t thi A-s-ca c ch vit v ng php. Ngn ng Phn dng ph bin di thi Gp-ta trong vic vit bia. Ngn ng v vn t pht trin l iu kin chuyn ti, truyn b vn hc, vn ho n .-Thi Gp-ta c nhng cng trnh kin trc, tng, nhng tc phm vno tuyt vi, lm nn tng cho vn ho truyn thng n , c gi tr vnh cu xuyn sut thi gian lch s ca loi ngi.n c mt nn vn ho lu i v pht trin cao, ch yu gm:-Tn gio (Pht gio v Hindu gio) cng vi nhng tp tc v cc l nghi tn gio.-Cng vi tn gio l ngh thut kin trc n cha, lng m nh kiu n thp hnh ni, lng m hnh bt p, bn cu.-Ngh thut tc tng Pht gio, Hindu gio qua cc thi k, cc phong cch kiu dng.-Ch vit, c bit l ch Phn, dng vit vn, ghi ti liu, khc bia v ch Pa-li dng vit kinh Pht.T ch vit m vn hc Hindu v vn hc truyn thng c ghi li, c sng to, nh hai b s thi Ma-ha-bha-ra-ta v Ra-ma-ya-na, cc tc phm ca Ka-li-a-sa nh S-kun-t-laNgi n mang vn ho, c bit l vn hc truyn thng ca mnh, truyn b ra bn ngoi.Cc nc ng Nam khng ch chu nh hng rt r rt, m cn c hc hi vn ho truyn thng n , c bit l hc v s dng ch c n , ri t m sng to ra ch vit ca mnh.