list of wine regions

7/28/2019 List of Wine Regions

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List of wine-producing regions

Germany

See also:German wine

Ahr

Baden

Franconia(Franken)

Hessische Bergstrae

Mittelrhein

Mosel

Nahe

Palatinate(Pfalz)

Rheingau

Rheinhessen

Saale-Unstrut

Saxony(Sachsen)

Wrttemberg

German wine is primarily produced in the west ofGermany, along the riverRhineand its tributaries,

with the oldest plantations going back to theRomanera. Approximately 60 percent of the German

wineproduction is situated in the federal state ofRhineland-Palatinate, where 6 of the 13 regions

(Anbaugebiete) for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 102,000hectares(252,000acresor

1,020 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface inSpain,

FranceorItaly. The total wine production is usually around 9 millionhectolitersannually,

corresponding to 1.2 billion bottles, which places Germany as the eighth largest wine-producingcountry in the world.[1]White wineaccounts for almost two thirds of the total production.

As a wine country, Germany has a mixed reputation internationally, with some consumers on the

export markets associating Germany with the world's most elegant and aromatically pure white wines

while other see the country mainly as the source of cheap, mass-market semi-sweet wines such as

Liebfraumilch. Among enthusiasts, Germany's reputation is primarily based on wines made from the

Rieslinggrape variety, which at its best is used for aromatic, fruity and elegant white wines that range

from very crisp and dry to well-balanced,sweetand of enormous aromatic concentration. While

primarily a white wine country, red wine production surged in the 1990s and early 2000s, primarily

fuelled by domestic demand, and the proportion of the German vineyards devoted to the cultivation of

dark-skinned grape varieties has now stabilized at slightly more than a third of the total surface. For

the red wines,Sptburgunder, the domestic name forPinot Noir, is in the lead. Jump to:navigation,search
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahr_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahr_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessische_Bergstra%C3%9Fehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessische_Bergstra%C3%9Fehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelrhein_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelrhein_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahe_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahe_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinhessen_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinhessen_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saale-Unstruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saale-Unstruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectoliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectoliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectoliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#cite_note-Statistics_07-08-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#cite_note-Statistics_07-08-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebfraumilchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebfraumilchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebfraumilchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#cite_note-Statistics_07-08-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectoliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saale-Unstruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinhessen_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahe_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelrhein_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessische_Bergstra%C3%9Fehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahr_(wine_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine


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Steep vineyards onRdesheimer Bergoverlookingriver Rhine. These vineyards are located in the

southwestern part of the region Rheingau at a bend in the river. These vineyards are planted with

Riesling grapes, with some Sptburgunder (Pinot Noir), and produce some of the finest wines in

Germany.

German wine-growing regions sorted by size (2008 situation)

RegionNumber

on map

Vineyard

area (ha)

Proportion

white:red

(%)

DistrictsCollective

sites

Individual

sitesMost grown varieties

Rheinhessen 10 26 444 69:31 3 24 442 Mller-Thurgau
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#cite_note-DWI_Soil.26Sites-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#cite_note-DWI_Soil.26Sites-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine#cite_note-DWI_Soil.26Sites-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rhine


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(16.3%), Riesling

(14.3%), Dornfelder

(13.0%), Silvaner

(9.3%), Portugieser

(6.3%), Kerner (4.6%),

Sptburgunder (5.1%),

Grauburgunder (4.4%),

Scheurebe (3.5%)

Palatinate 8 23 461 61:39 2 25 330

Riesling (23.3%),Dornfelder (13.5%),

Mller-Thurgau (9.3%),

Portugieser (9.3%),


Kerner (4.8%),

Grauburgunder (4.5%),

Weiburgunder (3.7%)

Baden 2 15 906 56:44 9 15 315


Mller-Thurgau

(17.2%), Grauburgunder(10.5%), Riesling

(7.3%), Weiburgunder

(7.3%), Gutedel (6.9%)

Wrttemberg 13 11 511 29:71 6 20 207

Trollinger (21.2%),

Riesling (18.1%),

Schwarzriesling

(15.1%), Lemberger

(13.9%), Sptburgunder

(11.1%), Kerner (3.0%)

Mosel 6 9 034 91:9 6 20 507Riesling (59.7%),Mller-Thurgau

(14.0%), Elbling

(6.3%), Kerner (4.0%)

Franconia 3 6 063 80:20 3 22 211

Mller-Thurgau

(30.3%), Silvaner

(21.0%), Bacchus

(12.2%)

Nahe 7 4 155 75:25 1 7 312

Riesling (27.2%),

Mller-Thurgau

(13.3%), Dornfelder

(11.0%)

Rheingau 9 3 125 85:15 1 11 120

Riesling (78.8%),


Mller-Thurgau (1.6%)

Saale-

Unstrut11 685 74:26 2 4 20

Mller-Thurgau

(18.4%),

Weiburgunder

(12.1%), Silvaner

(8.3%)

Ahr 1 558 14:86 1 1 43


Riesling (7.7%),

Portugieser (7.7%)


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Saxony 12 462 81:19 2 4 16

Mller-Thurgau

(18.4%), Riesling

(14.5%),

Weiburgunder (11.9%)

Mittelrhein 5 461 85:15 2 11 111

Riesling (67.0%),


Mller-Thurgau (6.3%)

HessischeBergstrae

4 439 79:21 2 3 24

Riesling (48.1%),

Sptburgunder (10.3%),Grauburgunder (8.7%)


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Wine regions of France

The recognized wine producing areas in France are regulated by the InstitutNational des Appellations d'Origine INAO in acronym. Every appellation in

France is defined by INAO, in regards to the individual regions particular wine"character". If a wine fails to meet the INAO's strict criteria it is declassified into alower appellation or even into Vin de Pays or Vin de Table. With the number of

appellations in France too numerous to mention here, they are easily defined intoone of the main wine producing regions listed below:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_vineyards.svg


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Alsace

Alsaceis primarily a white-wine region, though some red, ros, sparkling andsweet wines are also produced. It is situated in eastern France on theriverRhineand borders Germany, a country with which it shares many grapevarieties as well as a long tradition of varietal labelling. Grapes grown in Alsace

includeRiesling,Gewurztraminer,Pinot Gris,Pinot Blanc,Pinot Noir, andMuscat.[edit]Bordeaux

Bordeauxis a large region on the Atlantic coast, which has a long history ofexporting its wines overseas. This is primarily a red wine region, famous for thewinesChteau Lafite-Rothschild,Chteau Latour,Chteau Mouton-Rothschild,Chteau MargauxandChteau Haut-Brionfrom theMdocsub-region;Chteau Cheval BlancandChteau AusoneinSaint-milion; andChteauPtrusandChteau Le PininPomerol. The red wines produced are usually

blended, fromCabernet Sauvignon,Merlotand sometimesCabernet Franc.Bordeaux also makes dry and sweet white wines, including some of the world'smost famous sweet wines from theSauternesappellation, such asChteaud'Yquem.

[edit]Burgundy

BurgundyorBourgogne in eastern France is a region where red and white winesare equally important. Probably more terroir-conscious than any other region,Burgundy is divided into the largest number of appellations of any French region.

The top wines from Burgundy's heartland inCte d'Orcommand high prices. TheBurgundy region is divided in four main parts:

TheCote de Nuits(from Marsannay-La-Cote down to Nuits-Saint-Georges) TheCote de Beaune(from north of Beaune to Santenay) TheCote Chalonnaise TheMaconnais
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurztraminerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurztraminerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurztraminerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Grishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Grishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Grishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ausonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ausonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ausonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Le_Pinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Le_Pinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Le_Pinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(escarpment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(escarpment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(escarpment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Nuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Nuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Nuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Beaunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Beaunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Beaunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_Chalonnaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_Chalonnaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_Chalonnaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maconnaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maconnaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maconnaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maconnaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_Chalonnaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Beaunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_de_Nuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(escarpment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Le_Pinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ausonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_wine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Grishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurztraminerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_wine


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Two parts of Burgundy that are sometimes considered as separate regions are:

Beaujolaisin the south, close to the Rhne Valley region, where mostly redwines are made in a fruity style that is usually consumed young. "Beaujolais

Nouveau" is the only wine that can be legally consumed in the year of itsproduction (Third week end of November)

Chablis, halfway between Cte d'Or and Paris, where white wines are producedon chalky soil giving a more crisp and steely style than the rest of Burgundy.

There are two main grape varieties used in Burgundy Chardonnay for whitewines, and Pinot Noir for red. White wines are also sometimes made from Aligot,and other grape varieties will also be found occasionally.

[edit]Champagne

Champagne, situated in eastern France, close to Belgium andLuxembourg, is thecoldest of France's major wine regions and home to its major sparkling wine.Champagne wines can be both white and ros. A small amount of still wine isproduced in Champagne (as AOC Coteaux Champenois) of which some can bered wine.

[edit]Corsica

Corsicais an island in the Mediterranean the wines of which are primarily

consumed on the island itself. It has nine AOC regions and an island-wide vin depays designation and is still developing its production methods as well as itsregional style.[23]

[edit]Jura

Jura, a small region in the mountains close to Switzerland where some uniquewine styles, notably Vin Jaune and Vin de Paille, are produced. The region coverssix appellations and is related to Burgundy through its extensive use of theBurgundian grapes Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, though other varieties are used. It

also shares cool climate with Burgundy.[24]

[edit]Languedoc-Roussillon
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Languedoc-Roussillonis the largest region in terms of vineyard surface, and theregion in which much of France's cheap bulk wines have been produced. While

still the source of much of France's and Europe's overproduction, the so-called"wine lake", Languedoc-Roussillon is also the home of some innovative producerswho combine traditional French wine and international styles while using lessonsfrom theNew World. Much Languedoc-Roussillon wine is sold asVin de Paysd'Oc.

[edit]Loire

Loire valleyis a primarily white-wine region that stretches over a long distancealong the Loire River in central and western France, and where grape varieties

and wine styles vary along the river. Four sub-regions are situated along the river: Upper Loire is known for itsSauvignon Blanc, producing wines such

asSancerre AOC, but also consisting of several VDQS areas; Touraineproduces cold climate-styled white wines (dry, sweet or sparkling)

fromChenin BlancinVouvray AOCand red wines fromCabernet FrancinBourgueil AOC andChinon AOC;

Anjou-Saumur is similar to the Tourain wines with respect to varieties, but thedrySavennires AOCand sweetCoteaux du Layon AOCare often morepowerful than their upstream neighbours.Saumur AOCandSaumur-Champigny AOCprovides reds; and

Pays Nantais is situated closest to the Atlantic, andMuscadet AOCproduceswhite wines from theMelon de Bourgognegrape.

Provence

Provence, in the south-east and close to the Mediterranean. It is perhaps thewarmest wine region of France and produces mainly ros and red wine. It coverseight major appellations led by the Provence flagship, Bandol.[25]Some Provencewine can be compared with the Southern Rhne wines as they share both grapes
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and, to some degree, style and climate.[25][26][27]Provence also has a classificationof its most prestigious estates, much like Bordeaux.[28]

Rhne

Rhone Valley, primarily a red-wine region in south-eastern France, alongtheRhne River. The styles and varietal composition of northern and southernRhne differ, but both parts compete with Bordeaux as traditional producers of red

wines.

Savoy

SavoyorSavoie, primarily a white-wine region in the Alps close to Switzerland,where many grapes unique to this region are cultivated.

[edit]South West France

South West FranceorSud-Ouest, a somewhat heterogeneous collection of wineareas inland or south of Bordeaux. Some areas produce primarily red wines in a

style reminiscent of red Bordeaux, while other produce dry or sweet white wines.Areas within Sud-Ouestinclude among other:

Bergeracand other areas of upstreamDordogne; Areas of upstreamGaronne, includingCahors; Areas inGascony, also home to the production ofArmagnac,Madiran,Ctes

de Gascogne,Ctes de Saint-Mont,Pacherenc du Vic-BilhandTursan; Barn, such asJuranon; and Basque Countryareas, such asIroulguy.There are also several smaller production areas situated outside these majorregions. Many of those areVDQSwines, and some, particularly those in morenorthern locations, are remnants of production areas that were once larger.

[edit]Trends

France has traditionally been the largest consumer of its own wines. However,wine consumption has been dropping in France for 40 years. During the decade of

the 1990s, per capita consumption dropped by nearly 20 percent. Therefore,French wine producers must rely increasingly onforeign markets. However,
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consumption has also been dropping in other potential markets such as Italy,Spain and Portugal.

The result has been a continuing wine glut, often called thewine lake. This has ledto the distillation of wine into industrial alcohol as well as a government program topay farmers to pull up their grape vines throughvine pull schemes. A large part ofthis glut is caused by the re-emergence ofLanguedoc wine.

Immune from these problems has been the market for Champagne as well as themarket for the expensive ranked or classified wines. However, these constituteonly about five percent of French production.

French regulations in 1979 created simple rules for the then-new category ofVinde pays. TheLanguedoc-Roussillonregion has taken advantage of its ability tomarket varietal wines.

Italian wine regions

Italy's 20 wine regions correspond to the 20 administrative regions. Understanding of Italian wine becomes clearer with

an understanding of the differences between each region; their cuisines reflect their indigenous wines, and vice-versa.

The 36 DOCG wines are located in 13 different regions but most of them are concentrated in Piedmont and Tuscany.

Among these are appellations appreciated and sought after by wine lovers around the world:Barolo,Barbaresco,

andBrunello di Montalcino(colloquially known as the "Killer B's").

The regions are, roughly from Northwest to Southeast:
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Italian administrative regions

Aosta Valley(Valle D'Aosta)

Piedmont(Piemonte)

Liguria

Lombardy(Lombardia)

Trentino-Alto Adige/Sdtirol

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Veneto

Emilia-Romagna

Tuscany(Toscana)

Marche(Le Marche)

Umbria

Lazio

Abruzzo

Molise

Campania

Basilicata

Apulia(Puglia)

Calabria

Sicily(Sicilia)

Sardinia(Sardegna)

[edit]

Key Italian wine varietiesItaly's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MIRAF), has documented over 350 grapes and granted them "authorized"

status. There are more than 500 other documented varieties in circulation as well. The following is a list of the most

common and important of Italy's varieties.

See also:List of grape varieties

[edit]Bianco (White)

Arneis- A crisp and floral variety from Piedmont, which has been grown there since the 15th century.

Catarratto- Common inSicily- this is the most widely planted white variety inSalaparuta.
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/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguria_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piemonte_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_d%27Aosta_DOC


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Fiano- Grown on the southwest coast of Italy, the wines from this grape can be described as dewy and herbal,

often with notes of pinenut and pesto.

Garganega- The main grape variety for wines labeled Soave, this is a crisp, dry white wine from the Veneto wine

region of Italy. It's a very popular wine that hails from northeast Italy around the city of Verona. Currently, there are

over 3,500 distinct producers of Soave.

Malvasia Bianca- Another white variety that peeks up in all corners of Italy with a wide variety of clones and

mutations. Can range from easy quaffers to funky, musty whites.

Moscato- Grown mainly in Piedmont, it is mainly used in the slightly-sparkling (frizzante), semi-sweet Moscato

d'Asti. Not to be confused with moscato giallo and moscato rosa, two Germanic varietals that are grown in Trentino

Alto-Adige.

Nuragus- An ancientPhoenician varietyfound in southern Sardegna. Light and tart wines that are drunk as an

apertif in their homeland.

Pigato- A heavily acidic variety from Liguria, the wines are vinified to pair with a cuisine rich in seafood.

Pinot Grigio- A hugely successful commercial grape (known as Pinot Gris in France), its wines are characterized by

crispness and cleanness. As a hugely mass-produced wine, it is usually delicate and mild, but in a good producers'

hands, the wine can grow more full-bodied and complex. The main problem with the grape is that to satisfy the

commercial demand, the grapes are harvested too early every year, leading to wines without character.

Ribolla Gialla- A Slovenian grape that now makes its home in Friuli, these wines are decidedly old-world, with

aromas of pineapple and mustiness.

Tocai Friulano- A variety distantly related to Sauvignon Blanc, it yields the top wine of Friuli, full of peachiness andminerality. Currently, there is a bit of controversy regarding the name, as the EC has demanded it changed to avoid

confusion with theTokaydessert wine from Hungary.

Trebbiano- This is the most widely planted white varietal in Italy. It is grown throughout the country, with a special

focus on the wines from Abruzzo and fromLazio, includingFrascati. Mostly, they are pale, easy drinking wines, but

trebbiano from producers such as Valentini have been known to age for 15+ years. It is known asUgni Blancin

France.
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Verdicchio- This is grown in the areas of Castelli di Jesi and Matelica in the Marche region and gives its name to

the varietal white wine made from it. The name comes from "verde" (green). The white wines are noted for their high

acidity and a characteristic nutty flavour with a hint of honey.

Vermentino- This is widely planted in northern Sardinia and also found in Tuscan and Ligurian coastal districts.

Wines are particularly popular to accompany fish and seafood.

Other important whites include Carricante, Catarratto, Coda de Volpe, Cortese,Falanghina,Grechetto, Grillo,Inzolia,Picolit,Traminer,Verduzzo, andVernaccia.

Non-native varieties that the Italians plant includeChardonnay,Gewrztraminer(sometimes called traminer

aromatico),Petite Arvine,Riesling, and many others.

Rosso (Red)

Aglianico- Considered the "noble varietal of the south," it is primarily grown in Campania and Basilicata. The name

is derived from Hellenic, so it is considered a Greek transplant. Thick skinned and spicy, the wines are often both

rustic and powerful.

Barbera- The most widely grown red wine grape ofPiedmontand SouthernLombardy, most famously around the

towns ofAstiandAlba, andPavia. The wines of Barbera were once simply "what you drank while waiting for the

Barolo to be ready." With a new generation of wine makers, this is no longer the case. The wines are now

meticulously vinified, aged Barbera gets the name "Barbera Superiore" (Superior Barbera), sometimes aged in

French barrique becoming "Barbera Barricato", and intended for the international market. The wine has bright

cherry fruit, a very dark color, and a food-friendly acidity.

Corvina- Along with the varietals rondinella and molinara, this is the principal grape which makes the famous wines

of the Veneto:ValpolicellaandAmarone. Valpolicella wine has dark cherry fruit and spice. After the grapes

undergopassito(a drying process), the wine is now called Amarone, and is extremely high in alcohol (16% and up)

and full of raisin, prune, and syrupy fruits. Some Amarones can age for 40+ years and command spectacular prices.

In December 2009, there was celebration when the acclaimed Amarone di Valpolicella was finally awarded its long-sought DOCG status.[12]
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Dolcetto- A grape that grows alongside Barbera and Nebbiolo in Piedmont, its name means "little sweet one"",

referring not to the taste of the wine, but the ease in which it grows and makes great wines, suitable for everyday

drinking. Flavors of concord grape, wild blackberries and herbs permeate the wine.

Malvasia Nera- Red Malvasia varietal from Piedmont. A sweet and perfumed wine, sometimes elaborated in

thepassitostyle.

Montepulciano- The grape of this name is not to be confused with the Tuscan town ofMontepulciano; it is most

widely planted on the opposite coast inAbruzzo. Its wines develop silky plum-like fruit, friendly acidity, and light

tannin. More recently, producers have been creating a rich, inky, extracted version of this wine, a sharp contrast to

the many inferior bottles produced in the past.[13]

Nebbiolo- The most noble of Italy's varieties. The name (meaning "little fog") refers to the autumn fog that blankets

most of Piedmont where Nebbiolo is chiefly grown, and where it achieves the most successful results. A difficult

grape variety to cultivate, it produces the most renownedBaroloandBarbaresco, made in province of Cuneo, along

with the lesser-known Sforzato, Inferno andSassellamade inValtellina,GhemmeandGattinara, made in Vercelli's

province. The wines are known for their elegance and power with a bouquet of wild mushroom, truffle, roses, and

tar. Traditionally produced Barolo can age for fifty years-plus, and is regarded by many wine enthusiasts as the

greatest wine of Italy.[14]

Negroamaro- The name literally means "black and bitter". A widely planted grape with its concentration in the

region of Puglia, it is the backbone of the Salice Salentino: spicy, toasty, and full of dark red fruits.

Nero d'Avola- Nearly unheard of in the international market until recent years, this native varietal ofSicilyis gaining

attention for its plummy fruit and sweet tannins. The quality of nero d'avola has surged in recent years.[15]

Sagrantino- A native to Umbria, it is only planted on 250 hectares, but the wines produced from it (either blended

with Sangiovese as Rosso di Montefalco or as a pure Sagrantino) are world-renowned. Inky purple, with rustic

brooding fruit and heavy tannins, these wines can age for many years.

Sangiovese- Italy's claim to fame, the pride ofTuscany. Traditionally made, the wines are full of cherry fruit, earth,

and cedar. It produces Chianti (Classico), Rosso di Montalcino, Brunello di Montalcino, Rosso di Montepulciano,

Montefalco Rosso, and many others. Sangiovese is also the backbone in many of the acclaimed, modern-styled
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"Super-Tuscans", where it is blended with Bordeaux varietals (Cabernet Sauvignon,Merlot, andCabernet Franc)

and typically aged in French oak barrels, resulting a wine primed for the international market in the style of a typical

California cabernet: oaky, high-alcohol, and a ripe, jammy, fruit-forward profile.[16]

Other major red varieties areCiliegolo,Gaglioppo,Lagrein,Lambrusco,Monica,Nerello

Mascalese,Pignolo,Primitivo(Zinfandel in California),Refosco,Schiava,Schiopettino,Teroldego, andUva di Troia.

"International" varieties such asCabernet Franc,Cabernet Sauvignon,Merlot, andSyrahare also widely grown.

[edit]Super Tuscans

The term "Super Tuscan" describes any Tuscan red wine that does not adhere to traditional blending laws for the

region. For example,Chianti Classicowines are made from a blend of grapes withSangioveseas the dominant variety

in the blend. Super Tuscans often use other grapes, especiallycabernet sauvignon, making them ineligible for DOC(G)

classification under the traditional rules.

In 1968 Azienda Agricola San Felice produced the first ever "Super Tuscan" called Vigorello, and in the 1970s

PieroAntinori, whose family had been making wine for more than 600 years, also decided to make a richer wine by

eliminating the white grapes from the Chianti blend, and instead addingBordeauxvarietals (namely, Cabernet

Sauvignon and Merlot). He was inspired by a little-known (at the time) Cabernet Sauvignon made by relatives

calledSassicaia, which openly flouted the rules set down for traditional wines in Tuscany. The result was one of the first

Super Tuscans, which he namedTignanello, after the vineyard where the grapes were grown. Other winemakers

started experimenting with Super Tuscan blends of their own shortly thereafter.

Because these wines did not conform to strict DOC(G) classifications, they were initially labeled asvino da tavola,

meaning "table wine," a term ordinarily reserved for lower quality wines. The creation of theIndicazione Geografica

Tipicacategory (technically indicating a level of quality between vino da tavola and DOCG) helped bring Super Tuscans

"back into the fold" from a regulatory standpoint. Since the pioneering work of the super-Tuscans there has been a rapid

expansion in production of high-quality wines throughout Italy that do not qualify for DOC or DOCG classification, as a

result of the efforts of a new generation of Italian wine producers and, in some cases.

SPANISH WINE REGIONS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliegolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliegolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliegolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaglioppohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaglioppohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaglioppohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagreinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagreinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagreinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambruscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambruscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambruscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerello_Mascalesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerello_Mascalesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerello_Mascalesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerello_Mascalesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pignolo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pignolo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pignolo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refoscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refoscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refoscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiopettinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiopettinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiopettinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroldegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroldegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroldegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_di_Troiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_di_Troiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_di_Troiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_wine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_wine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_wine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti_Classicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti_Classicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti_Classicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassicaiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassicaiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassicaiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_da_tavolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_da_tavolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_da_tavolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_da_tavolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassicaiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti_Classicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_wine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_di_Troiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroldegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiopettinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refoscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pignolo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerello_Mascalesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerello_Mascalesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambruscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagreinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaglioppohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliegolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon


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Spanish red wines labeled "Reserva" spend at least 1 year in oak and 3 years overall ageing before they are released to the market.

Spanish wines are often labeled according to the amount ofageing the winehas received. When the label says vino

joven ("young wine") orsin crianza, the wines will have undergone very little, if any, wood ageing. Depending on the

producer, some of these wines will be meant to be consumed very young - often within a year of their release. Others

will benefit from some time ageing in the bottle. For thevintageyear (vendimia orcosecha) to appear on the label, a

minimum of 85% of the grapes must be from that year'sharvest. The three most common ageing designations on

Spanish wine labels are Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva.[5]

Crianza red wines are aged for 2 years with at least 6 months in oak. Crianza whites and ross must be aged for at

least 1 year with at least 6 months in oak.[5]

Reserva red wines are aged for at least 3 years with at least 1 year in oak. Reserva whites and ross must be aged

for at least 2 years with at least 6 months in oak.[5]

Gran Reserva wines typically appear in above average vintages with the red wines requiring at least 5 years

ageing, 18 months of which in oak and a minimum of 36 months in the bottle. Gran Reserva whites and ross must

be aged for at least 4 years with at least 6 months in oak.[5]

[edit]Wine regions

Main article:Spanish wine regions

Spain has a relatively large number of distinct wine-producing regions, more than half having theclassification Denominacin de Origen (DO) with the majority of the remainder classified as Vinos de la Tierra (VdlT).
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There are two regions nominated as Denominacin de Origen Calificada (DOCa) - Rioja and Priorato - the flagship

regions of Spanish winemaking.[5]While most make both red and white wine, some wine regions are more dominated by

one style than the other.

[edit]Viticulture

In many Spanish wine regions, such asGalicia, vines are widely spaced in the vineyard.

Viticulture in Spain has developed in adaptation to the varied and extreme climate of the region. The dry weather in

many parts of Spain reduces the threat of commonviticultural hazardslikedowny mildewandpowdery mildewas well

as the development ofBotrytis cinerea. In these parts, the threat of drought and the poor fertility of the land has

encouraged Spanish vineyard owners to plant their vines with widely spaced so that there is less competition between

vines for resources. One widely adopted system is known as marco realand involves having 2.5 metres (8 ft) of space

between vines in all directions. These areas, mostly in the south and central regions, have some of the lowest vine

density in the worldoften ranging between 375-650 vines peracre(900-1600 vines perhectare). This is less than 1/8

of the vine density commonly found in other wine regions such asBordeauxandBurgundy. Many Spanish vineyards

are several decades old, with the old vines producing even lower yields of fruit. In theJumillaregion ofMurcia, for

example, yields are often less than 1.1tonand acre (20hl/ha).[3]

In the 1990s, the use of irrigation became more popular after droughts in 1994 and 1995 severely reduced

theharvestin those years. In 1996, the practice of using irrigation in all Spanish wine regions was legalized with many

regions quickly adopting the practice. In theToledoprovince,Australianflying winemakershelped to popularize the use

of undergrounddrip irrigationto minimize the effects ofevaporation. The widespread use of irrigation has encouraged

higher density of vine plantings and has contributed to higher yields in some parts of Spain.[3]

While traditionally Spanish vineyards would harvest their grapes by hand, the modernization of the Spanish wine

industry has seen increased use ofmechanical harvesting. In years past, most harvesting had to be done in the early

morning with wineries often refusing grapes after mid-day due to their prolonged exposure to the blistering heat. In
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recent years, aided in part by the wider spread of the use of mechanical harvesting, more harvests are now being done

at the lower temperatures at night.[3]

[edit]Grape varieties

File:Tempranillo.jpg

Tempranillo is the second most widely planted grape in Spain and is an important grape in the Rioja, Ribera del Duero and Peneds regions.

Some records estimate that over 600 grape varieties are planted throughout Spain but 80% of the country's wine

production is focused on only 20 grape varieties. The most widely planted grape is the white wine grapeAirn, prized

for its hardiness and resistance to drop. It is found throughout central Spain and for many years served as the base for

Spanishbrandy. Wines made from this grape can be veryalcoholicand prone tooxidation. The red wine

grapeTempranillois the second most widely planted grape variety, recently eclipsingGarnachain plantings in 2004. It

is known throughout Spain under a variety ofsynonymsthat may appear on Spanish wine labels-including Cencibel,

Tinto Fino and Ull de Llebre. Both Tempranillo and Garnacha are used to make the full-bodied red wines associated

with theRioja,Ribera del DueroandPenedswith Garnacha being the main grape of thePrioratregion. In

theLevanteregion,MonastrellandBobalhave significant plantings, being used for both dark red wines and dryros.[3]

In the northwest, the white wine varieties ofAlbarioandVerdejoare popular plantings in theRas

BaixasandRuedarespectively. In the Cava producing regions of Catalonia and elsewhere in Spain, the principal

grapes ofMacabeo,ParelladaandXarelloare used forsparkling wine productionas well as still white wines. In the

southern Sherry and Malaga producing regions of Andalucia, the principal grapes arePalominoandPedro Ximnez. As

the Spanish wine industry becomes more modern, there has been a larger presence of international grape varieties

appearing in both blends andvarietalforms-most notablyCabernet

Sauvignon,Chardonnay,Syrah,MerlotandSauvignon blanc. Other Spanish grape varieties that have significant

plantings includeCariena,Godello,Graciano,Mencia,Loureira, andTreixadura.[3]

]Winemaking
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list of wine regions

Documents