PO

RTL

AN

D

MIX

ED U

SE R

ENOV

ATIO

NM

ULTI

FAM

ILY R

ESID

ENTI

ALHI

GH R

ISE

MIX

ED U

SESI

NGLE

FAM

ILY R

ESID

ENTI

ALHO

SPIT

AL

BO

STO

N

ATL

AN

TA

PH

OEN

IX

CO

ST

CO

MPA

RIS

ON

MAT

RIX

LIVI

NG B

UILD

ING

FINA

NCIA

L ST

UDY

1155-2200

%

36.8

Tota

l arr

ay si

ze in

kilo

wat

ts

Tota

l wat

er u

se in

kilo

gal

lons

Resu

ltant

Ene

rgy U

se In

tens

ity in

kbt

u/sf

/yea

r

Cost

pre

miu

m (%

)

rain

wate

rgr

eywa

ter

blac

kwat

er

$146

/sf

273

kw

357k

Dire

ct C

onst

ruct

ion

Cost

Payb

ack

perio

d

15-2

0 ye

ars

Site

pla

n

indi

catin

g PV

, site

and

mas

sing

cha

nge s

Sect

ion

indi

catin

g fo

rm c

hang

es

$24

7/sf

$263

/sf

$282

/sf

$194

/sf

$234

/sf

$148

/sf

$215

/sf

$411

/sf

$337

/sf

$304

/sf

$20

7/sf

$222

/sf

$239

/sf

$168

/sf

$210

/sf

$129

/sf

$188

/sf

$363

/sf

$304

/sf

$22

1/sf

$231

/sf

$243

/sf

$166

/sf

$218

/sf

$129

/sf

$187

/sf

$368

/sf

$395

/sf

$272

/sf

$305

/sf

$319

/sf

$221

/sf

$277

/sf

$166

/sf

$244

/sf

$469

/sf

tempe

rate

hot h

umid

hot a

rid

cool

UNIV

ERSI

TY C

LASS

ROOM

12-17

11122222222222222222217

11111%

16-21

116621

1111%

16-21

111111111111116666666666666621

111111%

$337

/s/f

649

kw

301k

743

kw

301k

1217

111111111111112222222222222-117

%%

SCHO

OL K

-8

11-16

111111116

%

19-24

1111111111111111199999999999999-24444

1%

17-22

1111111111111111111777777777777777777-22

1%%

$24

7/sf/

1013

kw

968k

776

kw

968k

MID

RIS

E O

FFIC

E 26-31

2631

%

32-37

32333333333333337

3%

36-41

36444444444441

%

773

kw/

851

kw

357k

357k

LOW

RIS

E OF

FICE 29

-34

29-3

44%

33-3

933333

-39%%

355-44

00000000000000000000%

271

kw/

273

kw

122k

122k

17-22

117-22

11% /

1433

kw

357k

20-25

2002

%26

-312

%16

-2116

21%

21-26

222%

23-28

23-28

222%%

2631

2226-311

222%%

1143

kw

376k

35-4

03555

4%

39-4

439

-4%

38-4

338

43%

7 kw 31

k

31-3

6%

33-3

83

%

32-37

%

654

kw

357k

20-25

20222222222222222222222222222555555555555555

%

20-25

20222222222555555555

22%

23-28

23222222222222222222222222888888888888888888888888

22%

2556

kw

32-37

32333333333377777777777777777777

33333%

32-37

333%

32-37

333%

4465

kw

/

825

kw

959k

1296

k26

7k

1180

k

556

kw25

633k

2525

k16

85k

4288

k

/

3143

kw

/

4959

kw

143

kw31

425k

2525

k18

66k

4288

k

59 k

w49

5 1921

k23

68k

65 k

w44

6 2688

k42

88k

1601

k

981

kw

176k

72k

53k

569k

w

523k

445k

591

kw

153k

195k

205

kw

95k

27k

2222222222222222111111111111-2266

2%

855

kw

182k

119k

4 kw 17

k14

k

513

kw

227k

1296

k

1976

kw

3439

kw

75k

999k

19976

kw

19

321k

2525

k19

97k

3439

kkw

439

k

386k

4288

k39

03k

24-29

2429

2%

130k

1617

kw

301k

1224

kw

968k

930

kw

357k

330

kw

122k

1578

kw

376k

9 kw 26

k

912

kw

1096

k

3582

kw

5666

kw

k

91 1012

96k

35882

kw

358 5

17k

2525

k18

01k

56666

kw

56

2196

k42

88k

2093

k5k

/

6 kw

23k

9k

4449

444-4

99944

%

8885

1119k

4-9

444444444444999%

35.4

28.2

36.0

30.3

37.2

15.5

23.2

32.0

123.

9

40.3

24.8

34.9

35.5

35.3

17.1

21.8

30.6

117.

4

38.4

23.0

34.2

34.3

33.6

11.5

22.0

30.9

118.

7

48.6

35.7

43.4

43.6

45.5

19.5

28.5

40.5

148.

0

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

kbtu

/sf/

year

11-1

6 ye

ars

27-3

2 ye

ars

22-2

7 ye

ars

13-1

8 ye

ars

12-1

7 ye

ars

9-14

year

s

6-11

year

s

29-3

4 ye

ars

39-4

4 ye

ars

22-2

7 ye

ars

20-2

5 ye

ars

19-2

4 ye

ars

12-1

7 ye

ars

13-1

8 ye

ars

11-1

6 ye

ars

8-13

year

s

11-1

6 ye

ars

6-11

year

s

9-14

year

s 2-

7 ye

ars

8-13

year

s

10-1

5 ye

ars

6-11

year

s

10-1

5 ye

ars

8-13

year

s

12-1

7 ye

ars

6-11

year

s

18-2

3 ye

ars

15-2

0 ye

ars

16-2

1 ye

ars

10-1

5 ye

ars

25-3

0 ye

ars

21-2

6 ye

ars

20-2

5 ye

ars

16-2

1 ye

ars

10-1

5 ye

ars

LIVI

NG B

UILD

ING

FINA

NCIA

L ST

UDY:

KE

Y VA

RIA

BLE

S

PO

RTL

AN

D

BO

STO

N

ATL

AN

TA

PH

OEN

IX

tempe

rate

hot h

umid

hot a

rid

cool

PHOT

OVOL

TAIC

CAP

ACIT

YTo

ach

ieve

net

zero

ener

gy, s

olar

pan

els w

ere fi

rst a

dded

to ea

ch b

uild

ing

roof

. If a

dditi

onal

PV p

rodu

ctio

n wa

s nee

ded

to a

chie

ve n

et ze

ro en

ergy

, PV

was

add

ed n

ext t

o the

site

. For

refe

renc

e bui

ldin

gs th

at d

id n

ot in

clud

e ad

ditio

nal s

ite a

rea,

it w

as a

ssum

ed th

at P

V cou

ld b

e add

ed to

the

roof

tops

of n

earb

y par

king

gara

ges,

with

the e

nerg

y con

sum

ed b

y tho

se

park

ing g

arag

es a

lso in

clud

ed in

ove

rall e

nerg

y pro

duct

ion

of th

e PV a

rray.

TOTA

L WAT

ER U

SEAl

l bui

ldin

gs w

ere fi

rst u

pgra

ded

to in

clud

e the

mos

t wat

er co

nser

ving

fi xtu

res a

vaila

ble i

n the

mar

ket t

oday

. The

rem

aini

ng w

ater

usa

ge

was o

ffset

fi rs

t by r

ainw

ater

colle

cted

from

the b

uild

ing’

s roo

f, th

en th

roug

h gre

ywat

er an

d bl

ackw

ater

recla

im sy

stem

s. D

iffer

ent

build

ing t

ypes

requ

ired

diffe

rent

leve

ls of

was

te w

ater

trea

tmen

t, de

pend

ing i

f the

wat

er ne

eded

to b

e reu

sed

as p

otab

le or

not.

Tank

size

dep

ends

on

both

rain

fall a

nd w

ater

usa

ge p

atte

rns.

ENER

GY U

SE IN

TENS

ITY

The

base

line

Ener

gy U

se In

tens

ity (E

UI) f

or e

ach

build

ing

type

wa

s det

erm

ined

usi

ng d

ata

from

the

2003

Com

mer

cial

Bui

ld-

ings

Ene

rgy C

onsu

mpt

ion

Surv

ey (C

BECS

) and

200

5 Re

side

ntia

l En

ergy

Con

sum

ptio

n Su

rvey

(REC

S).

A ta

rget

of 5

0-65

% im

-pr

ovem

ent o

ver C

BECS

was

set f

or e

ach

build

ing

type

. En

ergy

Co

nser

vatio

n M

easu

res (

ECM

s) w

ere

appl

ied

to e

ach

build

ing

(by c

limat

e ci

ty) u

ntil

the

goal

or t

arge

t EUI

was

reac

hed.

CLIM

ATES

tem

pera

te: T

his c

limat

e is

mild

er w

ith le

ss

extre

mes

. Ra

infa

ll va

ries a

cros

s the

regi

on

depe

ndin

g on

loca

tion.

hot-h

umid

: Thi

s clim

ate

is c

hara

cter

ized

by h

ot

hum

id d

ays e

spec

ially

in

the

sum

mer

. Ra

infa

ll va

ries a

cros

s the

regi

on

depe

ndin

g on

loca

tion.

hot-a

rid: T

his c

limat

e is

char

acte

rized

by h

ot d

ry

days

and

coo

ler n

ight

s,

alth

ough

col

d da

ys a

re

poss

ible

in th

e wi

nter

m

onth

s. Th

e av

erag

e ra

infa

ll is

very

low.

cool

: Thi

s clim

ate

typi

cally

has

col

d wi

nter

day

s, p

ossi

ble

hot/

hum

id su

mm

er

even

ings

. Rai

nfal

l va

ries a

cros

s the

regi

on

depe

ndin

g on

loca

tion,

wi

th sn

ow fa

ll ad

ding

to

tota

l pre

cipi

tatio

n.

BUIL

DING

TYP

ESUn

iver

sity

Cla

ssro

om

Scho

ol K

-8

Low

Rise

Offi

ce

Mid

Ris

e Of

fice

Mix

ed U

se R

enov

atio

n

Sing

le F

amily

Res

iden

tial

Mul

ti Fa

mily

Res

iden

tial

High

Ris

e M

ixed

Use

Hosp

ital

15-20

%

$146

/sf

15-2

0 ye

ars

COST

PRE

MIU

M (%

)Th

e co

sts f

or L

ivin

g Bu

ildin

g pr

emiu

ms w

ere

pric

ed a

s if t

hey

were

par

t of t

he o

rigin

al d

esig

n, n

ot in

crem

enta

l cha

nges

. Si

mila

r to

the

Valu

e En

gine

erin

g pr

oces

s dur

ing

desi

gn, c

hang

es

were

ana

lyze

d on

a n

et-im

pact

bas

is a

cros

s dis

cipl

ines

.

PAYB

ACK

PERI

ODTh

e co

st e

stim

atin

g te

am p

erfo

rmed

a si

mpl

ified

life

cyc

le c

ost

anal

ysis

, com

parin

g th

e LE

ED G

old

build

ing

base

line

cost

s to

the

cost

s pro

ject

ed fo

r the

Liv

ing

Build

ing

Mod

ifica

tion

to a

rrive

at t

he

pres

ent w

orth

for e

ach

build

ing.

Th

e to

tal l

ife c

ycle

cos

t loo

ked

at

both

the

annu

al c

ost a

nd th

e pr

esen

t wor

th o

f the

bui

ldin

g to

arri

ve

at a

pre

sent

wor

th fo

r the

LEE

D Go

ld b

uild

ing.

The

Liv

ing

Build

ing

does

not

hav

e co

sts a

dded

to it

as i

t has

no

wate

r or e

nerg

y usa

ge.

DIRE

CT C

ONST

RUCT

ION

COST

The

proj

ects

bas

e es

timat

es w

ere

norm

alize

d to

Janu

ary 2

009

dolla

rs so

bas

elin

e co

sts c

ould

be

esta

blis

hed.

Cos

ts in

clud

e th

e ba

lanc

e of

a d

evel

oper

’s pr

ofor

ma

cost

s inc

ludi

ng su

rvey

, leg

al,

SDC

char

ges,

bui

ldin

g pe

rmits

, fur

nitu

re a

nd fe

e. L

and

purc

hase

co

sts a

re n

ot in

clud

ed d

ue to

the

high

deg

ree

of va

riatio

n fro

m si

te

to si

te. T

he c

ost m

odel

refle

cts a

bes

t net

-val

ue in

terp

reta

tion

of

stra

tegi

es a

nd sy

stem

s nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

Liv

ing

Build

ing

goal

s.

WH

Y D

O T

HIS

STU

DY?

The

task

of

chan

ging

cul

tura

l and

soc

ial p

arad

igm

s fa

lls t

o th

ose

who

are

will

ing

to d

ispr

ove

wha

t is

pe

rcei

ved

as im

poss

ible

. In

the

two

year

s si

nce

the

Livi

ng B

uild

ing

Cha

lleng

e w

as a

nnou

nced

, the

re h

as

been

phe

nom

enal

inte

rest

fro

m c

lient

s an

d de

sign

fi rm

s at

trac

ted

by t

he s

impl

icit

y of

the

con

cept

and

an

app

reci

atio

n fo

r th

e ne

w m

ilest

one

it d

efi n

es o

n th

e pa

th t

o a

rest

orat

ive

futu

re. O

ften

, the

que

stio

n th

at a

rise

s af

ter

clie

nts

begi

n to

com

preh

end

the

mag

nitu

de o

f bu

ildin

g a

Livi

ng B

uild

ing

is “

wha

t is

the

co

st p

rem

ium

and

the

pay

back

?” T

his

stud

y co

mm

issi

oned

by

the

Cas

cadi

a C

hapt

er o

f th

e U

S G

reen

B

uild

ing

Cou

ncil

take

s di

rect

aim

at

that

ver

y qu

esti

on. T

he r

esul

ts a

re e

nlig

hten

ing

and

enco

urag

ing.

STU

DY

ME

THO

DO

LOG

YFo

r th

e st

udy,

a t

eam

led

by S

ERA

Arc

hite

cts,

join

ed b

y S

kans

ka U

SA

Bui

ldin

g, G

erdi

ng/E

dlen

D

evel

opm

ent,

New

Bui

ldin

gs In

stit

ute

and

Inte

rfac

e En

gine

erin

g co

ncep

tual

ly t

rans

form

ed e

xist

ing

LEED

Gol

d bu

ildin

gs in

to L

ivin

g B

uild

ings

– u

sing

rea

l con

stru

ctio

n da

ta a

nd d

ocum

ents

. Nin

e bu

ildin

g ty

pes,

ran

ging

fro

m r

esid

enti

al t

o co

mm

erci

al a

nd in

stit

utio

nal,

are

in p

roce

ss o

f be

ing

eval

uate

d in

fo

ur d

iffe

rent

clim

ate

zone

cit

ies:

mix

ed, t

empe

rate

, hot

hum

id, a

nd h

ot a

rid.

The

pre

limin

ary

resu

lts

for

the

build

ing

type

s ar

e sh

own

on t

he r

ever

se s

ide

of t

his

shee

t. A

det

aile

d re

port

incl

udin

g th

e st

udy’

s as

sum

ptio

ns, p

roce

ss a

nd b

ack-

up d

ata

are

anti

cipa

ted

to b

e av

aila

ble

by e

arly

Mar

ch.

The

team

end

eavo

red

to e

mpl

oy t

he le

ast

expe

nsiv

e st

rate

gies

init

ially

for

all

prer

equi

site

s, o

nly

utili

zing

ex

pens

ive

syst

ems

whe

n th

e cl

imat

e co

ndit

ions

di

ctat

ed t

hey

wer

e re

quir

ed. F

irst

, eac

h bu

ildin

g de

sign

was

ana

lyze

d to

det

erm

ine

how

the

bui

ldin

g co

uld

be r

esha

ped

to p

erfo

rm b

ette

r in

eac

h cl

imat

e zo

ne –

em

ploy

ing

sim

ple

tech

niqu

es li

ke

elon

gati

ng t

he b

uild

ing

in t

he w

est/

east

dir

ecti

on

to m

axim

ize

dayl

ight

ing.

Nex

t, e

nerg

y co

nser

vati

on

mea

sure

s (E

CM

’s)

wer

e in

tegr

ated

to

redu

ce d

eman

d.

Mec

hani

cal s

yste

ms

wer

e up

grad

ed a

nd o

ptim

ized

(a

nd in

som

e ca

ses

elim

inat

ed)

for

the

build

ing

and

clim

ate.

The

fi na

l ste

p in

the

pat

h to

Net

-Zer

o En

ergy

was

inco

rpor

atin

g p

hoto

volt

aics

in s

uffi c

ient

qu

anti

ty t

o m

eet

the

rem

aini

ng e

nerg

y de

man

d.

AP

PR

OA

CH

TO

TH

E C

OS

T M

OD

EL

In o

rder

to

put

a pr

ice

tag

on a

n id

ea, i

t m

ust

be

tran

slat

ed in

to a

mod

el, w

ith

form

, pla

ce a

nd

qual

ity

defi n

ed. T

he e

ntir

e st

udy

team

eng

aged

in a

dia

logu

e to

iden

tify

and

ske

tch

out

the

char

acte

rist

ics

of t

he p

roje

cts

usin

g th

e Li

ving

Bui

ldin

g C

halle

nge

so c

once

ptua

l lev

el c

ost

esti

mat

es c

ould

be

prep

ared

. Th

e es

tim

atin

g te

am t

ook

a co

nsid

ered

app

roac

h to

ant

icip

atin

g th

e co

mpl

ete

scop

e of

eac

h pr

ojec

t, a

ddin

g al

low

ance

s fo

r fu

ll te

nant

bui

ld-o

ut if

it w

as n

ot in

clud

ed in

the

bas

e. L

ivin

g B

uild

ings

dem

and

an in

tegr

ated

ap

proa

ch t

o de

sign

; lik

ewis

e, t

he e

stim

ate

coul

d no

t as

sum

e th

at f

eatu

res

wou

ld b

e bo

lted

-on

in is

olat

ion

of o

ne a

noth

er. S

kans

ka w

orke

d w

ith

the

stud

y te

am t

hrou

ghou

t th

e pr

oces

s to

defi

ne

and

esti

mat

e th

e de

sign

inte

nt. T

he c

ost

mod

el r

efl e

cts

a be

st, n

et-v

alue

inte

rpre

tati

on o

f st

rate

gies

and

sys

tem

s ne

cess

ary

to a

chie

ve L

ivin

g B

uild

ing

goal

s an

d in

corp

orat

e in

dust

ry-r

ecog

nize

d co

ntin

genc

ies,

reg

iona

l cos

t da

ta

deri

ved

from

Ska

nska

’s c

ost

data

base

and

sof

t co

sts

adju

sted

to

appr

oxim

ate

Janu

ary

20

09

pri

cing

.

Con

cept

ual e

stim

atin

g is

par

t sc

ienc

e an

d pa

rt a

rt. T

he c

ost

mod

els

ende

avor

to

esta

blis

h a

cost

incr

emen

t fo

r Li

ving

Bui

ldin

gs, r

ecog

nizi

ng t

hat

ever

y pr

ojec

t w

ill v

ary

from

the

se r

esul

ts in

res

pons

e to

its

uniq

ue

requ

irem

ents

, loc

atio

n an

d m

arke

t co

ndit

ions

. Mor

e im

port

ant

than

the

abs

olut

e nu

mbe

rs d

eriv

ed f

or t

he s

mal

l sa

mpl

e of

spe

cifi c

pro

ject

s an

alyz

ed in

thi

s st

udy

are

the

gene

ral i

nsig

hts

gain

ed in

wha

t infl u

ence

s th

e co

sts

of a

Li

ving

Bui

ldin

g.

“Our

wor

k on

the

Livi

ng B

uild

ing

Chal

leng

e Co

st S

tudy

has

confi r

med

som

e as

sum

ptio

ns a

nd fr

ankl

y su

rpris

ed u

s on

oth

ers.

The

type

of b

uild

ing,

loca

tion

, ava

ilabl

e in

cent

ives

, etc

. all

driv

e di

ffer

ent

resu

lts. W

hat g

ives

us

confi

den

ce is

that

wit

h a

crea

tive

des

ign

and

cons

truc

tion

team

and

a d

riven

clie

nt, i

t is

poss

ible

to d

evel

op L

ivin

g

Bui

ldin

gs. T

his

is n

ot ju

st g

ood

new

s, th

is is

confi r

mat

ion

that

we

will

soo

n se

e an

arr

ay o

f bui

ldin

g ty

pes

achi

eve

phen

omen

al re

sults

in n

ot ju

st th

e re

duct

ion

of th

e en

viro

nmen

tal f

ootp

rint b

ut in

thei

r

rela

tion

ship

wit

h th

e bu

ildin

g oc

cupa

nts.

One

thin

g is

ver

y cl

ear,

the

best

bui

ldin

g in

the

wor

ld w

ill a

chie

ve v

ery

little

unl

ess

the

occu

pant

s

part

icip

ate

acti

vely

in m

akin

g th

e bu

ildin

g pe

rfor

m a

s in

tend

ed.”

Den

nis

Wild

eG

erdi

ng /

Edle

n D

evel

opm

ent

Cas

cadi

a’s

mis

sion

is t

o pr

omot

e th

e de

sign

, con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

of b

uild

ings

in

Ala

ska,

Bri

tish

Col

umbi

a, W

ashi

ngto

n an

d O

rego

n th

at a

re e

nvir

onm

enta

lly r

espo

nsib

le,

profi

tab

le a

nd h

ealt

hy p

lace

s to

live

, wor

k an

d le

arn.

ENER

The

bawa

s de

ig

E

24.8

kbtu

/sf/

year