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Plan of the original single­furrowstump­jump plough

David Unaipon

List of Australian inventionsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of Australian inventions consisting of products andtechnology invented in Australia from pre­European­settlementin 1788 to the present. The inventions are listed in chronologicalorder based on the date of their introduction.

Australian inventions include the very old, such as woomera, andthe very new, such as the scramjet, first fired at the Woomerarocket range. The Australian government has suggested thatAustralian inventiveness springs from the nation's geography andisolation.[1] Perhaps due to its status as an island continent connected to the rest of the world only by airand sea, Australians have been leaders in inventions relating to both maritime and aeronautical matters,including powered flight, the black box flight recorder, the inflatable escape slide, the surf ski, the wave­piercing catamaran winged keel. Since the earliest days of European settlement, Australia's mainindustries have been agriculture and mining, and Australian inventions in these areas have included thegrain stripper, the stump jump plough, mechanical sheep shears, the Dethridge water wheel, the frothflotation ore separation process, the instream ore analysis process and the buffalo fly trap.

Australian inventions also include a number of weapons or weapons systems, including the woomera,the tank, and the underwater torpedo. In recent years, Australians have been at the forefront of medicaltechnology with inventions including ultrasound, the bionic ear, the first plastic spectacle lenses, theelectronic pacemaker, the multi­focal contact lens, spray­on artificial skin and anti­flu medication.Australians also developed a number of useful household items, including Vegemite, and the process forproducing permanently creased fabric.

Many of Australia's inventions were realised by individuals who get little creditor who are often overlooked for more famous Americans or Europeans.[1]

Australian Aborigine David Unaipon is known as "Australia's Leonardo" for hiscontributions to science and the Aboriginal people.[1] His inventions include atool for sheep­shearing, a centrifugal motor, a multi­radial wheel and mechanicalpropulsion device. Unaipon appears on Australia's $50 note.

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) isan Australian­government­funded institution. A number of CSIRO fundedscientists and engineers are featured in this list. CSIRO scientists lead Australianresearch across a number of different fields, and work with industry and government to solve problemssuch as using insects to tackle weeds, growing more sustainable crops and improving transportation.[1]

Contents

1 Aboriginal technology – before 17882 Colonial era – 19th century3 20th century Post­Federation – 1901–19454 20th century Post­World War II

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A didgeridoo

Mokare with spear andwoomera, anotherwoomera lies at his feet.

5 21st century6 References

Aboriginal technology – before 1788

The original inventors of these uniquelyAustralian inventions are unknown.

Didgeridoo – The didgeridoo is a wind instrumentof northern Australia.[2] It is sometimes described asa "drone pipe," but musicologists classify it as anaerophone. Traditionally, the didgeridoo was made by selecting a section ofEucalyptus branch, then buried near a termite mound to be hollowed out bythe termites to produce a long, hollow piece of wood suitable for fashioningthe instrument.

Woomera – The woomera is a type of spear thrower, adding thrust to aspear as part of a throwing action.[1]

Colonial era – 19th century

1843 – Grain stripper – John Wrathall Bull invented and John Ridleymanufactured in South Australia the world's first mechanised grain stripper.It utilised a comb to lift the ears of the crop to where revolving beatersdeposited the grain into a bin.[3]

1856 – Refrigerator – Using the principle of vapour compression, James Harrison produced the world'sfirst practical ice making machine and refrigerator.[4]

1858 – Australian rules football – began its development when Tom Wills wrote a letter published inBell's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle on 10 July 1858, calling for a "foot­ball club, a rifle club, orother athletic pursuits" to keep cricketers fit during winter.[5] An experimental match was played byWills and others at the Richmond Paddock, later known as Yarra Park next to the Melbourne CricketGround on 31 July 1858. The Melbourne Football Club rules of 1859 are the oldest surviving set of lawsfor Australian football. They were drawn up at the Parade Hotel, East Melbourne, on 17 May, by Wills,W. J. Hammersley, J. B. Thompson and Thomas Smith.[6] The Melbourne club’s game was notimmediately adopted by neighbouring clubs. Before each match the rules had to be agreed by the twoteams involved. By 1866, several other clubs had agreed to play by an updated version of Melbourne'srules.

1874 – Underwater torpedo – Invented by Louis Brennan, the torpedo had two propellers, rotated bywires which were attached to winding engines on the shore station. By varying the speed at which thetwo wires were extracted, the torpedo could be steered to the left or right by an operator on the shore.[7]

1876 – Stump jump plough – Richard and Clarence Bowyer Smith developed a plough which couldjump over stumps and stones, enabling newly cleared land to be cultivated.[8]

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Statue next to theMelbourne CricketGround on theapproximate site of the1858 "foot­ball" matchbetween MelbourneGrammar and ScotchCollege. Tom Wills isdepicted umpiring behindtwo young playerscontesting the ball.

Coolgardie safe inthe WA Museum

Still from 'Story of theKelly Gang'

1877 – Mechanical clippers – Various mechanical shearing patents wereregistered in Australia before Frederick York Wolseley finally succeeded indeveloping a practical hand piece with a comb and reciprocating cutterdriven by power transmitted from a stationary engine.[9]

1889 – Electric drill – Arthur James Arnot patented the world's firstelectric drill on 20 August 1889 while working for the Union ElectricCompany in Melbourne. He designed it primarily to drill rock and to digcoal.[10]

1892 – Coolgardie safe – Arthur PatrickMcCormick noticed that a wet bag placed over abottle cooled its contents, and the cooling was morepronounced in a breeze. The Coolgardie safe was abox made of wire and hessian sitting in water, whichwas placed on a verandah so that any breeze wouldevaporate the water in the hessian and via theprinciple of evaporation, cool the air inside the box.The Coolgardie safe was used into the middle of the20th century as a means of preserving food. [11][12]

20th century Post­Federation –1901–1945

1902 – Notepad – For 500 years, paper had been supplied in loose sheets. Launceston stationer J.A.Birchall decided that it would be a good idea to cut the sheets in half, back them with cardboard and gluethem together at the top.[13]

1903 – Froth flotation – The process of separating minerals from rock by flotation was developed byCharles Potter and Guillaume Delprat in New South Wales. Both worked independently at the same timeon different parts of the process for the mining company Broken Hill Pty. Ltd. (BHP) [14][15]

1906 – Feature film – The world's first feature length film, The Story of theKelly Gang, was a little over an hour long.[16]

1906 – Surf life­saving reel – The first surf life­saving reel in the worldwas demonstrated at Bondi Beach on 23 December 1906 by its designer,Bondi surfer Lester Ormsby.[13]

1907 – Michell thrust block bearing – Fluid­film thrust bearings wereinvented by Australian engineer George Michell. Michell bearings contain anumber of sector­shaped pads, arranged in a circle around the shaft, and that

are free to tilt. These create wedge­shaped regions of oil inside the bearing between the pads and arotating disk, which support the applied thrust and eliminate metal­on­metal contact. The small size(one­tenth the size of old bearing designs), low friction and long life of Michell's invention madepossible the development of larger propellers and engines in ships. They were used extensively in shipsbuilt during World War I, and have become the standard bearing used on turbine shafts in ships andpower plants worldwide.[17]

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A fluid film thrustbearing

Dethridge wheel in 1936

Harry McLaren, the first maker of surf skis, secondfrom the left, with Ray Dick, Herb Reckless andBert McLaren, left to right. 1919 on the HastingsRiver, Port Macquarie

1910 – Humespun pipe­making process – The Humespun process wasdeveloped by Walter Hume of Humes Ltd for making concrete pipes of highstrength and low permeability. The process used centrifugal force to evenlydistribute concrete onto wire reinforcing, revolutionising pipemanufacture.[18]

1910 – Dethridge wheel – The wheel, used tomeasure the water flow in an irrigation channel,consisting of a drum on an axle, with eight v­shaped vanes fixed to its outside, was inventedby John Dethridge, Commissioner of theVictorian State Rivers and Water SupplyCommission.[19]

1912 – Surf ski – HarryMcLaren and his brother Jack used an early versionof the surf ski for use around the family's oyster bedson Lake Innes, near Port Macquarie, New SouthWales, and the brothers used them in the surf on PortMacquarie's beaches. The board was propelled in asitting position with two small hand blades, whichwas probably not a highly efficient method tonegotiate the surf. The deck is flat with a bung plugat the rear and a nose ring with a leash, possiblyoriginally required for mooring. The rails are squareand there is pronounced rocker. The boards' obviousbuoyancy indicates hollow construction, with thinboards of cedar fixed longtitudinally down theboard.[20]

1912 – Tank – South Australian Lance de Mole submitted a proposal to the British War Office, for a'chain­rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches,'complete with extensive drawings. The British war office rejected the idea at the time, but De Molemade several more proposals to the British War Office in 1914 and 1916, and formally requested he berecognised as the inventor of the Mark I tank. The British Royal Commission on Awards to Inventorseventually made a payment of £987 to De Mole to cover his expenses and promoted him to an honorarycorporal.[21]

1912 – Self­Propelled Rotary Hoe – At the age of 16 Cliff Howard of Gilgandra invented a machinewith rotating hoe blades on an axle that simultaneously hoed the ground and pulled the machineforward.[22]

1913 – Automatic totalisator ­The world's first automatic totalisator for calculating horse­racing betswas made by Sir George Julius.[23]

1928 – Electronic Pacemaker – The heart pacemaker had a portable apparatus which 'plugged into alighting point. One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked in strong salt solution' while the other pole'consisted of a needle insulated except at its point, and was plunged into the appropriate cardiacchamber'. 'The pacemaker rate was not good from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute, and likewise the

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Clapperboard

1951–53 HoldenUte

Splayd gift pack

Atomic absorptionspectroscopy

voltage variable from 1.5 to 120 volts.' The apparatus was used to revive a potentially stillborn infant atCrown Street Women's Hospital, Sydney whose heart continued 'to beat on its own accord', 'at the end of10 minutes' of stimulation.[24]

1930 – Clapperboard – The wooden marker used to synchronise sound and filmwas invented by Frank Thring Sr of Efftee Studios in Melbourne.[25]

1934 – Coupé utility – The car body style, knowncolloquially as the ute in Australia and New Zealand,combines a two­door "coupé" cabin with an integralcargo bed behind the cabin—using a light­dutypassenger vehicle­derived platform. It was designed byLewis Brandt at the Ford Motor Company in Geelong,Victoria. The first ute rolled off the Ford production lines in 1934. The ideacame from a Geelong farmer's wife who wrote to Ford in 1933 advising the needfor a new sort of vehicle to take her 'to church on Sundays and pigs to market on

Mondays.'[26]

1938 – Polocrosse – Inspired by a training exercise witnessed at the National School of Equitation atKingston Vale near London, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hirst of Sydney invented the combination polo andlacrosse sport which was first played at Ingleburn near Sydney in 1939.[27]

1940 – Zinc Cream – This white sun block made from zinc oxide was developed by the Fauldingspharmaceutical company.[28]

1943 – Splayd – The combination of knife, fork and spoon was invented byWilliam McArthur after seeing ladies struggle to eat at barbecues withstandard cutlery from plates on their laps.[29]

20th century Post­World War II

1945 – Hills Hoist – The famous Hills Hoist rotary clothes line with awinding mechanism allowing the frame to be lowered and raised with easewas developed by Lance Hill in 1945, although the clothes line design itselfwas originally patented by Gilbert Toyne in Adelaide in 1926.[30]

1952 – Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer – The atomic absorptionspectrophotometer is a complex analytical instrument incorporating micro­computer electronics and precision optics and mechanics, used in chemicalanalysis to determine low concentrations of metals in a wide variety ofsubstances. It was first developed by Sir Alan Walsh of the CSIRO.[31]

1953 – Solar hot water – Developed by a team at the CSIRO led by RogerN Morse[32]

1955 – Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) – Invented and developedby Edward George Bowen of the CSIRO, the first DME network, operating in the 200 MHz band,became operational in Australia.[33]

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Cockpit voice recorder

4L of Australian whitewine

1956 – Pneumatic broadacre air seeder – Invented and patented by Albert Fuss in 1956, thelightweight air seeder uses a spinning distributor, blew the seeds through a pipe into the plating tynes. Itwas first used that same year to sow wheat near Dalby in Queensland.[34]

1957 – Flame ionisation detector – The flame ionisation detector is one of the most accurateinstruments ever developed for the detection of emissions. It was invented by Ian McWilliam. Theinstrument, which can measure one part in 10 million, has been used in chemical analysis in thepetrochemical industry, medical and biochemical research, and in the monitoring of the environment.[35]

1957 – Wool clothing with a permanent crease – "SiroSet," the process for producing permanentlycreased fabric, was invented by Dr Arthur Farnworth of the CSIRO.[36]

1958 – Black box flight recorder – The 'black box' voice and instrumentdata recorder was invented by Dr David Warren in Melbourne.[37]

1960 – Plastic spectacle lenses – The world's first plastic spectacle lenses,60 per cent lighter than glass lenses, were designed by Scientific OpticalLaboratories in Adelaide.[38]

1961 – Ultrasound – David Robinson and George Kossoff's work at the Australian Department ofHealth, resulted in the first commercially practical water path ultrasonic scanner in 1961.[39]

1965 – Inflatable escape slide – The inflatable aircraft escape slide which doubles as a raft wasinvented by Jack Grant of Qantas.[40]

1965 – Wine cask – Invented by Thomas Angove of Renmark, SouthAustralia, the wine cask is a cardboard box housing a plastic containerwhich collapses as the wine is drawn off, thus preventing contact with theair. Angroves' original design with a resealable spout was replaced with atap by the Penfolds wine company in 1972[41]

1970 – Staysharp knife – The self­sharpening knife was developed byWiltshire.[42]

1971 – Variable rack and pinion steering – The variable ratio rack andpinion steering in motor vehicles allowing smooth steering with minimal feedback was invented byAustralian engineer, Arthur Bishop.[43]

1972 – Orbital engine – The orbital internal combustion process engine was invented by engineerRalph Sarich of Perth, Western Australia. The system uses a single piston to directly inject fuel into 5orbiting chambers. It has never challenged the dominance of four­stroke combustion engines but hasreplaced many two­stroke engines with a more efficient, powerful and cleaner system. Orbital enginesnow appear in boats, motorcycles and small cars.[44]

1972 – Instream analysis – To speed­up analysis of metals during the recovery process, which used totake up to 24 hours, Amdel Limited developed an on­the­spot analysis equipment called the In­StreamAnalysis System, for the processing of copper, zinc, lead and platinum – and the washing of coal. Thiscomputerised system allowed continuous analysis of key metals and meant greater productivity for themineral industry worldwide.

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An Australian powerboard – one of many notmanufactured byKambrook

Fairlight CMI keyboard

Illustration of internalparts of a cochlearimplant

1972 – Power board – Peter Talbot, working under Frank Bannigan atKambrook, invented the power board. This allows multiple electricaldevices to be powered where only a single wall socket is available. This is awell­known example of failing to protect intellectual property. Kambrookwas more interested in immediate commercial release than patenting its ideaand has never received any royalties from this now ubiquitous product.[45]

1974 – Super Sopper – Gordon Withnall at the age of 56 invented theSuper Sopper, a giant rolling sponge used to quickly soak up water fromsporting grounds so that play can continue.[46]

1978 – Synroc – The synthetic ceramic Synroc that incorporates radioactive waste into its crystalstructure was invented in 1978 by a team led by Dr Ted Ringwood at the Australian NationalUniversity.[47]

1979 – Digital sampler – The Fairlight CMI (Computer MusicalInstrument) was the first polyphonic digital sampling synthesizer. It wasdesigned in 1979 by the founders of Fairlight, Peter Vogel and Kim Ryrie inSydney, Australia.[48]

1979 – RaceCam – Race Cam was developed by Geoff Healey, an engineerwith Australian Television Network Seven in Sydney. The tiny lightweightcamera is used in sports broadcasts and provides viewers with spectacularviews of events such as motor racing, which are impossible with

conventional cameras.[49]

1979 – Bionic ear – The cochlear implant was invented by ProfessorGraeme Clark of the University of Melbourne.[50]

1980 – Dual flush toilet – Bruce Thompson, working for Caroma inAustralia, developed the Duoset cistern, with two buttons, and two flushvolumes as a water­saving measure, now responsible for savings in excessof 32000 litres of water per household per year.[51]

1980 – Wave­piercing catamaran – The first high speed, stablecatamarans were developed by Phillip Hercus and Robert Clifford of Incatin Tasmania.[52]

1981 – CPAP mask – Professor Colin Sullivan of Sydney Universitydeveloped the Continuous Positive Airflow Pressure (CPAP) mask. TheCPAP system first developed by Sullivan has become the most common treatment for sleep disorderedbreathing. The invention was commercialised in 1989 by Australian firm ResMed, which is currentlyone of the world's two largest suppliers of CPAP technology.[53][54][55]

1983 – Winged Keel – Ben Lexcen designed a winged keel that helped Australia II end the New YorkYacht Club's 132­year ownership of the America's Cup. The keel gave the yacht better steering andmanoeuvrability in heavy winds.[56]

1984 – Frozen embryo baby­ The world's first frozen embryo baby was born in Melbourne on 28March 1984[57]

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Winged keel of AustraliaII

1984 – Baby Safety Capsule – In 1984, for the first time babies had abassinette with an air bubble in the base and a harness that distributed forcesacross the bassinette protecting the baby. New South Wales public hospitalsnow refuse to allow parents take a baby home by car without one.[58]

1985 ­ Technegas ­ Technegas is an inhalable aerosol radioactively labelledwith the isotope 99mTc, and is employed in nuclear medicine imaging forlung ventilation scanning. Technegas lung scans in conjunction with lungperfusion scans demonstrate the presence of the life­threatening condition ofpulmonary embolism. Technegas was invented in Australia by Dr Richard

Fawdry and Dr Bill Burch.[59]

1986 – Gene shears – The discovery of gene shears was made by CSIRO scientists, Wayne Gerlach andJim Haseloff. So­called hammerhead ribozymes are bits of genetic material that interrupt a DNA code ata particular point, and can be used to cut out genes that cause disease or harmful proteins.[60]

1988 – Polymer banknote – The development of the polymer bank note was made by CSIRO scientistsled by Dr. David Solomon. Securency Pty Ltd, a joint venture between the Reserve Bank of Australia(RBA) and UCB, brought the note into full production and polymer bank notes are now used in 30countries besides Australia. The chief advantages are high counterfeiting resistance and longercirculation lifetimes.[61][62]

1989 – Polilight forensic lamp – Ron Warrender and Milutin Stoilovic, forensic scientists at theAustralian National University in Canberra, developed Unilite which could be set to just the rightwavelength to show fingerprints up well against any background. Rofin Australia Pty Ltd, developedthis product into the portable Polilight which shows up invisible clues such as fingerprints and writingthat has been scribbled over, as well as reworked sections on paintings.[63]

1991 – Buffalo fly trap – In 1991 the CSIRO developed a low­tech translucent plastic tent with a darkinner tunnel lined with brushes. When a cow walks through, the brushed flies fly upwards toward thelight and become trapped in the solar­heated plastic dome where they quickly die from desiccation(drying out) and fall to the ground, where ants eat them.[64]

1992 – Multi­focal contact lens – The world's first multi­focal contact lens was invented by opticalresearch scientist, Stephen Newman in Queensland.[65]

1992 – Spray­on skin – Developed by Dr Fiona Wood at Royal Perth Hospital[66]

1992 – Product Activation – Patented by Ric Richardson of Sydney's northern beaches initially toallow digital distribution of his own software. Now the process is used by the majority of softwarepublishers in the world.[67]

1992 – Wi­Fi – A method developed by CSIRO researchers used to "unsmear" radio waves that echo offindoor surfaces was patented.[68][69] This method has caused WiFi to be attributed as an Australianinvention,[70] although the Wi­Fi trademark, under which most products are sold, is under the ownershipof the Wi­Fi Alliance based in Austin, Texas.[71]

1993 – Underwater PC – The world's first underwater computer with a five­button hand­held keypadwas developed by Bruce Macdonald at the Australian Institute of Marine Science.[72]

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Hyshot trial­Phase 2

1993 – Frazier lens – The Frazier lens is a special camera lens designed by Australian photographer JimFrazier. The Frazier lens provides a massive depth of field, allowing the foreground and background ofan image to be in focus. Frazier's lenses have been widely used in Hollywood and wildlifecinematography.[73]

1995 – EXELGRAM – The world's most sophisticated optical anti­counterfeiting technology wasdeveloped by the CSIRO.[74]

1995 ­ Gene silencing ­ A CSIRO team led by Dr Peter Waterhouse discovered that double­strandedRNA was the trigger for RNA interference (RNAi) or gene silencing.[75]

1995 – Jindalee Radar System – Developed by Scientists at the CSIRO, the Jindalee Radar Systemdetects stealth aircraft and missiles by searching for the air turbulence generated by such vehicles. [76]

1996 – Anti­flu Medication – Relenza was developed by a team of scientists at the Victorian College ofPharmacy at Monash University in Melbourne. The team was led by Mark von Itzstein in associationwith the CSIRO. Relenza was discovered as a part of the Australian biotechnology company Biota'sproject to develop antiviral agents via rational drug design.[77]

21st century

2002 – Scramjet – On 30 July 2002, the University of Queensland's HyShotteam and their international partners conducted the first ever successful testflight of a scramjet. This test was conducted at the rocket range in outbackSouth Australia called Woomera.[78][79]

2003 – Blast Glass – A ballistic and blast resistant glass system was inventedby Peter Stephinson. Unlike conventional bulletproof glass it incorporates anair cavity to absorb the shock wave of explosions, and was effective inprotecting the Australian Embassy in the Jakarta bombings of 2004.[80]

2006 ­Cervical Cancer Vaccine ­ Professor Ian Frazer from University ofQueensland the working with researchers in the US created a preventative forcervical cancer. The commercial application, Gardasil, is a vaccine to workagainst certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).[81]

2010 ­ Robotic Visual Horizon ­ An automated system that allows unmanned aeroplanes to performcomplex manouvres was adapted from the way a bee's brain processes visual information during flightby researchers and engineers at the Vision Centre, the Queensland Brain Institute and the School ofInformation Technology and Electrical Engineering at the University of Queensland.[82]

2011 ­ Anti­Hacking Software Kernel ­ National ICT Australia (NICTA), and Open Kernel Labs (OKLabs) released the seL4 microkernel, a small operating system kernel which regulates access to acomputer’s hardware and is able to distinguish between trusted and untrusted software, allowing securefinancial or secret data to be used on the same platform as everyday applications, protecting the securedata from hackers.[83]

2012 – Quantum bit – A team of Australian scientists built the first quantum bit, the basic unit ofquantum computing, using a single phosphorus atom implanted into a silicon chip. Research leadersinclude Andrew Dzurak of the University of Sydney and Andrea Morello of the University of NSW.[84]

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2012 ­ Heg ­ Scott Boocock came up with the idea of a clothes peg with a hook while he was hanging upa black garment for his wife. He needed a hook, so that peg­marks would not be left on the garment. Theheg (hooked peg) went into production in September 2013 and was a Gold Winner in the SouthAustralian Design Awards 2013.[85]

2013 ­ Blood test to prevent stillbirth ­ A Melbourne medical research institution, Mercy Health,identified a method of analysing RNA fragments in a mother's blood that indicates oxygen and nutrientdeprivation in the foetus.[86]

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4. "An Act to render valid a Patent heretofore granted to James Harrison for Manufacturing Ice"(https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2328/2352/1/PAct21862.pdf). Flinders University, Adelaide.

5. "Letter from Tom Wills" (http://web.archive.org/web/20060625081726/http://www.mcg.org.au/default.asp?pg=footballdisplay&articleid=37). MCG website. Archived from the original(http://www.mcg.org.au/default.asp?pg=footballdisplay&articleid=37) on 25 June 2006. Retrieved 14 July2006.

6. Thomas Smith himself made this claim in response to an article about the history of Melbourne FC in TheAustralasian published 26 February 1876 (from Melbourne FC Since 1858 – An Illustrated History pg 36).Smith's personal account mentions Thompson arriving after the decision to form the club

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(http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080295b.htm). Australian National University.15. "Australian Dictionary of Biography Online – Potter, Charles Vincent (1859–1908)"

(http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080295b.htm). Australian National University.16. National Film and Sound Archive (7 February 2006). "World's first 'feature' film to be digitally restored by

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16. National Film and Sound Archive (7 February 2006). "World's first 'feature' film to be digitally restored byNational Film and Sound Archive". Press release. Retrieved on 25 March 2008

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18. "Innovations: Humespun concrete pipes" (http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=319). Governmentof South Australia.

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31. "Biographical Memoirs – Alan Walsh 1916–1998"(http://www.science.org.au/academy/memoirs/walsh2.htm). Australian Academy of Science.

32. "MORSE Roger Neil" (http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=1054). Australian Academy ofTechnological Sciences and Engineering.

33. "Operational Notes on Distance Measuring Equipment"(http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/DME%20Ops%20Notes.htm). Civil Aviation Historical Society.

34. "A List of Farm Machinery Dealers in Australia – Albert Fuss 1890 – 1963" (http://www.farmyard.com.au/?itm=7646&tle=Albert%20Fuss%20%20%201890%20­%201963&sel=Farm+Machinery&type=7645&lay=4).Allyards Internet Group Pty Ltd.

35. "Flame Ionisation Detector, 1957, Scientific instrument for chemical analysis"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1070&article_id=10066). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

36. "Wool technology, 1957, Improvements in wool production and processing by CSIRO"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?

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Section_id=1080&article_id=10084&behaviour=view_article). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.37. "Black box flight recorder, 1961, Voice and instrument recorder for aircraft"

(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?Section_id=1080&article_id=10084&behaviour=view_article). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

38. "Sola plastic lenses, 1960, Scratch­resistant plastic lens for glasses"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1030&article_id=10038). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

39. "Innovative Australia" (http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/innovative_australia.html). Australian GovernmentDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

40. "Made in Australia – Global Solutions From Down Under" (http://www.stroudgate.net/expo/en/ed/024.htm).Australia at Aichi, World Expo 2005.

41. "INVENTION Wine Cask". Dinkum Aussies (1999). Retrieved on 9 September 2008. "...a 16 years LettersPatent no. 280826 being issued to the company on 20 April 1965, stating one Thomas William CarlyonAngove as the actual inventor."

42. "Staysharp knife, 1970, self­sharpening kitchen knife"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1040&article_id=10056). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

43. "Bishop steering systems, 1971, variable­ratio power steering system for cars"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1080&article_id=10083). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

44. "Orbital engine technology, 1995, Technology for efficient clean­burning engines"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1020&article_id=10041). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

45. IP Australia – Kambrook and the power board (http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/about­us/news­and­media/feature­articles­listing/?doc=powerful­patent&view=Detail)

46. "Super Sopper roller, 1974, Water removal system for sports fields"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?Section_id=1050&article_id=10059&behaviour=view_article). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

47. "Synroc" (http://www.asen.org.au/OpportunitiesToWaste/?p=synroc). Australian Student EnvironmentNetwork.

48. "Interview: Electronic maestros" (http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524921.400­interview­electronic­maestros.html?page=2). New Scientist.

49. "Australian Innovations stamps" (http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/centenary/page3.shtml). AustralianGovernment – Intellectual Property Australia.

50. "Cochlear Implant, 1983, Bionic ear for profoundly deaf people"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?Section_id=1010&article_id=10001&behaviour=view_article). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

51. "Dual Flush technology" (http://www.biotechnology­innovation.com.au/innovations/instruments/flush_technology.html). Australian Biotechnology.

52. "Wave Piercing Catamaran, 1984, High­speed passenger and vehicle ferry"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?Section_id=1080&article_id=10089&behaviour=view_article). Powergouse Museum, Sydney.

53. ResMed (http://www.usyd.edu.au/research/health_and_medical/our_research/partnerships/resmed.shtml) –University of Sydney.

54. ResMed History (http://www.resmed.com/en­au/about_us/history.html?menu=aboutus) – ResMed website.

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54. ResMed History (http://www.resmed.com/en­au/about_us/history.html?menu=aboutus) – ResMed website.55. Linde eyes ResMed (http://business.theage.com.au/business/linde­eyes­resmed­20080630­2zdo.html) – by

Michael West, The Age, 30 June 2008.56. Anderson, Dave (5 May 1988). "SPORTS OF THE TIMES; Yachting's Crocodile Dundee", Sports, New

York Times. Retrieved on 13 March 200857. "IVF embryo freezing, 1983, 'freeze­thaw' method for storing embryos"

(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1030&article_id=10030). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

58. "Baby safety capsule, 1984, Car seat and bassinette for babies"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1080&article_id=10082). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

59. FAWDRY R M, et al, Initial Experience with Technegas — A New Ventilation Agent. AustralasianRadiology vol 32, #2, pp 232–8, May 1988.

60. "Gene Shears – Australian scientists are using Gene Shears to fight disease"(http://www.questacon.edu.au/indepth/clever/gene_shears.html). Questacon National Science and TechnologyCentre, Canberra.

61. "Securency. Supplier of the world’s leading banknote substrate." (http://www.securency.com.au/).62. "Plastic banknotes 1988 non­forgeable polymer money"

(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1060&article_id=10080).

63. "Polilight forensic lamp, 1989, Portable light source for detective work"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1070&article_id=10067). Powergouse Museum, Sydney.

64. "Buffalo fly trap, 1992, Low­tech way to rid cattle of insects"(http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?Section_id=1000&article_id=10002&behaviour=view_article). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

65. "Tolerance to spherical aberration induced by rigid contact lenses" (http://eprints.qut.edu.au/891/). QueenslandUniversity of Technology.

66. "Australian of the Year: Dr. Fiona Wood" (http://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/pages/page59.asp).Australian of the Year Awards.

67. "Richardson vs Microsoft" (http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology­news/van­man­1­microsoft­0­now­aussie­rics­gunning­for­more­tech­giants­20100805­11ihy.html). Sydney Morning Herald.

68. Misha Schubert, 1 April 2012, Scientists win a case of high wifi­nance (http://www.theage.com.au/it­pro/government­it/scientists­win­a­case­of­high­wifinance­20120331­1w5dy.html), The Age

69. David Sygall. How Australia's top scientist earned millions from Wi­Fi(http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci­tech/how­australias­top­scientist­earned­millions­from­wifi­20091207­kep4.html). The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 December 2009.

70. http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world­changing­aussie­inventions.htm71. "Wi­Fi Alliance: Organization" (http://www.wi­fi.org/organization.php). Official industry association web

site. Retrieved 23 August 2011.72. "Questions and Answers about the WetPC" (http://www3.aims.gov.au/news/pages/wetpc­q&a.html).

Australian Institute of Maritime Science.73. "World changing Aussie inventions" (http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world­changing­aussie­

inventions.htm). Australian Geographic.74. "EXELGRAM anti­counterfeiting technology, 1992, Optical security technology for banknotes and

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Categories: Australia­related lists Australian inventions Lists of inventions or discoveries

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documents" (http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1060&article_id=10072). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

75. "Gene technology: gene silencing. The inventors and patents" (http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Food­and­Agriculture/Gene­silencing/Patents.aspx). CSIRO.

76. Nicholson, Brendan (7 January 2006). "Australia's Key Role in Missile Shield"(http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australias­key­role­in­missile­shield/2006/01/06/1136387625745.html). The Age Newspaper, Melbourne.

77. "Australian First for Flu Drug" (http://www.monash.edu.au/pubs/monmag/issue3­99/item­06.html). MonashMagazine.

78. Thompson, Milton O. "At the Edge of Space". Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 1992.79. "Revolutionary jet engine tested" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4832254.stm). BBC News. 25

March 2006.80. "Stop Shot – Ballistic and Blast Resistance Systems" (http://www.stopshot.com). Stop Shot.81. "World changing Australian inventions" (http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history­

culture/2010/06/world­changing­aussie­inventions). Australian Geographic. Retrieved 16 June 2014.82. "Robots imitate honey bees for aircraft aerobatics" (http://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2010/12/robots­imitate­

honey­bees­aircraft­aerobatics). University of Queensland.83. "NICTA releases security software for operating systems"

(http://www.techworld.com.au/article/374683/nicta_releases_security_software_operating_systems). TechWorld.

84. Nicky Phillips Computing Team Takes Quantum Leap (http://www.smh.com.au/world/science/computing­team­takes­quantum­leap­20120919­267e2.html). The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 September 2012

85. "Hegs Pegs ­ Channel 7 News (Dec 15 2013)" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNzc­H0Bbgk#t=30). 19December 2013.

86. "Researchers say a simple test could help to prevent stillbirths"(http://www.smh.com.au/national/health/researchers­say­a­simple­test­could­help­to­prevent­stillbirths­20131208­2yzef.html). Sydney Morning Herald. 9 December 2013.