literature review
TRANSCRIPT
LITERATURE REVIEWOF
TEN RESEARCH STUDIES
IS THERE A CONNECTION BETWEENATTACHMENT DISORDERS
ANDPSYCHOPATHY?
DEFINITIONS
Psychopathy: “a personality disorder characterized by a constellation
of traits including interpersonal affective features and antisocial features” (Gao, Raine, Chan, Venables, & Mednick, 2010).
Attachment Disorder: Demonstrated by an inability to have close relationships.
Definitions continued
Reflective Functioning: An ability to see and think about mental states in oneself and others (Bouchard, et al. 2008).
Research Study#1
by Becker-Weidman, 2009
Effects of Early Maltreatment on Development: A Descriptive Study using the Vineland Adaptive Scales II
Effects of Early Maltreatment on Development
Determined that adopted and foster children showed a lower average developmental age (4.4 years vs actual average age of 9.9 years), and that there is a higher prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with this population
Challenges with this Study
Small sample sizeParticipants already identified as at-riskResults gained from self-reports
Research Study#2
Abrams, Rifkin, & Hesse, 2009.
Examining the Rule of Parental Frightened/Frightening Subtypes in Predicting Disorganized Attachment within a Brief Observational Procedure.
Examining the Role of Parental Frightened/Frightening Subtypes in Predicting Disorganized Attachment
Showed that dissociative problems among mothers have children with a higher level of disorganizational attachment.
Challenges with this Study
Participants were psychology studentsSample made up of mostly CaucasiansResults from self-reports
Research Study#3
Bouchard, et al. 2008
Mentalization in Adult Attachment Narratives: Reflective Functioning, Mental States, and Affect Elaboration Compared
Mentalization in Adult Attachment Narratives
Proved that mothers with low reflective functioning had a correlation with children with Axis I and Axis II diagnoses.
Challenges with this Study
Small sample sizeParticipants identified as at-riskParticipants were psychology studentsSample largely CaucasianResults from self-reports
Research Study #4
Doron, Moulding, Kyrios, Nedeljkovik, Mikulincer, 2009
Adult Attachment Insecurities are Related to Obsessive Compulsive
Phenomena
Adult Attachment Insecurities
Demonstrated that there is a correlation between Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and avoidant and anxious attachment styles.
Challenges with the Study
Participants were psychology studentsSample largely CaucasianResults from self-reportsEarly attachment styles not measured
Research Study#5
Gao, Raine, Chan, Venables, & Mednick, 2010
Early Maternal and Paternal Bonding, Childhood Physical Abuse, and Adult
Psychological Functioning
Early Maternal and Paternal Bonding
Found that psychopathy scores were higher among those who had experienced a lack of attachment.
Challenges with this Study
Unable to distinguish between genetic influences and social experiences.Results from self-reports
Research Study #6
Johnson, Lui, & Cohen, 2011
Parenting Behaviours Associated with the Development of Adaptive and
Maladaptive Offspring Personality Traits.
Parenting Behaviours
Discovered that paternal bonding is important in healthy childrearing, and that behavior modification in parents leads to healthier children.
Challenges with this Study
Results from self-reportsFathers not directly interviewed, mothers provided the information required for the study.
Research Study#7
Wei, Vogel, Tsun- Yao, & Zakalik, 2005
Adult Attachment, Affect Regulation, Negative Mood, and Interpersonal Problems: The Mediating Roles of
Emotional Reactivity and Emotional Cutoff.
Adult Attachment, Affect Regulation, Negative Mood, and Interpersonal Problems
At-risk mothers have a lower level of self-confidence about child-rearing, which leads to depression in the mother and poor bonding with infants.
Challenges with this Study
Results from self-reportsFew participants from ethnic minority groupsParticipants were studentsMost participants were female
Research Study#8
Wei, Heppner, Russell, & Young, 2008
Maladaptive Perfectionism and Ineffective Coping as Mediators between
Attachment and Future Depression.
Maladaptive Perfectionism and Ineffective Coping as Mediators
Explored the possibility of attachment styles being mediating factors in future mental health challenges.
Challenges with this Study
Results are from self-reportsParticipants young, Caucasian students
Research Study#9
Lopez & Hsu, 2002
Further Validation of a Measure of Parent-Adult Attachment Style.
Further Validation of a Measure of Parent-Adult Attachment Style
While studying parent-adult attachment styles, these researchers found that most had a healthy attachment style. Those who had attachment difficulties with only one parent, showed the same amount of maladaptive behavior as those who had difficulties with both parents.
Challenges with this Study
Results from self-reportsGender imbalanceParticipants were students from a single collegeStudents from divorced/separated families were
overrepresentedSmall sample size
Research Study#10
Mikulincer, Ein-Dor, Solomon & Shaver, 2011
Trajectories of Attachment Insecurities over a 17-Year Period: A Latent Growth Curve
Analysis of the Impact of War Captivity and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Trajectories of Attachment
This study researched the effects on prisoners of war and attachment style and posttraumatic stress disorder. The control group was made up of those soldiers who had not been captured. The POWs showed an increased disturbance of attachment styles and PTSD.
Challenges with this Study
Results from self-reportsResults were not taken either before or immediately after war
Future Research Opportunities
Use larger, more diverse samplingsResearch specific definition of Attachment DisordersDiscern specific causes of Attachment DisordersDevelop observational testing to back up self-
reportsResearch those who are not already at-risk