ljute paprike handout.pdf

8/19/2019 ljute paprike handout.pdf

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Pepper ‐ Chili pepper

Predrag Rebi ć

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Asterids

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Subfamily: Solanoideae

Tribe: Capsiceae

Genus: Capsicum

Its species are native to the Americas

Capsicum consists of 20–27 species, five of which are domesticated:

1.1. Capsicum

annuumCapsicum

annuum, which includes many common varieties such as bell peppers,wax, cayenne, jalapeños, and the chiltepin

2.2. Capsicum frutescensCapsicum frutescens, which includes malagueta, tabasco and Thai peppers, piri piri, and Malawian

3.3. Capsicum chinenseCapsicum chinense , which includes the hottest peppers such as

the naga,habanero, Datil and Scotch

bonnet4.4. Capsicum

pubescensCapsicum

pubescens, , which includes the South American rocoto peppers

5.5. Capsicum baccatumCapsicum baccatum, which includes the South American aji peppers

An exact weight of dried pepper is dissolved in alcohol to

extract the heat components (capsinoids), then diluted in a

solution of sugar water.

Increasing concentrations of the extracted capsinoids are

Measuring the heat

Scoville's methodScoville's method

19121912

given to a panel of five trained tasters, until a majority (at

least three) can detect the heat in a dilution.The heat level is

based on

this

dilution,

rated

in

multiples

of

100 Scoville

Heat

Units SHU.

Since Scoville ratings are defined per unit of dry mass,

comparison of ratings between products having different

water content can be misleading.

Police Grade Spray 5,300,000 SHU

Common Pe er S ra 2 000 000 ‐3 000 000 SHU

Pure capsaicin & Dihydrocapsaicin:

16,000,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU)

Chili pepper >0 – 2,200,000

Pepper 0

ASTA pungency units ASTA pungency units

This identifies and measures the concentration of heat‐producing

chemicals by a method that uses high performance liquid

chromatography (HPLC). The measurements are used in a mathematical formula that weighs them according to their relative capacity to produce

a sensation of heat. This method yields results, not in Scoville units, but

in American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) pungency units. A

1980s1980s

measurement of one part capsaicin per million corresponds to about 15

Scoville units. and the published method says that ASTA pungency units

can be multiplied by 15 and reported as Scoville units.

Scoville units are a measure for capsaicin content per unit of dry mass.

This conversion is approximate, and there is consensus that it gives

results about 20–40% lower than the actual Scoville method would have

given.


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To stop

the

mouth

flames

• Ice and water will feel pretty good, but it’s only a temporary feel‐good fix.

• Beer is suggested as a solution because the alcohol will help to neutralize the capsaicin molecules. But remember that beer is about 95% water and won’t really

neutralize the capsaicin clinging to your tongue. The harder stuff might help but

you’d have to drink a lot of it and you’d end up feeling no pain for other reasons.

• Acid can cut through the heat so try vinegar, lemon or lime juice

• Milk, cheese, sour cream, yogurt, and ice cream will coat your mouth and can

break the bonds capsaicin forms with the nerve endings

• Sugars bind to pain receptors more readily than capsaicin so sweet things might

work, too. Sugar, fruit, honey, molasses, even carrots have all been used. Highly

sweetened non‐carbonated drinks may work.

Carolina Reaper

Fort Mill, South Carolina, USA

Capsicum chinense

1,569,383 ‐ 2,200,000 SHU

1.1.

Trinidad moruga scorpionCapsicum chinense

District of Moruga

in Trinidad and Tobago

2,009,231 SHU

7 Pod Douglah

(7 Pot Douglah, Chocolate 7 Pod, also known as 7 Pot)Capsicum chinense

Trinidad

923,000 ‐ 1,853,396 SHU

Trinidad Scorpion "Butch T" PepperCapsicum chinense

Woodville/Crosby,

Mississippi, USA

1,463,700 SHU


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Naga Viper pepper

Cark, Cumbria,

England

Capsicum chinense

1,382,118 (> 2,200,000 SHU?)

New Mexico Scorpion

Capsicum chinense

New Mexico

1,191,595 SHU

This was also claimed to be a This was also claimed to be a

new found variety, that later was new found variety, that later was

discovered to be a renamed one.discovered to be a renamed one.

Bedfordshire Super Naga

Bedfordshire, England Capsicum chinense

1,120,000 SHU

Infinity Chili pepperCapsicum chinense

Lincolnshire,

England

1,067,286 SHU

BhutJolokia (naga jolokia,naga morich, bih jolokia, ghospepper,ghost chili pepper, red naga chilli, and ghost chilli)Capsicum chinense

Assam, Nagaland

and Manipur, India

1,041,427 SHU

7 Pot Chili PepperCapsicum chinense

Chaguanas area of Trinidad

> 1,000,000 SHU


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Naga Morich

Capsicum chinenseNorth East India,

Sylhet region

of Bangladesh

>1,000,000 SHU

Red Savina pepper

Capsicum chinense

Walnut, California,

USA

577,000 SHU

Aribibi GusanoCapsicum chinense

Bolivia

300,000 – 470,000 SHU

Hot Paper Lantern HabaneroCapsicum chinense

Central America:

the Yucatan region,

and

the Caribbean islands

400,000 ‐ 450,000 SHU

Fatalii Chile PepperCapsicum chinense

Central Africa

125,000–400,000 SHU

Wiri Wiri PepperCapsicum frutescens

Guyana

150,000 ‐ 350,000 SHU


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Habanero chili

Capsicum chinense

Amazonas

100,000–350,000 SHU

Scotch Bonnetalso known as Boabs Bonnet, Scotty Bons,[Bonney peppers, or Caribbean red peppers

Capsicum chinense

Caribbean islands,

Guyana (Ball of Fire),

the Maldives Islands

and West Africa

100,000–350,000 SHU

Madame JeanetteCapsicum chinense

originally from Suriname

100,000–350,000 SHU

HABANERO WHITECapsicum chinense

Origin: Peru

> 300,000 SHU

Habanero Jam Scotch Bonnet Long Capsicum chinense

Caribbean

100,000–350,000 SHU

Papa Joe's Scotch BonnetCapsicum chinense

USA

100,000–350,000 SHU


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Habanero Bonda Ma Jacques

Capsicum chinense

St. Lucia, Caribbean

200,000 ‐ 300,000 SHU

Datil pepper

Capsicum chinense

St. Augustine, Florida

The pepper is almost identical to a west

African pepper called the "fatalii" or "fatal."

100,000 ‐ 300,000 SHU

Rukutu, Ruqutu (Quechua), hispanic rocoto)

Luqutu (Aymara,hispanicized locotoCapsicum pubescens

Central and

South America

50,000–250,000 SHU

Jamaican Hot Chili Peppers

(red, chocolate, yellow)Capsicum chinense

Jamaica

100,000‐200,000 SHU

Bird's eye chili, bird's chili or Thai chiliCapsicum annuum

Southeast Asia

India

100,000–225,000 SHU

Habanero Tasmanian RedCapsicum chinense

Tasmania?

Caribbean?

100,000 ‐175,000 SHU


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Piri piri

Capsicum frutescensUganda, Malawi,

South Africa,

Ghana, Nigeria,

Zambia, Zimbabwe,

Mozambique,

the tropical forests

o out u an

& the highlands

of Ethiopia.

50,000–175,000 SHU

Pequin pepper

Capsicum annuum

grow wild in Mexico.

100,000–140,000 SHU

Chile PiquinCapsicum annuum

Querétaro, Mexico

100,000–140,000 SHU

Pimenta Bode Capsicum frutescens

Brazil

50,000 SHU

Siling labuyoCapsicum frutescens

Philippines

80,000 ‐ 100,000 SHU

Malagueta pepperCapsicum frutescen

Brazil,

Portugal,

Mozambique

60,000–100,000 SHU


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Chiltepin, chiltepe, and chile tepin,

turkey, bird’s eye,

bird peppers,

Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum

North America and

northern South America

50,000 ‐100,000 SHU

Cayenne pepper

Capsicum annuum

Cayenne, French Guiana

30,000–50,000 SHU

aji amarilloCapsicum baccatum

Peru

30,000‐50,000 SHU

Lemon drop pepperCapsicum baccatum

Peru

30.000 ‐ 50.000 SHU

Yellow Lantern ChiliCapsicum chinense

Central America,

the Yucatan region,

the Caribbean islands

30,000–50,000 SHU

Tabasco pepperCapsicum frutescens

Mexican state of Tabasco

Louisiana,United States

30,000–50,000 SHU


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Guntur Sannam

Capsicum annum

Guntur District,

Andhra Pradesh, India

35,000 ‐ 40,000 SHU

Chupetinho

AlaranjadoCapsicum chinense

Brazil

20,000‐30,000 SHU

Chile de árbolCapsicum annuum

Mexico

15,000 ‐ 30,000 SHU

Chile de árbolCapsicum annuum

Mexico

15,000‐30,000 SHU

Brazilian StarfishCapsicum baccatum

Brazil

5,000 ‐ 30,000 SHU

Red FireCapsicum chinense

unknown

5,000 ‐ 30,000 SHU


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Serrano pepper

Capsicum annuum

Puebla and Hidalgo, Mexico

10,000–25,000 SHU

Peter pepper

Capsicum annuum var. annuum

East Texas, Louisiana, USA

10,000‐23,000 SHU

Pimenta de CheiroCapsicum chinense

Brazil

20,000 SHU

Byadagi chilliCapsicum annuum

Karnataka, India

9,000 – 15,000 SHU

Bishop's crown Capsicum baccatum

Peru and Bolivia

5,000 – 15,000 SHU

Hungarian wax pepperCapsicum annuum

Hungary

1,000 ‐ 15,000 SHU


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Aji Angelo

Capsicum baccatum

Bolivia, Peru

2,000 – 12,000 SHU

Aleppo pepper

Capsicum annuum

Middle Eastern and

Mediterranean region

10,000 SHU

Fresno chili pepperCapsicum annuu

San Joaquin Valley , California

2,500 ‐ 10,000 SHU

Guajillo chili or guajillo chilliCapsicum annuum

Mexico

2,500 ‐ 5,000 SHU

Jalapeno PepperCapsicum annuum

Mexico , U.S.

Chipotle Peppers

dried and smoked

Jalapeno Peppers

3,000 ‐ 6,000 SHU

Anaheim pepperC. annuum var. annuum

Anaheim, California, USA

500–5,000 SHU


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Espelette pepper

Piment d'Espelette

Basque people

Espelette,

Pyrénées-Atlantiques,

France

4,000 SHU

Rocotillo pepper

Capsicum baccatum

Peru

1,500 ‐ 2,500 SHU

Chilaca pepperCapsicum annuum

Michoacan, Mexico

Dried chilaca pepper =

1,000 ‐ 2,000 SHU

Pasilla chile chile oror chile negro

PeppadewCapsicum baccatum

Limpopo province of South Africa.

1,177 SHU

PoblanoCapsicum annuum

Puebla, Mexico

1,000–1,500 SHU

Dried, it is called

ancho or ancho ancho chile

PoblanoCapsicum annuum

Mexico

1,000–1,500 SHU

ancho


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Cubanelle, Cuban pepper

Capsicum annuum

Cuba,

the Dominican Republic,

Puerto Rico

1000 SHU

Banana pepper

Capsicum annuum

native to South America

.

0‐500 SHU

Cayenne Long Slim Capsicum annuum

French Guiana

30,000–50,000 SHU

Chile Bolita Capsicum annuum

Coahuila, Durango,

Guerrero, and Jalisc

Mexico

When dried,

called

Cascabel

2,500–8,000 SHU

Cascabel chili peppersCapsicum Annuum

Mexico

1,000‐3,000 SHU

Chile Mulato Capsicum annuum

Mexico

2,500 ‐ 3,000 SHU


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Chile Verde

Capsicum annuum

Mexico, Yucatan

Arizona, New Mexico, USA

500 ‐ 1,500 SHU

Pimiento, pimento,

or Cherry pepper

Capsicum annuum

European origin

100 – 500 SHU

Peperoncini

(or pepperoncini)Capsicum annuum

Greece, Italy...

0–500 SHU

Trinidad Perfume chili pepperCapsicum chinense

0‐500 SHU

Purple BeautyCapsicum annuum

unknown

0 SHU

BiquinhosCapsicum chinense

Brazil

0 SHU


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Bell pepper, sweet pepper, pepper, capsicum

Capsicum annuum

native to Mexico, Central America and northern South America.

0 SHU

Aji Arbolado

Capsicum baccatum

Peru

Arbol 15,000‐30,000?

Aji FantasyCapsicum baccatum

Finland

?

Chile Dulce MilfrutoCapsicum annuum

Costa Rica

NagayatsubusaCapsicum annuum

Japan

?

Pepperoni CosenzaCapsicum annuum

Italy

?, mild

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