lkf vf[ky hkkjrh; lalœfr kku ijh{kk · 2020. 12. 6. · lalÑfr kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk...
TRANSCRIPT
l k fo|k ; k foeqÙkQ
; s
fo|k H
kkjrh laLÑfr f'k{kk laLFkku
d{kk ö ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ,oacky oxZ ds iz'ueap gsrq ikB~; iqLrd
fo|k Hkkjrh laLÏfr f'k{kk laLFkku
}kjk lapkfyr
vf[ky Hkkjrh; laLœfr Kku ijh{kkcks/kekyk 6
egku laxhrK iafMr jfo'kadj(7 vizSy 1920 ls 11 fnlEcj 2012)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh2
fuosnufo'o ds çk;% lHkh ns'kksa esa /eZ] laLÑfr ,oa viuh jk"Vªh;rk dk Kku Nk=kksa
dks djkuk muds f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk egÙoiw.kZ vax gS] ijUrq nqHkkZX;o'k /eZ&HkwfeHkkjr esa /eZ] laLÑfr dh f'k{kk dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gSA ijk/hurk ds dky esagekjs /eZ ,oa laLÑfr ds çfr vukLFkk mRi djus ds ;kstukc¼ ç;kl gq, rFkkbl i{k dh ?kksj mis{kk dh xbZ ijUrq Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkh Nk=kksa esa vius /eZ,oa laLÑfr dk xkSjo Hkko tkxzr djus dk çHkkoh ç;Ru ugha gqvkA jk"Vª dh orZekunqjkoLFkk dk ;g Hkh ,d dkj.k gSA
vkt Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu ykus dh ppkZ py jghgSA f'k{kk dks ewY;ijd cukus dh vko';drk vuqHko dh tk jgh gS] lekt dksKku ,oa foKkue; cukus dk ;Ru gks jgk gSA bl n`f"V ls loZçFke gesa vius Nk=kksadks HkkoukRed n`f"V ls f'kf{kr djus dh vko';drk gSA vius 'kk'or /eZ]laLÑfr] uhfr ,oa jk"Vªh;rk dh f'k{kk dks f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa çeq[k LFkku nsus dhvko';drk gSA gekjs iwoZtksa us Kku&foKku ds fofHk {ks=kksa esa ekuork ds fodklds fy, vf}rh; ;ksxnku fd;k gSμ;g tkudkjh vius Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks nsrs gq,muesa xkSjoHkko ,oa vkRefo'okl tkxzr djus dh vko';drk gSA bl Hkkouk dslkFk bl iqLrd&Üka[kyk dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSA iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd ns'k ds lHkhfo|ky; bl ;kstuk ls vo'; ykHkkfUor gksaxsA
çLrqr iqfLrdk esa fofHk fo"k;ksa dks laf{kIr :i esa fn;k x;k gSA laLÑfrKku ijh{kk ,oa ç'ueap tSls dk;ZØeksa ds fy, rks ;g iqLrd ekyk mi;ksxh gS gh]ijUrq vkpk;Z cU/qvksa ls fuosnu gS fd os buds lEcU/ esa Nk=kksa dks lUnHkZ lfgrfoLrkj ls Hkh crk;sa rkfd Nk=kksa esa vkSj xgu vè;;u djus dh çsj.kk txsA
lfpofo|k Hkkjrh laLÑfr f'k{kk laLFkku
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh3
izLrkoukfdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lcls cM+h lEifÙk mudh laLÑfr gSA laLÑfr ,d ,slk
ifjos'k gS] ftlesa jgdj euq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh curk gS vkSj çkÑfrd n'kkvksadks vius vuqdwy cukus dh {kerk çkIr djrk gSA laLÑfr dk rkRi;Z dsoyf'k"Vkpkj ds <axksa ls gh ugha vfirq ml O;oLFkk ls gS ftlesa ge thou dsçfrekuksa] vkpj.k dh fofèk;ksa] ijEijkvksa] fopkjksa] lkekftd ewY;ksa] èkkfeZdfo'oklksa vkSj ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dks lfEefyr djrs gSaA laLÑfr dh vfHkO;fDr]lkfgR; l`tu] yfyr dykvksa] ioks±] R;ksgkjksa rFkk mRloksa ds ekè;e ls gksrh gSA
lalkj ds lHkh fo}kuksa us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd lcls iqjkuh laLÑfr Hkkjro"kZdh gh gSA lkFk gh ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr lcls izkphugh ugha] lcls Js"B Hkh gS Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa èkeZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k iq#"kkFkZ prq"V~;dk lekos'k gSA blesa Hkh èkeZ dh izeq[krk gSA O;fDrxr ,oa vkfFkZd mUufr HkhèkekZèkkfjr gks] ;g Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa gh cryk;k x;k gSA
ijksidkj% iq.;k;] ikik; ijihMue~ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds lkoZykSfdd dY;k.kdh o`fÙk dks gh n'kkZrk gSA vFkkZr~ O;ofLFkr] lE;da ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftdthou thus dh dyk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izdV Lo:i gSA O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt]jk"Vª] fo'o] l`f"V ,oa ijes"Bh dh lIrinh ;k=kk ls gh ge lHkh nkf;Roksa dklE;d fuoZgu djrs gq, ijerÙo esa ,dkdkj gks ldrs gSaA bu lkaLÑfrd vkn'kks±dk cksèk djkds budks vxyh ih<+h dks gLrkUrfjr djuk ;g gekjh f'k{kk dkiz;kstu gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh4
vuqØef.kdkØñ fo"k; i`"B la[;kû- ekr`Hkwfe Hkkjr % ÿ
gekjs çns'k] ekr`Hkwfe ds lEcUèk esa egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh]ekFks ij rks Hkkjr gh jgsxk] ns'kHkfDr xhr]vktkn gh jgsaxs] egkiq#"kksa dh tUefrfFk;k¡A
ü- olqèkSo oqQVqEcde % ûþbZ'oj&n'kZu ds :i] ijksidkj vkSj lsokHkko] Hkkstuea=k] ^çkr%Lej.k**] ,dkRerk Lrks=ke~&unh] ioZr ,oaizkphu iqfj;k¡] l`f"V esa ijLij iwjdrk] èkeZikydHkDr vkSj lUr] fgUnw ekU;rkvksa ds oSKkfud vkèkkj]fo'o dks izHkkfor djus okyh egku~ foHkwfr;k¡] er&iaFkA
ý- laLdkjksa dh ikou ijEijk % üýlkaLÑfrd ioZ&R;ksgkj] rhFkZ] efUnj] ln~xzUFk] larok.kh]f'k"Vkpkj] xq#HkDrksa dh dFkk,¡] fe=k ,oa Hkzkr`&çse]vkn'kZ ckyd ds xq.k] lksyg laLdkjA
þ- gekjk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl % ýýHkkjrh; dky x.kuk] LojkT;&lw;Z egkjk.kk çrki]jkek;.k dh dFkk] cky ØkfUrdkjh] ouoklh ,oatutkrh; lekt dk ;ksxnkuA
ÿ- Hkkjrh; foKku dh mTToy ijEijk % ýöHkkjrh; oSKkfud] iwoZdky ds Hkkjrh; jlk;uK vkSjmudh iqLrdsa] vk;qosZn] ifo=k ,oa vkS"kèkh; ouLifr]ç'uksÙkj] oSKkfud çsjd çlax] vUrfj{k foKkuA
ö- lkekU; Kku % þúiqjLdkj] [ksy&txr] dqN tkudkfj;k¡] dqN fo'ks"ktkudkjh] oqQN egRoiw.kZ fnol] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku]fo|k Hkkjrh }kjk fu/kZfjr ikap vk/kjHkwr fo"k; ,oamudk mís';A
÷- gekjs jk"Vªuk;d % þÿvkpk;Z JhegkçK] nknk lkgc iQkYds] nÙkksiar BsaxM+h]eèkqukiaryq lR;ukjk;.k'kkL=kh] foosdkuUn f'kykLekjd]jk"Vªuk;dksa ds fopkjA
ç'ui=k dk Lo:i
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh5
vksfM'kk
û ekr`Hkwfe Hkkjr
izR;sd Hkkjrh; dks ;g ns'k izk.kksa ls Hkh vfèkd I;kjk gSA bldk d.k&d.kifo=k gSA rHkh rks izR;sd Hkkjrh; xkrk gS] ^d.k&d.k esa lks;k 'kghn] iRFkj&iRFkjbfrgkl gSA** bl Hkwfe ds ix&ix ij mRlxZ vkSj 'kkS;Z dk bfrgkl vafdr gSA bldsLo:i dk o.kZu ok.kh o ys[kuh }kjk vlEHko gS] fiQj Hkh ekrk ds iq=k gksus ds ukrsgesa blds HkO;&fnO; Lo:i dk vfèkdkfèkd Kku izkIr djuk pkfg,A viuh blefgeke;h] ifo=k ekrHkwfe ds Hkkjro"kZ] vk;kZorZ] Hkjr&[k.M] fgUnqLFkku vkfn vusduke gSaA viuh ekrHkwfe ds izfr fdruh J¼k gksrh gS ogk¡ ds jgus okyksa esa! D;ksa ugks\ ek¡ ds thou dk gh va'k mldh larku gS&rHkh ekr`Hkwfe ds iqtkjh xkrs gSaμ
lqUnj gkasxs ns'k cgqr ls] cgqr cM+h gS ;g /jrhAij viuh ek¡ rks viuh gS] vfer I;kj gS tks djrhAAbPNk gS bl tUeHkwfe ij] 'kr&'kr ckj tUe ysa geA'kr&'kr ckj bldh lsok esa] viuk thou ns nsa geAA
iwoZ dky esa viuh ekr`Hkwfe dh lhekvksa ds vUrxZr iwoZ esa czã ns'k] if'peesa ikfdLrku rFkk viQxkfuLrku (mi&x.kLFkku)] mÙkj esa frCcr] rFkk nf{k.k esaJhyadk vkfn ns'k lfEefyr FksA
lu~ 1947 bZñ esa Lora=krk çkfIr ds lkFk&lkFk vkèkk iatkc] flUèk ,oe~cywfpLrku rFkk lhek çkUr if'peh ikfdLrku ds :i esa vkSj iwohZ caxky iwohZikfdLrku (caxyk ns'k) ds :i esa vyx dj fn, x,A
gekjs çns'k
gekjk ns'k cgqr cM+k gSA iz'kklu dhn`f"V ls blesa üø jkT;ksaa ,oa ù dsUæ'kkflr izns'kksa dh jpuk dh xbZ gSA vkb,]ge vksfM'kk vkSj xqtjkr jkT; dhtkudkjh izkIr djsaA
vksfM'kk Hkkjr ds iwohZ rV ij fLFkr gSAvksfM'kk dks iwoZ dky esa dfyax] vksMª vkSjmRdy rhu ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk jgk gSA lkaLÑfrdbfrgkl dh n`f"V ls bl jkT; dh vfr egÙkk gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh6
ns'k ds çfl¼ pkj /keksa esa ls ,d /ke txUukFkiqjh blh izns'k esa fLFkr gS] ftlesacyjke] txUukFk (JhÑ".k) ,oa lqHkæk dh HkO; dk"B ewfrZ;k¡ izfrf"Br gSaA vk"kk<+'kqDy f}rh;k ds fnu ;gk¡ nwj&nwj ls J¼kyq HkDr vkrs gSa vkSj fo'o izfl¼txUukFk jFk;k=kk esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA blh izdkj dks.kkdZ dk izfl¼ lw;Z eafnj Hkh blhjkT; esa gSA bl jkT; dh jktèkkuh Hkqous'oj gSA
Hkqous'oj ds ikl mn;fxfj vkSj [k.Mfxfj uked izfl¼ xqiQk,¡ gSaA bl jkT;esa tUesa izfl¼ dfo t;nso us laLÑr esa ^xhr&xksfoUne~** uked dkO; dh jpukdh Fkh] ftlds laLÑr 'yksd txUukFk eafnj esa laxhrc¼ djds xk, tkrs gSaA lHkhlEiznk; rFkk tu&tkfr lekt ln~Hkkouk lfgr vksfM'kk esa izkphu le; ls jg jgs gSaA
vksfM'kk ds lEcU/ esa tkuus ;ksX; dqN vU; ckrsa μ1- vksfM'kk dh jkt/kuh ------------------------- gSA (Hkqous'oj)
2- vksfM'kk esa ikjknhi uke dk cM+k ---------------------- gSA (cUnjxkg)
3- Hkkjr ds dPps yksgs ds lk/uksa dk --------------------- bl jkT; esa gSA(,d frgkbZ Hkkx)
4- vksfM'kk dh izeq[k ufn;k¡ gSa μ (d) ----------------------- ([k) ---------------------
(x) ----------------------------- (egkunh] oSrj.kh] czkã.kh)
5- lacyiqj uxj ds fudV ------- ck¡/ ------ ij gSA (ghjkoqQM] egkunh)
6- vksfM'kk dk izfl¼ u`R; ---------- vkSj ;gk¡ dh izeq[k Hkk"kk ----------- gSA(vksfMlh] vksfM+;k)
7- vksfM'kk esa Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h ySxwu >hy ---------------- gSA (fpYdk)
8- ----------------------- vksfM'kk dk lcls cM+k 'kgj gSA (dVd)
9- ;gk¡ pk¡nh ds irys rkjksa dk dke ----------------- uke ls çfl¼ gSA (rkjd'kh)
10- vksfM+;k esa xhr dks ------------------- dgrs gSaA (pEiw)
xqtjkrHkkjr ds if'peh rV ij fLFkr xqtjkr izns'k izkÑfrd lEink ls rks Hkjiwj
gS gh] lkFk gh bldk lkaLÑfrd bfrgkl Hkh cgqr le`¼ gSA Hkxoku JhÑ".k usblh izns'k dks jkT; LFkkfir djus ds fy, pquk ,oa lkxj&rV ij }kjdk dks viuhjktèkkuh cuk;kA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh (ewy'kadj) dk tUe LFkku gksus dk xkSjoHkh blh çns'k dks gSA egkRek xk¡/h dk tUe iksjcUnj esa gqvkA ykSgiq#"k ljnkj
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh7
oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy Hkh blh jkT; ds liwrFks] ftUgksaus J¼k ds dsUæ lkseukFk dsefUnj dk Lora=krk ds ckn iqufuZekZ.k djokusesa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA ljnkj iVsy dhLe`fr esa jk"Vªh; ,drk ds çrhd :i esamudh fo'o dh lcls Å¡ph ewfrZ (LVsP;wvkWiQ ;wfuVh) LFkkfir dh xbZ gS ftldhÅ¡pkbZ 182 ehVj gSA bl ewfrZ ds fuekZ.k esaHkkjr ds çR;sd xzke ls Ñf"k midj.kksa dkyksgk ,d=k fd;k x;k gSA blh izns'k esaikfyrk.kk uked LFkku izfl¼ tSu&rhFkZ gS]tgk¡ 863 eafnj gSaA dPN èkksykfojk esa ik¡pgtkj o"kZ iwoZ ds O;ofLFkr uxjh; O;oLFkk ds vo'ks"k vHkh izkIr gq, gSa] ftlls Li"Vgksrk gS fd xqtjkr izns'k esa Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd /jksgj 'krkfCn;ksa iwoZ fodflr gkspqdh Fkh tks vkt Hkh lqjf{kr gSA xjck bl jkT; dk izfl¼ uR; gSA ueZnk unh ijljnkj ljksoj uked cgqmís'kh; ck¡èk ifj;kstuk dk fuekZ.k iwjk gks pqdk gSA
jkT; ds lEcU/ esa tkuus ;ksX; ckrsa μ1- xqtjkr izns'k dh jkT;Hkk"kk xqtjkrh gSA
2- xk¡/huxj bldh jkt/kuh gS] tks lkcjerh unh ds fudV fLFkr gSA
3- dk¡Myk mÙkj&if'peh Hkkjr dk eq[; cUnjxkg gSA4- dPN dk juμeq[;r% nyny okyk {ks=k gSA [kEHkkr dh [kkM+h ds fdukjs
leqæ&ty ls ued rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA5- d.kkZorh (vgenkckn) rFkk lwjr lwrh diM+s ds m|ksx ds fy, cgqr izfl¼ gSaA6- vadys'oj esa [kfut rsy vkSj isVªksfy;e çkIr gksrk gSA7- ekghunh ij cuk dMkuk ck¡/ bl jkT; dh fctyh ,oa flapkbZ dh
vko';drk,a¡ iwjh djrk gSA
ekr`Hkwfe ds lEcUèk esa egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh
d- ufn;ksa dh ifo=k ty&/kjk,¡ lnSo bl ekr`Hkwfe dks flafprdjrh jgrh gSaA vki crkb;s fdμ
1- fo'o esa lcls l?ku clk gqvk ,oa lcls fo'kky ufn;ksa dk eSnku dkSu&lk gS\(xaxk&;equk dk eSnku)
xqtjkr
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh8
2- mÙkj Hkkjr dh N% ifo=k ufn;ksa ds uke crkb;sA(xaxk] ;equk] flU/q] czãiq=k] xkserh] lj;w)
3- nf{k.k Hkkjr dh N% ifo=k ufn;ksa ds uke crkb;sA(egkunh] xksnkojh] Ñ".kk] dkosjh] rqaxHkæk] rkezi.khZ)
4- lw;Ziq=kh fdl unh dks dgk tkrk gS\ (;equk)
5- fdl lw;Zoa'kh jktk ds ç;klksa ls Hkkjr&Hkwfe ij xaxk vorfjr gqbZ\(HkxhjFk)
6- ukjk;.k Hkxoku us xaxks=kh ls ifo=k ty ykdj fdl dq.M dk fuekZ.k fd;k\(ukjk;.k dq.M] xqtjkr)
7- ueZnk unh dk mn~xe&LFkku dgk¡ gS\ (vejd.Vd] eñizñ)
[k- vkb, ge tkus gekjs ifo=k ioZrksa ds ukeksa dksμ
1- ikfj;k=k fdl ioZr dk laLÑr uke gS\ (vjkoyh)
2- pUnu ds l?ku ou okys ioZr dk D;k uke gS\ (ey; ioZr)
3- cnjhukFk /ke esa fdu ik¡p f'kykvksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\(ukjnf'kyk] ekdZ.Ms;f'kyk] u`flagf'kyk] ojkgf'kyk] x#M+f'kyk)
4- uhyfxfj ioZr -------------------- izns'k esa gSA (dukZVd)
5- lriqM+k dh igkfM+;k¡ --------------- dh 'kksHkk c<+k jgh gSaA (eè;&çns'k)
6- Hkkjr ds eè; esa ----------------------- ioZr gSA (foUè;kpy)
7- fdruk fo'kky gS fgeky; ioZr! bldh lcls Å¡ph pksVh dk uke-------------gSA(lxjekFkk@,ojsLV)
8- ueZnk] lksuHkæ vkfn ifo=k ufn;k¡ ----- ioZr f'k[kj ls fudyrh gSaA (vejd.Vd)
(x) vkb,] ge tkusa }kn'k T;ksfrfy±xksa dksAlkseukFk (xqtjkr)] efYydktqZu (Jh'kSye~] vkUèkzçns'k)] egkdkys'oj
(mTtf;uh] eè;izns'k)] ijes'oj tks fd vkasdkjs'oj ds uke ls izfl¼ gS(eè;&izns'k)] dsnkjukFk (mÙkjk[k.M)] Hkhe'kadj (egkjk"Vª)] fo'oukFk (dk'kh]m-iz-)] =;Ecds'oj (ukfld] egkjk"Vª)] oS|ukFk (>kj[k.M)] ukxs'oj (xqtjkr)jkes'oje~ (rfeyukMq)] ?kq'es'oj@?k`".ks'oj (egkjk"Vª)A
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh9
(?k) fuEufyf[kr LFkku dgk¡ fLFkr gSa\
(d) oS".kks nsoh (tEew&d'ehj) ([k) oS'kkyh (fcgkj) (x) r{kf'kyk(jkoyfi.Mh (ikfdLrku) (?k) dqaHkkuxj (viQxkfuLrku) (Ä) iatklkfgc(ikfdLrku) (p) yoiqj (ykgkSj) (ikfdLrku)
vius ns'k dh orZeku lhek,¡x- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, μ1- mÙkj esa xxupqEch --------------------- ioZr gSA (fgeky;)2- nf{k.k esa ---------------------------- blds pj.k i[kkjrk gSA
(fgUnq egklkxj)3- nf{k.k&iwoZ esa ---------------- ,oa nf{k.k&if'pe esa --------------- gSA
(xaxklkxj] flU/qlkxj)4- iwoZ esa ------------------------ gSA (czãns'k ;k E;kaekj)5- mÙkj&if'pe esa ---------------------- ,oa ------------------ ns'k gSaA
(ikfdLrku] viQxkfuLrku)6- viQxkfuLrku] cekZ] frCcr ds izkphu ukeA
1--------------------2-------------------------------3---------------------------- gSaA
(mix.kLFkku] czãns'k] f=kfo"Vi)
ekFks ij rks Hkkjr gh jgsxkgekjs eu esa lnSo vius jk"Vª dk LokfHkeku cuk jguk pkfg,A Lokeh jkerhFkZ
ds thou dk ,d izlax gesa ;gh izsj.kk nsrk gSA
vius <kbZ o"kZ ds vejhdh çokl esa Lokeh jkerhFkZ dks HksaV Lo:i tks izpqj/ujkf'k feyh Fkh og lc mUgksaus vU; ns'kksa ds fuèkZuksa ds fy, lefiZr dj nhAmuds ikl jg xbZ dsoy ,d vejhdh iks'kkdA Lokeh jkerhFkZ vejhdk ls okilykSV vkus ds ckn ,d fnu og iks'kkd iguus yxsA dksV&iSaV iguus ds ctk;mUgksaus da/ksa ls yVdk fy, vkSj vejhdh twrs ik¡o esa Mkydj [kM+s gks x, fdarqdherh Vksih dh txg mUgksaus viuk lknk lkiQk gh vius flj ij ck¡/kA
fdlh us muls iwNk& ^vkius bruk lqUnj gSV rks iguk gh ugha\** cM+h eLrhesa mUgkssaus tokc fn;k& ^^jke ds flj&ekFks ij rks ges'kk egku~ Hkkjr gh jgsxk]vycÙkk vejhdk ik¡oksa esa iM+k jg ldrk gSA** bruk dgdj mUgksaus uhps >qddjekr`Hkwfe dh feV~Vh mBkbZ vkSj ekFks ij yxk yhA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh10
ns'kHkfDr xhrekr`Hkwfe fir`Hkwfe /eZHkw egku~Hkjr Hkw egku~ gS] egku~ gS] egku~A
dSykl] dk'ehj ftlds Hkky ds eqdqV&ef.kgaS yksd esa izfl¼ tks vuwi :i ds /uhgS u fo'o esa egku~ LFkku ftu lekuAA Hkjr Hkw--------AA
tgk¡ fo'kky tkÉoh] ljLorh o xkserh]dkSf'kdh] dkosjh] lj;w] rkIrh] bjkorhczã] flU/q ueZnk xksnkojh egku~AA Hkjr Hkw--------AA
;s #æ T;ksfrfy±x ftldh fnO;rk ds nhi gSavusd 'kfDrihB ftldh 'kfDr ds izrhd gSacnjh txu }kjdk jkes'k ftlds /keAA Hkjr Hkw--------AA
;g rÙonf'kZ;ksa] egkeuhf"k;ksa dh gS /jk;gk¡ fuokl lar fl¼ ;ksfx;ksa dk gS lnktu&tu esa okl dj jgs Hkxoku jke&';keAA Hkjr Hkw---AA
laU;kfl;ksa] Hkwiky] pØofrZ;ksa dh tUe&HkwLo/eZ èot iQgjk x;s tks fo'oHkj esa nwj&nwjlquks vrhr xk jgk fot;Jh ds xkuAA Hkjr Hkw--------AA
iq=k:i fgUnw lekt
^^rstlka u fg o;% leh{;rs** rstLoh o ijkØeh egkiq#"kksa ds thou esavk;q dk dksbZ egÙo ughaA ohjizlwrk Hkkjr ek¡ dh dks[k ls tUes vla[;ohj iq=kksa us Lo;a dks bfrgkl esa vej dj fy;kA vkb,] mu ohjksa ,oa mudsdk;ks± dk Lej.k dj ge Hkh mu tSlk cuus dk ladYi ysaA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh11
^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork* tgk¡ ukfj;ksa dh iwtk gksrh gS] ogk¡nsork fuokl djrs gSaA viuh Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa esa HkDr ,oa deZ;ksxhukfj;ksa dh vf/d ekU;rk gSA Hkkjrh; ukjh esa vrqyuh; 'kfDr gSA uhps dqNegku~ ukfj;ksa ds dk;ks± dk o.kZu gS] ftuds dkj.k mUgksaus ukjh dh xfjekdks mTToy fd;k gSA
1- ^^;ejkt ! esjk lqgkx ykSVk nksA**] ;ejkt us dgk] ^^ugha dqN vkSj ek¡xks**Arks esjs lkl&'olqj dks us=k T;ksfr iznku djsaA ^^rFkkLrq** ^esjs lkl&'olqjdk jkT; okil vk tk;sA** ^^gk¡] ;g gks tk;sxkA** ^^vPNk] ;ejkt ,dojnku vkSj nhft,A** ^^D;k \** ^^eSa fu"dyad iq=korh gksÅ¡ !** ;ejkt usfcuk lksps le>s dg fn;k] ^rFkkLrq !** vksg] fcuk ifr ds iq=k dSls\ vUresa ;ejkt us mlds ifr dks thfor dj fn;kA bl izdkj ------------- us viuhlw>&cw> vkSj /S;Z ls vius ifr dks thfor djok fy;kA (lkfo=kh)
2- e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke Jhjke dk pkSng o"kZ rd ouokl ds dfBu dky esa lkFk nsusokyh egku~ ifrozrk ukjh -------------------------- Fkha] ftUgksaus yo] dq'k tSls ohj iq=kksadks tUe fn;kA (lhrk)
3- Hkkerh okpLifr feJ dh iRuh FkhA xzaFk ç.k;u ds le; og feJ th dhlsok rYyhurk ls djrh jghaA ijUrq os Lo;a xzaFk jpuk esa brus rYyhu jgrsFks fd uofookfgr gksus ds i'pkr Hkh mldks fcYdqy gh Hkwy x,A xzaFklekfIr ij Hkkerh us O;aX; ls bldh f'kdk;r dhA okpLifr us iwNk & rqedkSu gks\ Hkkerh us mÙkj fn;k & ^^eSa vkidh lgèkeZpkfj.kh gw¡A** okpLifrus muds leiZ.k ,oa lg;ksx ls çlUu gksdj bl 'kadj Hkk"; ds fo[;krO;k[;k xzaFk dk uke ---------------- j[k fn;kA (Hkkerh Vhdk)
;fn ns'k fgr ejuk iM+s eq>dks lglzksa ckj Hkh]rks Hkh u eSa bl d"V dks fut è;ku esa ykÅ¡ dHkhAgs bZ'k! Hkkjro"kZ esa 'kr ckj esjk tUe gks]dkj.k lnk gh e`R;q dk ns'kksidkjd deZ gksAA
dks"Bd esa fy[ks ukeksa esa ls lgh uke ij lgh (✔) dk fu'kku yxkb,&
1- ns'k dk dk;Z Jhjke th dk dk;Z gSA esjh ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok gh JhÑ".k dhlsok gSA ;g okD; fdlus dgk\ (ohj lkojdj] enuyky <haxjk
✔)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh12
2- fpurs&fpurs nhokj xnZu rd igq¡p xbZA nksuksa dh vk¡[ksa feyha] eqLdjk,A,dVd ,d nwljs dks ns[krs jgsA ,dk,d cMs+ HkkbZ dh vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw VidiMs+] NksVs HkkbZ (tksjkoj flag] jke flag] iQrsg
flag) us iwNk] ^HkS;k D;k
e`R;q ls Mj x,\** ugha HkS;k] ^fgUnw dHkh ekSr ls Mjrk gS D;k\** cMs+ HkkbZ(tksjkoj
flag] jke flag] iQrsg flag) us mÙkj fn;kA ^vk¡[ksa blfy, Hkj
vk;ha fd eSaus igys tUe fy;k ijUrq /eZ ij cfynku igys rqe gks jgs gksA**
3- 'k=kq ls yM+rs gq, ;q¼ ds eSnku esa xq: xksfoUn flag ds iq=kksa us vius izk.kksadk cfynku fd;kA(vthr
flag] tq>kj
flag] iQrsg flag] tksjkoj flag)
4- ^^rqEgas /u feysxk] jkT; feysxkA** ij fdlfy,\** ^^dsoy viuk /eZNksM+dj bLyke dcwy dj yksA** ^ughaA ^dHkh ugha**A vkSj var esa mls feyhekSrA (ckyd gdhdr
jk;] i`Foh flag)
5- jktk nq";Ur dks ;g ns[kdj cM+k vk'p;Z gqvk fd ;g ckyd NksVh vk;q esagh 'ksjuh ds cPps ls [ksy jgk gSA (yo] dq'k] Hkjr
)
6- eneLr dqoy;kihM gkFkh dks vius ckgqcy ls ftlusijkLr fd;kA (Hkjr] jke] Ñ".k
] vfHkeU;q)
7- pØO;wg ls fpfUrr ;qf/f"Bj dks ftlus pØO;wg&Hksnu dk chM+k mBkdjvk'p;Z esa Mky fn;k vkSj pØO;wg esa rhj dh Hkk¡fr vdsyk gh izos'k djx;kA (vfHkeU;q
] ,dyO;)
^^vktkn gh jgsaxs**pUæ'ks[kj dks idM+us ds fy, ,d iqfyl okyk muds ihNs Hkkxk] ij os
idM+s ugha x,] ysfdu pUnu dk Vhdk yxkus ds dkj.k os 'kh?kz igpku fy, x,Atc mUgsa U;k;kèkh'k ds lkeus is'k fd;k rks ogk¡ mUgksaus viuk uke vkT+kkn crk;k]firk dk uke iwNs tkus ij dgk ^^LorU=k** rFkk ?kj dk irk iwNs tkus ij^^tsy[kkuk** crk;k] bl çdkj ds mÙkj lqudj mUgsa 15 csarksa dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ]blds ckn os vkT+kkn ds uke ls çfl¼ gq,] vkT+kkn us NksVh&lh mez esa gh çfrKkdh Fkh %μ
^^nq'eu dh xksfy;ksa dk ge lkeuk djsaxs]vkT+kkn gh jgs gSa] vkT+kkn gh jgsaxs**A
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh13
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds mÙkj fy[ksa μ1- ^oUns ekrje~* jk"Vªxhr ds jpf;rk dkSu Fks\ (cafdepUæ pV~Vksikè;k;)2- ^oUns ekrje~* jk"Vªxhr fdl iqLrd esa gS\ (vkuUn eB)
3- ^^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds N% Lof.kZe i`"B** iqLrd ds Økafrdkjh ys[kd dkSu Fks\(ohj fouk;d lkojdj)
4- vk;qfoZKku ds tUenkrk dkSu Fks\ (èkUoUrfj)
5- ijek.kq fl¼kUr ds vkfo"drkZ izkphu Hkkjrh; ½f"k dkSu Fks\ (d.kkn)
6- jktOkqQy esa tUe ysdj Hkh jktkfèkdkj ls oafpr jgsA ftuds cqf¼] dkS'ky]Kku] uhfr vkSj lR;&opuksa ls çHkkfor gksdj JhÑ".k] nq;ksZ/u ds jktHkksxNksM+dj buds ?kj dk lkx [kkdj larq"V gq,\ (egkRek fonqj)
egkiq#"kksa dh tUefrfFk;k¡ge fo|ky; esa egkiq#"kksa dh t;fUr;k¡ eukrs gSa] buesa dqN dh
tUefrfFk;k¡ ge ;gk¡ ns jgs gSaA bUgsa vki Lej.k dhft,A
egkiq#"k dk uke tUe frfFk
Hkxoku Jhjke pS=k 'kqDy 9 (uoeh)
Hkxoku egkohj pS=k 'kqDy 13 (=k;ksn'kh)
Hkxoku cq¼ oS'kk[k 'kqDy 15 (iwf.kZek)
osnO;kl vk"kk<+ 'kqDy 15 (iwf.kZek)
Hkxoku JhÑ".k Hkkæ[email protected] Ñ".k 8 (v"Veh)
egf"kZ vjfoUn ?kks"k Jko.k 'kqDy] ,dkn'kh] foñ lEor~ 1929
xksLokeh rqylhnkl Jko.k 'kqDy 7 (lIreh)] foñ lEor~ 1554
egf"kZ okYehfd vkf'ou 'kqDy 15 (iwf.kZek)
xq# ukudnso dkfrZd 'kqDy 15 (iwf.Zkek)] foñ lEor 1526
Lokeh jkerhFkZ dkfrZd vekoL;k] foñ lEor~ 1930
xq#xksfoUn flag ikS"k 'kqDy lIreh] foñ lEor~ 1723
lar jfonkl ek?k iwf.kZek] foñ lEor~ 1388
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh14
ü olqèkSo oqQVqEcde~
loZ'kfDreku] ije psru lÙkk gh bZ'oj gSA ogh lkjs lalkj esa lek;k gqvkgSA mifu"kn~ esa dgk gS] ^bZ'kkokL;fena lo± ;fRdf ÛÓRtxR;ka txr~A**--- vFkkZr~ bllalkj esa tks tM+&psru gS] mu lcesa bZ'oj lek;k gqvk gSA Hkxoku Ñ".k us Hkh xhrkesa vtqZu ls dgk gS] ^bZ'oj% loZHkwrkuka âís'ks¿tqZu fr"BfrA** vFkkZr~ gs vtqZu! bZ'ojlHkh çkf.k;ksa ds ân; esa fLFkr gSA
bZ'oj&n'kZu ds :igekjs ½f"k&eqfu;ksa] HkDrksa&lUrksa vkSj Kkfu;ksa us bZ'oj dks tM+ vkSj psru lHkh
esa ekuk gSA mUgksaus vius Kku vkSj HkfDr ds Lrj ij ml ijekRek ds n'kZufHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa fd, gSa] rHkh rks dgk x;k gS fd çkr% mBrs gh vius gkFkesa gh bZ'oj ds rhu :iksa dk n'kZu djsa vkSj è;ku djsa fd og bZ'oj gekjs gkFkds vxzHkkx (maxfy;ksa) esa y{eh ds :i esa] eè; Hkkx (gFksyh) esa ljLorh ds:i esa vkSj gkFk ds ewy (vfUre Hkkx) esa xksfoUn ds :i esa clrk gSA vusdnsoh&nsorkvksa vkSj vorkjksa ds :i esa geus bZ'oj ds n'kZu fd, gSa vkSj mldh iwtkdh gSA bruk gh ugha] rks ml bZ'oj dks vusd ukeksa ls iqdkjk Hkh gS_ tSlsμ jke]Ñ".k] czãk] f'ko] bUæ] ;e vkSj fo".kq&ukjk;.k] cq¼] egkohj] vkfnA lr~xq#&vdkyiq#"k ds :i esa mlh bZ'oj dk o.kZu gSA blhfy, bZ'oj ds iwtu dh fofèk;k¡ Hkhvyx&vyx gSaA
nqxkZ] y{eh] ikoZrh vkfn dks mlh bZ'oj dh 'kfDr ekudj iwtk djrs gSaA iwtkvkSj mikluk dh ;s lkjh fofèk;k¡ bZ'oj ds n'kZu djus ds ekxZ gSa] tSls lkjh ufn;k¡fofHkUu ekxks± ls pydj vUr esa lkxj esa gh igq¡prh gSa] oSls gh iwtk dh bu lkjhfofèk;ksa ls bZ'oj&n'kZu gh ekuo dk vfUre y{; gSA egkRek rqylh nkl th us^^jkepfjrekul** esa dgk gS &
^^tkdh jgh Hkkouk tSlhAçHkq ewjr ns[kh fru rSlhAA**
(d) fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, μ1- bl lalkj esa tks &&&&&&&&&&&& gSa] mu lcesa bZ'oj lek;k gqvk gSA
(tM+&psru)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh15
2- gekjs ½f"k&eqfu] HkDr] &&&&&&&&&& vkSj Kkfu;ksa us &&&&&&&&& dkstM+ vkSj psru lHkh esa ekuk gSA (lUr] bZ'oj)
3- lr~xq#] &&&&&&&&& ds :i esa mlh bZ'oj ds :iksa dk o.kZu gSA(vdky iq#"k)
4- bZ'oj ds iwtu dh &&&&&&&&&& vyx&vyx gSaA (fofèk;k¡)
5- lHkh fofèk;ksa ls &&&&&&&&&&&&& gh ekuo dk y{; gSA(bZ'oj&n'kZu)
ijksidkj vkSj lsokHkkoge fgUnw ml jktk f'kfc dks egku ekurs gSa ftlus dcwrj dh çk.kj{kk ds
fy, vius 'kjhj ds ekal dks dkV&dkVdj rjktw ij p<+k fn;kA ml jfUrnso dksLej.k djrs gSa ftlus 48 fnu Hkw[ks jgus ds ckn Hkh viuk Hkkstu Hkw[ks dks vkSjikuh I;kls dks fiyk fn;kA ml jktk fnyhi ds lkeus ur~&eLrd gksrs gSa ftlusufUnuh xk; dh j{kk ds fy, vius 'kjhj dks flag ds fy, vfiZr dj fn;kA genèkhfp ½f"k dk ;'kksxku djrs gSa D;ksafd mUgksaus nsoksa dh j{kk ds fy, vius 'kjhjdks vfLFkotz cukus ds fy, nku dj fn;kA Hkkek'kkg us viuh ekr`Hkwfe dh lsokesa thou Hkj dh lkjh dekbZ egkjk.kk çrki ds pj.kksa esa p<+k nhA ijksidkj vkSjlsok Hkkouk ds ,sls vla[; mnkgj.k gekjs lekt esa Hkjs iM+s gSaA
fgUnw thou esa ijksidkj vkSj lsokHkko dks vR;Ur ifo=k deZ ekuk x;k gSAtc O;fDr ^eSa* vkSj ^esjs* ds rqPN Hkko dks NksM+dj bl lR; dks tku ysrk gSfd lkjk lekt esjk gS] lcesa ,d gh ijelÙkk gS] bldk nq%[k esjk gh nq%[k gSvkSj blds lq[k esa esjk lq[k gS_ rc og lc esa vius dks vkSj vius esa lcdks ns[krkgSA ,slk eu gksus ij og nhu&nqf[k;ksa vkSj vHkko xzLrksa dh lgk;rk] fcuk fdlhLokFkZ ds djrk gSA mls Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj Hkfxuh fuosfnrk dk lsok&Hkko ;knvkrk gSA og ujlsok dks ukjk;.klsok ekurk gS vkSj ,slk djus esa mls lPpklq[k&lUrks"k vkSj vkuUn çkIr gksrk gSA rqylh nkl us dgk gS &
ijfgr lfjl /je ufga HkkbZA ijihM+k le ufga vèkekbZAAmUgksaus ijksidkj dks /eZ dgk gS rFkk vius LokFkZ ds fy, fdlh dks d"V
nsuk gh lcls cM+k iki crk;k gSA egf"kZ osn O;kl us Hkh blh lR; dks bu 'kCnksaesa dgk gS & ^ijksidkj% iq.;k; ikik; ijihMue~**] vFkkZr~ ijksidkj iq.; gS vkSjnwljs dks lrkuk iki gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh16
ç'uksÙkj μ1- jktk f'kfc vkSj jfUrnso fdl xq.k ds dkj.k Lej.kh; gSa\ (ijksidkj)
2- jktk fnyhi us fdldh j{kk ds fy, viuk 'kjhj flag dks vfiZr fd;k Fkk\(ufUnuh xk; dh)
3- ge egf"kZ nèkhfp dk Lej.k D;ksa djrs gSa\(nso j{kk ds fy, vfLFk nku ds dkj.k)
4- Hkkek'kkg us ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok ds fy, D;k fd;k\ (vius thou dh lkjhdekbZ egkjk.kk çrki ds pj.kksa esa vfiZr dj nhA)
5- ijksidkj vkSj lsok dks fgUnw thou esa dSlk ekuk x;k gS\(vR;Ur ifo=k deZ)
6- ^^eSa** vkSj ^^esjs** ds rqPN Hkko dks R;kxus ij dkSu lk lR; çxV gksrk gS\(lkjk lekt esjk gS)
7- fuLokFkZ lsok djus okys dkSu&dkSu ;kn vkrs gSa\(Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj fuosfnrk)
8- ^^uj lsok dks ukjk;.k lsok** ekuus ij D;k feyrk gS\(lPpk lq[k] lUrks"k vkSj vkuUn)
9- lar rqylhnkl us ^ijfgr* dks D;k ekuk gS\ (èkeZ)
Hkkstu&ea=k'kq¼ vkSj LoPN LFkku ij vklu@pVkbZ@oL=k fcNk dj gkFk&iSj èkks dj dqYyk
djds lq[kklu esa cSBdj 'kkUr fpÙk vkSj çlUu eu ls Hkkstu djuk pkfg,A lkFk esa tyvo'; ysdj cSBsaA Hkkstu djuss ls iwoZ leosr Loj ls ;g ea=k cksysa&
û- czãkiZ.ka czã gfocZzãkXukS czã.kk gqre~ AczãSo rsu xUrO;a czãdeZlekfèkuk AA (xhrk vñ þ] 'yksd üþ)
vFkZ& ;K esa vkgqfr nsus ds lkèku (lqfp] Ïqok] gkFk dh e`xh] gal] O;k?kzvkfn eqæk,¡) viZ.k* Hkh czã gS] gou djus dk inkFkZ gfo* Hkh czã gSA czã:ivfXu esa czãLo:i gksedrkZ }kjk tks gou fd;k x;k gS] og Hkh czã gSA vr%czã:i deZ esa lekfèkLFk iq#"k ds }kjk tks çkIr gksus ;ksX; gS] og czã gh gSA
ü- lg ukoorq lg ukS HkquÙkqQ lgoh;ZÄ~djokogSArstfLoukoèkhreLrq ek fof}"kkogSAA'kkfUr%! 'kkfUr%!! 'kkfUr%!!! (dBksifu"kn~ 'kkfUrea=k)
vFkZ & (çHkks!) ge nksuksa (xq# vkSj f'k";) dh ,d lkFk j{kk djksA ge
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh17
feydj [kk;sa (ns'k esa dksbZ Hkw[kk u jgs) ge lkFk&lkFk feydj 'kkS;Z çdV djsa(jk"Vª dh j{kk esa ijkØe çdV djsa) ge rstfLork dks èkkj.k djsa_ (gekjk ns'klaxBu :ih riL;k ls mTToy ,oa çnhIr cusa) ge fo}ku ,oa vè;;u'khy gksaAijLij }s"k u djsaA jk"Vª esa 'kkfUr cuh jgsA
'kkfUr%! 'kkfUr%!! 'kkfUr%!!!
çkr% Lej.kû- djkxzs olrs y{eh% djeè;s ljLorhA
djewys rq xksfoUn% çHkkrs djn'kZue~AAvFkZ & gkFk ds vxzHkkx esa y{eh] eè; Hkkx esa ljLorh rFkk gkFk ds ewy
Hkkx esa Hkxoku ukjk;.k fuokl djrs gSaA vr% çkr%dky vius gkFkksa dk n'kZu djrsgq, vius fnu dks 'kqHk cuk,¡A
ü- leqæolus nsfo! ioZrLrue.MysAfo".kqifRu! ueLrqH;a iknLi'k± {keLo esAA
gekjh ekr`Hkwfe nsoh y{eh dk gh :i gS] ftldh j{kk Lo;a fo".kq Hkxokudjrs gSaA bl nsoh us leqæ dks oL=k :i esa èkkj.k fd;k gS rFkk ioZrksa dk e.Mygh i;ksèkj gS ftuls jlèkkjk ufn;ksa ds {khj (ty) ls ge iq=kksa dks thou feyrkgSA gs ekrk! gesa rsjs 'kjhj dks vius inksa (iSjksa) ls Li'kZ djuk gksxkA vr% iq=kekudj gesa {kek djukA
ý- czãkeqjkfjfL=kiqjkUrdkjh Hkkuq% 'kf'kHkwfelqrks cqèk'pAxq#'p'kqØ% 'kfu&jkgq&dsro% dqoZUrq losZ ee lqçHkkre~AA
czãk] fo".kq] f'ko] lw;Z] pUæ] eaxy] cqèk] c`gLifr] 'kqØ] 'kfu] jkgq vkSj dsrqlc esjs çHkkr dks eaxye; djsaA
þ- luRdqekj% lud% luUnu% lukruks¿I;klqfjfiÄ~xykS pAlIrLojk% lIrjlkrykfu dqoZUrq losZ ee lqçHkkre~AA
luRdqekj] lud] luUnu] lukru] vklqfj vkSj fiaxy rFkk lkr Loj] lkrjlkry lc esjs çHkkr dks eaxye; djsaA
ÿ- lIrk.kZok% lIrdqykpyk'p lIr"kZ;ks }hi oukfu lIrAHkwjkfnÑRok Hkqoukfu lIr dqoZUrq losZ ee lqçHkkre~AA
lkr leqæ] lkr ioZr&dqy (egsUæ] ey;] lg~;kfnz] 'kfDreku~] ½{koku~]foUè;] ikfj;k=k) lIr½f"k] lIr }hi (tEcq] Iy{k] 'kkYe;] dq'k] dkS×p] 'kkd]
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh18
iq"dj) rFkk lkr ou (n.Mdkj.;] [k.Mkj.;] pEidkj.;] osnkj.;] usfe"kkj.;]czãkj.; vkSj èkekZj.;) lc esjs çHkkr dks eaxye; djsaA
ö- i`fFkoh lxUèkk ljlkLrFkki% Li'khZ p ok;qToZyua p rst%AuHk% l'kCna egrk lgSo dqoZUrq losZ ee lqçHkkre~AA
xUèk xq.k ls ;qDr i`Foh] jl xq.k ls ;qDr ty] Li'kZ xq.k ls ;qDr ok;q] Toyuxq.k ls ;qDr vfXu rFkk 'kCn xq.k ls ;qDr vkdk'k vkfn iapHkwr vkSj egr~ (lef"Vcqf¼) lfgr esjs çHkkr dks eaxye; djsaA
÷- çkr% Lej.kesr|ks fofnRok¿¿njr% iBsr~Al lE;d~èkeZfu"B% L;kr~ laLe`rk% v[k.M Hkkjr%AA
bl çkr% Lej.k dk Hkyh çdkj ls Kku djds bls vknjiwoZd i<+uk pkfg,ABhd&Bhd èkeZ esa fu"Bk j[kdj v[k.M Hkkjr dk Lej.k djuk pkfg,A
,dkRerkLrks=ke~vki ,dkRerk Lrks=k dk ikB rks djrs gh gksaxsA bl Lrks=k esa vk;h gqbZ ifo=k
ufn;ksa] ioZrksa ,oa iqfj;ksa ls lEcfU/r 'yksd vFkZ lfgr fyf[k, &
û- xaxk ljLorh flU/qczZãiq=k'p x.MdhAdkosjh ;equk jsok Ñ".kk xksnk egkunhAA
xaxk] ljLorh] flU/q] czãiq=k] x.Mdh] dkosjh] ;equk] jsok (ueZnk)] Ñ".kk]xksnkojh rFkk egkunh izeq[k ufn;k¡ è;ku djus ;ksX; gSaA
ü- egsUæks ey;% lg~;ks nsorkRek fgeky;%Aè;s;ks jSordks foUè;ks fxfj'pkjkofyLrFkkAA
egsUæ (vksfM'kk esa)] ey; fxfj (nf{k.kh dukZVd rFkk rfeyukMq esa)] lákfæ(egkjk"Vª)] nsorkRek fgeky; (Hkkjr ds mÙkj esa)] jSord (dkfB;kokM+ esa fxjukj ukels)] foUè;kpy (eè; izns'k) rFkk vjkoyh (jktLFkku) ioZr è;ku djus ;ksX; gSaA
ý- v;ksè;k eFkqjk ek;k dk'kh dkf×p vofUrdkAoS'kkyh }kfjdk è;s;k iqjh r{kf'kyk x;kAA
v;ksè;k] eFkqjk] ek;k (gfj}kj)] dk'kh] dkf×p] vofUrdk (mTtSu)]}kjdk] oS'kkyh] txUukFkiqjh] r{kf'kyk rFkk x;k uked ifo=k iqfj;k¡ vkfn ifo=kLFky è;ku djus ;ksX; gSaA
fuEufyf[kr ioZr fdl&fdl çkUr esa gSa μû- egsUæfxfj ü- ey; ý- lákfæ þ- jSord ÿ- vjkoyh(mRdy (vksfM'kk) esa] dukZVd esa] egkjk"Vª esa] xqtjkr esa] jktLFkku esa)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh19
czãk ds ekul&iq=kksa ds uke fyf[k,A (luRdqekj] lud] luUnu] lukru)
lkr jlkryksa ds uke fyf[k,A(vry] fory] lqry] rykry] egkry] jlkry rFkk ikrky)
lIr&flU/q (lkr leqæ) dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ (yo.klkxj] b{kqlkxj]vkT;lkxj] nf/lkxj] {khjlkxj] Loknqtylkxj] e/qlkxj)
fuEufyf[kr lkrksa eks{knkf;uh iqfj;k¡ D;ksa izfl¼ gSa\û- v;ksè;k ü- eFkqjk ý- ek;k (gfj}kj) þ- dk'kh ÿ- dkf×p]ö- vofUrdk (mTtf;uh)] ÷- }kjkorh (}kjdk)
1- v;ksè;k & Hkxoku Jhjke dh tUeLFkyh] 2 eFkqjk & Hkxoku JhÑ".k dhtUeLFkyh] ;gk¡ czãdq.M esa Luku dj jktk HkrZgfj us vejRo izkIr fd;kA3- ek;k (gfj}kj) & ;gk¡ izfr 12oas o"kZ dqEHk dk esyk yxrk gSA4- dk'kh & Hkxoku fo'oukFk] vUuiw.kkZ] dkyHkjSo] ladV ekspu guqekueafnj gSA tSuksa ds lkrosa rhFk±dj ,oa rsblosa rhFk±dj dh tUeLFkyh gSaA ;gk¡ds xaxk?kkV Hkh izfl¼ gSaA 5- dkf×p & ;g eks{kiqjh nf{k.k Hkkjr esa gS rFkknf{k.k dh dk'kh ekuh tkrh gSA 6- vofUrdk (mTtf;uh) & Hkxoku f'kods 12 T;ksfrfy±xksa esa ls egkdky uked T;ksfrfy±x dk LFkku gS ,oa egkizrkihjktk foØekfnR; dh jkt/kuh jgh gSA 7- }kjkorh (}kjdk) & JhÑ".k dsjkT; dh jkt/kuh] ;gk¡ vk| 'kadjkpk;Z }kjk LFkkfir 'kkjnkihB gS ,oa pkj/keksa esa bldh x.kuk gSA mDr lkrksa iqfj;k¡ eks{knkf;uh dgykrh gSaA
fuEufyf[kr ladsrksa dh lgk;rk ls lEcfU/r izkphu uxjksa dsuke crkb, μ
1- xaxk&;equk ds laxe ij fLFkr --------------- A (iz;kxjkt)
2- fcgkj izkUr esa xaxk vkSj 'kks.kHkæ ufn;ksa ds rV ij fLFkr ,sfrgkfld uxj ---------- A ikVfyiq=k (iVuk)
3- dukZVd esa izfl¼ fgUnw lkezkT; dh jkt/kuh ----------------A (fot;uxj)
4- vksfM'kk esa izfl¼ rhFkZ ,oa pkj /keksa esa ls ,d --------- A (txUukFkiqjh)
5- ik.Moksa dh jkt/kuh ----------------- A (bUæizLFk)
6- fcgkj esa iQYxw unh ds rV ij fLFkr izfl¼ rhFkZ ------------A (x;k)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh20
l`f"V esa ijLij iwjdrkbl l`f"V dh jpuk ije psru rÙo czã ls gqbZ gSA blfy, bldk tM+&psru
mlh esa feyus ds fy, oSls gh ç;Ru'khy gS tSls lkxj ls Hkki cudj mBh cw¡nvUr esa mlh lkxj esa tkdj feyus ds fy, ç;Ru'khy jgrh gSA egf"kZ vjfoUn usdgk gS] ^tM+Ro esa çk.k vkSj çk.k esa tho rFkk tho esa ekul dk vorj.k ?kVukek=k ugha gS cfYd mlds ihNs nSoh çÑfr dk ,d lqfu;ksftr mís'; gS vkSj oggS] lfPpnkuUn (czã) dh vksj vkjksg.kA** bl mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, gh l`f"Vdk d.k&d.k ,d nwljs dk iwjd cudj O;ogkj dj jgk gSA blfy, çÑfr]O;fDr o lekt esa ijLij lg;ksx gksrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh tho tUe ysrs gh viuk fodkl Lo;a ugha dj ldrk oju~ mlsviuh tkfr ds çkf.k;ksa ls lg;ksx ysdj viuk fodkl djuk gksrk gSA O;fDrvkSj lekt dk thou rks ijLij iwjd gS ghA O;fDr dks vius 'kkjhfjd] ekufldvkSj ckSf¼d fodkl ds fy, lekt ds vU; yksxksa ls lg;ksx ysuk iM+rk gSA gk¡]'kS'kokoLFkk esa mldk ikyu&iks"k.k lekt dk vax ifjokj djrk gSA
çÑfr dh vksj tjk ns[ksa rks fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS fd leLr çkf.k;ksa ds fy,vko';d çk.kok;q ouLifr;ksa }kjk çkIr gksrh gSA ouLifr;ksa dks Lothou dsfy, vko';d dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM euq"; ,oa vU; çkf.k;ksa }kjk nh tkrh gSAbl çdkj l`f"V esa lHkh dk thou ,d&nwljs dk iwjd gSA xhrk esa JhÑ".k thus crk;k gS] ^czãk th us ;K }kjk çtk dh o`f¼ vkSj bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dksdgk gSA bl ;K }kjk rqe nsorkvksa dh mUUkfr djks vkSj os nsork rqe yksxksa dhmUufr djsaA** blhfy, gekjs ;gk¡ ;K dk egÙo lc ls c<+dj gSA pwgs] esa<d vkSjliZ tehu dks Ñf"k ds fy, mitkÅ cukrs gSaA xk;&HkSal dk xkscj gekjh Ñf"k vkSjb±èku ds dke vkrk gS rks ekuoey Hkh Ñf"k ds dke vkrk gS vkSj bl çdkj nksuksads }kjk i;kZoj.k 'kq¼ gksrk gSA vr% l`f"V esa ijLij&iwjdrk dk Hkko gh gSA(d) fjDr LFkku iwfrZ μ
1- tM+&rÙo esa çk.k vkSj &&&&&&&&& esa tho rFkk &&&&&&&&&&& esa ekuldk &&&&&&&&&& ?kVuk ek=k ugha gSA (çk.k] tho] vorj.k)
2- l`f"V dk &&&&&&&&&&& ,d nwljs dk &&&&&&&&&&&& cudj O;ogkjdj jgk gSA (d.k&d.k] iwjd)
3- çkf.k;ksa ds fy, vko';d &&&&&&&&&& ouLifr;ksa }kjk çkIr gksrh gSA&&&&&&&&&&& dks Lothou ds fy, vko';d &&&&&&&&& euq"; ,oaçkf.k;ksa }kjk nh tkrh gSA (çk.k ok;q] ouLifr;ksa] dkcZuMkbZvkWDlkbM)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh21
([k) ç'uksÙkj μμμμμ4- czãk th us ;K }kjk D;k djus dks dgk gS\
(çtk vkSj nsorkvksa dh mUufr)5- l`f"V esa ijLij dkSu lk Hkko fo|eku gS\ (iwjdrk dk)6- bl l`f"V dh jpuk fdlds }kjk gqbZ gS\ (ije psru rÙo czã }kjk)
èkeZikyd HkDr vkSj lUr1- lnSo vfgalk ozr dk ikyu djus okys dqN lUr vkSj egkiq#"kksa ds uke crk,¡\
(Hkxoku cq¼] Hkxoku egkohj] f'kfc] egkRek xk¡èkh)
2- vfgalk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ (eu] opu vkSj deZ ls fdlh Hkh tho ;k çk.kh dksu rks 'kkjhfjd d"V nsuk vkSj u mls ekufld Dys'k igq¡pkukA)
3- lR; ikyu ls D;k vFkZ gS\ (ijekRek] thokRek vkSj çÑfr ds lEcUèk esalgh tkudkjh djds thou dks 'kq¼ cuk, j[kus ds fy, çk.kh ek=k dsfgr esa lR; dk O;ogkj djuk gh lR;ikyu gSA)
4- lR;ikyu dh n`f"V ls egkiq#"kksa ds uke crk,¡\ (jktk gfj'pUæ] ;qfèkf"Bj]egkRek xk¡èkhA)
5- vLrs; dk D;k vFkZ gS\ (èkeZ dk ikyu djrs gq, vius ifjJe ls vftZroLrq dks ç;ksx esa ykuk rFkk vius ikl u gksus ij dHkh mlds fy,pksjh u djukA)
6- vLrs; ikyu esa fdu lUrksa vkSj egkiq#"kksa dh çflf¼ gS\ (mieU;q] vkpk;Zpk.kD;] lUr fouksck Hkkos] )
7- czãp;Z ikyu ls D;k vFkZ gS\ (bfUæ;ksa ds lq[k dh >wBh dkeuk ds ihNsu nkSM+uk rFkk fo'ks"k :i ls eu vkSj dke Hkko ds >wBs cgdkos esa uvkukA çk.k'kfDr ds lap; vkSj vkfRed fodkl ds ekxZ ij c<+rs tkukgh czãp;Z dk ikyu gSA)
8- czãp;Z ikyu ds {ks=k esa fdl&fdl ds uke çfl¼ gSa\ (ohj guqeku]Hkh"e firkeg] 'kqdnso ½f"k] egf"kZ n;kuUn] y{e.kA)
9- vifjxzg fdls dgrs gSa\ (ifjxzg dk vFkZ gS pkjksa vksj ls cVksjuk ;klaxzg djukA vr% vifjxzg dk vFkZ gqvk U;wure vko';drkvksa lsvfèkd dk laxzg u djukA)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh22
10- vifjxzg dk ikyu djus okyksa esa dqN çeq[k uke crk,¡\ (Hkxoku egkohj]vkpk;Z pk.kD;] Lokeh jkerhFkZ] lw;Zdkar f=kikBh ^fujkyk*A)
fgUnw ekU;rkvksa ds oSKkfud vkèkkjçñ twrs igu dj Hkkstu D;ksa ugha djuk pkfg,\mñ twrksa ds ryksa esa vusd çdkj dh xUnxh] dhpM+] ey vkSj nqxZUèkiw.kZ
oLrq,¡ yxh gksrh gSaA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa Hkkstu djuk ,d ifo=k dk;ZgSA Hkkstu ,d bZ'ojh; mikluk rqY; dk;Z gksus ls mlesa twrksa dk lalxZèkkfeZd ,oa oSKkfud nksuksa gh n`f"V ls fuUnuh; gSA
½f"k;ksa ds er esa ekuo ek=k bl i`Foh ij ,d ifjokj ds :i esa jgrs gSaAvFkoZosn esa dgk x;k gS μ
tua fcHkzrh cgqèkk fookpla]ukukèkekZ.ka i`fFkoh ;FkkSdle~ A (vFkoZosn ûü-û-þÿ)
fgUnw thou oSfnd laLÑfr ij vk/kfjr gSA ;gh izkphure thou n'kZu gSAblh thou n'kZu us fo'o dks Kku fn;k gSA fo'o dh vusd laLÑfr;k¡ blh lsmith gSaA vr% lEiw.kZ i`Foh ij iQSyh ekuo tkfr dks izsfjr djus okyh ;golqUèkjk] Hkkjr Hkwfe gh jgh gSA
fo'o dks izHkkfor djus okyh egku foHkwfr;k¡û- dfiy μ czãk.M ds l`f"V fodkl lEcU/h fl¼kUr ds vk| izorZdA
czãk.M dh mRifÙk rFkk fuf"Ø; ÅtkZ dh vo/kj.kk dks Li"V fd;kA^"kf"BrU=k* xzUFk ds jpf;rkA budk tUe vkt ls yXkHkx 5000 o"kZ iwoZ gqvkFkkA
ü- egkRek cq¼ μ ekuorkokn ds izorZdA vfgalk ds iqtkjh] v"Vkax ekxZ dsfu:id] ckS¼ er ds çorZdA
ý- vjLrw & pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds egku~ ;wukuh nk'kZfud ,oa lkfgR;dkjFks] tks IysVks ds f'k"; vkSj fldUnj ds xq# FksA bUgsa if'peh txr dklcls igyk oSKkfud ,oa jktuhfr 'kkL=kh ekuk tkrk gSA ,slk dksbZ fo"k; Kkuvkt ;wjksi esa ugha gS] ftlds cht budh jpukvksa esa u feyrs gksaA
þ- Lokeh foosdkuUn μ fgUnw lekt dks ubZ lathouh nsus okys ç[kj fgUnwlaU;klh jk"VªHkDr foosdkuUn dk vkfoHkkZo 19oha 'krkCnh dh vHkwriwoZmiyfC/ gSA vesfjdk ds f'kdkxks uxj esa lEiUu fo'o /eZ lEesyu esa
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh23
mUgksaus vesfjdk okfl;ksa dks cguksa vkSj Hkkb;ksa ds lEcks/u ls izHkkfor djvius Hkk"k.k esa fgUnw laLÑfr dh Js"Brk dks fl¼ dj fn;kA
/eZ] er&iaFkuke egkiq#"k uke egkiq#"kflD[k xq#ukud nso tSu Hkxoku egkohjbLyke gt+jr eksgEen bZlkbZ bZlk (ØkbLV);gwnh gt+jr ewlk ikjlh t+jFkqL=kckS¼ Hkxoku cq¼
ekuo dh ,drk ds dqN lw=k Lej.k dhft, &
1- ^,dLekr~ çlw;rs tUrq%A* vFkkZr~ μ çkf.kek=k dh mRifÙk ,d ls gh gqbZ gSA
2- ^:ia :ia çfr:iks cHkwo* vFkkZr~ μ bZ'oj us lcds :i esa vius dks çdVfd;kA (½Xosn v"Vd 4@vñ7@oxZ 33] 'yksd 18)
3- rqdk Eg.ks pkys ,dkfp;s lÙksA vFkkZr~ & lc ,d gh lÙkk ls pyrk gSA
& lUr rqdkjkeA4- gs fo'ofp ek>s ?kjA ,slh erh t;kph fLFkjAA
fdacgquk pjkpjA vki.kfp tkgykAA μ lar Kkus'oj egkjkt
lTtu O;fDr iwjs fo'o dks viuk ekudj pyrk gSA og lalkj dh fpUrkbl e;kZnk rd djrk gS fd og gj çkf.kek=k esa viuk vfLrRo ns[krk gSA
5- ,d uwj rs lc tx mitsvk dkSu Hkys dkSu eans!! &xq# ukud nso
ý laLdkjksa dh ikou ijEijk
lkaLÑfrd ioZ&R;ksgkj
gekjs ns'k ds ioZ gekjh lkaLÑfrd ijEijk ds izrhd gSaA D;kvki vius bu ioks± ds lEcU/ esa tkurs gSa\
1- fdl fnu 'kL=kksa dh iwtk gksrh gS\ (fot;kn'keh)
2- viuh f'k{kk iw.kZ djds tc f'k"; vius ?kj dks izLFkku djrs Fks rks os xq# dksfdl fnu xq#nf{k.kk iznku djrs Fks\ (xq#iwf.kZek)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh24
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, μ
3- j{kkcU/u dk R;ksgkj Hkkjrh; ekl -----------esa euk;k tkrk gSA (Jko.k)4- xq#iwf.kZek dk mRlo Hkkjrh; ekl --------- esa euk;k tkrk gSA (vk"kk<+)5- Hkkjrh; u;k o"kZ ------- ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA (pS=k 'kqDy izfrink)6- x.ks'k th dk tUe fnol ---------------- dks euk;k tkrk gSA
(Hkkæin 'kqDy prqFkhZ)7- nhiksa ds mRlo dk uke ---------------- gSA (nhikoyh)8- lkekftd lejlrk ds Hkko esa o`f¼ djus ds mís'; ls 'khr ½rq esa euk;s tkus
okys R;kSgkj dk uke ------- gSA (edj laØkfUr)9- ljLorh tUeksRlo -------------------- dks euk;k tkrk gSA (clUr iapeh)
rhFkZû- iq"dj μ jktLFkku esa ,sfrgkfld uxj vtesj (vt;es#) ds lehi iq"dj*
rhFkZ fLFkr gSA vfXu iqjk.k ds rhFkZ ekgkRE; çdj.k esa vfXunso o.kZu djrsgSa & ^czkã.k! iq"dj Js"B rhFkZ gSA iq"dj esa lEiw.kZ nsorkvksa ds lkFk czãkthfuokl djrs gSaA lc dqN pkgus okys eqfu vkSj nsork Luku djds flf¼ çkIrdj pqds gSaA iq"dj esa nsorkvksa vkSj firjksa dh iwtk djus okys euq"; v'oesèk;K dk iQy çkIr djds czãyksd esa tkrs gSaA tks dkfrZd dh iwf.kZek dksogk¡ vUunku djrk gS] og 'kq¼ fpÙk gksdj czãyksd dk Hkkxh gksrk gSAiq"dj esa fuokl] ti vkSj Jk¼ djus ls euq"; viuh lkS ihf<+;ksa dkm¼kj djrk gSA**iq"dj pkjksa rjiQ igkM+ksa ls f?kjk gqvk je.khd LFkku gSA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esaiq"dj esa czãk th dk ikSjkf.kd efUnj gSA czãk th ds efUnj ds ikl gh Å¡phigkM+h ij xk;=kh dk efUnj gSA bu efUnjksa ds vykok 30&40 vU; efUnjHkh gSaA jaxth dk efUnj cgqr çfl¼ gSA
ü- oqQ#{ks=k μ egkHkkjr dky dk çfl¼ ;q¼ {ks=k gSA ;q¼ Hkwfe rks ifjfLFkfr;ksads dkj.k cu xbZ Fkh ijUrq dq#{ks=k dk egÙo blds vfr çkphu oSfnddkyhurhFkZ&rÙoksa ds dkj.k gSA vfXunso&vfXuiqjk.k ds rhFkZ ekgkRE; esa o.kZu djrsgSa & ^eSa dq#{ks=k tkÅ¡xk & dq#{ks=k esa fuokl d:¡xkA** tks lnk ,slk dgrkgS og 'kq¼ gks tkrk gS vkSj mls LoxZykssd dh çkfIr gks tkrh gSA dq#{ks=k esafo".kq vkfn nsorkvksa dk fuokl gSA ogk¡ fuokl djus ls euq"; ^Jhgfj* dsèkke esa tkrk gSA dq#{ks=k ls gksdj gh ljLorh unh cgrh FkhA tks var%lfyyk
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh25
gks xbZ Fkh bls vc iqu% izokfgr djus ds iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA Hkædkyh'kfDrihB] czãljksoj] lfUugr ljksoj] LFkkus'oj egknso] T;ksfrlj (xhrkmisn'k LFkyh)] fo|k Hkkjrh dk laLÑfr f'k{kk laLFkku Hkh oqQ#{ks=k esa gSA
ý- iqukSjk μ ;g LFkku mÙkj fcgkj ds lhrke<+h ftyk eq[;ky; ds fudV iqukSjkxzke esa fLFkr gSA fefFkyk esa nqfHkZ{k iM+ tkus ij jktk tud us gysf"V ;Kds i'pkr gy&cSy ls Hkwfe&'kksèku fd;k] ;gha Hkwfe 'kks/u ds Øe esa Hkwfels oS'kk[k 'kqDy uoeh lhrk f'k'kq :i esa izdV gqbZA tud us bls Lohdkjdj ikyu&iks"k.k fd;kA iqukSjk tkudh ds tUe LFkku ds :i esa lqfo[;krgSA ;g LFkku iq.Mjhd ½f"k ds vkJe ds ikl Fkk] ftls vkt iqukSjk èkkedgrs gSaA
efUnj esa ?kaVk&'ka[kukn
nso LFkkuksa esa iwtk ds le; ?kaVk&ukn fd;k tkrk gSA ?kaVk&ukn ls ok;q esaigys ls vofLFkr èofu rjaxs {kh.k gks tkrh gSa vkSj osnea=kksa dh 'kfDr iwjs osx ls,dkxz eu ij viuk çHkko djrh gSA efUnj dk lEiw.kZ ok;qe.My mlh èofu lsifjiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA vkjrh ds le; ;g ukn gesa vUr;kZeh ijekRek ds lehimifLFkr gksdj vkuUn xaxk esa Mqcdh yxkus dk lq;ksx çnku djrk gSA
'ka[kfoKkuμμμμμ 'ka[k dh mRifÙk Jhen~ Hkkxor egkiqj.kk esa of.kZr leqnzeaFkuds le; leqnz esa ls pkSng jRuksa dh izkfIr gqbZ FkhA mu pkSng esa vk¡Bok¡ jRu 'ka[kFkkA fgUnw nsork fo".kq ds prqHkqZt :i esa fLFkr 'ka[k] pØ] xnk o iÁ esa bldkLFkku izFke gSA
foKku ds vuqlkj 'ka[k D;k gS\'ka[k lqezn esa jgus okyk ,d typj gS vkSj vf/d Li"V dguk gS rks
'ka[k [kkjs ikuh esa jgus okys izk.kh dk ,d j{kkRed dop gS vkSj izkf.k'kkL=k dsoxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj mldk e`nqdk; oxZ esa lekos'k gksrk gSA
'ka[kukn djus ls gksus okys ykHk &1- 'ka[k dk vk¡[k ij rstLoh izHkkoA2- dku ds jksxksa esa mi;ksxhA3- 'ka[kukn ls iQsiQM+sa o Nkrh etcwr gksrs gSaA4- 'ka[kukn ls fdMuh etcwr gksrh gSA5- 'ka[kukn ls ân; dh chekfj;ksa esa ykHkA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh26
ln~xzUFkjkepfjrekul
^^Jhjkepfjrekul** esa ge jktk n'kjFk ds pkjksa iq=kksa ds ukedj.k laLdkj dslEcU/ esa pkSikbZ;ksa dk vè;;u djsxsa vkSj mUgsa d.BLFk djsxsa&
pkSikbZ& dNqd fnol chrs ,fg Hkk¡rhA tkr u tkfuv fnu v# jkrhAA ukedju dj vol# tkuhA Hkwi cksfy iB, eqfu X;kuhAA
vFkZ& bl izdkj dqN fnu chr x;sA fnu vkSj jkr tkrs gq, tku ugha iM+rsA rcukedj.k laLdkj dk le; tkudj jktk us Kkuh eqfu Jhofl"B th dks cqyk Hkstk AA1AA
pkSikbZ& dfj iwtk Hkwifr vl Hkk"kkA /fjv uke tks eqfu xqfu jk[kkAA bUg ds uek vusd vuwikA eSa u`i dgc Loefr vuq:ikAA
vFkZ& eqfu dh iwtk djds jktk us dgk& gs eqfu! vkius eu esa tks fopkj j[ks gksa]os uke jkf[k;sA (eqfu us dgk&) gs jktu~A buds vusd vuqie uke gSa] fiQj HkheSa viuh cqf¼ ds vuqlkj dgw¡xkAA 2 AA
pkSikbZ& tks vkuan fla/q lq[kjklhA lhdj rsa =kSyksd lqiklhAA lks lq[k/ke jke vl ukeA vf[ky yksd nk;d fcJkekAA
vFkZ& ;s tks vkuUn ds leqnz vkSj lq[k dh jkf'k gSa] ftl (vkuUn flU/q) ds ,dd.k ls rhuksa yksd lq[kh gksrs gSa] mu (vkids lcls cM+s iq=k) dk uke ^jke* gS]tks lq[k dk Hkou vkSj lEiw.kZ yksdksa dks 'kkfUr nsus okyk gSAA 3 AA
pkSikbZ& fcLo Hkju iks"ku dj tksbZA rkdj uke Hkjr vl gksbZAA tkds lqfeju rsa fjiq uklkA uke l=kqgu csj izdklkAA
vFkZ& tks lalkj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrs gSa] mu (vkids nwljs iq=k) dk uke Hkjr*gksxkA ftuds Lej.k ek=k ls 'k=kq dk uk'k gksrk gS] mudk osnksa esa izfl¼ ^'k=kq?u*uke gSAA 4 AA
nksgk& yPNu /ke jke fiz; ldy txr vk/kjA xq# cfl"V rsfg jk[kk yfNeu uke mnkjAA
vFkZ& tks 'kqHk y{k.kksa ds /ke] Jhjke th ds I;kjs vkSj lkjs txr~ ds vk/kj gSa]xq# ofl"B th us mudk ^y{e.k* ,slk Js"B uke j[kk AA 5AA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrkHkxoku JhÑ".k ds Jheq[k ls fudyh Jhen~Hkoxn~xhrk dk Kku gksus ij
euq"; dk thou iFk lqxe gksrk gSA mlds fy, gesa Øe'k% vkxs c<+uk gksxkA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh27
rr% ÜÒsrSgZ;S;qZÙksQ egfr L;Unus fLFkrkSAek/o% ik.MoÜÒSo fnO;kS 'kÄ~[kkS iznèerq% AA (vñ û 'yksd ûþ)blds vuUrj liQsn ?kksM+ksa ls ;qDr mÙke jFk esa cSBs gq, JhÑ".k vkSj
vtqZu us Hkh vÇkSfdd 'kÄ~[k ctk;sAAik×ÓtU;a â"khds'kks nsonÙak /u×t;%AikS.Maª nèekS egk'kÄ~[k HkhedekZ o`dksnj%AA (vñ û 'yksd ûÿ)JhÑ".k us ik×ÓtU; uked] vtqZu us nsonÙk uked vkSj Hk;kud deZokys
Hkhelsu us ikS.Mª uke egk'kÄ~[k ctk;kAvuUrfot;a jktk dqUrhiq=kks ;qf/f"BjAudqy% lgnsoÜÓ lq?kks"kef.kiq"idkSAA (vñ û 'yksd ûö)
dqUrhiq=k jktk ;qf/f"Bj us vuUr fot; uked vkSj udqy rFkk lgnsous lq?kks"k vkSj ef.kiq"id uked 'kÄ~[k ctk;sA
xhrk Kku iz'uksÙkjh&
iz'u % egkHkkjr ;q¼ ds izkjEHk esa Hkxoku JhÑ".k us dkSu&lk 'ka[k ctk;k\mÙkj % ikÛÓtU;Aiz'u % vtqZu us dkSu&lk 'ka[k ctk;k\mÙkj % nsonÙkAiz'u % Hkhelsu us dkSu& lk 'ka[k ctk;k\mÙkj % ikS.MªAiz'u % vtqZu ds jFk ds ?kksM+s fdl jax ds Fks\mÙkj % liQsnAiz'u % ;qf/f"Bj ds 'ka[k dk uke crk,¡\mÙkj % vuUrfot;Aiz'u % udqy ds 'ka[k dk uke crk,¡\mÙkj % lq?kks"kAiz'u % lgnso ds 'ka[k dk uke crk,¡\mÙkj % ef.kiq"idAiz'u % egkHkkjr dk ;q¼ fdl&fdl ds eè; gqvk\mÙkj % dkSjo vkSj ik.MoAiz'u % egkHkkjr dk ;q¼ fdl LFkku ij gqvk Fkk\
mÙkj % dq#{ks=k (gfj;k.kk)A
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh28
lqHkkf"krfuEufyf[kr lqHkkf"kr daBLFk dhft, rFkk vius vkpk;Z (f'k{kd)th ls buds vFkZ iwfN, μd- vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k;'kkscye~AA
[k- fo|k fooknk; /ua enk; 'kfDr% ijs"kka ifjihMuk;A[kyL; lk/ksfoZijhresrr~ Kkuk; nkuk; p j{k.kk;AA
x- vylL; dqrks fo|k vfo|L; dqrks /ue~Av/uL; dqrks fe=ke~ vfe=kL; dqr% lq[ke~AA
?k- ;s"kka u fo|k u riks u nkue~ Kkua u 'khya u xq.kks u /eZ%Ars eR;Zyksds HkqfoHkkjHkwrk% euq";:is.k e`xk'pjfUrAA
Ä- dkd% Ñ".k% fid% Ñ".k% dks Hksn% fiddkd;ks%AclUr le;s izkIrs dkd% dkd% fid% fid%AA
f'k"Vkpkjvki cMs+ gksugkj Nk=k gSaA vki vius vPNs O;ogkj ds dkj.k gh rks vius
ekrk&firk ,oa vkpk;ks± ds fiz; gSaA vius lgikfB;ksa ds chp esa vkids xq.kksa dklEeku gksrk gSA vkf[kj D;ksa\ bldk mÙkj uhps fy[ks okD;ksa ds fjDr LFkku Hkjusls Kkr gks tk;sxk μ1- vki vkxUrqdksa dks nksuksa gkFk tksM+dj----------djrs gSaA (ueLrs)
2- ?kj esa iwtk&ikB ds le; ij vki Hkh------jgrs gSaA (lgHkkxh)3- vki d{kk esa vkpk;Z (f'k{kd) th ls ------ysdj izos'k djrs gSaA (vuqefr)4- vki lnSo d{kk esa vkpk;Z (f'k{kd) th ds lEeq[k ----------- gksdj gh iz'u
iwNrs gSa vFkok mÙkj nsrs gSaA ([kMs+)5- vius fe=kksa ds lkFk [ksyrs le;-------------- j[krs gSaA ([ksy Hkkouk)6- ekxZ esa pyrs le; va/s] ywys] yaxMs+ O;fDr dh vki------------------ djrs gSaA
(lgk;rk)7- tc nks O;fDr ckr dj jgs gSa rks vki chp esa ugha ------------ gSaA (cksyrs)8- fo|ky; ds mRloksa ds volj ij vki vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk izR;sd -----
---------- esa lg;ksx djrs gSaA (dk;Z)9- vki lnSo cM+ksa dk --------------- djrs gSaA (lEeku)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh29
vius fo|k efUnj ds ckjs esa dqN ckrsa ;gk¡ fy[kh gSaA vki bl lanHkZ esa gk¡*;k ^ugha* esa mÙkj nhft,A
1- D;k fo|k efUnj esa vodk'k ds fnu Hkh tkus dh bPNk gksrh gSA gk¡@ugha
2- fo|k efUnj esa dgha iM+h xUnxh dks D;k vki Lo;a Hkh lkiQ djrs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
3- viuh d{kk esa MsLd] dqlhZ] est] nhokj ij fp=k rFkk ekufp=k O;ofLFkr gSa]D;k ;g vki izfrfnu ns[krs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
4- D;k fo|k efUnj esa cky Hkkjrh@cky lHkk esa NksVs&eksVs dke] >kM+w yxkuk] njh fcNkuk]dqlhZ est yxkuk vkfn dke dHkh vki djrs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
5- D;k vki fo|k efUnj ds m|ku esa iQy&iwQy vkSj ikS/ksa dh ns[kHkky djusesa vkuUn ysrs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
6- D;k fo|k efUnj ds deZpkjh@vkpk;Z@iz/kukpk;Z vkfn ds izfr vkids ân; esaLusg@lEeku dh Hkkouk gS\ gk¡@ugha
7- muds uke@irs vkfn dh tkudkjh j[krs gSa D;k\ gk¡@ugha8- vius ?kj vk;s vfrfFk@lEcfU/;ksa dks D;k vki fo|k efUnj fn[kkus ys tkrs
gSa\ gk¡@ugha
9- D;k vki vius fo|k efUnj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ nwljksa dks crkrs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
xq#HkDrksa dh dFkk,¡vius ;gk¡ xq# dks Hkxoku dk LFkku çkIr gSA D;ksa u çkIr gks\
gekjs ikyu&iks"k.k dk dk;Z gekjs ekrk&firk djrs gSa vkSj gekjs Hkkoh thou dkfuekZ.k xq#A ½f"kdqy vkSj xq#dqyksa esa Nk=k dks xq# ls ekrk&firk dk Lusg Hkh çkIrgksrk Fkk vkSj og fo|k Hkh çkIr gksrh Fkh ftlds vk/kj ij Nk=k vius Hkkoh thoudk fuekZ.k djrk FkkA rHkh rks dgk x;k gS μ
viuk fo|ky;
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh30
xq#czZãk xq#foZ".kq% xq#nsZoks egs'oj%Axq#% lk{kkr~ ijczã rLeS Jh xqjos ue%A
uhps dqN xq#HkDrksa ds thou dh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu gS] mldsvkèkkj ij ml f'k"; dk uke fjDr LFkkuksa esa vafdr dhft,A
,d ckj lEor~ 1712 esa tc f'kokth egkjkt lkrkjk esa FksA rc muds xq# JhleFkZ jke nkl Lokeh djt xk¡o ls pydj fHk{kk ek¡xrs gq, jkt}kj ij igq¡psAf'kokth egkjkt us mUgsa lk"VkÄõ iz.kke djds ,d i=k fy[kdj mudh >ksyh esaMky fn;k] ftlesa ;g fy[kk Fkk fd ^vktrd eSaus tks dqN vftZr fd;k gS] oglc Lokeh ds pj.kksa esa lefiZr gSA* nwljs fnu f'kokth egkjkt Hkh vius xq# Lokehjkenkl ds lkFk >ksyh yVdkdj fHk{kk ek¡xus yxs] ijarq tc Jh leFkZ us mUgsale>k;k fd jkTk djuk gh rqEgkjk /eZ gS*] rc Jh f'kokth egkjkt us vius gkFkesa 'kklulw=k ys fy;k vkSj xq# Lokeh leFkZ ds vkns'kkuqlkj jktdk;Z l¡Hkkyus yxsA
1- ^^eSaus rqEgsa xk;ksa dk nw/ ihus ls euk fd;k gS] fiQj rqe D;k [kk&ihdj fnufcrkrs gks\** xq# us f'k"; --------- ls ç'u fd;kA f'k"; us cMs+ uez Loj esa mÙkjfn;k] ^xq#nso eSa cNM+ksa ds nw/ ihrs le; fxjs >kx dks pkVdj viuh {kqèkk 'kkUrdjrk g¡wA** (mieU;q)
2- vkdk'k esa dkyh ?kVk f?kjh vkSj rst o"kkZ çkjEHk gks xbZA xq# /kSE; fpUrkeXuFks fd /ku ds [ksrkas dh esaM+ dks rksM+dj ikuh ckgj u fudy tk;sA mudsf'k"; ----------------- us mudh bl fpUrk dks nwj djus gsrq ikuh esa Lo;a ysVdjikuh dks [ksr esa ls fudyus ls jksdkA (vk#f.k)
fe=k ,oa Hkzkr`&çsetu&tu ds ân; ij 'kklu djus okys Hkxoku JhÑ".k us }kjiky ds eq¡g ls
tSls gh vius fe=k dk uke lquk] uaxs iSjksa nkSM+ iMs+ vkSj tk fyiVs vius fe=k lqnkekls] iwQV&iwQV dj jksrs gq, dgus yxs μ
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh31
^^gk; egk nq%[k ik;ks l[kk rqe vk;s brS u fdrS fnu [kks;sA**jke&y{e.k dk Hkzkr`&izse vuqdj.kh; gSA firk ls Hkh vf/d HkkbZ ls çse djus
okys jke ds gh eq¡g ls lqfu, μ
tkS tursm¡ cu cU/q fcNksgwA firk cpu eursm¡ ufga vksgwAlqr fcr ukfj Hkou ifjokjkA gksfga tkfga tx ckjfga ckjkAAvl fcpkfj ft; tkxgq¡ rkrkA feyfga u txr lgksnj HkzkrkAA
vkb,] fe=k&izse ,oa Hkzkr`&izse ds fy, gekjs çsj.kk&lzksr cuus okys dqNegkiq#"kkas ds thou ds çlaxksa ij n`f"V MkysaA
,d ckj egkjk.kk izrki dks taxy esa eqxyksa dh lsuk us mUgsa ?ksj fy;k FkkAml le; egkjk.kk izrki vdsys FksA muls cpus ds fy, egkjk.kk izrki dks ,dukyk ikj djuk FkkA muds ?kk;y ?kksM+s psrd us ukyk ikj rks dj fy;k ijUrq viusizk.k R;kx fn, FksA rc muds HkkbZ 'kfDr flag us viuk ?kksM+k ns fn;kA vkxs&vkxsegkjk.kk izrki ihNs eqaxy lSfudA jk.kk ds flj vkSj 'k=kq dh ryokj us dqN gh bapdh nwjh Fkh ijarq iyd >idrs gh 'k=kq lSfud dh ck¡g ryokj lfgr 'kjhj lsvyx tk fxjh vkSj flj /M+ ls vyx gks x;kA bl izdkj 'kfDr flag us vius cM+sHkkbZ jk.kk izrki ds iz.kksa dh j{kk ds fy, Loa; dks ladV esa Mky fn;kA
1- vius fiz; fe=k lqnkek ds ?kj ds pkoyksa dks ----------- us cM+s izseiwoZd [kk;kA(JhÑ".k)
2- ^^rqEgkjs gh HkkX; ls Jhjke ou dks tk jgs gSaA gs iq=k! nwljk dksbZ dkj.k ughagSA lEiw.kZ iq.;ksa dk lcls cM+k iQy ;gh gSA** ekrk lqfe=kk dh vkKk izkIrgksus ij ------Jhjke ds lkFk ouokl dks pysA (y{e.k)
3- 'kfÙkQ yxus ls ewfNZr HkkbZ y{e.k dks xksn esa ysdj ----------------- us izfrKk dhfd fcuk NksVs HkkbZ ds og ?kj ykSVdj ugha tk;saxsA (Jhjke)
4- v;ksè;k dk jktk cuuk vLohdkj dj -------- us ------- dh iknqdk,¡ jkT; flagkluij j[kha vkSj lsod dh Hkk¡fr jkT; dk lapkyu fd;kA (Hkjr] Jhjke)
5- egkjk.kk izrki ds ?kksM+s dk uke -----------------FkkA (psrd)
4- egkjk.kk izrki ds NksVs HkkbZ dk uke--------------FkkA ('kfDr flag)
vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ ds xq.k
;s os xq.k gSa] tks vPNs fo|kFkhZ esa vo'; gksus pkfg,A fjDr LFkkuksadh iwfrZ dhft;s μ1- lw;ksZn; ls ---------------------- mBukA (iwoZ)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh32
2- mBdj ekrk&firk ds ---------- Li'kZ djukA (pj.k)
3- fuR; nk¡r ---------------------- djukA (LoPN)
4- fuR; 'kkSpkfn ls ----------------------gksuk pkfg,A (fuo`Ùk)
5- fuR; ------------- o ---------------- djukA (Luku] Hkxon~Hktu)
6- 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus ds fy, fuR; ------------ djukA (O;k;ke)
7- lnk ----------------------- iguukA (LoPN diMs+)
8- xq#tuksa dk ----------------- djukA (vknj)
9- ekrk&firk vkSj xq# dh ---------------- dk ikyu djukA (vkKk)
10- lcls lnk ---------- cksyukA (fç; ok.kh)
11- vPNs fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ------------------ j[kukA (fe=krk)
12- egkiq#"kksa dh -------------- i<+ukA (thouh)
13- ijksidkjh dk;ks± esa lnSo---------------jgukA (vkxs)
14- fuR; dqN le; egkiq#"kksa dh thofu;k¡] vPNs xhrksa rFkk dgkfu;ksa dh ------------------------------------- vo'; i<+ukA (iqLrdsa)
15- ekrk dgs tkus okys ------- ds ikS/s esa ty vo'; nsuk pkfg,A (rqylh)
16- lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds çfr dY;k.k&Hkko gksus ds dkj.k gesa ---------------- dks jksVh rFkk------------ dks vkVk f[kykuk pkfg,A (xk;] phaVh)
laLdkjksa dk mYys[klaLdkj og fØ;k gS ftlls ,sfgd rFkk ikjykSfdd thou 'kq¼ curk gSA mls
laLdkj dgrs gSA dqy lksyg laLdj gksrs gSA1- xHkkZ/ku 2- iqalou 3- lheUrksÂ;u 4- tkrdeZ5- ukedj.k 6- fu"Øe.k 7- vÂizk'ku 8- pwM+kdeZ9- d.kZos/ 10- miu;u 11- osnkjEHk 12- lekorZu13- fookg 14- okuizLFk 15- laU;kl 16- vaR;sf"V
ge ;gk¡ ij rhu laLdkjksa ds lEcU/ esa tkudkjh izkIr djsxsa %&miu;u laLdkj& miu;u laLdkj fgUnw /eZ dk 10ok¡ laLdkj gSA ;g laLdkj 7o"kZ dh ;k 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa lEiUu gksrk gSA miu;u dk vFkZ gksrk gS fd Kkuds us=kksa dks izkIr djukA miu;u laLdkj esa ckyd dks tusÅ (;Kksiohr) iguk;ktkrk gS rFkk fo|kjEHk Hkh djk;k tkrk gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh33
osnkjEHk laLdkj& osnkjEHk laLdkj fgUnw /eZ dk 11ok¡ laLdkj gSA ;Kksiohr dsi'pkr~ ckyd dks osnksa ds vè;;u ,oa fof'k"V Kku ls ifjfpr gksus ds fy, ;ksX;vkpk;Z ds ikl xq#dqy Hkstk tkrk gSA tgk¡ vkpk;Z ds ekxZn'kZu esa fo|kFkhZ osnksads xw<+ jgL;ksa dk vè;;u djrs gSaA
lekorZu laLdkj& lekorZu laLdkj fgUnqvksa dk 12ok¡ laLdkj gSA lekorZu dk'kfCnd vFkZ gS ^okil ykSVuk**A izkphudky ls gh xq#dqy esa f'k{kk iw.kZ gksus dsi'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ dks xq#dqy ls fonkbZ nh tkrh gSA vr% lekorZu laLdkj ftlesvkpk;Z fo|kFkhZ dks mins'k ns'kdj vkxs ds thou (xgLFk vkJe) ds nkf;Ro ds ckjsesa crk;k tkrk gSA bldks gh lekorZu laLdkj dgrs gSaA
þ gekjk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl
Hkkjrh; dky x.kuk
lalkj dh fdlh fo'ks"k ?kVuk ls dky x.kuk izkjaHk dh tkrh jgh gSA blx.kuk esa o"kZ] ekl vkSj fnu dk lekos'k jgrk gSA Hkkjr esa vusd laor~ izkjaHk gq,ftuesa foØe laor~] 'kkfyokgu laor~] 'kd laor~] jkelaor~&Ñ".k laor~ vkfn izeq[kgSaA buesa ls foØe laor lokZf/d izpyu esa gSA izR;sd o"kZ esa 12 ekl gksrs gSaa ftudkukedj.k iwf.kZek ds fnu f{kfrt ;k mlds lehiLFk u{k=k ds vk/kj ij fd;k x;kgSA ekl esa nks i{k gksrs gSa] 'kqDy i{k ,oa Ñ".k i{kA izfr rhljs o"kZ lkSjekl vkSjpkUæeklksa esa lkeatL; gsrq ,d ekl c<+ tkrk gS ftls vf/ekl ;k eyekl dgrsgSaA nks vekoL;k ds chp esa lØkfUr ugh vk;sa rks og ekl vf/ekl dgykrk gSAvkSj tc nks vekoL;kvksa ds chp lØkafr vk, rks og {k; ekl dgykrk gSAlØkfUr lw;Z dks ,d jkf'k ls nwljh jkf'k esa izos'k djus dks dgrs gSA
Hkkjrh; dky x.kuk ds vuqlkj le; dh NksVh bdkbZ foiy gSAlkB foiy ¾ ,d iy lkB iy ¾ ,d ?kM+h<kbZ ?kM+h ¾ ,d ?k.Vk lkB ?kM+h ¾ ,d fnu ,d jkr (24 ?k.Vs)pkj ?kM+h dk ,d pkS?kfM+;k¡ gksrk gSA ;g yxHkx Ms<+ ?k.Vk gksrk gSA
foØeh laor~ ds vuqlkj uoo"kZ dk izFke fnu pS=k 'kqDy izfrink gSA gekjs;gk¡ dky dh x.kuk l`f"V ds izFke fnu ls dh x;h gS ftlds vuqlkj bl le;;qxkCn 5122 rFkk foØeh laor~ 2077 gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh34
jkek;.k dh dFkkJhjke loZ=k O;kIr gSa] mudks dkSu ugha tkurk] os rks iq#"kksÙke FksA mudhdFkk dk o.kZu jkek;.k esa gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa μ
1- jkek;.k dh jpuk vkfn dfo -------- us dh gSA (okYehfd Íf"k)
2- jkek;.k -------------- Hkk"kk esa fy[kh xbZ gSA (laLÑr)
3- e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke jke ds firk dk uke --------- vkSj ekrk dk uke ----------------- FkkA(n'kjFk] dkSlY;k)
4- lhrk ds firk ------------- FksA (jktk tud)
5- ewfPNZr y{e.k ds fy, lathouh ykus ohj ------ x;s FksA (guqeku)
6- yadk fot; ds i'pkr~ jke us --------- dks ogk¡ dk jkT; iznku fd;kA(foHkh"k.k)
7- ----------------- us leqæ ikj djus ds fy, lsrq dk fuekZ.k fd;kA (uy&uhy)
8- yo&dq'k ------------------- ds iq=k FksA (Jhjke)
9- yo&dq'k dk tUe --------------- esa gqvk FkkA (okYehfd Íf"k vkJe)
10- jkek;.k xzUFk vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh gS μd- dEc jkek;.k& rfey esa] [k- Ñfrokl jkek;.k& caxyk esa]x- jaxukFk jkek;.k& rsyxq esa] ?k- rksjos jkek;.k& dUuM+ esa]Ä- vè;kRe jkek;.ke~& ey;kye~ esaA p- cjoS jkek;.kμvo/hA
LojkT; lw;Z egkjk.kk çrki
9 ebZ lu~ 1540 foñ laor 1597] T;s"B 'kqDy r`rh;k dk og fnu èkU; gS]tc esokM+ dh 'kkS;Z Hkwfe ij esokM+ eqdqVef.k çrki dk tUe gqvkA cIik jkoyds dqy dh v{kq..k dhfrZ dh mTToy irkdk] jktiwrh vku ,oa 'kkS;Z dk iq.;çrhd egkjk.kk lkaxk dk og ikS=k iQkYxqu 'kqDy 15] rnuqlkj 3 ekpZ 1572 dksflagklu ij vklhu gqvkA ml le; rd vfèkdka'k jktiwr ujs'k dwVuhfrK ckn'kkgvdcj ds njckj esa mifLFkr gks pqds FksA 'kkS;Z dh izfrewfrZ egkjk.kk çrki gh ,slsFks] ftUgksaus èkeZ ,oa Lokèkhurk ds fy, vkthou la?k"kZ fd;kA og lnk ijra=krk vkSjvèkeZ ds fo#¼ laxzke ds çrhd :i esa ;kn fd, tk,¡xsA
18 twu 1576 esa vdcj ds lsukifr ekuflag rFkk egkjk.kk çrki ds eè;gYnh?kkVh esa ?kksj laxzke gqvkA vkt ;g jktiwrkus dh ikou cfynku Hkwfe cu x;k
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh35
gSA egkjk.kk dh j{kk ds fy, muds fç; ?kksM+s psrd dk cfynku Hkh ;gha ij gqvkAblds i'pkr~ egkjk.kk fpÙkkSM+ NksM+ dj ouoklh gks x,A ?kkl dh jksfV;k¡ [kkb±]vjkoyh dh xqiQk,¡ gh vkokl vkSj f'kyk,¡ 'kÕ;k cu xb±] ijUrq çrki us vdcjdh vèkhurk Lohdkj ugha dhA egkjk.kk us çfrKk dh fd tc rd fpÙkkSM+ dksLokèkhu u djk yw¡xk] Hkwfe gh esjh 'kSÕ;k gksxh] lksus pkanh ds crZuksa esa Hkkstu ughad:¡xk rFkk egyksa esa ugha jgw¡xkA egkjk.kk çrki us bl n`<+ çfrKk dk thou Hkjikyu fd;kA
esokM+ ds xkSjo Hkkek'kkg ls mUgsa çpqj vkfFkZd lgk;rk feyh vkSj egkjk.kkus iqu% lsuk dk laxBu fd;kA fpÙkkSM+ dks NksM+dj lHkh nqxZ iqu% thr fy,A mn;iqjdks jktèkkuh cuk;kA 19 tuojh] 1597 rnuqlkj ek?k 'kqDy 11] foñ laor~ 1653dks LojkT; vkSj LoèkeZ ds çrhd egkjk.kk ijeèkke dks çLFkku dj x,A vkt HkhjktLFkkuh yksddFkkvksa esa dgk tkrk gS μ
ekbZ ,sgM+k iwr t.k tsgM+k jk.kk çrkivdcj lwrks vkstds tk.k fljk.ks lkaiA
cky ØkfUrdkjhLok/hurk Lo;eso izkIr gksus okyh dksbZ lgt miyfCèk ugha gksrh gS] cfYd
;g mu LoIu&æ"Vkvksa dh fo"kn ifjdYiuk gS] ftUgksaus Lora=krk dh cfy&osnh ijviuk loZLo U;kSNkoj dj bls lkdkj fd;k gSA ek¡ dh pj.k&jt esa Lo;a dkslefiZr djus okys egku ØkfUrdkfj;ksa esa dqN ,sls Hkh Fks tks thou dh izFkengyht ^cpiu* esa gh ^^tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lh** dk Hkko fy;sekrHkwfe dh cfy&osnh ij vius izk.kksa dk mRlxZ dj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds xkSjoe;i"Bksa ij Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr gks x;sA vkb,] ge bu dqN cky ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk Lej.k djsaμd- lhrkjke vkSj <ksaMh lUrw μ egkjk"Vª ds lkaxyh ftys ds eaxjksy xk¡o ds
fuoklh rFkk nfyr ifjokjksa ls lacaf/r 12 o"kZ dh vYik;q ds ckyd Fks]ftUgksaus vius xk¡ookfl;ksa dks fiQjaxh iqfyl ds vR;kpkj ls cpkus ds fy,Lo;a dks cfynku dj fn;kA
[k- cPpuizlkn] NBw fxfj vkSj >x:lkg μ fcgkj ds lhoku ftys esa 1942ds vkUnksyu ds le; lhoku ds U;k;ky; ij frjaxk iQgjkrs le; iqfylls tw>rs gq, ek=k 12 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 'kghn gks x;sA
x- fc'kuflag dwdk μ iatkc ds ohj dwdkvksa }kjk xkSj{kk vkUnksyu ds le;dlkb;ksa ls xk;ksa dks NqM+kus ds dkj.k 'kghn gq;s 65 dwdkvksa esa ,d 13 o"kZdk ckyd Fkk] ftlus vaxzst vf/dkjh dkou }kjk xq# ds izfr vi'kCn dgus
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh36
ij ml vaxzst dh nk<+h uksp MkyhA ifj.kkeLo:i mlds nksuksa gkFk dVokfn, x, vkSj ekr&Hkwfe dh cfy&osnh ij ,d vkSj ckyd 'kghn gks x;kA
?k- dkyhckbZ μ jktLFkku ds Mwaxjiqj ftys dh ,d 13 o"khZ; ckfydk ftlusvaxzstksa ds fo#¼ la?k"kZ djrs gq, vius fo|ky; ds nks vè;kidksa ukuk HkkbZthvkSj lasxk HkkbZth dks vaxzstksa ds dCts ls NqM+krs gq, vius thou dh cfy p<+knhA
Ä- ckth jkmr μ vksfM'kk ds uhydaBiqj xk¡o dk 13 o"khZ; ckyd ftlusvaxzst flikfg;ksa dks vius firk dh uko ij unh ikj djkus ls bUdkj dj fn;kvkSj bl izdkj vaxzst flikfg;ksa dh Øwjrk dk f'kdkj gks x;kA
gekjs ouoklh ohjfcjlk eq.Mk μ budk tUe 15 uoEcj] 1875 dks mfUugkrw xk¡o >kj[k.M esa
gqvk FkkA bUgksauss 1899 ls 1900 rd vaxzsT+kksa ds fo#¼ la?k"kZfd;kA eq.Mk ;ks¼kvksa us ohjrkiwoZd vn~Hkqr ijkØe fn[kyk;kAml ;q¼ dh ohjrk dh dgkfu;k¡ eq.Mk ifjokjksa esa vkt HkhcM+s xkSjo ds lkFk dgh vkSj lquh tkrh gSaA fcjlk eq.Mk us1895 esa eq.Mkvksa ls yxku vnk u djus rFkk csxkj u djusdk vkg~oku fd;k FkkA
ckyd nqn~èkk μ nqn~èkk ,d Hkhy ckyd FkkA mlds firk egkjk.kk çrki dhlsuk ds ,d ohj lSfud FksA ,d ckj mldh ek¡ us nkseksVh&eksVh jksfV;k¡ [kkus dks nhaA og jksfV;ksa dks ysdj lkrfnuksa ls Hkw[ks egkjk.kk çrki ds cPpksa dks nsus ds fy, ?ku?kksjtaxy dh vksj py fn;kA jkLrs esa 'k=kq lsuk us ml ij geykdj fn;k fdUrq fopfyr gq, fcuk jksfV;k¡ egkjk.kk çrki rdigq¡pkdj e`R;q dks xys yxk fy;kA dqEHkyx<+ dh fot; dklkjk Js; nqn~èkk dks gSA og vej gSA
ÿ Hkkjrh; foKku dh mTToy ijEijk
Hkkjrh; oSKkfud
û- vk;ZHkV~V μ budk tUe&bZloh lu~ 476 esa dqlqeiqj (fcgkj) esa gqvk FkkAxf.kr esa f=kdks.kfefr ds vkfo"dkjd_ ikbZ (π) ds izFke iz;ksxdrkZA vk;ZHkV~Vus gh loZizFke ;g fl¼ fd;k fd i`Foh xksy gS ,oa viuh /qjh ij ?kwerh gqbZ
ÿ
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh37
lw;Z dh ifjØek djrh gSA lw;Z xzg.k o pUæ xzg.k] pUæek vFkok i`Foh dhNk;k ds ifj.kke gSaA o`Ùk dh ifjfèk vkSj O;kl ds vuqikr ds :i esa xf.krh;eku 22@7 fudkydj mldk ç;ksx fd;kA dkykarj esa mldk uke ikbZ (π)ns fn;k x;kA
ü- pUæ'ks[kj osadVjeu μ budk tUe 7 uoEcj lu~ 1888 esa rfeyukMq dsfr:fpjkiYyh esa gqvk FkkA HkkSfrd foKku esa ukscsy iqjLdkj çkIr djus okys,f'k;k ds izFke oSKkfud ^fofHkUu inkFkks± }kjk iQSyk, x, izdk'k ds o.kZ iVesa u, jax gksrs gSa] tks ewy çdk'k eas ugha gksrsA** μ ;g [kkst HkkSfrdh esa jeuçHkko uke ls fo[;kr gSA
ý- /UoUrfj μ ;s vk;qfoZKku fo"k; ds tUenkrk FksA leqæ eaFku ds le; fudyspkSng jRuksa esa ls ,dA vk;qosZn fpfdRlk }kjk jksx funku ,oa mipkj ds fo'ks"kKA
þ- Jh fuokl jkekuqte~ vk;axj μ Jh fuokl jkekuqte~ vk;axj ,d fo'ofo[;kr xf.kr'kkL=kh ds ukrs tkus tkrs gSaA ,d ckj tc mUgsa d{kk esa vadxf.kri<+k;k tk jgk FkkA tc f'k{kd mUgsa le>k jgs Fks fd vxj rqEgkjs ikl 5 iQygSa vkSj rqe mls ik¡p yksxksa esa ck¡Vrs gks rks mu lHkh dks ,d&,d iQy ghfeysxkA vxj nl iQy gS vkSj nl yksaxksa esa ck¡Vuk gS rks Hkh gjsd dks ,d&,diQy feysxkA xf.kr dk fu;e crkrs gq, f'k{kd us crk;k fd fdlh Hkh la[;kdks ml ls Hkkx nsus ls ifj.kke ,d gh vkrk gSA
vpkud jkeuqte~ ds eu esa ,d iz'u mBk fd vxj 'kwU; iQy dks 'kwU;yksxkas esa ck¡Vk tk, rks izR;sd ds fgLls esa fdruk iQy vk,xkA f'k{kd bl iz'uls pkSad mBsA blls ;g vnkat feyrk gS fd jkekuqte~ dk xf.kr esa fparufdruh mQ¡pkbZ rd igq¡p pqdk FkkA gkbZ Ldwy esa jgrs gq, jkekuqte~ us f=kdks.kfefr dk Lukrd Lrj dk vè;;u dj fy;k FkkA
vk;qosZniz'u û- vk;qosZn dk eq[; fl¼kar D;k gS\
mÙkj μ vk;qosZn dk eq[; fl¼kar ;r~ fi.Ms&rr~ czãk.Ms* gSA blds vuqlkjtks dqN ckgjh lalkj esa fo|eku~ gS] og 'kjhj esa Hkh gS] tSls %ckgjh lalkj esa Å".krk dk |ksrd lw;Z ,oa 'khryrk dk |ksrdpUæek gSA bu nksuksa (Å".krk o 'khryrk) dks ogu djus okyhok;q gSA Bhd blh izdkj 'kjhj dh Å".krk ds fy, fiÙk rFkk'khryrk ds fy, diQ ,oa bu nksuksa (fiÙk o diQ) ds ogu dsfy, ok;q (okr) fo|eku~ gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh38
iz'u ü- vk;qosZn esa f=knks"k fdls dgrs gSa rFkk buds dk;Z D;k gSa\mÙkj μ okr&&&&&fiÙk&&&&&diQ bu rhuksa dks ^^f=knks"k** dh laKk nh tkrh gSA ;s
rhuksa nks"k le ek=kk esa jgdj 'kjhj dk /kj.k&&&&&iks"k.k djrs gSa rFkkfo"ke ek=kk esa gks tkus ij jksx mRiUu djrs gSaA
iz'u ý- ekufld xq.k o nks"k D;k gSa\mÙkj μ ^^lÙo** dks ekufld xq.k rFkk ^jtl~ o rel~** dks ekufld nks"k
dgk tkrk gSAiz'u þ- yykV ij pUnu yxkus ls D;k ykHk gS\mÙkj μ 'khryrk ds dkj.k bldk fryd yxkus ls dsUæh; ukM+h ra=k] vkKk pØ
fØ;k'khy gksrk gS rFkk efLr"d vkSj nf"V dh fØ;k'kfDr c<+rh gSA
ifo=k ,oa vkS"k/h; ouLifrû- uhe μ uhe o`{k ds iwQy] iQy] Nky] tM+ o iÙkh lHkh Hkkx vkS"kf/ ds
:i esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA uhe esa jDr&'kks/u dk xq.k fo'ks"k :i ls ik;k tkrkgSA iÙkksa dks mckydj Ñfeuk'kd nzo rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
ü- gYnh μ dUn ds :i esa mxus okyk ;g ikS/k jl rFkk pw.kZ ds :i esa iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA iwtk ds voljksa ij bldk iz;ksx 'kqHk ekuk tkrk gSA ;gthok.kq izfrjksèkd (,UVhck;ksfVd) gSA
ç'uksÙkjiz'u û- FkqEck dgk¡ gS\ ;g D;ksa izfl¼ gS\mÙkj&&&&& dsjy izkUr] jkWdsV iz{ksi.k dsUæAiz'u ü- Jhfuokl jkekuqtu dk uke fdl fy;s izfl¼ gS\mÙkj&&&&& xf.krK ds ukrsAiz'u ý- MkW- pUnz'ks[kj osadVjeu (lh-oh-jeu) dks lu~ 1930 esa fdl dk;Z ds fy,
ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk\mÙkj&&&&& HkkSfrd foKku esa ^jeu çHkko* dh [kkst ds dkj.kAiz'u þ- oSdfYid ÅtkZ dk lzksr D;k gS\mÙkj& lkSj mQtkZ] ty mQtkZ ,oa iou mQtkZAiz'u ÿ- o`{k dh vk;q dSls Kkr dh tkrh gS\mÙkj&&&&& o`{k dh vk;q c<+us ls mldh 'kk[kk;sa o ruk eksVs gksrs tkrs gSaA
çfro"kZ dsfEc;e (rus) esa dksf'kdkvksa dh ,d ijr dh o`f¼ gkstkrh gSA çR;sd ijr ,d o`Ùk cukrh gSA bu o`Ùkksa dks fxudj o`{kdh vk;q dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA ftl o"kZ o"kkZ vPNh gksrh gS];s o`Ùk vfèkd eksVs gksrs gSaA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh39
iz'u ö- çkphu Hkkjr ds çfl¼ ijek.kq oSKkfud dkSu Fks\mÙkj&&&&& egf"kZ d.kkn
çsjd çlaxHkkjrh; oSKfud izksñ txnh'k pUæ clq
,d ckj izksñ txnh'k pUnz clq dks vius vuqla/kuksa ij xgjk fo'okl FkkAmUgksaus ;g fl¼ djus ds fy, fd isM+&ikSèkksa esa Hkh thou gksrk gSA vius bl iz;ksxdks mUgksaus lkoZtfud djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA cM+h la[;k esa oSKkfud o lkekU;tu mudk iz;ksx ns[kus ds fy, vk,A mUgsa ;g lkfcr djuk Fkk fd isM+&ikS/ksa dksHkh ihM+k gksrh gS vkSj fo"k nsus ls os Hkh ej tkrs gSaA clq us ikSa/s esa tgj dk batsD'kuyxk;kA vuqeku ds vuqlkj pan {k.kksa esa ml ikS/s dks eqj>k tkuk Fkk] ij isM+ T;ksadk R;ksa [kM+k jgkA
dqN yksx g¡lus Hkh yxs ij clq fopfyr ugha gq,A mUgksaus rqjUr dgk fdvxj ;g fo"k ikS/s dks uqdlku ugha igq¡pk ldrk rks ;g eq>s Hkh uqdlku ughaigq¡pk ldrk gS vkSj vius vki dks ml fo"k dk batsD'ku nsus ds fy, rS;kj gksx,A
rHkh ,d vkneh lkeus vk;k vkSj mlus viuh 'kjkjr Lohdkj dhA mlus fo"kdh txg mlh jax dk ikuh 'kh'kh esa Hkj fn;k FkkA tc clq us ml ikS/s dks vlyhfo"k dk batsD'ku yxk;k rks ikS/k 'kh?kz gh eqj>k x;kA bl iz;ksx }kjk mUgksaus fl¼fd;k fd ouLifr;ksa esa Hkh thou gksrk gSA
vUrfj{k foKkupUæ fot; vfHk;ku μ Hkkjr us 22 vDVwcj 2008 dks viuk igyk ekuo
jfgr ;ku pUnzek dh vksj Hkstk ftldk uke pUnz;ku&1 fn;k x;kA blus dsoy 23fnuksa esa gh] 14 uoEcj 2008 dh jkf=k dks 8%31 feuV ij pUnzek dh lrg ij frjaxkèot iQgjk fn;kA
eaxy vfHk;ku μ ;g Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu dh ,d egRokdka{khvUrfj{k ifj;kstuk gSA bl ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr 5 uoEcj 2013 dks 2 ctdj 38feuV ij eaxy xzg dh ifjØek ds fy, ,d mixzg vkaèkz izns'k ds JhgfjdksVkfLFkr lrh'k èkou varfj{k dsUnz ls /zqoh; mixzg iz{ksi.k ;ku (ih,l,yoh)lh&25 ds }kjk liQyrkiwoZd NksM+k x;kA blds lkFk gh Hkkjr Hkh vc mu ns'kksaesa 'kkfey gks x;k gS ftUgksaus eaxy ij vius ;ku Hksts gSaA oSls vc rd eaxy dkstkuus ds fy;s 'kq: fd;s x;s nks frgkbZ vfHk;ku vliQy gh jgs gSa ijUrq 24
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk ç'uksÙkjh d{kk "k"Bh40
flrEcj 2014 dks eaxy dh d{kk esa igq¡pus ds lkFk gh] Hkkjr fo'o esa vius izFkeiz;kl esa gh liQy gksus okyk igyk ns'k cu x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr ;g eaxyij Hkstk x;k lcls lLrk fe'ku Hkh gSA
ö lkekU; Kku
dksjksuk dky ds dkj.kmijksDr nksuksa vè;k;ksaesa ls l=k 2020&21 esadksbZ Hkh iz'u ugha iwNk
tk,xkA
vr% bUgsa gVk fn;kx;k gSA
÷ gekjs jk"Vªuk;d