literature and ourselves writing about literature: introduction
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Literature and Ourselves
Writing About Literature: Introduction
Ways to Write About Literature
Literary Response Essay
Comparison/Contrast Essay
Critical Analysis Essay
Evaluative Essay
Research Essay
Literary Response Essay
Allows reader to make connections between literary work and his impressionsRefers to literary theory known as Reader Response criticism – each reader brings his own history, outlook, and values to a workAssumes that there is no “correct”reading of a text, but that meaning is created when the reader interacts with the text
Comparison/Contrast Essay
Compares two literary works to each otherDoes not just simply list similarities and differences between the worksMakes connections and provides analysisStarts with critical reading, noting parallel themes – love and hate, innocence and experience, life, death and rebirth, progress and tradition, gender, family issues, freedom and responsibility, human nature, search for identity, etc.
Critical Analysis EssayExamines how a part or parts of a literary work connect to the whole workRequires careful analysis of work to see how these parts contribute to the meaning of the entire work – how a character influences the outcome, how a play turns on a critical scene
Often focuses on an element – structure, language, characters, sound, plot, irony, etc.Is NOT a paraphrase, but an explanation on how the work communicates its idea
Evaluative Essay
Judges a work based on criteria set by what the reader/essayist has learned, experienced, and observed
Allows reader/essayist to agree or not with the set of values expressed in the work
May allow essayist to prove a point - why conclusions in literary work are faulty or why the work is unrealistic
Research Essay
Allows reader to explore in depth a particular aspect of a work using secondary sources – books, journals, Internet sources, interviews,
etc.
May employ any of the above essay forms – literary response, comparison/contrast, critical analysis, or evaluation
Writing a Strong Argumentative Essay - Terms
Argument
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Warrants
Literary Argument
Evaluating Sources
Argument
Argument – writing or speech designed to persuade or convinceBenefits of writing argumentative essays about literature –
Prepares essayist to use argument in a variety of fields – history, economics, political science, etc.
Teaches essayist to think critically – rationally and systematically – about issues which impact life
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning – uses widely accepted general principles to demonstrate the truth of a more specific statement – “all men are created equal” is “self-evident truth”
General observations are used to arrive at specific conclusions All apples are fruit. All fruits grow on trees. Therefore, all apples grow on trees.
Inductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning – uses specific observations to arrive at general conclusions – the scientific methodSpecific observations result in a general conclusion After several cakes baked in the same cake pan came
out burned, Carl concluded that if he bakes a cake in that
particular cake pan it will probably come out burned
Inductive Argument
Thesis (called the claim) must be debatableCounterclaim (claim made by those who disagree with you) must be possibleClaims make judgments about what must, should, or needs to be done, about inadequacy of certain practices, or about debatable matters Because Atlanta’s traffic is nightmarish, because its
streams and rivers are increasingly polluted, and because smog often reaches hazardous levels, the municipalities around Atlanta should limit development
Warrants
Warrants – assumptions or interpretative principles that an author shares and that provides the basis for interpreting facts
Warrants show the connection between the claim (thesis) and the facts that support it
Because Atlanta’s traffic is nightmarish, because its streams and rivers are increasingly polluted, and because smog often reaches hazardous levels
Literary Argument
Because they are often interpretative in nature, articles and papers about works of literature are often argumentative
Whenever an essay deals with issues having more than one interpretation, it will be argumentative
Evaluating SourcesReliable sources of evidence must be used for the argument to be convincingIn evaluating a source, consider the credentials of the writer and the reputation of the publicationReliable sources are unbiased – willing to consider both sides of an issueBe skeptical about editorial and opinion pages, though reporting of large newspapers and newsmagazines is usually reliable