load bearing wall and tubular structures

7/30/2019 Load Bearing Wall and Tubular Structures

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Capacity to withstand, To carry, Capability

A load-bearing wall is a wall that bears a load restingupon it by conducting its weight to a foundation

structure.

Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of

construction.

The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large

buildings are concrete, block, or brick


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Depending on the type of building and the number of stories, load-bearing

walls are gauged to the appropriate thickness to carry the weight above them


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In housing, load-bearing walls are most common in the light construction method known

as "platform framing", and each load-bearing wall sits on a wall sill plate which is mated

to the lowest base plate. The sills are bolted to the masonry or concrete foundation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(construction)


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cavity wall, , a double wall consisting of two (vertical layers) of masonryseparated by an air space and joined together by metal ties.


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a cavity wall system can be designed to provide both structure and the

enclosing skin.

Building this system consists of constructing a series of single story structures,

one on top of the other.

Combining load bearing cavity walls and precast concrete plank floors canmake for efficient, economical and speedy construction.


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FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURE

BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE

TUBE IN TUBE SRTRUCTURE


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Water Tower Place is a large urban, mixed-use development comprising a

758,000 sq ft (70,400 m2) shopping mall and 74 story skyscraperin Chicago,

Illinois, United States. The complex is located at 835 North Michigan Avenue,

along the Magnificent Mile. It is named after the nearby Chicago Water Tower.

It is owned by General Growth Properties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificent_Milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Water_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Growth_Propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Growth_Propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Water_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificent_Milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area


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Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals

loads primarily through the axial stiffness of the frame members. high ratio of stiffness to material quantity, is recognized for multi-

storey building

Generally regarded as an exclusively steel system

an economical structural form for any height of buildings, up to the

very tallest.

Advantages:-

Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing action-Floor framing design is independent of its level in the structure.Can be repetitive up the height of the building with obvious economy indesign and fabrication.


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classic solution for a tube uniquely suited to

the qualities and character of structural steel.

Interconnect all exterior columns to form a

rigid box, which can resist lateral shears by

axial

Introducing a minimum number of

diagonals on each faade and making the

diagonal intersect at the same point at the

corner column.

The whole structure is supported by the

five steel columns at the corners of the

building, with the triangular frameworks

transferring the weight of the structure onto

these five columns. It is covered with glasscurtain walls.

While its distinctive look makes it one of

Hong Kong's most identifiable landmarks

today

ba


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The John Hancock Center

One of the most famous buildings of

the structural expressionist style,

X-bracing exterior is actually a hintthat the structure's skin is indeed part

of its 'tubular system'.

This is one of the architectural

techniques which the architects used to

achieve a record height (is the

structure that keeps the building uprightduring wind and earthquake loads

. This X-bracing allows for both

higher performance from tall structures

and the ability to open up the inside

floorplan


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Tube-in-Tube structuresThis is a type of framed tube consisting of an outer-

framed tube together

The inner tube may consist of braced

frames.The outer and inner tubes act jointly in resisting both

gravity and lateral

loading in steel-framed buildings.

the outer tube usually plays a

dominant role because of its much greater structural

depth.

The Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States

and the seventh-tallest freestanding structure in the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States


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Structural Developments in Tall Buildings:Current Trends and Future Prospects

Tall building developments have been rapidly increasing worldwide.

Traditionally the function of tall buildings has been as commercial office buildings. Otherusages, such as residential, mixed-use, and hotel tower developments have since rapidly

increased


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Future Prospects Development of new technology occurs basedupon necessity, and the technology evolves towards enhancedefficiency. constructing tall buildings in the past and theirevolutionary paths up to the present towards even taller and moreefficient structures to maximize land uses more economically are

within this track.

load bearing wall and tubular structures

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