list of all chemicals common name(s)

List of All Chemicals

P Urtica dioica (Urticaceae)

Chemical Part All LowPPM

HighPPM

StdDev Reference

(+)-ISOLARICIRESINOL Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (1)

CNS-Depressant

(+)-ISOLARICIRESINOL Plant -- -- *

Activities (1)

CNS-Depressant

(+)-NEOOLIVIL Root -- 43.5 Jim Duke's personal files.

(-)-3,4-DIVANILLYLTETRAHYDROFURAN Root -- -- *

(-)-PINORESINOL Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

(-)-SECOISOLARICIRESINOL Root -- 41.5 Jim Duke's personal files.

(10E,12Z)-9-HYDROXY-10,12-OCTADECADIENOIC-ACID

Plant -- -- *

(6'PALMITOYL)-BETA-SITOSTEROL-3-O-BETA-GLUCOSIDE

Root -- 30.0 *

13-HYDROXYOCTADECA-CIS-9-TRANS-11-DIENOIC-ACID

Root -- 350.0 Jim Duke's personal files.

2-METHYLHEPTEN-(2)-ON-(6) Essential Oil -- -- List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

24R-ETHYL-5-ALPHA-CHOLESTANE-3-BETA,6-ALPHA-DIOL

Root -- 15.0 *

4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYPHENYLPROPANE

Root -- -- *

5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE Plant -- -- ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

Common name(s)European Nettle; Stinging Nettle

How usedFood

Unless otherwise noted all references are to Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. BocaRaton, FL. CRC Press.*

*

Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Downloaded Thu Dec 02 16:07:35 EST 2021National Agricultural Library

Activities (15)

Allergenic Mitchell, J. and Rook, A.J. 1923. Botanical Dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the skin. Vancouver: Greengrass, 1979.xiii, 787 p.: ill.

Antidepressant Martindale's 28th

Antidote (Manganese) to 3g/man/day

Martindale's 28th

Antimutilation Martindale's 28thAntiparkinsonian Martindale's 28thAntitourette 400mg/4x/day/orl/man

Martindale's 28th

Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Cerebrophilic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.HypertensiveInsecticide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.PesticideSecretogogueSpasmogenicUlcerogenicVasoconstrictor

5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (15)

Allergenic Mitchell, J. and Rook, A.J. 1923. Botanical Dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the skin. Vancouver: Greengrass, 1979.xiii, 787 p.: ill.

Antidepressant Martindale's 28thAntidote (Manganese) to 3g/man/day

Martindale's 28th

Antimutilation Martindale's 28thAntiparkinsonian Martindale's 28thAntitourette 400mg/4x/day/orl/man

Martindale's 28th

Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Cerebrophilic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.HypertensiveInsecticide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.PesticideSecretogogueSpasmogenicUlcerogenicVasoconstrictor

7'(E)-4,4',7,9,9'-PENTAHYDROXY-3,3'-DIMETHOXY-8.O,4'-LIGNAN

Root -- 10.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

7'(E)-7-O-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL-4,4',7,9,9'PENTAHYDROXY-3,3'-DIMETHOXY-8-O,4'-LIGNAN


7-ALPHA-HYDROXY-SITOSTEROL Root -- 10.0 *

7-ALPHA-HYDROXYDAUCOSTEROL Root -- 2.0 Jim Duke's personal files.

7-ALPHA-HYDROXYSITOSTEROL-3-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE

Root -- 5.0 *

7-BETA-HYDROXYDAUCOSTEROL Root -- 2.7 Jim Duke's personal files.

7-BETA-HYDROXYSITOSTEROL Root -- 10.0 *

7-BETA-HYDROXYSITOSTEROL-3-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE

Root -- 5.0 *

9'-ACETYL-GLUCOSIDE Root -- 60.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.


9,10,13-TRIHYDROXYOCTADEC-TRANS-11-ENOIC-ACID


9,12,13-TRIHYDROXY-OCTADEC-TRANS-10-ENOIC-ACID


9,9'-BIACETYL-NEOOLIVIL Root -- 70.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

9,9'-BIACETYL-NEOOLIVIL-GLUCOSIDE Root -- 100.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

9,9'-BISACETYL-NEOOLIVIL Root -- 21.0 Jim Duke's personal files.

9-ACETYL-NEOOLIVIL Root -- 10.0 *

9-ACETYL-NEOOLIVIL-4-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE


ACETIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (16)

Acidulant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

Antibacterial 5,000 ppmAntiotitic Martindale's 28thAntisalmonellaAntivaginitic 1-2%Expectorant Martindale's 28thFungicide Martindale's 29thKeratitigenicMucolytic Martindale's 29thOsteolyticPerfumery FEMA 6,000-40,000ppm

Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

PesticideProtisticide Martindale's 29thSpermicide Martindale's 28thUlcerogenic HerbalGram No. 20, page 9.Verrucolytic

ACETOPHENONE Plant -- -- *

Activities (6)

AntibacterialFungicide Tomas-Barberan, F., Iniesta-Sanmartin, E., Tomas-Lorente, F., and Rumbero, A. 1989. Antimicrobial Phenolic Compounds From Three Spanish

Helichrysum Species. Phytochemistry. 29(4): 1093-1095. 1990.Hypnotic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791

pp.Perfumery FEMA<10,000Pesticide

Soporific Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

ACETYL-CHOLINE Plant -- -- *


Activities (19)

AllergenicAntiamblyopicAntidiureticAntiileusAntitachycardicCardiodepressant Martindale's 29thCerebrostimulantHistaminicHypotensiveMiotic Martindale's 29thMyocontractant 2 uMMyopicMyotonic Martindale's 29thNeurotransmitterParasympathomimetic 0.002 mg/kg ivn rat Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The

Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.PeristalticSialogogueSpasmogenic Antidote=600 ug atropinesulfate ivn ims scu hmnVasodilator

ACETYL-CHOLINE Leaf -- 20.0 1.0 *

Activities (19)

AllergenicAntiamblyopicAntidiureticAntiileusAntitachycardicCardiodepressant Martindale's 29thCerebrostimulantHistaminicHypotensiveMiotic Martindale's 29thMyocontractant 2 uMMyopicMyotonic Martindale's 29thNeurotransmitterParasympathomimetic 0.002 mg/kg ivn rat Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The

Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.PeristalticSialogogueSpasmogenic Antidote=600 ug atropinesulfate ivn ims scu hmnVasodilator

ADENOSINE Root -- 20.0 -1.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.


Activities (28)

AnalgesicAntiaggregantAntiarrhythmic Merck 11th EditionAntidiuretic LAWSON in Koch, H. P. and Lawson, L. D., eds. 1996. Garlic- The Science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species.

Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 329 pp.Antiendotoxic 500 mg/kgipr mus

Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O.Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

Antihypertensive LAWSON in Koch, H. P. and Lawson, L. D., eds. 1996. Garlic- The Science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species.Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 329 pp.

AntiinsomniacAntilipolyticAntispasmodicAntitachycardic 50-250ug/kg/ivn

Martindale's 29th

AnxiolyticArteriodilatorGlucogonogenic LAWSON in Koch, H. P. and Lawson, L. D., eds. 1996. Garlic- The Science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species.

Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 329 pp.Hypocholesterolemic LAWSON in Koch, H. P. and Lawson, L. D., eds. 1996. Garlic- The Science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species.

Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 329 pp.HypoglycemicHypotensive LAWSON in Koch, H. P. and Lawson, L. D., eds. 1996. Garlic- The Science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species.

Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 329 pp.ImmunomodulatorInsulinicLaxativeLipolytic LAWSON in Koch, H. P. and Lawson, L. D., eds. 1996. Garlic- The Science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species.

Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 329 pp.Myorelaxant Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.PAF-Inhibitor IC50=90nMPAF-Inhibitor 0.024ug/mlPyrogenic 0.09 mg/kgivn hmn

Conradson, T. B. G., Dixon, C. M. S., Clarke, B., Barnes, P. J. 1987. Cardiovascular Effects of Infused Adenosine in Man: Potentiation byDipyridamole. Acta Physiol Scand, 129(3): 387-391.

Respirastimulant Martindale's 29thSecretomotorSedative Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Vasodilator

AESCULETIN Plant -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (32)

5-Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC50=0.1-5 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.74ug/ml cow

Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin andFlavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387

AnalgesicAntiarrhythmicAntiasthmatic?Antibacterial Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Anticapillary-Fragility Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Antidysenteric HerbalGram No. 24, page 37.AntiescherichicAntiinflammatoryIC50=0.1-5 uMAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntipyreticAntisepticAntistaphylococcicCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Cardiodepressant

Choleretic Fitoterapia No.5-1986.CosmeticCytotoxic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.Dermatitigenic Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.FungicideHepatoprotective 6mg/kg musHypertensive Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books)Lipoxygenase-InhibitorMusculotropic Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Myorelaxant ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.PesticideProstaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 100 uM rbt

Hung, H.C., Lai, M.W., Wang, H.R., Chung, Y.L., Hsieh, L.M., Chen, C.C. 1993. Antiproliferative Effect of Esculetin on Vascular Smooth MuscleCells: Possible Roles of Signal Transduction Pathways. Eur J Pharmacol, 237(1): 39-44.

Sunscreen IC98=20 mg/l Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2): 134-136, 1993.Sunscreen IC100=50mg/l

Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2): 134-136, 1993.

UV-Screen Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC52=10 uM

ALANINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (3)

Antioxidant Larson, R.A. 1987. Review Article Number 30. The Antioxidants of Higher Plants. Phytochemistry. 27: 969-978.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Oxidant Larson, R.A. 1987. Review Article Number 30. The Antioxidants of Higher Plants. Phytochemistry. 27: 969-978.

ALLANTOIC-ACID Plant -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL Leaf 16.0 94.0 -0.81 *


Activities (32)

AntialzheimeranAntianginalAntiarthriticAntiasthmaticAntiatherosclerotic Soumyanath, A. Ed. 2006. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times - Antidiabetic Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, FL. 314

pp.AnticancerAnticataractAnticonvulsant SynergenAntidementiaAntidiabetic Soumyanath, A. Ed. 2006. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times - Antidiabetic Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, FL. 314

pp.Antiinfarctal Soumyanath, A. Ed. 2006. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times - Antidiabetic Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, FL. 314

pp.AntiinfertilityAntiischemicAntimaculiticAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntineuropathicAntioxidant 5 x quercetinAntioxidant IC34=10 uMAntiparkinsonianAntiradicular 5 xquercetinAntiretinoticAntirheumaticAntistrokeAntitumorAntitumor (Bladder)Antitumor (Prostate)Antitumor (Stomach)Antitumor-PromoterCancer-PreventiveCardioprotectiveCirculotonicImmunomodulator

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL Seed 230.0 380.0 0.48 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.


Activities (32)

AntialzheimeranAntianginalAntiarthriticAntiasthmaticAntiatherosclerotic Soumyanath, A. Ed. 2006. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times - Antidiabetic Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, FL. 314

pp.AnticancerAnticataractAnticonvulsant SynergenAntidementiaAntidiabetic Soumyanath, A. Ed. 2006. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times - Antidiabetic Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, FL. 314

pp.Antiinfarctal Soumyanath, A. Ed. 2006. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times - Antidiabetic Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, FL. 314

pp.AntiinfertilityAntiischemicAntimaculiticAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntineuropathicAntioxidant 5 x quercetinAntioxidant IC34=10 uMAntiparkinsonianAntiradicular 5 xquercetinAntiretinoticAntirheumaticAntistrokeAntitumorAntitumor (Bladder)Antitumor (Prostate)Antitumor (Stomach)Antitumor-PromoterCancer-PreventiveCardioprotectiveCirculotonicImmunomodulator

ALUMINUM Leaf 28.0 138.0 -0.63 *

Activities (5)

Antisilicotic Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.Antivaginitic Martindale's 28thCandidicide Martindale's 28thEncephalopathic Martindale's 29thPesticide

APS-SULFOTRANSFERASE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

ARABINOSE Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

ARGININE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (14)

Antidiabetic? Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntihepatitic Martindale's 29thAntihypertensiveAntiimpotenceAntiinfertility 4g/day

Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

Antioxidant?Aphrodisiac 3 g/dayDiureticHypoammonemic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.NO-GenicPituitary-StimulantSpermigenic 4g/day


Vasodilator

ARGININE Plant -- -- *

Activities (14)

Antidiabetic? Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntihepatitic Martindale's 29thAntihypertensiveAntiimpotenceAntiinfertility 4g/day


Antioxidant?Aphrodisiac 3 g/dayDiureticHypoammonemic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.NO-GenicPituitary-StimulantSpermigenic 4g/day


Vasodilator

ARSENIC Leaf 0.02 0.11 -0.26 ACTA AGRIC SCAND SUPPL 22: 1980

Activities (2)

Anorexic Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.Pesticide

ASCORBIC-ACID Plant 640.0 2200.0 -0.08 Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (112)

Acidulant FEMA 6,000 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Analgesic 5-10 g/dayAngiotensin-Receptor-BlockerAntiAGE 2,000 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntiCFS 500-1,000 mgAntiCTS 1,000 mg 3x/dayAntiCrohn's 50-100mg/day/orl/man

Martindale's 29th

AntiLyme 500-2,000 mgAntiRaynaud's 500 mg 1-2x/dayAntiaggregant Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antiaging 400 mg/dayAntiallergicAntialzheimeran 2,000-6,000mg/dayAntiarthritic 0.2-1 g/dayAntiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiatherosclerotic


Antibacterial Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticataract 350 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anticataract 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Anticataract 1 g 3x/dayAnticervicaldysplasic 1,000-2,000 mg/dayAnticlimacteric 500-5,000mg/dayAnticold 1-2 g/man/dayAntidecubitic 500mg/man/2x/day

Martindale's 28th

AntidementiaAntidepressant 2,000 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antidiabetic Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antidote (Aluminum) Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antidote (Cadmium) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidote (Lead) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidote (Paraquat) Martindale's 28thAntieczemic 3.5-5 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiedemic 1 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiencephalitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiendometriotic 2,000mg/dayAntifatigue 500-1,000 mgAntifibrotic 1,000-2,000 mgAntigallstone 1,000-3,000mg/dayAntigastriticAntigingiviticAntiglaucomic 2 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antihangover 1,000 mgAntihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antihepatotoxic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiherpetic 1-5 g/dayAntihistaminic 2 g/day orlmanAntihypertensiveAntiinfertility 1 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinflammatory Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day Martindale's 28thAntilithic 1,000-3,000 mg/dayAntimaculiticAntimeasles Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antimenopausal 500-5,000mg/dayAntimigraine Martindale's 29thAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntineuramidaseAntinitrosic 1 g/man/day Martindale's 28thAntiobesity 1 g 3x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiorchitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiosteoporotic 500 mg/dayAntioxidant 100 ppmAntiparkinsonian 1 g 2-3x/dayAntiparotitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiperiodontitic 1 g 2x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antipneumonic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antipodriac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antipoliomyelitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antipyretic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiradicular Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntiretinoticAntirheumaticAntirhinitic 1,000 mg 3x/dayAntiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day Martindale's 28thAntiseptic MIC=3.3-217mg/ml

Martindale's 28th


Antiseptic 4-8 g/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Antishingles Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antispasmodic 500-5,000mg/dayAntistress 500-1,000 mgAntisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antitumor (Gastric)Antitumor (Lung)AntiulcerAntiviral 1-5 g/dayApoptotic 1-10 mMAsthma-preventive 1,000mg/day/orl

Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

Beta-Adrenergic ReceptorBlockerBeta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor1.5 g/day/manCalcium-AntagonistCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardioprotectiveCold-preventive 1-2 g/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

CollagenicDetoxicantDiuretic 700 mg/man/orlFistula-Preventive Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day

Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

Hypoglycemic Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Hypotensive 1,000mg/man/dayImmunomodulatorImmunostimulant Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Interferonogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Lithogenic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day Martindale's 28thPesticideUricosuric 4 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Urinary-Acidulant Martindale's 29thVasodilatorVulnerary Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

ASCORBIC-ACID Leaf 166.0 830.0 -0.37 *

Activities (112)

Acidulant FEMA 6,000 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Analgesic 5-10 g/dayAngiotensin-Receptor-BlockerAntiAGE 2,000 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntiCFS 500-1,000 mgAntiCTS 1,000 mg 3x/dayAntiCrohn's 50-100mg/day/orl/man

Martindale's 29th

AntiLyme 500-2,000 mgAntiRaynaud's 500 mg 1-2x/dayAntiaggregant Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antiaging 400 mg/dayAntiallergicAntialzheimeran 2,000-6,000mg/dayAntiarthritic 0.2-1 g/dayAntiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiatheroscleroticAntibacterial Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticataract 350 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anticataract 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95


Anticataract 1 g 3x/dayAnticervicaldysplasic 1,000-2,000 mg/dayAnticlimacteric 500-5,000mg/dayAnticold 1-2 g/man/dayAntidecubitic 500mg/man/2x/day

Martindale's 28th

AntidementiaAntidepressant 2,000 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antidiabetic Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse


Antidote (Aluminum) Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antidote (Cadmium) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidote (Lead) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidote (Paraquat) Martindale's 28thAntieczemic 3.5-5 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiedemic 1 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiencephalitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiendometriotic 2,000mg/dayAntifatigue 500-1,000 mgAntifibrotic 1,000-2,000 mgAntigallstone 1,000-3,000mg/dayAntigastriticAntigingiviticAntiglaucomic 2 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antihangover 1,000 mgAntihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antihepatotoxic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiherpetic 1-5 g/dayAntihistaminic 2 g/day orlmanAntihypertensiveAntiinfertility 1 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinflammatory Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day Martindale's 28thAntilithic 1,000-3,000 mg/dayAntimaculiticAntimeasles Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antimenopausal 500-5,000mg/dayAntimigraine Martindale's 29thAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntineuramidaseAntinitrosic 1 g/man/day Martindale's 28thAntiobesity 1 g 3x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiorchitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiosteoporotic 500 mg/dayAntioxidant 100 ppmAntiparkinsonian 1 g 2-3x/dayAntiparotitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiperiodontitic 1 g 2x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antipneumonic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antipodriac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antipoliomyelitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antipyretic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiradicular Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntiretinoticAntirheumaticAntirhinitic 1,000 mg 3x/dayAntiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day Martindale's 28thAntiseptic MIC=3.3-217mg/ml

Martindale's 28th

Antiseptic 4-8 g/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Antishingles Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.


Antispasmodic 500-5,000mg/dayAntistress 500-1,000 mgAntisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antitumor (Gastric)Antitumor (Lung)AntiulcerAntiviral 1-5 g/dayApoptotic 1-10 mMAsthma-preventive 1,000mg/day/orl


Beta-Adrenergic ReceptorBlockerBeta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor1.5 g/day/manCalcium-AntagonistCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardioprotectiveCold-preventive 1-2 g/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.CollagenicDetoxicantDiuretic 700 mg/man/orlFistula-Preventive Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day

Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

Hypoglycemic Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Hypotensive 1,000mg/man/dayImmunomodulatorImmunostimulant Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Interferonogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Lithogenic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day Martindale's 28thPesticideUricosuric 4 g/man/day Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Urinary-Acidulant Martindale's 29thVasodilatorVulnerary Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

ASH Leaf 16800.0 84000.0 -0.61 *

ASPARAGINE Plant -- -- *

Activities (2)

Antisickling Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.Diuretic HerbalGram No. 17.

ASPARTIC-ACID Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (3)

Antimorphinic Martindale's 28thNeuroexcitant Martindale's 28thRoborant Merck 11th Edition

ASTRAGALIN Inflorescence -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (7)

ACE-Inhibitor ID50=180ug/ml rat (24 hr.)Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC30=1 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC62=10 uM

Shimizu, M., Ito, T., Terashima, S., Hayashi, T., Arisawa, M., Morita, N., Kurokawa, S., Ito, K., and Hashimoto, Y. 1984. Inhibition of Lens AldoseReductase by Flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 23: 1885-1888.

AntileukemicExpectorantHypotensive Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously

Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.Immunostimulant

ASTRAGALIN Plant -- 20.0 *


Activities (7)

ACE-Inhibitor ID50=180ug/ml rat (24 hr.)Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC30=1 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC62=10 uM

Shimizu, M., Ito, T., Terashima, S., Hayashi, T., Arisawa, M., Morita, N., Kurokawa, S., Ito, K., and Hashimoto, Y. 1984. Inhibition of Lens AldoseReductase by Flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 23: 1885-1888.

AntileukemicExpectorantHypotensive Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously

Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.Immunostimulant

BETA-CAROTENE Seed 10.0 25.0 1.13 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.


Activities (53)

AllergenicAndrogenic? Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiPMSAntiacne Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiagingAntiarthriticAntiasthmatic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Anticancer Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Anticarcinomic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AnticervicaldysplasicAnticoronary 50 mg/man/2 daysAntihyperkeratoticAntiichythyotic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntileukoplakicAntilipoperoxidant IC71=50ug/mlAntilupus 150 mg/man/day/2mos

Martindale's 28th

AntimaculiticAntimastitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.Antioxidant Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiozenicAntipapillomicAntiphotophobic 30-300mg/man/day

Martindale's 29th

Antipityriasic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiporphyric 30-300mg/man/day

Martindale's 28th

Antiproliferant Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antipsoriac Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiradicular Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntirheumaticAntistress Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antitumor Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.Antitumor (Breast) IC45=60ug/mlAntitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/mlAntitumor (Colon) IC43=45 ug/mlAntitumor (Lung) IC30=60 ug/mlAntitumor (Prostate)Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45ug/mlAntiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiulcer 15,000-25,000 IU/dayAntixerophthalmic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.COX-1-Inhibitor IC78=50 ug/mlCOX-2-Inhibitor IC82=50 ug/mlCancer-Preventive 22 ppm Jim Duke's personal files.ChemopreventiveColorant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.GastroprotectiveImmunostimulant 180mg/man/day/orl


Interferon-SynergistMucogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Phagocytotic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Prooxidant 20 ug/gThymoprotective Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Ubiquiot Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.

BETA-CAROTENE Leaf 19.0 94.0 -0.73 *


Activities (53)

AllergenicAndrogenic? Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiPMSAntiacne Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiagingAntiarthriticAntiasthmatic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Anticancer Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Anticarcinomic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AnticervicaldysplasicAnticoronary 50 mg/man/2 daysAntihyperkeratoticAntiichythyotic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntileukoplakicAntilipoperoxidant IC71=50ug/mlAntilupus 150 mg/man/day/2mos

Martindale's 28th

AntimaculiticAntimastitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.Antioxidant Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

AntiozenicAntipapillomicAntiphotophobic 30-300mg/man/day

Martindale's 29th

Antipityriasic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiporphyric 30-300mg/man/day

Martindale's 28th

Antiproliferant Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antipsoriac Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiradicular Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntirheumaticAntistress Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antitumor Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.Antitumor (Breast) IC45=60ug/mlAntitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/mlAntitumor (Colon) IC43=45 ug/mlAntitumor (Lung) IC30=60 ug/mlAntitumor (Prostate)Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45ug/mlAntiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiulcer 15,000-25,000 IU/dayAntixerophthalmic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.COX-1-Inhibitor IC78=50 ug/mlCOX-2-Inhibitor IC82=50 ug/mlCancer-Preventive 22 ppm Jim Duke's personal files.ChemopreventiveColorant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.GastroprotectiveImmunostimulant 180mg/man/day/orl


Interferon-SynergistMucogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Phagocytotic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Prooxidant 20 ug/gThymoprotective Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Ubiquiot Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &


BETA-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASES Plant -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

BETA-SITOSTEROL Shoot -- -- *


Activities (47)

AndrogenicAngiogenicAnorexic Martindale's 28thAntiadenomic Merck 11th EditionAntiandrogenic Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.Antibacterial Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.Anticancer (Breast) Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits

and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.Anticancer (Cervix)Anticancer (Lung)Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orlAntiestrogenic Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.Antifeedant Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Antifertility Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.Antigonadotrophic Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.Antihyperlipoproteinaemic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.AntiinflammatoryAntileukemicAntilymphomicAntimutagenic 250 ug/mlAntiophidic 2.3 mg mus Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.Antioxidant IC44=10 uMAntiprogestational Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12wksAntiprostatadenomic Merck 11th EditionAntiprostatitic 10-20 mg 3x/day/orl manAntipyretic Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.Antitumor (Breast) Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits

and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.Antitumor (Cervix)Antitumor (Lung)Antiviral Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua.

Plant Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.ApoptoticArtemicide LC50=110 ppm Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum

fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Candidicide Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.Caspase-8-InducerEstrogenicFebrifuge Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.Gonadotrophic Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.HepatoprotectiveHypocholesterolemic 2-6g/man/day/orl

Martindale's 30th

Hypocholesterolemic 9-3,330mg/man/day/orl

Martindale's 28th

Hypoglycemic Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.

Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/dayPesticideSpermicide Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.Ubiquiot Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat

BETA-SITOSTEROL Root 290.0 640.0 -0.26 *


Activities (47)







Martindale's 30th


Martindale's 28th




BETA-SITOSTEROL Flower -- 1000.0 -0.83 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.


Activities (47)







Martindale's 30th


Martindale's 28th




BETA-SITOSTEROL-3-O-BETA-GLUCOSIDE

Root 300.0 5000.0 *

BETAINE Plant -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (14)

AbortifacientAntigastritic Martindale's 29thAntihomocystinuric

AntimyoatrophicBruchiphobe Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.CardioprotectiveDiuretic Wealth of India.Emmenagogue Wealth of India.EthanolyticExpectorantHepatoprotectiveLipotropicMucogenicPesticide

BETAINE Leaf -- -- ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

Activities (14)

AbortifacientAntigastritic Martindale's 29thAntihomocystinuricAntimyoatrophicBruchiphobe Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.CardioprotectiveDiuretic Wealth of India.Emmenagogue Wealth of India.EthanolyticExpectorantHepatoprotectiveLipotropicMucogenicPesticide

BORON Leaf 6.0 47.0 -0.39 *

Activities (4)

Androgenic 3 mg/man/dayAntiosteoarthritic Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiosteoporotic 3 mg/man/dayEstrogenic 3 mg/man/day

BROMINE Leaf 20.0 110.0 1.49 ACTA AGRIC SCAND SUPPL 22: 1980

BUTYRIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (6)

Anticancer Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antitumor Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.ApoptoticBruchifuge Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Nematistat 880 ug/ml Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Pesticide

CADMIUM Leaf 0.01 0.05 -0.84 ACTA AGRIC SCAND SUPPL 22: 1980

Activities (3)

Hypertensive Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Lithogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Nephrotoxic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

CAFFEIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (102)


Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml(weak activity)

Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine,and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

AllergenicAnalgesicAntiHIV EC50=200 ug/mlAntiLegionellaAntiadenoviral Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.Antiaggregant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor

& Frost, London. 791 pp.AntiagingAntiatherogenicAntibacterialAnticancerAnticarcinogenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntidepressantAntiedemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antielastase IC50=93 um/lAntielastase IC50=86 ug/ml (475 uM)AntiescherichicAntiflu Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.Antigonadotropic Jim Duke's personal files.Antihemolytic 25 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic

Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.Antihepatoadenomic 200 ppm diet orlmusAntihepatotoxicAntiherpetic 50 ug/mlAntiherpetic EC50=>50 ug/mlAntihistaminicAntihypercholesterolemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntihyperthyroidAntiinflammatoryAntileukemic Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am

J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.AntileukotrieneAntimelanogenicAntimutagenic Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds

in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.Antinitrosaminic Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds

in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.AntiophidicAntioxidant 50 uMAntioxidant IC57=30 ppmAntioxidant 1/3 quercetinAntioxidant 30 mMAntioxidant 1.3 x Vit. EAntioxidant 1/2 BHAAntiperoxidant IC50=44 uM Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.Antiperoxidant IC35=200 ug/mlAntiperoxidant IC85=100 ug/mlAntiproliferant Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am

J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.AntiprostaglandinAntiradicular 10 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic

Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.Antiradicular 1/3 quercetinAntiradicular 30 mMAntiradicular IC50=32-35 uMAntisepticAntispasmodic EC50=3.4-15 uM Phytotherapy Research, 4: 73.AntistaphylococcicAntistomatitic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.AntisunburnAntithiamin Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.Antithyroid Jim Duke's personal files.Antitumor 200 ppm diet orl musAntitumor (Skin)Antitumor-Promoter IC42=10 uM Cancer Research, 48: 5941.AntiulcerogenicAntivaccinia Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.Antiviral IC50=62.5 ug/ml


AnxiolyticCNS-Active Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393

pp.COX-2-Inhibitor IC32=100 uMCalcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbtCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Carcinogenic 2% (diet)ChemopreventiveCholagogue Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393

pp.Choleretic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden,

the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Clastogenic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor

& Frost, London. 791 pp.Co-carcinogenicCollagen-SparingCytoprotective Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The

Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.Cytotoxic TC50=200 ug/mlDNA-Active Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor

& Frost, London. 791 pp.DNA-ProtectiveDiuretic Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393

pp.Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/mlHepatocarcinogenic 400 ppm diet orlmus (in the absence of alcohol)Hepatoprotective Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific

Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 210.HepatotropicHistamine-InhibitorImmunostimulantInsectifuge Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L.

(Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.Leukotriene-InhibitorLipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC27=5 mM Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38:

688-690.Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=62-148 uMLyase-Inhibitor IC50=94-164 uMMetal-Chelator McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food

and Their Effects on Health, Ch.25.Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.PesticideProoxidantProstaglandigenicSedative 500 mg

Sunscreen IC50=2.5 mg/l Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2):134-136, 1993.

Sunscreen IC91=5 mg/l Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2):134-136, 1993.

Sunscreen IC98=25 mg/l Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2):134-136, 1993.

Tumorigenic Jim Duke's personal files.VulneraryXanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=39.21uM

Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

CAFFEIC-ACID Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (102)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml(weak activity)

Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine,and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

AllergenicAnalgesicAntiHIV EC50=200 ug/mlAntiLegionellaAntiadenoviral Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.Antiaggregant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor

& Frost, London. 791 pp.AntiagingAntiatherogenicAntibacterialAnticancerAnticarcinogenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntidepressantAntiedemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.


Antielastase IC50=93 um/lAntielastase IC50=86 ug/ml (475 uM)AntiescherichicAntiflu Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.Antigonadotropic Jim Duke's personal files.Antihemolytic 25 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic

Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.Antihepatoadenomic 200 ppm diet orlmusAntihepatotoxicAntiherpetic 50 ug/mlAntiherpetic EC50=>50 ug/mlAntihistaminicAntihypercholesterolemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntihyperthyroidAntiinflammatoryAntileukemic Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am

J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.AntileukotrieneAntimelanogenicAntimutagenic Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds

in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.Antinitrosaminic Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds

in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.AntiophidicAntioxidant 50 uMAntioxidant IC57=30 ppmAntioxidant 1/3 quercetinAntioxidant 30 mMAntioxidant 1.3 x Vit. EAntioxidant 1/2 BHA

Antiperoxidant IC50=44 uM Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.Antiperoxidant IC35=200 ug/mlAntiperoxidant IC85=100 ug/mlAntiproliferant Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am

J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.AntiprostaglandinAntiradicular 10 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic

Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.Antiradicular 1/3 quercetinAntiradicular 30 mMAntiradicular IC50=32-35 uMAntisepticAntispasmodic EC50=3.4-15 uM Phytotherapy Research, 4: 73.AntistaphylococcicAntistomatitic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.AntisunburnAntithiamin Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.Antithyroid Jim Duke's personal files.Antitumor 200 ppm diet orl musAntitumor (Skin)Antitumor-Promoter IC42=10 uM Cancer Research, 48: 5941.AntiulcerogenicAntivaccinia Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.Antiviral IC50=62.5 ug/mlAnxiolyticCNS-Active Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393

pp.COX-2-Inhibitor IC32=100 uMCalcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbtCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Carcinogenic 2% (diet)ChemopreventiveCholagogue Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393

pp.Choleretic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden,

the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Clastogenic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor

& Frost, London. 791 pp.Co-carcinogenicCollagen-Sparing


Cytoprotective Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. ThePharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

Cytotoxic TC50=200 ug/mlDNA-Active Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor

& Frost, London. 791 pp.DNA-ProtectiveDiuretic Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393

pp.Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/mlHepatocarcinogenic 400 ppm diet orlmus (in the absence of alcohol)Hepatoprotective Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific

Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 210.HepatotropicHistamine-InhibitorImmunostimulantInsectifuge Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L.

(Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.Leukotriene-InhibitorLipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC27=5 mM Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38:

688-690.Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=62-148 uM

Lyase-Inhibitor IC50=94-164 uMMetal-Chelator McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food

and Their Effects on Health, Ch.25.Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.PesticideProoxidantProstaglandigenicSedative 500 mgSunscreen IC50=2.5 mg/l Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2):

134-136, 1993.Sunscreen IC91=5 mg/l Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2):

134-136, 1993.Sunscreen IC98=25 mg/l Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2):

134-136, 1993.Tumorigenic Jim Duke's personal files.VulneraryXanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=39.21uM


CAFFEIC-ACID-MALATE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (1)

Prostaglandin-Synthesis-InhibitorIC50=38 ug/ml

Obertreis, B., Giller, K., Teucher, T., Behnke, B., Schmitz, H. 1996. Antiphlogistic Effects of Urtica dioica folia Extract in Comparison toCaffeic Malic Acid. Arzneim-Forsch, 46(1): 52-56.

CAFFEOYL-MALIC-ACID Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

CAFFEOYL-MALIC-ACID Shoot -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

CAFFEOYL-MALIC-ACID Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

CAFFEOYL-MALIC-ACID Flower -- -- *

CAFFEOYL-MALIC-ACID Plant 300.0 16000.0 *

CALCIUM Leaf 5800.0 29000.0 0.72 *


Activities (28)

AntiPMS 1 g/dayAntiallergic 500 mg/dayAntianxiety Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiarrhythmic 500-1,500 mgAntiarthritic 1,000 mg/dayAntiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/dayAntidepressant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidote (Aluminum) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidote (Lead) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antihyperkinetic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntihypertensiveAntiinsomniac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antimenopausal 1,000-1,500 mg/dayAntiobesityAntiosteoporotic 500-2,000 mg/dayAntiperiodontitic 750 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/dayAntistress 500-1,500 mg/dayAntitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anxiolytic 500-1,500 mg/dayCalcium-Channel-BlockerDiuretic

Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Hypotensive 1 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Laxative 1,000-1,200 mgTranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/dayVasodilator

CAMPESTEROL Root -- -- Gruenwald, J. et al. 1998. PDR for Herbal Medicine. 1st ed. MedicalEconomics Co., Montvale, NJ. 1244 pp. (abbreviated as PHR orPhysicians Herbal Reference in my mind)

Activities (2)

Antioxidant IC37=10 uMHypocholesterolemic Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.

CAMPESTEROL Shoot -- -- Gruenwald, J. et al. 1998. PDR for Herbal Medicine. 1st ed. MedicalEconomics Co., Montvale, NJ. 1244 pp. (abbreviated as PHR orPhysicians Herbal Reference in my mind)

Activities (2)

Antioxidant IC37=10 uMHypocholesterolemic Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.

CARBOHYDRATES Leaf -- 396000.0 -1.72 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

CARBONIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

CAROTENOIDS Seed -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

CELLULOSE Leaf -- 103000.0 -0.71 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

Activities (1)

Hemostat Martindale's 29th

CERAMIDES Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

CHLORINE Leaf 1800.0 2700.0 -0.29 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.


Activities (7)

Antibacterial Martindale's 29thAntiherpetic Martindale's 29thAntiseptic Martindale's 29thAntiviral Martindale's 29thCandidicide Martindale's 29thFungicide Martindale's 29thPesticide

CHLOROGENIC-ACID Shoot -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (77)

Aldose-Reductase-InhibitorIC50=1.8 uM rat (strongactivity)

Yoshikawa, M., et al. 1999. Medicinal Flowers. I. Aldose Reductase Inhibitors and Three New Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpenes, KikkanolsA, B, and C, From the Flowers of Chrysanthemum inducum L. Chem Pharm Bull, 47(3): 340-345.

AllelochemicAllergenicAnalgesicAntiEBV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiHIV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiLegionellaAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterialAnticancer (Colon)Anticancer (Forestomach)Anticancer (Liver)Anticancer (Skin)AnticarcinogenicAntidiabeticAntifeedantAntigenotoxicAntigonadotropic Jim Duke's personal files.Antihemolytic 10 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on

Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.AntihepatotoxicAntiherpetic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.AntihistaminicAntihypercholesterolemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntihyperthyroidAntiinflammatory Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.AntileukotrieneAntimelanogenicAntimutagenicAntinitrosaminicAntioxidant IC53=200 ppm Huang, M-T., and Ferraro, T. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Cancer Prevention. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on

Health, Ch.2 p.21.Antioxidant IC80=12 uMAntioxidant IC50=54.2 uMAntiperoxidant IC50=36 uM Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.Antipolio Jim Duke's personal files.Antiradicular 10 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on

Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.Antiradicular 9 x quercetinAntisepticAntisunburnAntithyroid Jim Duke's personal files.Antitumor Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Forestomach)Antitumor (Liver)Antitumor (Skin)Antitumor-Promoter IC25=10uMAntiulcer Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiviral Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.AutotoxicCNS-Active Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.CNS-Stimulant 1/6 Caffeine


Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardioprotectiveChemopreventiveCholagogue Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Choleretic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Clastogenic Friedman, M. and Dao, L. 1990. Effect of Autoclaving and Conventional and Microwave Baking on the Ergot Alkaloid and Chlorogenic

Acid Contents of Morning Glory (Ipomoea tricolor Cav. cv.) Heavenly Blue Seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 805-808.Collagen-SparingDiureticFungicide Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Hepatoprotective Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Histamine-InhibitorHypoglycemicImmunostimulantInsectifuge Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae).

Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.Interferonogenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.Juvabional Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Larvistat Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Leukotriene-InhibitorLipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC23=5mM

Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.

Metal-Chelator McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food andTheir Effects on Health, Ch.25.

NO-GenicOrnithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor

Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.

Oviposition-Stimulant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

PesticideSunscreenSweetener Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Vulnerary

CHLOROGENIC-ACID Plant 200.0 5000.0 1.41 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (77)



AllelochemicAllergenicAnalgesicAntiEBV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiHIV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiLegionellaAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterialAnticancer (Colon)Anticancer (Forestomach)Anticancer (Liver)Anticancer (Skin)AnticarcinogenicAntidiabeticAntifeedantAntigenotoxicAntigonadotropic Jim Duke's personal files.Antihemolytic 10 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on

Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.AntihepatotoxicAntiherpetic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.AntihistaminicAntihypercholesterolemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntihyperthyroidAntiinflammatory Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.AntileukotrieneAntimelanogenic


AntimutagenicAntinitrosaminicAntioxidant IC53=200 ppm Huang, M-T., and Ferraro, T. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Cancer Prevention. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on



London. 791 pp.Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Forestomach)Antitumor (Liver)Antitumor (Skin)Antitumor-Promoter IC25=10uMAntiulcer Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiviral Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.AutotoxicCNS-Active Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.CNS-Stimulant 1/6 CaffeineCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardioprotectiveChemopreventiveCholagogue Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Choleretic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Clastogenic Friedman, M. and Dao, L. 1990. Effect of Autoclaving and Conventional and Microwave Baking on the Ergot Alkaloid and Chlorogenic










CHLOROGENIC-ACID Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (77)



AllelochemicAllergenicAnalgesicAntiEBV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiHIV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.


AntiLegionellaAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterialAnticancer (Colon)Anticancer (Forestomach)Anticancer (Liver)Anticancer (Skin)AnticarcinogenicAntidiabeticAntifeedantAntigenotoxicAntigonadotropic Jim Duke's personal files.Antihemolytic 10 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on




London. 791 pp.Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Forestomach)

Antitumor (Liver)Antitumor (Skin)Antitumor-Promoter IC25=10uMAntiulcer Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiviral Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.AutotoxicCNS-Active Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.CNS-Stimulant 1/6 CaffeineCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardioprotectiveChemopreventiveCholagogue Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Choleretic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Clastogenic Friedman, M. and Dao, L. 1990. Effect of Autoclaving and Conventional and Microwave Baking on the Ergot Alkaloid and Chlorogenic



London. 791 pp.Leukotriene-Inhibitor


Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC23=5mM







CHLOROGENIC-ACID Flower -- -- *

Activities (77)



AllelochemicAllergenicAnalgesicAntiEBV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiHIV Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiLegionellaAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterialAnticancer (Colon)Anticancer (Forestomach)Anticancer (Liver)

Anticancer (Skin)AnticarcinogenicAntidiabeticAntifeedantAntigenotoxicAntigonadotropic Jim Duke's personal files.Antihemolytic 10 uM Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on




London. 791 pp.Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Forestomach)Antitumor (Liver)Antitumor (Skin)Antitumor-Promoter IC25=10uMAntiulcer Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiviral Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Autotoxic


CNS-Active Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.CNS-Stimulant 1/6 CaffeineCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardioprotectiveChemopreventiveCholagogue Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Choleretic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Clastogenic Friedman, M. and Dao, L. 1990. Effect of Autoclaving and Conventional and Microwave Baking on the Ergot Alkaloid and Chlorogenic


Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.

Interferonogenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.Juvabional Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Larvistat Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,








CHLOROPHYLLINS Leaf 40.0 200.0 *

CHLOROPHYLLS Leaf 157.0 10000.0 *

CHOLINE Leaf -- 4900.0 -0.19 List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

Activities (20)

Antialzheimeran 5-16 g/man/dayAntichoreic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticirrhotic 6,000 mg/man/dayAnticystinuricAntidementiaAntidiabeticAntidyskinetic 150-200 mg/kg/man/day Martindale's 28thAntihomocysteineAntimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).AntinociceptiveAntisteatoticCardiodepressantCerebrotonicCholinergic Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The

Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.HepatoprotectiveHypotensiveIleorelaxantLipotropicMemorigenicParasympathomimetic (1/1,000thacetylcholine)

Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.

CHOLINE Inflorescence -- 4800.0 Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (20)

Antialzheimeran 5-16 g/man/dayAntichoreic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticirrhotic 6,000 mg/man/dayAnticystinuricAntidementiaAntidiabeticAntidyskinetic 150-200 mg/kg/man/day Martindale's 28thAntihomocysteineAntimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).AntinociceptiveAntisteatoticCardiodepressantCerebrotonicCholinergic Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The

Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.HepatoprotectiveHypotensiveIleorelaxantLipotropicMemorigenicParasympathomimetic (1/1,000thacetylcholine)

Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.

CHOLINE-ACETYLTRANSFERASE Plant -- -- *

CHROMIUM Leaf 0.8 3.9 -0.31 *

Activities (24)

Amphiglycemic? Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntiAGE 200-1,000 ug Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin

resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntiCFS 200 ugAntiacneAntiaging 200-1,000 ug Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin

resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antiatherosclerotic 20ug/dayAnticorneotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidiabetic 200-1,000ugAntidote (Lead) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antifatigue 200 ugAntiglycosuric 200-1,000 ugAntiobesity 200-1,000ug

Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulinresistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Antisyndrome-X 200-800 ug


Antitriglyceride 20ug/day


Antitriglyceride 200-1,000 ug


CardioprotectiveEnergizerHypocholesterolemic 20ug/day


Hypocholesterolemic200-1,000 ug


Hypoglycemic 200-1,000 ug


Hypotensive 200-1,000ug


ImmunomodulatorInsulinogenicMemorigenic

CINNAMIC-ACID Plant -- -- *


Activities (18)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4ug/ml (weak activity)

Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, andSyntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

AllergenicAnestheticAntibacterial Martindale's 28thAntiinflammatoryAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.Antispasmodic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CholereticDermatitigenic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.FLavor FEMA 4-40 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryFungicideHerbicideLaxativeLipoxygenase-InhibitorPesticideTyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=700uMVermifuge

CITRAL Plant -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.


Activities (53)

AllergenicAntiallergenicAntiallergic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.AntianaphylacticAntibacterialAnticancerAntihelicobacterAntiherpeticAntihistaminic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.AntiinflammatoryAntileishmanicAntioxidantAntiseptic 5.2 x phenolAntishock Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.AntispasmodicAntitumorAntitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Liver)Antitumor (Skin)AntiulcerAntiviralApoptoticBarbituate-SynergistBronchorelaxant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Calcium-AntagonistCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CarcinogenicCaspase-3-InducerChemopreventiveCytotoxicEstrogenicExpectorant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.FLavor FEMA 4-170 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryFungicide MIC 625 ug/mlGlaucomagenicGlutathionigenicHerbicide IC50=115 uM Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc.

NY. 665 pp.Myorelaxant 200 mg/kgNF-kB-InhibitorNO-InhibitorNematicide IC52=100 ug/ml Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Nematicide MLC=100-260 ug/ml Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.P450-2B1-Inhibitor IC50=1.19uMPerfumery Merck 11th EditionPesticideProstatitigenic 185 mg/kg/day/3msSedative ED 1-32 mg/kg Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)Sedative 1 mg/kgTeratogenicTrichomonicide LD100=150ug/mlTrypanocideTyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=1.5mMTyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=1,500uM

CITRIC-ACID Plant -- -- *


Activities (23)

AllergenicAlpha-Amylase-InhibitorAntiaphthic20,000 ppm

Martindale's 28th

AntiatheroscleroticAntibacterialAnticalculicAnticoagulant Merck 11th EditionAntileishmanicAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntioxidantSynergist

Merck 11th Edition

AntiseborrheicAntiseptic Martindale's 29thAntitubercularAntitumor Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.Disinfectant Martindale's 29thFLavor FEMA 370-4,400


HemostatIrritant Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for

Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.Laxative? Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-91.Litholytic Martindale's 29thMycobactericideOdontolytic Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for

Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

Refrigerant Martindale's 28th

COBALT Leaf 2.6 13.2 -0.22 *

Activities (2)

Cardiomyopathogenic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Erythrocytogenic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

COPPER Leaf 2.0 15.0 -0.35 *

Activities (12)

AntianemicAntiarthriticAntidiabetic 2-4 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntifatigueAntiinflammatory Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antinociceptive Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiosteoporoticCardioprotectiveContraceptive Martindale's 28thHypocholesterolemic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.ImmunomodulatorSchizophrenigenic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

COUMARIN Plant -- -- Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. HerbalMedicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The PharmaceuticalPress, London. 296pp.

Activities (57)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 10ug/ml cow (weak activity, 11%inhibition)

Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect ofCoumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387

Allelochemic IC100=2 mM Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants:Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

Analgesic Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety DataSheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

AnestheticAntiaggregantAntiandrogenic Planta Medica, 56(6): 671, 1990.Antibrucellosic Gawron, A., Gorski*, G., Glowniak**, K. 1989. Increased proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human leucocytes

after 8-methoxypsoralen treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 194-195, 1990.Anticancer (Kidney) 400-7,000mg/day



Anticancer (Prostate) 400-7,000mg/day


AntidiureticAntiedemic Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory

Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug 'Alhucema' (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.Antiesherichic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Antiinflammatory Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory

Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug 'Alhucema' (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.Antilymphedemic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.Antimelanomic 50 mg/dayAntimetastatic 50 mg/man/day Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.Antimitotic Pandeya, S.N. 1970. Biological Activity of Adamantyl Derivatives. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 33: 7.Antimononuccleotic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.Antimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.Antimycoplasmotic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.Antipsittacotic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

Antipsoriac Pandeya, S.N. 1970. Biological Activity of Adamantyl Derivatives. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 33: 7.Antitoxoplasmotic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.Antitumor 50 mg/dayAntitumor (GI)Antitumor (Kidney) 400-7,000mg/day


Antitumor (Prostate) 400-7,000mg/day


Bacteristat Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &Frost, London. 791 pp.

BruchiphobeCancer-Preventive 5-25 ug/ml Gawron, A. and Glowniak, K. 1987. Cytostatic Activity of Coumarins in vitro. Planta Medica 1987: 526.Carcinogenic 200 mg/kg orl mus Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.CardiodepressantCardiotonicChemopreventiveDME-Inhibitor IC50=57.5 uM Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific

Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 134.EmeticEstrogenic Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical

Press, London. 296pp.Fungicide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Hemorrhagic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Hepatotoxic 0.8-1.71 mM/kg orl ratHepatotoxic 2,500 ppm dietHepatotoxic 100 mg/kg dogHypnotic Schultes, R.E. De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXXVI. Justicia (Acanthaceae) as a Source of an

Hallucinogenic Snuff. Economic Botany 44(1): 61-70, 1990.Hypoglycemic 250-1,000 mg/kg orl Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165ImmunostimulantJuvabional Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Larvistat Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Lymphocytogenic 100 mg/day Gawron, A., Gorski*, G., Glowniak**, K. 1989. Increased proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human leucocytes

after 8-methoxypsoralen treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 194-195, 1990.LymphokineticNarcoticOvicidePesticidePhagocytotic Planta Medica, 56(6): 671, 1990.Piscicide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.RespirodepressantRodenticide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Sedative Schultes, R.E. De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXXVI. Justicia (Acanthaceae) as a Source of an

Hallucinogenic Snuff. Economic Botany 44(1): 61-70, 1990.

DAUCOSTEROL Root -- 109.0 -0.39 Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (5)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 0.1mM/l rat (weak activity, 31.9%inhibition)

Fujita, T., Ohira, K., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., Nakayama, M. 1995. Inhibitory Effect of Perillosides A and C, Related MonoterpeneGlucosides on Aldose Reductase and Their Structure-Activity Relationships. Chem Pharm Bull, 43(6): 920-926.

AntileukemicAntispasmodic 20 mg/kg =ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).1976.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.1.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambridge Printing

Works, New Delhi.487 pp;ICMR.1987.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.2.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambr. Printing Works,NewDelhi.600pp

AntitumorHypoglycemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 158.

DAUCOSTEROL-6'-O-PALMITATE Root -- 5.6 Jim Duke's personal files.

DEHYDROCONIFERYL-ALCOHOL Root -- 440.0 *

DEHYDRODICONIFERYL-ALCOHOL Root -- -- *

ETHYL-KETONE Leaf -- -- *

FAT Seed 231000.0 382000.0 0.61 *

FAT Leaf 4600.0 23000.0 -0.67 *

FE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

FERULIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (61)

Allelopathic Holappa, L.D., and Blum*, U. 1991. Effects of Exogenously Applied Ferulic Acid, a Potential Allelopathic Compound, on Leaf Growth, WaterUtilization, and Endogenous Abscisic Acid Levels of Tomato, Cucumber, and Bean. J. of Chemical Ecology, 17(5): 865.

Analgesic Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co.,Philadelphia Pa., page 69.

Antiaggregant Ozaki, Y. and Ma, J-P. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine and Ferulic Acid on Spontaneous Movement of Rat Uterus in Situ. Chem.Pharm. Bull. 38(6): 1620-1623, 1990.

Antiallergic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.AntiarrhythmicAntibacterial Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Anticancer (Colon)Anticancer(Forestomach)Anticancer (Liver)Anticancer (Skin)AnticarcinogenicAntidysmenorrheicAntiestrogenic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antihepatotoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.AntiherpeticAntiinflammatory Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml

Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,31(1):37-46.

Antimitotic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

Antimutagenic Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food andTheir Effects on Health, Ch.18.

Antineoplastic(Stomach)Antinitrosaminic Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and

Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.Antioxidant 3,000 uMAntioxidant IC51=200ppmAntioxidant 1/3quercetinAntioxidant 1/2 BHAAntioxidant EC50=9-15ug/mlAntiradicular EC50=9-15ug/mlAntiradicular IC50=116-124 uMAntiserotonin Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antispasmodic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Antithrombic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Antitumor Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antitumor (Colon)


Antitumor(Forestomach)Antitumor (Liver)Antitumor (Skin)Antitumor-PromoterIC46=10 uM

Cancer Research, 48: 5941.

Antiviral Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Arteriodilator Ozaki, Y. and Ma, J-P. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine and Ferulic Acid on Spontaneous Movement of Rat Uterus in Situ. Chem.

Pharm. Bull. 38(6): 1620-1623, 1990.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Candidicide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Cardiac Ozaki, Y. and Ma, J-P. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine and Ferulic Acid on Spontaneous Movement of Rat Uterus in Situ. Chem.

Pharm. Bull. 38(6): 1620-1623, 1990.Cholagogue Pharmazie, 46: 156, 1991.Choleretic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel

Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Fungicide Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Hepatoprotective Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.HepatotropicHerbicide Angewandte Botanik 68(5/6)=1994. Page 195.Hydrocholerectic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.HypolipidemicImmunostimulant Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.Insectifuge Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae).

Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.Metal-Chelator McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their

Effects on Health, Ch.25.Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor


PesticidePhagocytoticPreservative Merck 11th EditionProstaglandigenicProstaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 0.58-3.2 mM

Xu, L. N., Yu, W. G., Tian, J. Y., Liu, Q. Y. 1990. Effect of Sodium Ferulate on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 25(6): 412-416.

Sunscreen Chemical Marketing Reporter; a weekly tabloid, 9/10/92.Uterosedative 30-100mg/kg ivn rat

Ozaki, Y. and Ma, J-P. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine and Ferulic Acid on Spontaneous Movement of Rat Uterus in Situ. Chem.Pharm. Bull. 38(6): 1620-1623, 1990.

FIBER(CRUDE) Leaf -- 110000.0 -0.45 *

FIBER(DIETARY) Leaf -- 430000.0 0.67 *

FLAVONOIDS Shoot 7000.0 18000.0 -0.57 Gruenwald, J. et al. 1998. PDR for Herbal Medicine. 1st ed. MedicalEconomics Co., Montvale, NJ. 1244 pp. (abbreviated as PHR orPhysicians Herbal Reference in my mind)

FLAVONOL-GLYCOSIDES Flower -- 2000.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

FLUORINE Leaf 1.4 7.8 1.27 ACTA AGRIC SCAND SUPPL 22: 1980

FOLACIN Plant -- -- List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.


Activities (15)

AntiSpina-Bifida Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antianemic 5-20 mg/man/dayAnticervicaldysplasic 8-30mg/wmn/day/orl

Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington(Looseleaf).

Anticheilitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

Antidepressant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antigingivitic 2-5 mg/day/man Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).Antiglossitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antimyelotoxic 5 mg/day/orl/man Martindale's 29thAntineuropathic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiperiodontitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).Antiplaque Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).Antipsychotic Martindale's 29thHematopoietic Merck 11th EditionUricosuric Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).

FORMIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (13)

AcaricideAntisepticAntisyncopicAstringent Merck 11th EditionCorrosive Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryCounterirritant Merck 11th EditionFLavor FEMA 500-2,500


Fungistat Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.791 pp.

Fungitoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.791 pp.

IrritantPesticidePreservative Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryToxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.

FRUCTOSE Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (8)

Antialcoholic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.791 pp.

Antidiabetic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.791 pp.

AntihangoverAntiketotic Merck 11th EditionAntinauseant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.LaxativeNeoplastic CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate AnalysesSweetener 2 xglucose

Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.791 pp.

FUCOSE Leaf -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

FUMARIC-ACID Plant -- -- *


Activities (7)

Acidulant Martindale's 28thAntidermatitic Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.AntihepatocarcinogenicIC100=1% (diet)

Akao, M. and Kuroda, K. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Fumaric Acid on Hepatocarcinogenesis by Thioacetamide in Mice. Chem. Pharm. Bull.38(7): 2012-2014, 1990.

Antioxidant Merck 11th EditionAntipsoriac Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Antitumor Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W.

Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.FLavor FEMA 50-3,600 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

GABA Root -- 250.0 -0.7 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (22)

AnalepticAnticephalagicAnticerebrotic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Antichoreic 1-32 g/man/day Martindale's 29thAnticonvulsant 4,120 mg/kg iprmus

Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press,Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

Antihypertensive 1,000-4,000mg/man/dayAntiinsomniacAntilethargicAntistressAntitinniticAnxiolyticCNS-Inhibitor 2,500 mg/kg scumus


CNS-Inhibitor 0.1 mg/kg ivn cat Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press,Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

CNS-Inhibitor 100 mg/kg ivn dog Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press,Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

Cardiovascular 208 ivn dog Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press,Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

Diuretic 1,500-4,000mg/man/dayHypotensive 1,000-4,000 mg/dayNeuroinhibitorNeurotoxic (to birds) Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.NeurotransmitterSedativeTranquilizer Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

GALACTINOL Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

GALACTOSE Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (1)

Sweetener 0.32 x sucrose Martindale's 28th

GALACTOSE Leaf -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (1)

Sweetener 0.32 x sucrose Martindale's 28th

GALLIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (62)

ACE-InhibitorIC50=7.7 mM/l


AnalgesicAntiHIVAntiMRSAAntiadenovirus Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.Antiallergenic Dorsch, W., Wagner, H. New Antiasthmatic Drugs from Traditional Medicine? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 94: 262-265, 1991.Antianaphylactic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.AntiangiogenicAntiasthmatic Watt, J.M., and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. 1962.AntibacterialMIC=1,000 ug/mlAntibronchitic Dorsch, W., Wagner, H. New Antiasthmatic Drugs from Traditional Medicine? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 94: 262-265, 1991.AnticancerAnticarcinomicED50=3AntiescherichicAntifibrinolytic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.Antiflu Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.Antihepatotoxic Okuda, T., Yoshida, T., and Hatano, T. Antioxidant Effects of Tannins and Related Polyphenols. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on

Health, Ch.7 p.93.AntiherpeticEC50=>10 ug/mlAntiinflammatory Kroes, B.H., et al. 1991. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Gallic Acid. Planta Medica, 58(6): 499.AntileishmanicEC50=4.4 ug/mlAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntinitrosaminicAntioxidant IC44=33ppmAntioxidant 7 xquercetinAntioxidant 2/3 BHAAntiperiodontitic 10ug/mlAntiperoxidantIC50=69 uMAntipolio Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.Antiproteolytic 10ug/mlAntiradicular 7 xquercetinAntiradicularIC50=4.9 uMAntiseptic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.AntistaphylococcicMIC=1,000 ug/mlAntitumorAntitumor-PromoterAntiviralApoptoticAstringent Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Bacteristat Lamikanra, A., Ogundaini, A.O., and Ogungbamila*, F.O. Antibacterial Constituents of Alchornea cordifolia Leaves. Phytotherapy Research 4(5):

198.Bronchodilator Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CandidicideCarcinogenicCholeretic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.Cyclooxygenase-InhibitorCytotoxic 500 uMFloral-Inhibitor Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.Gram(+)icideMIC=1,000 ug/mlGram(-)icideMIC=1,000 ug/mlHemostatHepatoprotective Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.ImmunomodulatorImmunostimulant McKenna, D. J., Hughes, K., and Jones, K. 2000. Green Tea Monograph. Alternative Therapies, 6(3): 61-82.ImmunosuppressantInsulin-Sparing Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.


Myorelaxant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.791 pp.

NO-Inhibitor IC-26=250 uMNephrotoxic Martindale's 29thPesticideStypticTopoisomerase-I-Inhibitor

Hamada, S. I., Kataoka, T., Woo, J. T., Yamada, A., Yoshida, T., Nishimura, T., Otake, N., Nagai, K. 1997. Immunosuppressive Effects by Gallic Acidand Chebulagic Acid on CTL-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Biol Pharm Bull, 20: 1017-1019.

Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=24 uM

Hatano, T., Yasuhara, T., Yoshihara, R., Agata, I., Noro, T., and Okuda, T. 1989. Effects of Interaction of Tannins with Co-existing Substances.VII.Inhibitory Effects of Tannins Related Polyphenols on Xanthine Oxidase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(5): 1224-1229

GLUCOSAMINE Root -- 250.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (1)

Antiarthritic

GLUCOSE Leaf -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (7)

AcetylcholinergicAntiedemic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791

pp.Antihepatotoxic Merck 11th EditionAntiketotic Merck 11th EditionAntivaricose Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791

pp.Hyperglycemic Merck 11th EditionMemory-Enhancer

Science News, 138: 189, 1990.

GLUCURONIC-ACID Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (4)

Antidote (Camphor)Antidote (Morphine)AntihepatotoxicDetoxicant Merck 11th Edition

GLUTAMATE-DECARBOXYLASE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

GLUTAMIC-ACID Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (8)

Antialkali? 500-1,000mg/day/orl/man

Martindale's 29th

AntiepilepticAntihyperammonemic Martindale's 29thAntilithic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3x/day


Antiretardation Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &Frost, London. 791 pp.

Anxiolytic Merck 11th EditionNeurotoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &


GLYCERIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (3)

CholesterolyticDiureticHepatotonic Fitoterapia No.5-1986.

GLYCEROL Seed 6975.0 9045.0 -1.0 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.


Activities (8)

AntiMeniere's 1.5 g/kg Martindale's 29thAnticataract Martindale's 29thAntiear-wax Martindale's 29thAntiketotic Merck 11th EditionAntineuralgic Martindale's 29thArrhythmigenic Martindale's 29thEmollient Merck 11th EditionHyperglycemic Martindale's 29th

GLYCINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (12)

Antiacid Martindale's 29thAntialdosteronic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antidote (Hypoglycin-A) Martindale's 29thAntiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntigastritic Martindale's 29thAntiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3x/day


Antipruritic Merck 11th EditionAntisickling Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica

56(1): 41, 1990.Antiulcer Martindale's 29thCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Neuroinhibitor Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Uricosuric

GLYCOLIC-ACID Plant -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (4)

CholesterolyticDiuretic Pedersen, M. 1987. Nutritional Herbology. Pederson Publishing. Bountiful, Utah. 377 pp.Hepatotonic Fitoterapia No.5-1986.Irritant Merck 11th Edition

HISTAMINE Plant -- -- *

Activities (18)

AllergenicAntiMeniere's Martindale's 28thAntichilblain Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antimigraine Martindale's 28thBronchoconstrictor Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Bronchostimulant Martindale's 28thCardiovascular 0.15 mg/kgivn rbt

Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P.O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.

Gastrostimulant Martindale's 28thHistaminicAntidote:Adrenaline

Martindale's 29th

Hypotensive Martindale's 28thIrritant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Myostimulant Martindale's 29thRadioprotective Martindale's 28thSecretogogue Martindale's 29thSpasmogenicTachycardic Martindale's 29thUlcerogenic 100 mg/kg iprratVasodilator Martindale's 29th

HISTAMINE Leaf -- 30.0 *


Activities (18)

AllergenicAntiMeniere's Martindale's 28thAntichilblain Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antimigraine Martindale's 28thBronchoconstrictor Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Bronchostimulant Martindale's 28thCardiovascular 0.15 mg/kgivn rbt


Gastrostimulant Martindale's 28thHistaminicAntidote:Adrenaline

Martindale's 29th

Hypotensive Martindale's 28thIrritant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Myostimulant Martindale's 29thRadioprotective Martindale's 28thSecretogogue Martindale's 29thSpasmogenicTachycardic Martindale's 29thUlcerogenic 100 mg/kg iprratVasodilator Martindale's 29th

HISTIDINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (7)

AntiarterioscleroticAntinephritic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791

pp.AntioxidantAntiulcerAntiuremic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791

pp.Essential Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791

pp.Oxidant

HOMOVANILLIN Root -- -- *

HOMOVANILLYL-ALCOHOL Plant -- -- *

HOMOVANILLYL-ALCOHOL Root -- 20.0 *

HOMOVANILLYL-ALCOHOL-4'-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE

Root -- 30.0 *

HOMOVANILLYL-ALCOHOL-GLUCOSIDE Plant -- -- *

IRESINOL Root -- -- *

IRON Seed -- 57.0 -0.44 *

Activities (6)

Antiakathisic Martindale's 29thAntianemic Martindale's 29thAnticankerAnticheilitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antimenorrhagic 100mg/day/wmn/orl


Prooxidant

IRON Root -- 63.0 -0.35 *


Activities (6)



Prooxidant

IRON Leaf 8.0 42.0 -0.81 *

Activities (6)



Prooxidant

ISOCITRIC-ACID Plant -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

ISOLARIC Root -- -- *

ISOLEUCINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (3)

Antiencephalopathic? Martindale's 29thAntipellagric Martindale's 28thEssential Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.

ISOPENTENYL-ADENOSINE Plant -- -- *

ISOQUERCITRIN Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (22)

ACE-Inhibitor ID50=300ug/ml rat (24 hr.)Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

Antibacterial Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

AnticancerAntielastase IC50=0.7ug/mlAntifeedant Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.AntiinflammatoryAntinociceptiveAntioxidant 1/4quercetinAntioxidant IC50=9.0uMAntiradicular 1/4quercetinAntitumorAntitumor-PromoterCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CapillarigenicDiaphoreticDiuretic 10 ppm List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.Hypotensive Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously

Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.Insectiphile Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.PesticideTNF-alpha-InhibitorTopoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 550 ug/ml

Bernard, F. X., Sable, S., Cameron, B., Provost, J., Desnottes, J. F., Crouzet, J., Blanche, F. 1997. Glycosylated Flavones as Selective Inhibitors ofTopoisomerase IV. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy, 41: 992-998.

ISOQUERCITRIN Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (22)








ISOQUERCITRIN Inflorescence -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (22)








ISOQUERCITRIN Shoot -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (22)








ISOQUERCITRIN Plant -- 200.0 -1.0 *

Activities (22)








ISOQUERCITRIN Flower 100.0 200.0 *


Activities (22)








ISORHAMNETIN Inflorescence -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (11)

AntibacterialAntihistaminic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Antiinflammatory Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Antioxidant Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Antispasmodic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Cancer-Preventive

Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

Hepatoprotective Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co.,Philadelphia Pa., page 210.

MAO-InhibitorPesticideQuinone-Reductase-Inducer

Yannai, S., Day, A. J., Williamson, G., Rhodes, M. J. C. 1998. Characterization of Flavonoids as Monofunctional or Bifunctional Inducers of QuinoneReductase in Murine Hepatoma Cell Lines. Food Chem Toxicol, 36(8): 623-630.

Vasodilator

ISORHAMNETIN Flower -- -- Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common NaturalIngredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.


Activities (11)

AntibacterialAntihistaminic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Antiinflammatory Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Antioxidant Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Antispasmodic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co.,

Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Cancer-Preventive

Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

Hepatoprotective Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co.,Philadelphia Pa., page 210.

MAO-InhibitorPesticideQuinone-Reductase-Inducer

Yannai, S., Day, A. J., Williamson, G., Rhodes, M. J. C. 1998. Characterization of Flavonoids as Monofunctional or Bifunctional Inducers of QuinoneReductase in Murine Hepatoma Cell Lines. Food Chem Toxicol, 36(8): 623-630.

Vasodilator

ISORHAMNETIN-3-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE

Plant -- 200.0 *

ISORHAMNETIN-3-O-GLUCOSIDE Plant -- -- *

ISORHAMNETIN-3-O-NEOHESPERIDOSIDE

Plant -- 150.0 *

ISORHAMNETIN-3-O-RUTINOSIDE Plant -- 50.0 *

KAEMPFEROL Inflorescence -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (75)

11B-HSD-Inhibitor5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=20Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM

Oliveira, T. T., Nagem, T. J., Miranda, L. C. G., Paula, V. F., Teixeira, M. A. 1997. Inhibitory Action on Aldose Reductase by Soybean Flavonoids. JBraz Chem Soc, 8(3): 211-213.

Antiaflatoxin IC50=8.73uMAntiaflatoxin IC50=3.28ppmAntiaggregant 30 uMAntiallergicAntibacterial 20 ug/mlAnticancerAntifertility 250mg/kg/day/60 days/orlrat

Kumar, P., Dixit*, V.P., and Khanna, P. Antifertility Studies of Kaempferol: Isolation and Identification from Tissue Culture of some MedicinallyImportant Plant Species. Plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 23: 193-201, 1989.

Antigingivitic 20 ug/mlAntiherpetic 23-92ug/ml

Amoros, M., Simoes, C.M.O., Girre, L., et al. Synergistic Effect Of Flavones And Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Cell Culture.Comparison With The Antiviral Activity Of Propolis. J. of Natural Products 55(12):1732-1740, 1992.

Antihistaminic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. DanielCo., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

AntiimplantationAntiinflammatory 20mg/kgAntiinflammatory 200mg/kg ipr ratAntileukemic IC50=3.1ug/ml

Life Sciences 55: 1061.

Antilymphocytic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

AntimutagenicID50=10-40 nM

Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACSSymposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.

Antioxidant IC50=40 uMAntioxidant 3/4quercetinAntioxidant IC50=1.2ug/mlAntiperiodontic 20ug/mlAntiplaque 20 ug/mlAntiradicular 7 xquercetinAntiseptic 20 ug/mlAntiserotonin 200mg/kg ipr ratAntispasmodic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel

Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Antistaphylococcic


AntitumorAntitumor-Promoter Yasukawa, K., Takido, M., Takeuchi, M., Sato, Y., Nitta, K., and Nakagawa, S. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Flavonol Glycosides on 12-O-

Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-Induced Tumor Promotion. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(3): 774-776, 1990.Antiulcer 50-200 mg/kgipr ratAntiviral 23-92 ug/mlApoptotic 60 uMAromatase-InhibitorIC12=1 uM/l

Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 235.1999.

COX-2-InhibitorCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Carcinogenic Hutchings, A, Scott, AH, Lewis, G, and Cunningham, A. 1996. Zulu Medicinal Plants. An inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

450 pp.Choleretic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Copper-ChelatorCyclooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM) =20CytotoxicDiaphoretic? Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.DiureticEstrogenic EC50=0.1-25uM/l


Estrogenic EC50=0.56uMFungicide 20 ug/ml Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.HIV-RT-InhibitorIC50=50-150 ug/ml

Garcia, J., Morin,* C., Nyasse, B., Sondengam, B-L., Tchouankeu, J-C., and Tsamo, E. Complete Structural Assignments Of An ErgosterolDerivative From Entandrophragma utile. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1): 136-142, 1991.

HepatoprotectiveIC50=5.46 uMHepatoprotectiveIC50=1.30 ppmHypotensiveICAM-1-InhibitorInotropicIodothyronine-Deiodinase-Inhibitor


JNK-InhibitorLipoxygenase-Inhibitor Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.MAO-InhibitorMutagenicNO-Inhibitor IC50=13.9uMNatriureticNeuroprotectivePAF-InhibitorPesticideProtisticide Meckes, M., Calzada, F., Tapia-Contreras, A., Cedillo-Rivera, R. 1999. Antiprotozoal Properties of Helianthemum glomeratum. Phytotherapy

Research, 13(2): 102-105.Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 3 uMTNF-alpha-InhibitorIC50=3.99 uMTeratologicTopoisomerase-I-Inhibitor

Santti, R., Makela, S., Strauss, L., Korman, J., Kostian, M. L. 1998. Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disruptors in Males. Toxicol Ind Health, 14:223-237.

Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=8.1 ug/ml

Constantinou, A., Mehta, R., Runyan, C., Rao, K., Vaughan, A., Moon, R. 1995. Flavonoids as DNA Topoisomerase Antagonists and Poisons:Structure-Activity Relationships. J Natural Products, 58: 217-225.

Tyrosinase-InhibitorID50=230 uMUterotrophic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l


VasodilatorcAMP-Phosphodiesterase-InhibitoriNOS-Inhibitor IC50=<15 uMiNOS-InhibitorIC50=13.9 uM

KAEMPFEROL Plant -- -- Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. HerbalMedicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The PharmaceuticalPress, London. 296pp.

Activities (75)

11B-HSD-Inhibitor


5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=20Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM

Oliveira, T. T., Nagem, T. J., Miranda, L. C. G., Paula, V. F., Teixeira, M. A. 1997. Inhibitory Action on Aldose Reductase by Soybean Flavonoids. JBraz Chem Soc, 8(3): 211-213.

Antiaflatoxin IC50=8.73uMAntiaflatoxin IC50=3.28ppmAntiaggregant 30 uMAntiallergicAntibacterial 20 ug/mlAnticancerAntifertility 250mg/kg/day/60 days/orlrat

Kumar, P., Dixit*, V.P., and Khanna, P. Antifertility Studies of Kaempferol: Isolation and Identification from Tissue Culture of some MedicinallyImportant Plant Species. Plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 23: 193-201, 1989.

Antigingivitic 20 ug/mlAntiherpetic 23-92ug/ml

Amoros, M., Simoes, C.M.O., Girre, L., et al. Synergistic Effect Of Flavones And Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Cell Culture.Comparison With The Antiviral Activity Of Propolis. J. of Natural Products 55(12):1732-1740, 1992.

Antihistaminic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. DanielCo., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

AntiimplantationAntiinflammatory 20mg/kgAntiinflammatory 200mg/kg ipr ratAntileukemic IC50=3.1ug/ml


Antilymphocytic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

AntimutagenicID50=10-40 nM


Antioxidant IC50=40 uMAntioxidant 3/4quercetin

Antioxidant IC50=1.2ug/mlAntiperiodontic 20ug/mlAntiplaque 20 ug/mlAntiradicular 7 xquercetinAntiseptic 20 ug/mlAntiserotonin 200mg/kg ipr ratAntispasmodic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel

Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.AntistaphylococcicAntitumorAntitumor-Promoter Yasukawa, K., Takido, M., Takeuchi, M., Sato, Y., Nitta, K., and Nakagawa, S. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Flavonol Glycosides on 12-O-

Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-Induced Tumor Promotion. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(3): 774-776, 1990.Antiulcer 50-200 mg/kgipr ratAntiviral 23-92 ug/mlApoptotic 60 uMAromatase-InhibitorIC12=1 uM/l


COX-2-InhibitorCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Carcinogenic Hutchings, A, Scott, AH, Lewis, G, and Cunningham, A. 1996. Zulu Medicinal Plants. An inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

450 pp.Choleretic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Copper-ChelatorCyclooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM) =20CytotoxicDiaphoretic? Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.DiureticEstrogenic EC50=0.1-25uM/l


Estrogenic EC50=0.56uMFungicide 20 ug/ml Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.HIV-RT-InhibitorIC50=50-150 ug/ml

Garcia, J., Morin,* C., Nyasse, B., Sondengam, B-L., Tchouankeu, J-C., and Tsamo, E. Complete Structural Assignments Of An ErgosterolDerivative From Entandrophragma utile. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1): 136-142, 1991.

HepatoprotectiveIC50=5.46 uMHepatoprotectiveIC50=1.30 ppmHypotensiveICAM-1-InhibitorInotropic


Iodothyronine-Deiodinase-Inhibitor


JNK-InhibitorLipoxygenase-Inhibitor Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.MAO-InhibitorMutagenicNO-Inhibitor IC50=13.9uMNatriureticNeuroprotectivePAF-InhibitorPesticideProtisticide Meckes, M., Calzada, F., Tapia-Contreras, A., Cedillo-Rivera, R. 1999. Antiprotozoal Properties of Helianthemum glomeratum. Phytotherapy

Research, 13(2): 102-105.Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 3 uMTNF-alpha-InhibitorIC50=3.99 uM

TeratologicTopoisomerase-I-Inhibitor

Santti, R., Makela, S., Strauss, L., Korman, J., Kostian, M. L. 1998. Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disruptors in Males. Toxicol Ind Health, 14:223-237.

Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=8.1 ug/ml

Constantinou, A., Mehta, R., Runyan, C., Rao, K., Vaughan, A., Moon, R. 1995. Flavonoids as DNA Topoisomerase Antagonists and Poisons:Structure-Activity Relationships. J Natural Products, 58: 217-225.

Tyrosinase-InhibitorID50=230 uMUterotrophic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l


VasodilatorcAMP-Phosphodiesterase-InhibitoriNOS-Inhibitor IC50=<15 uMiNOS-InhibitorIC50=13.9 uM

KAEMPFEROL-3-O-BETA-D-RUTINOSIDE Flower -- 4000.0 Jim Duke's personal files.

KAEMPFEROL-3-O-GLUCOSIDE Plant -- -- *

Activities (4)

AntiHIVAntiviralCholeretic Fitoterapia No.5-1986.Pesticide

KAEMPFEROL-3-O-RUTINOSIDE Inflorescence -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

KAEMPFEROL-3-O-RUTINOSIDE Plant -- 400.0 *

KOPROPORPHYRIN Plant -- -- List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

LEAD Leaf 1.0 6.0 -0.52 ACTA AGRIC SCAND SUPPL 22: 1980

LECITHIN Plant -- -- List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.


Activities (20)

AntiTourette's 20-50 g/man/day/orl Martindale's 28thAntialzheimeran 40-100g/man/day/orl

Martindale's 28th

Antiataxic Martindale's 28thAnticirrhoticAntidementia Martindale's 29thAntidyskinetic 40-80 g/man/day/orl Martindale's 28thAntieczemicAntilithic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antimanic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).AntimorphinisticAntioxidant Synergist Martindale's 29thAntipsoriacAntisclerodermicAntiseborrheicAntisprueAntitumor (Lung)Cholinergic Martindale's 28thHepatoprotective

Hypocholesterolemic 20-30g/man/dayLipotropic Merck 11th Edition

LECTIN Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

LECTINS Root -- 1000.0 *

LEUCINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (2)

Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thEssential Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.

LEUCOTRIENES Plant -- -- *

LIGNANS Root -- -- *

Activities (10)

AllergenicAntiestrogenicAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntimycoticAntioxidantAntitumorAntiviralCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardiovascularCathartic

LINALOL Plant -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

LINOLEIC-ACID Seed 114235.0 317060.0 1.8 *


Activities (27)

5-Alpha-Reductase-InhibitorAntiMS Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiacneAntialopecicAntianaphylactic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiandrogenicAntiarterioscleroticAntiarthritic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Anticoronary Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antieczemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antifibrinolytic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.AntigranularAntihistaminic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiinflammatory IC50=31uMAntileukotriene-D4 IC50=31uMAntimenorrhagic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiprostatitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

Carcinogenic Science News, 146: 421.ComedolyticHepatoprotectiveHypocholesterolemic Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)Immunomodulator Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Insectifuge Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Metastatic Science News, 146: 421.Nematicide Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Propecic

LINOLEIC-ACID Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (27)

5-Alpha-Reductase-InhibitorAntiMS Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiacneAntialopecicAntianaphylactic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.AntiandrogenicAntiarterioscleroticAntiarthritic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Anticoronary Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antieczemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antifibrinolytic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.AntigranularAntihistaminic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Antiinflammatory IC50=31uMAntileukotriene-D4 IC50=31uMAntimenorrhagic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiprostatitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Carcinogenic Science News, 146: 421.ComedolyticHepatoprotectiveHypocholesterolemic Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)Immunomodulator Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Insectifuge Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Metastatic Science News, 146: 421.Nematicide Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Propecic

LINOLENIC-ACID Seed 2080.0 3440.0 -0.52 *


LUTEIN Seed 10.0 25.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (15)

AntiatheroscleroticAnticancer (Breast) Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and

Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.Antimaculitic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antinyctalopic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.AntioxidantAntiproliferant Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.

AntiradicularAntiretinitic OptometryAntitumor (Breast) Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and

Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.Antitumor (Colon)Colorant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Prooxidant 5-40 ug/gQuinone-Reductase-Inducer 2.5 ug

Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits andCell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.

RetinoprotectantOptometryUbiquiot Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.

LUTEIN-EPOXIDE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

LUTEOXANTHIN Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

LYCOPENE Plant -- -- *

Activities (16)

Anticancer (Bladder)Anticancer (Breast)Anticancer (Cervix)Anticancer (Prostate)AntioxidantAntiprostatiticAntiradicularAntitumorAntitumor (Bladder)Antitumor (Breast)Antitumor (Cervix)Antitumor (Prostate)Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.ColorantHypocholesterolemic 60 mg/man/day/3 mosProoxidant 20 ug/g

LYSINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (4)

Antialkalotic Martindale's 29thAntiherpetic 0.5-3 g/dayEssential Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Hypoarginanemic 250mg/kg

Martindale's 29th

LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE Plant -- -- Antonopoulou, S., Demopoulos, C. A., Andrikopoulos, N. K. 1996. Lipidseparation from Urtica doica: Existence of platelet-activating factor.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(10): 3052-3056.

LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

MAGNESIUM Fruit Juice -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (65)

AntiCFSAntiLyme 400-1,000 mg


AntiMS

AntiPMS 400-800mg/day/wmn/orlAntiPMS 400-800mg/day/wmn orlAntiRaynaud's 280-350mg/dayAntiaggregant 400 mg/dayAntialcoholicAntianginal 400 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antianorectic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antianxiety 400 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiarrhythmic 400 mg/dayAntiarthritic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiasthmatic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiatherosclerotic 400mg/dayAnticephalagicAnticlimacteric 500-750mg/dayAnticonvulsant Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.Anticoronary 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antidepressant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidiabetic 400-800mg/man/dayAntidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4x/day


Antiendometriotic 500mg/dayAntienteroticAntiepileptic 450 mg/dayAntifatigueAntifibromyalgic 200-300 mg3x/dayAntigastroticAntiglaucomicAntihyperkinetic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntihypertensiveAntihypoglycemic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4x/day


Antiinsomniac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antilithic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antimastalgic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antimenopausal 500-750mg/dayAntimigraine 200mg/day/man


Antimitral-valve-prolapseAntinephrolyticAntineurotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000mg/day/wmn/orlAntiplaque 500-1,000 mg/dayAntiretinopathic 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntispasmodicAntispasmophilic 500 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antistress 500-750 mg/dayAntistroke 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antisyndrome-X 400mg/man/day

Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/day

CNS-Depressant Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.Calcium-AntagonistCardioprotectiveDiureticHypocholesterolemic 400mg/day


Hypotensive 260-500 mg/dayImmunomodulatorInsulinogenic 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse



Laxative 300-500 mg/dayLitholyticMyorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.NeurotransmitterTranquilizer 500-750 mg/dayUterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Vasodilator

MAGNESIUM Leaf 1720.0 8600.0 1.73 *

Activities (65)

AntiCFSAntiLyme 400-1,000 mgAntiMSAntiPMS 400-800mg/day/wmn/orlAntiPMS 400-800mg/day/wmn orlAntiRaynaud's 280-350mg/dayAntiaggregant 400 mg/dayAntialcoholicAntianginal 400 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antianorectic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antianxiety 400 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiarrhythmic 400 mg/dayAntiarthritic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiasthmatic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiatherosclerotic 400mg/dayAnticephalagicAnticlimacteric 500-750mg/dayAnticonvulsant Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.Anticoronary 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antidepressant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidiabetic 400-800mg/man/dayAntidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4x/day


Antiendometriotic 500mg/dayAntienteroticAntiepileptic 450 mg/dayAntifatigueAntifibromyalgic 200-300 mg3x/dayAntigastroticAntiglaucomicAntihyperkinetic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntihypertensiveAntihypoglycemic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4x/day


Antiinsomniac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antilithic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antimastalgic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antimenopausal 500-750mg/dayAntimigraine 200mg/day/man


Antimitral-valve-prolapseAntinephrolyticAntineurotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000mg/day/wmn/orlAntiplaque 500-1,000 mg/dayAntiretinopathic 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntispasmodicAntispasmophilic 500 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antistress 500-750 mg/day


Antistroke 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Antisyndrome-X 400mg/man/day


Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/dayCNS-Depressant Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.Calcium-AntagonistCardioprotectiveDiureticHypocholesterolemic 400mg/day


Hypotensive 260-500 mg/dayImmunomodulatorInsulinogenic 400 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Laxative 300-500 mg/dayLitholyticMyorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.NeurotransmitterTranquilizer 500-750 mg/dayUterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Vasodilator

MALIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (15)

AntiatheroscleroticAntibacterialAntifibromyalgic 300 mg 3x/dayAntioxidant Synergist Merck 11th EditionAntiseborrheicAntiseptic Martindale's 29thAntitubercularAntitumor Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.BacteristatBruchiphobe Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.HemopoieticLaxative? Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-91.Mycobactericide

PesticideSialogogue Martindale's 29th

MALTOSE Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (2)

Antidiabetic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

Sweetener 0.32 xsucrose

Martindale's 28th

MANGANESE Leaf 2.0 7.8 -0.45 *


Activities (14)

AntiPMSAntialcoholic Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.Antianemic Martindale's 28thAntiarthriticAntidiabetic 3-5 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antidiabetic 10-30mg/man/dayAntidiscotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidyskinetic Martindale's 28thAntiepileptic 450 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiosteoporoticAntiototic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntioxidantAntisyndrome-X 10-30mg/man/day


Hypoglycemic 10-30mg/man/day

MANGANESE Seed -- 12.0 -0.52 *

Activities (14)

AntiPMSAntialcoholic Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.Antianemic Martindale's 28thAntiarthriticAntidiabetic 3-5 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antidiabetic 10-30mg/man/dayAntidiscotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidyskinetic Martindale's 28thAntiepileptic 450 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiosteoporoticAntiototic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntioxidantAntisyndrome-X 10-30mg/man/day



MANGANESE Root -- 7.0 -0.46 *

Activities (14)

AntiPMS

Antialcoholic Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.Antianemic Martindale's 28thAntiarthriticAntidiabetic 3-5 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antidiabetic 10-30mg/man/dayAntidiscotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidyskinetic Martindale's 28thAntiepileptic 450 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiosteoporoticAntiototic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntioxidantAntisyndrome-X 10-30mg/man/day



MANNOSE Leaf -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (3)

AntiUTIAntiadhesiveAnticystitic 0.25-1 tsp 3-4 x/day orl man


MERCURY Leaf 0.005 0.028 -0.4 ACTA AGRIC SCAND SUPPL 22: 1980

Activities (1)

Nephrotoxic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

METHIONINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (15)

Anticataract Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington(Looseleaf).

Antidote (Acetaminophen) 10g/16hr/man/orl

Martindale's 29th

Antidote (Paracetamol) 10g/16hr/man/orl

Martindale's 29th

AntieczemicAntihepatotic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.AntioxidantAntiparkinsonian 1-5 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Emetic Martindale's 29thEssential Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Glutathionigenic Martindale's 29thHepatoprotectiveLipotropic Merck 11th EditionUrine-Acidifier 200mg/3x/day/man/orl

Martindale's 28th

Urine-Deodorant Martindale's 29th

MOLYBDENUM Leaf 0.1 3.0 0.33 *

Activities (2)

Anticancer (Esophagus)? Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antitumor (Esophagus)? Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

MUCILAGE Plant -- -- List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

Activities (3)

Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.DemulcentHypocholesterolemic

MYO-INOSITOL Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

NEOOLIVIL Root 16.6 30.0 *

NEOOLIVIL-4-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Root -- 40.0 *

NIACIN Leaf 10.0 52.0 -0.55 *


Activities (39)

Allergenic Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiLyme 50 mg/dayAntiMeniere's Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.AntiRaynaud's 1,500-4,000mg/dayAntiacrodynicAntiallergic 50 mg/2x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntialzheimeranAntiamblyopicAntianginalAnticataractAntichilblain Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Anticonvulsant 3 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntidementiaAntidermatitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntidiabeticAntidysphagicAntiepileptic 3 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antihangover 50 mgAntihistaminic 50 mg 2x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinsomnic 1 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntineuralgicAntiparkinsonian 100 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antipellagric Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntiscotomicAntispasmodic 100 mg 2x/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntivertigoCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CardioprotectiveCirculotonicFibrinolyticHepatoprotectiveHepatotoxicHypocholesterolemic 50-100 mg3x/dayHypoglycemicHypolipidemicSedative Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).Serotoninergic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).Vasodilator Martindale's 29th

NICKEL Leaf 0.3 2.7 -0.38 *

Activities (3)

Antiadrenalinic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticirrhotic? Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Insulin-Sparing Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

NITRATES Plant 15000.0 30000.0 *

NITROGEN Leaf 10000.0 55555.0 0.59 *

OCTACOSAN-14-OL Root -- 1.0 Jim Duke's personal files.

OLEANOLIC-ACID Root -- 20.0 -0.84 *

Activities (64)

AbortifacientAntiHIV IC50=21.8 ug/mlAntiHIV EC50=1.7 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J.

Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.AntiPGE2 IC50=24 uMAntiTGF-beta IC50=19-24uMAntiallergic


Antiarrhythmic 40 mg/kgAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterial MIC=625-1,250 ug/mlAnticarcinomic Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Anticariogenic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Anticomplement IC40-500.01 mM/l gpg

Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993(E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Anticomplement IC80-900.05 mM/l gpg


Antiedemic IC36=40mg/kg ipr ratAntifertilityAntigingivitic MIC=625-1,250 ug/mlAntihepatotoxicAntihyperlipidemicAntiinflammatory 40mg/kg ipr

Aquino, R., De Feo, V., De Simone, F., Pizza, C.*, and Cirino, G. Plant Metabolites. New Compounds And Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Uncariatomentosa. Journal of Natural Products, 54(2): 453-459, 1991.

Antiischemic 40 mg/kgAntileukemic Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antileukotriene IC50=17uMAntimalarial IC50=70-89ug/mlAntinephritic IC50=19-24uMAntioxidant Balanehru, S. and Nagarajan, B. 1992. Intervention of Adriamycin Induced Free Radical Damage. Biochemistry International 28(4): 735-744,

1992.Antioxidant IC46=10 uM

Antiperiodontic MIC=625-1,250 ug/mlAntiperoxidant IC30=200ug/mlAntiplaque MIC=625-1,250ug/mlAntiplasmodial IC50=70-89 ug/mlAntisarcomicAntiseptic MIC=625-1,250ug/mlAntitumorAntitumor (Breast) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Colon) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Kidney) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Lung) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Pancreas) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antiulcer >carbenoxoloneAntiviral EC50=1.7 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J.

Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.Antiviral IC50=21.8 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J.

Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.Aromatase-InhibitorBeta-BlockerBeta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kgCOX-2-Inhibitor IC50=295uM/COX-2-Inhibitor Ringbom, T., Seguar, L., Noreen, Y., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Ursolic Acid from Plantago major, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2

Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61(10): 1212-1215.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Cardioprotective 40 mg/kgCardiotonicCyclooxygenase-InhibitorDiuretic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Elastase-InhibitorIC50=~15 uMHepatoprotective Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing

Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 211.HypolipemicHypotensiveImmunomodulatorLeucocytogenicNF-kB-Inhibitor


PhagocytoticPiscicide ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor igs musSedativeUterotonicVasopressor

OLEANOLIC-ACID Flower -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (64)

AbortifacientAntiHIV IC50=21.8 ug/ml

AntiHIV EC50=1.7 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J.Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.

AntiPGE2 IC50=24 uMAntiTGF-beta IC50=19-24uMAntiallergicAntiarrhythmic 40 mg/kgAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterial MIC=625-1,250 ug/mlAnticarcinomic Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Anticariogenic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Anticomplement IC40-500.01 mM/l gpg




Antiedemic IC36=40mg/kg ipr ratAntifertilityAntigingivitic MIC=625-1,250 ug/mlAntihepatotoxicAntihyperlipidemicAntiinflammatory 40mg/kg ipr

Aquino, R., De Feo, V., De Simone, F., Pizza, C.*, and Cirino, G. Plant Metabolites. New Compounds And Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Uncariatomentosa. Journal of Natural Products, 54(2): 453-459, 1991.

Antiischemic 40 mg/kgAntileukemic Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antileukotriene IC50=17uMAntimalarial IC50=70-89ug/mlAntinephritic IC50=19-24uMAntioxidant Balanehru, S. and Nagarajan, B. 1992. Intervention of Adriamycin Induced Free Radical Damage. Biochemistry International 28(4): 735-744,

1992.Antioxidant IC46=10 uMAntiperiodontic MIC=625-1,250 ug/mlAntiperoxidant IC30=200ug/mlAntiplaque MIC=625-1,250ug/mlAntiplasmodial IC50=70-89 ug/mlAntisarcomicAntiseptic MIC=625-1,250ug/mlAntitumorAntitumor (Breast) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Colon) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Kidney) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Lung) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Pancreas) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antiulcer >carbenoxoloneAntiviral EC50=1.7 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J.

Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.Antiviral IC50=21.8 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J.

Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.Aromatase-Inhibitor


Beta-BlockerBeta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kg

COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=295uM/COX-2-Inhibitor Ringbom, T., Seguar, L., Noreen, Y., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Ursolic Acid from Plantago major, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2

Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61(10): 1212-1215.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Cardioprotective 40 mg/kgCardiotonicCyclooxygenase-InhibitorDiuretic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Elastase-InhibitorIC50=~15 uMHepatoprotective Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing

Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 211.HypolipemicHypotensiveImmunomodulatorLeucocytogenicNF-kB-InhibitorPhagocytoticPiscicide ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor igs musSedativeUterotonicVasopressor

OLEIC-ACID Seed 17825.0 23115.0 -0.79 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

Activities (18)

5-Alpha-Reductase-InhibitorAllergenicAlpha-Reductase-InhibitorAnemiagenicAntialopecicAntiandrogenicAntiinflammatoryIC50=21 uMAntileukotriene-D4IC50=21 uMCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Choleretic 5 ml/manDermatitigenicFLavor FEMA 1-30 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryHypocholesterolemic Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)Insectifuge Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Irritant Merck 11th EditionPercutaneostimulant Seki, T., Toeda, C., Kawaguchi, T., Juni, K., Sugibayashi, K., and Morimoto, Y. 1990. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Zidovudine in Rats and

Human Skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(11): 3086-3089, 1990.Perfumery Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryPropecic

OLIVIL Plant -- -- Gruenwald, J. et al. 1998. PDR for Herbal Medicine. 1st ed. MedicalEconomics Co., Montvale, NJ. 1244 pp. (abbreviated as PHR orPhysicians Herbal Reference in my mind)

OXALIC-ACID Plant -- -- *


Activities (9)

AcaricideAntisepticCNS-Paralytic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.Fatal Martindale's 29thHemostatic Merck 11th EditionIrritantPesticideRenotoxic Merck 11th EditionVarroacide

P-COUMARIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (25)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4ug/ml (weak activity)

Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, andSyntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

Allelopathic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &Frost, London. 791 pp.

Antibacterial Pharmazie, 46: 156, 1991.AnticlastogenAntifertilityAntihepatotoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin

Med, 31(1):37-46.Antinitrosaminic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antioxidant IC24=30 ppmAntioxidant 1/3 BHAAntiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.AntisepticAntispasmodic Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical

Press, London. 296pp.AntitumorCancer-PreventiveChemopreventiveCholereticCytotoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Diaphoretic? Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.Fungicide Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5mM


PesticideProstaglandigenicProstaglandin-Synthesis-InhibitorTyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=3,650uM

PALMITIC-ACID Seed 10000.0 13500.0 -0.42 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

Activities (13)

5-Alpha-Reductase-InhibitorAntialopecicAntiandrogenicAntifibrinolytic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.Antioxidant IC40=60FLavor FEMA 1 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryHemolytic Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.Hypercholesterolemic Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)Lubricant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Nematicide Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.PesticidePropecicSoap Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.

PALMITIC-ACID Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (13)

5-Alpha-Reductase-InhibitorAntialopecicAntiandrogenicAntifibrinolytic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.Antioxidant IC40=60FLavor FEMA 1 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryHemolytic Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.Hypercholesterolemic Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)Lubricant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Nematicide Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.PesticidePropecicSoap Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.

PANTOTHENIC-ACID Leaf -- 10.0 -0.72 List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

Activities (11)

Antiallergic 100-500 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiarthritic 500-2,000 mg/dayAnticephalagic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Anticlaudificant? Martindale's 29thAntidermatitic Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.Antifatigue Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Frost, London. 791 pp.Antihypercholesterolemic 300mg/meal


Antiielus? Martindale's 29thAntiinsomniac? Martindale's 29thAntirheumatitic? Martindale's 29thCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

PECTIN Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (24)

Antiatheromic 15 g/man/day Cerda, J.J. Pectin in Health and Disease. HortScience, 25(12): 1485, 1990.AntibacterialAntidiabetic 10 g/man/day/orlAntidiarrheic Merck 11th EditionAntienteriticAntigallstoneAntigastritic

AntilithicAntimetastaticAntimutagenicAntiobesity Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Prostate)AntitussiveAntiulcerCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.ChemopreventiveDemulcentFungicide Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.HemostatHypocholesterolemicHypoglycemic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.PeristalticPesticide


PHENYLALANINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (7)

AntiADD 587 mg/day/orl Martindale's 29thAntidepressant 50-4,000 mg/day/manAntiparkinsonian 200-500mg/day/man

Martindale's 28th

Antisickling 690 ug/mlAntivitiligic 100 mg/kg/day/orl/man Martindale's 29thMonoamine-Precursor Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington

(Looseleaf).Tremorigenic 1,600-12,600mg/man/day

Martindale's 28th

PHENYLPROPANES Root -- -- *

PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE Plant -- -- Antonopoulou, S., Demopoulos, C. A., Andrikopoulos, N. K. 1996. Lipidseparation from Urtica doica: Existence of platelet-activating factor.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(10): 3052-3056.

Activities (2)

Antialzheimeran 10-25 g/day/orlAntimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (2)

Antialzheimeran 10-25 g/day/orlAntimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PHOSPHATIDYL-ETHANOLAMINE Plant -- -- Antonopoulou, S., Demopoulos, C. A., Andrikopoulos, N. K. 1996. Lipidseparation from Urtica doica: Existence of platelet-activating factor.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(10): 3052-3056.

PHOSPHATIDYL-ETHANOLAMINE Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

PHOSPHATIDYL-INOSITOL Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

PHOSPHATIDYL-INOSITOL Plant -- -- Antonopoulou, S., Demopoulos, C. A., Andrikopoulos, N. K. 1996. Lipidseparation from Urtica doica: Existence of platelet-activating factor.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44(10): 3052-3056.

PHOSPHORIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (4)

Acidulant Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryAdditive Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryFLavor FEMA 500-5,000 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenrySequestrant Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

PHOSPHORUS Leaf 894.0 4470.0 -0.09 *

Activities (4)

Antiosteoporotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AnxiolyticImmunostimulant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Osteogenic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

PINORESIONOL Root -- -- *

POLYSACCHARIDE Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

PORPHYRINS Leaf -- 10000.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

POTASSIUM Seed -- 12190.0 -0.03 *


Activities (14)

Angiotensin-Receptor-BlockerAntiarrhythmic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidepressant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antifatigue Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntihypertensiveAntispasmodic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntistrokeAnxiolyticBeta-BlockerCardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mgCardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/dayDiureticHypotensiveVasodilator

POTASSIUM Leaf 3500.0 17500.0 -0.57 *

Activities (14)

Angiotensin-Receptor-BlockerAntiarrhythmic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidepressant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antifatigue Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntihypertensiveAntispasmodic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntistrokeAnxiolyticBeta-BlockerCardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mgCardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/dayDiuretic

HypotensiveVasodilator

POTASSIUM Root -- 11320.0 -0.33 *

Activities (14)

Angiotensin-Receptor-BlockerAntiarrhythmic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidepressant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antifatigue Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntihypertensiveAntispasmodic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntistrokeAnxiolyticBeta-BlockerCardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mgCardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/dayDiureticHypotensiveVasodilator

PROLINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

PROTEIN Seed 155000.0 201000.0 -0.29 CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of ProximateAnalyses

PROTEIN Leaf 50400.0 252000.0 0.4 *

PROTOPORPHYRIN Plant -- -- List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

QUERCETIN Plant -- -- Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. HerbalMedicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The PharmaceuticalPress, London. 296pp.

Activities (176)


11B-HSD-Inhibitor5-Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC50 (uM)=4ATPase-Inhibitor Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC70-96=10 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml

Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses ofTheir Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.84ug/ml cow


Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.344 uM

Mao, X. M., Zhang, J. Q. 1993. Inhibition of Aldose Reductase by Extracts of Chinese Herbal Medicine. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi , 18(10): 623-624.

Allelochemic IC82=1 mM Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: RecentAdvances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

Allergenic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

AnalgesicAntiCrohn's 400mg/man/3x/day


AntiGTF ID50=120 ug/mlAntiHIVAntiPMS 500mg/2x/day/wmn


Antiaflatoxin IC50=25uM

Antiaflatoxin IC50=7.5ppmAntiaggregant IC50=55uM

Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 333.

Antiaggregant 30 uMAntiagingAntiallergic IC50=14 uM Jim Duke's personal files.AntialzheimeranAntianaphylactic Meli, R., Autore, G., Di Carlo, G., Capasso, F. Inhibitory Action of Quercetin on Intestinal Transit in Mice. Phytotherapy Research 4(5): 201, 1990.AntiangiogenicAntiarthriticAntiasthmatic IC50=14uMAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterial Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Anticarcinomic (Breast)IC50=1.5 uM

Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)

Anticariogenic ID50=120ug/mlAnticataractAnticolitic 400mg/man/3x/day


AnticomplementaryAnticystitic 1,000mg/day/4 weeksAntidepressantAntidermatitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntidiabeticAntielastase IC50=0.8ug/mlAntiencephalitic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.AntiescherichicAntiestrogenicAntifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet

Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: RecentAdvances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

AntifibrosarcomicAntiflu Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Antigastric Rastitel'nye Resursy, 21: 85.Antigonadotropic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antihepatotoxic Joyeux, M., Rolland, A., Fleurentin, J., Mortier, F., and Dorfman, P. 1989. Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Injury in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes: A

Model for Studying Anti-Hepatotoxic Crude Drugs. Planta Medica 56(2): 171-173, 1990.Antiherpetic 48-150ug/mlAntihistaminic IC50=<10uMAntihydrophobic Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Antihypertensive Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antiinflammatory 20-150mg/kg

Fitoterapia No.5-1990.

Antileishmanic IC50=64


Antileukemic IC50=10uM


Antileukemic IC50=>10ug/ml


Antileukemic 5.5-60 uMAntileukotriene Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntilipoperoxidantIC67=50Antimalarial IC50=1-6.4ug/ml

Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.

AntimelanomicAntimetastatic

Antimutagenic ID50=2-5nM


AntimutagenicID50=0.62 ug/mlAntimyocarditic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.AntinitrosaminicAntinociceptiveAntioxidant IC96=300ppm


Antioxidant ED50=2.3uM

Seidel, V., Verholle, M., Malard, Y., Tillequin, F., Fruchart, J-C., Duriez, P., Bailleul, F., Teissier, E. 2000. Phenylpropanoids from Ballota nigra L.Inhibit in vitro LDL Peroxidation. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 93-98.

Antioxidant 4.7 x Vit. EAntioxidant IC47=10 uMAntipancreatitic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antiperiodontal Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiperistalticAntipermeabilityAntiperoxidant Planta Medica, 57: A110, 1991.Antipharyngitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiplaque Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiplasmodial IC50=13-64AntipodriacAntipolio Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiproliferant 10 nMAntiprostanoidAntiprostatitic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antipsoriac Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiradicular IC50=4.6uM

Planta Medica, 56(6): 695, 1990.

AntispasmodicAntistreptococcicID50=120 ug/mlAntithiamin Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.AntithrombicAntitrypanosomicIC50=13Antitumor 10 uMAntitumor (Bladder)Antitumor (Breast)Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Lung)Antitumor (Ovary)Antitumor (Skin) 20 uMAntitumor-Promoter Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiulcerAntiviral IC50=10 uM Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 225.Antiviral 48-150 ug/ml Amoros, M., Simoes, C.M.O., Girre, L., et al. Synergistic Effect Of Flavones And Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Cell Culture.

Comparison With The Antiviral Activity Of Propolis. J. of Natural Products 55(12):1732-1740, 1992.Apoptotic 20-60 uMBacteristat 10 mg/mlBradycardiac Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.COMT-InhibitorCOX-2-Inhibitor <40 uMCalmodulin-Antagonist Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CandidicideCapillariprotective Merck 11th EditionCarcinogenic 40,000ppm (diet) mus

Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

Catabolic


Copper-ChelatorCyclooxygenase-InhibitorCytochrome-P450-1A2-InhibitorCytotoxic ED50=70ug/ml

Matsukawa, Y., et al. The Effect of Quercetin and Other Flavonoids on Cell Cycle Progresssion and Growth of Human Gastric Cancer Cells. PlantaMedica, 56(6): 677, 1990.

Cytotoxic IC82=100ug/ml

Planta Medica, 57: A113, 1991.

Deiodinase-Inhibitor Jim Duke's personal files.Diaphoretic? Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.Differentiator 5.5 uMEstrogenic 10% genisteinFungicideGlucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor ID50=120 ug/mlHIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=<1ug/ml

Nakane, H., Fukushima, M., and Ono*, K. Differential Inhibition Of Reverse Transcriptase And Various DNA Polymerases By Digallic Acid And ItsDerivatives. Journal of Natural Products, 53(5): 1234-1240, 1990.

Hemostat Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Hepatomagenic 5,000ppm (diet) rat


HepatoprotectiveHypoglycemic 100 mg/kgorl rat

Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.

InotropicInsulinogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Juvabional Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent

Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.Larvistat 8,000 ppm diet Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent

Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC11=1.25 mM


Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC50=0.1-5 uMMAO-A-InhibitorMMP-9-Inhibitor 20 uMMast-Cell-StabilizerMetal-Chelator (Copper) Seidel, V., Verholle, M., Malard, Y., Tillequin, F., Fruchart, J-C., Duriez, P., Bailleul, F., Teissier, E. 2000. Phenylpropanoids from Ballota nigra L.

Inhibit in vitro LDL Peroxidation. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 93-98.Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uMMutagenicNADH-Oxidase-InhibitorNEP-Inhibitor IC50=>42uMNF-kB-InhibitorNO-Inhibitor IC>50=125uMNO-Inhibitor IC50=20 uMNO-Synthase-Inhibitor 5-50 uMNeuroprotective 5-25 uMOrnithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor <10 uMP450-Inducer 5 uM Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.P450-Inhibitor 50-100 uM Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.PGE2-InhibitorPTK-Inhibitor 0.4-24 uMPesticidePhospholipase-InhibitorPlasmodicide Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.ProliferantProstaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 40 ug/ml

Ibewuike, J. C., Ogungbamila, F. O., Ogundaini, A. O., Okeke, I. N., Bohlin, L. 1997. Antiinflammatory and Antibacterial Activities of C-methylflavonol from Piliostigma thonningii. Phytotherapy Research, 11(4): 281-284.

Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor

Naim, M., Zehavi, U., Nagy, S., and Rouseff, R.L. Hydroxycinnamic Acids as Off-Flavor Precursors in Citrus Fruits and Their Products. PhenolicCompounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.14.

Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 6 uM

Uda, Y., Price, K. R., Williamson, G., Rhodes, M. J. C. 1997. Induction of the Anticarcinogenic Marker Enzyme, Quinone Reductase, in MurineHepatoma Cells In Vitro by Flavonoids. Cancer Lett., 120 (2): 213-216.

Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 13 uMTNF-alpha-InhibitorIC50=3.11 uMTeratologicTopoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=12.8ug/mlTopoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=42 uMTopoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1-6.9ug/ml


Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=23-40 uMTumorigenic 0.1% dietorl rat/yr

Jim Duke's personal files.

Tyrosinase-InhibitorID50=70 uMTyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 170.VEGF-InhibitorVasodilatorXanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=>0.4ug/ml

Chem. & Pharm. Bull. 38: 1772.

Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=10.6ug/mlXanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor 3.1 uMcAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor


iNOS-Inhibitor IC50=20uM

QUERCETIN Inflorescence -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (176)

11B-HSD-Inhibitor5-Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC50 (uM)=4ATPase-Inhibitor Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC70-96=10 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml


Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.84ug/ml cow


Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.344 uM

Mao, X. M., Zhang, J. Q. 1993. Inhibition of Aldose Reductase by Extracts of Chinese Herbal Medicine. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi , 18(10): 623-624.


Allergenic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

AnalgesicAntiCrohn's 400mg/man/3x/day


AntiGTF ID50=120 ug/mlAntiHIVAntiPMS 500mg/2x/day/wmn


Antiaflatoxin IC50=25uMAntiaflatoxin IC50=7.5ppmAntiaggregant IC50=55uM


Antiaggregant 30 uMAntiagingAntiallergic IC50=14 uM Jim Duke's personal files.AntialzheimeranAntianaphylactic Meli, R., Autore, G., Di Carlo, G., Capasso, F. Inhibitory Action of Quercetin on Intestinal Transit in Mice. Phytotherapy Research 4(5): 201, 1990.AntiangiogenicAntiarthriticAntiasthmatic IC50=14uMAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterial Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Anticarcinomic (Breast)IC50=1.5 uM

Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)

Anticariogenic ID50=120ug/mlAnticataractAnticolitic 400mg/man/3x/day


AnticomplementaryAnticystitic 1,000mg/day/4 weeksAntidepressantAntidermatitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).


AntidiabeticAntielastase IC50=0.8ug/mlAntiencephalitic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.AntiescherichicAntiestrogenicAntifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet


AntifibrosarcomicAntiflu Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Antigastric Rastitel'nye Resursy, 21: 85.Antigonadotropic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antihepatotoxic Joyeux, M., Rolland, A., Fleurentin, J., Mortier, F., and Dorfman, P. 1989. Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Injury in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes: A

Model for Studying Anti-Hepatotoxic Crude Drugs. Planta Medica 56(2): 171-173, 1990.Antiherpetic 48-150ug/mlAntihistaminic IC50=<10uMAntihydrophobic Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Antihypertensive Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antiinflammatory 20-150mg/kg

Fitoterapia No.5-1990.

Antileishmanic IC50=64Antileukemic IC50=10uM


Antileukemic IC50=>10ug/ml


Antileukemic 5.5-60 uMAntileukotriene Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntilipoperoxidantIC67=50Antimalarial IC50=1-6.4ug/ml

Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.

AntimelanomicAntimetastaticAntimutagenic ID50=2-5nM


AntimutagenicID50=0.62 ug/ml

Antimyocarditic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.AntinitrosaminicAntinociceptiveAntioxidant IC96=300ppm


Antioxidant ED50=2.3uM

Seidel, V., Verholle, M., Malard, Y., Tillequin, F., Fruchart, J-C., Duriez, P., Bailleul, F., Teissier, E. 2000. Phenylpropanoids from Ballota nigra L.Inhibit in vitro LDL Peroxidation. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 93-98.

Antioxidant 4.7 x Vit. EAntioxidant IC47=10 uMAntipancreatitic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antiperiodontal Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiperistalticAntipermeabilityAntiperoxidant Planta Medica, 57: A110, 1991.Antipharyngitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiplaque Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiplasmodial IC50=13-64AntipodriacAntipolio Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiproliferant 10 nMAntiprostanoidAntiprostatitic Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.Antipsoriac Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiradicular IC50=4.6uM

Planta Medica, 56(6): 695, 1990.

AntispasmodicAntistreptococcicID50=120 ug/mlAntithiamin Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.AntithrombicAntitrypanosomicIC50=13Antitumor 10 uMAntitumor (Bladder)Antitumor (Breast)


Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Lung)Antitumor (Ovary)Antitumor (Skin) 20 uMAntitumor-Promoter Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntiulcerAntiviral IC50=10 uM Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 225.Antiviral 48-150 ug/ml Amoros, M., Simoes, C.M.O., Girre, L., et al. Synergistic Effect Of Flavones And Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Cell Culture.

Comparison With The Antiviral Activity Of Propolis. J. of Natural Products 55(12):1732-1740, 1992.Apoptotic 20-60 uMBacteristat 10 mg/mlBradycardiac Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.COMT-InhibitorCOX-2-Inhibitor <40 uMCalmodulin-Antagonist Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CandidicideCapillariprotective Merck 11th EditionCarcinogenic 40,000ppm (diet) mus

Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

CatabolicCopper-ChelatorCyclooxygenase-InhibitorCytochrome-P450-1A2-InhibitorCytotoxic ED50=70ug/ml

Matsukawa, Y., et al. The Effect of Quercetin and Other Flavonoids on Cell Cycle Progresssion and Growth of Human Gastric Cancer Cells. PlantaMedica, 56(6): 677, 1990.

Cytotoxic IC82=100ug/ml


Deiodinase-Inhibitor Jim Duke's personal files.Diaphoretic? Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.Differentiator 5.5 uMEstrogenic 10% genisteinFungicideGlucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor ID50=120 ug/mlHIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=<1ug/ml

Nakane, H., Fukushima, M., and Ono*, K. Differential Inhibition Of Reverse Transcriptase And Various DNA Polymerases By Digallic Acid And ItsDerivatives. Journal of Natural Products, 53(5): 1234-1240, 1990.

Hemostat Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Hepatomagenic 5,000ppm (diet) rat


HepatoprotectiveHypoglycemic 100 mg/kgorl rat

Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.

InotropicInsulinogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Juvabional Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent

Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.Larvistat 8,000 ppm diet Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent

Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC11=1.25 mM


Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC50=0.1-5 uMMAO-A-InhibitorMMP-9-Inhibitor 20 uMMast-Cell-StabilizerMetal-Chelator (Copper) Seidel, V., Verholle, M., Malard, Y., Tillequin, F., Fruchart, J-C., Duriez, P., Bailleul, F., Teissier, E. 2000. Phenylpropanoids from Ballota nigra L.

Inhibit in vitro LDL Peroxidation. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 93-98.Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uMMutagenicNADH-Oxidase-InhibitorNEP-Inhibitor IC50=>42uMNF-kB-InhibitorNO-Inhibitor IC>50=125uMNO-Inhibitor IC50=20 uMNO-Synthase-Inhibitor 5-50 uMNeuroprotective 5-25 uMOrnithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor <10 uMP450-Inducer 5 uM Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.P450-Inhibitor 50-100 uM Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.


PGE2-InhibitorPTK-Inhibitor 0.4-24 uMPesticidePhospholipase-InhibitorPlasmodicide Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.ProliferantProstaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 40 ug/ml

Ibewuike, J. C., Ogungbamila, F. O., Ogundaini, A. O., Okeke, I. N., Bohlin, L. 1997. Antiinflammatory and Antibacterial Activities of C-methylflavonol from Piliostigma thonningii. Phytotherapy Research, 11(4): 281-284.

Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor

Naim, M., Zehavi, U., Nagy, S., and Rouseff, R.L. Hydroxycinnamic Acids as Off-Flavor Precursors in Citrus Fruits and Their Products. PhenolicCompounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.14.


Uda, Y., Price, K. R., Williamson, G., Rhodes, M. J. C. 1997. Induction of the Anticarcinogenic Marker Enzyme, Quinone Reductase, in MurineHepatoma Cells In Vitro by Flavonoids. Cancer Lett., 120 (2): 213-216.


TNF-alpha-InhibitorIC50=3.11 uMTeratologicTopoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=12.8ug/mlTopoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=42 uMTopoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1-6.9ug/mlTopoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=23-40 uMTumorigenic 0.1% dietorl rat/yr

Jim Duke's personal files.

Tyrosinase-InhibitorID50=70 uMTyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 170.VEGF-InhibitorVasodilatorXanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=>0.4ug/ml

Chem. & Pharm. Bull. 38: 1772.

Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=10.6ug/mlXanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor 3.1 uMcAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor


iNOS-Inhibitor IC50=20uM

QUERCETIN-3-O-GLUCOSIDE Plant -- -- *

QUERCETIN-3-O-RUTINOSIDE Plant -- -- *

QUINIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (1)

Choleretic Fitoterapia No.5-1986.

RAFFINOSE Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (1)

Flatugenic Singh, J., Gupta, K., and Arora, S.K. 1993. Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecumL.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 77-84, 1994.

RHAMNOSE Leaf -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

RIBOFLAVIN Leaf 0.9 4.3 -0.16 *


Activities (15)

AntiLyme 50 mg/dayAntiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/day orl Martindale's 28thAnticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anticataract 15 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AnticephalagicAnticervicaldysplasic 1.6-10 mg/dayAnticheiliticAntidecubiticAntiglossitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntikeratiticAntimigraineAntioxidantAntipellagricAntiphotophobic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

RUBIDIUM Leaf 3.2 17.8 -0.86 ACTA AGRIC SCAND SUPPL 22: 1980

RUTIN Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (87)

5-HT-InhibitorAldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC27-52=10 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uMAldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml


AllelochemicAntiCVI 270 mg/man/dayAntiaggregant ED50=33nmol/kg ivAntiallergicAntiapoplecticAntiatherogenicAntiatheroscleroticAntibacterial Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.AnticancerAnticapillary-Fragility 20-100 mg orl man

Merck 7th Ed.

AnticataractAnticlastogenAnticonvulsant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antidementia Bruneton, J. 1999. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 2nd Ed. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. 1119 pp.Antidermatitic Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.Antidiabetic Jin, G-Z., Yamagata, Y., and Tomita, K.-i. 1989. Structure of Rutin Pentamethanol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(2): 297-300, 1990.Antiedemic 270 mg/dayorl manAntierythemicAntifeedantAntiglaucomic 60 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntihematuricAntihemorrhoidalAntihepatotoxic Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY.

665 pp.Antiherpetic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 198.AntihistaminicAntihypertensive Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antiinflammatory 20mg/kgAntimalarial IC50=>100ug/ml

Khalid, S.A., Farouk, A., Geary**, T.G., and Jensen, J.B. 1985. Potential Antimalarial Candidates From African Plants: An In Vitro Approach UsingPlasmodium falciparum*. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15: 201-209, 1986.

AntimelanomicAntimetastaticAntimutagenic ID50=2-5nMAntinephritic

AntinociceptiveAntioxidant IC28=30ppm


Antioxidant IC50=120 uMAntioxidant IC54=10 uMAntiperoxidant IC50=10-20 uMAntiplateletAntiproliferant 50-75 uM/lAntiprotozoalAntipurpuricAntiradicular 9 xquercetinAntispasmodicAntisunburnAntithrombogenicEC50=500 nMAntithyroid IC50=68 uMAntitrypanosomic 100mg/kg


AntitumorAntitumor-PromoterAntiulcerAntivaricoseAntiviralApoptotic 75 uM/lCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Capillariprotective Merck 11th EditionCatabolicChemopreventiveCytoprotective IC50=3uMEstrogenic? Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.HemostatHepatomagenic 20,000ppm (diet) rat


Hepatoprotective 20mg/kg ratHypocholesterolemic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Hypotensive Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.ImmunomodulatorInsecticide Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY.

665 pp.Insectiphile Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Juvabional Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Larvistat IC95=4,000-8,000 ppm diet


Lipoxygenase-InhibitorIC75=2.5 mM


Mutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.MyoprotectiveMyorelaxant Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.Oviposition-Stimulant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.PAF-InhibitorPesticideProtisticideRadioprotectiveSunscreenTopoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1 ug/ml


VasodilatorVasopressorcAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor


RUTIN Flower -- 7000.0 -0.66 Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (87)






Merck 7th Ed.




AntimelanomicAntimetastaticAntimutagenic ID50=2-5nMAntinephriticAntinociceptiveAntioxidant IC28=30ppmAntioxidant IC50=120 uMAntioxidant IC54=10 uMAntiperoxidant IC50=10-20 uMAntiplatelet

Antiproliferant 50-75 uM/lAntiprotozoalAntipurpuricAntiradicular 9 xquercetinAntispasmodicAntisunburnAntithrombogenicEC50=500 nMAntithyroid IC50=68 uMAntitrypanosomic 100mg/kg


AntitumorAntitumor-PromoterAntiulcerAntivaricoseAntiviralApoptotic 75 uM/lCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Capillariprotective Merck 11th EditionCatabolicChemopreventiveCytoprotective IC50=3uMEstrogenic? Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.


HemostatHepatomagenic 20,000ppm (diet) rat













RUTIN Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (87)





Merck 7th Ed.


665 pp.Antiherpetic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 198.AntihistaminicAntihypertensive Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antiinflammatory 20mg/kg


Antimalarial IC50=>100ug/ml


AntimelanomicAntimetastaticAntimutagenic ID50=2-5nMAntinephriticAntinociceptiveAntioxidant IC28=30ppmAntioxidant IC50=120 uMAntioxidant IC54=10 uMAntiperoxidant IC50=10-20 uMAntiplateletAntiproliferant 50-75 uM/lAntiprotozoalAntipurpuricAntiradicular 9 xquercetinAntispasmodicAntisunburnAntithrombogenicEC50=500 nMAntithyroid IC50=68 uMAntitrypanosomic 100mg/kg
















RUTIN Inflorescence -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (87)





Merck 7th Ed.






AntitumorAntitumor-PromoterAntiulcerAntivaricoseAntiviral


Apoptotic 75 uM/lCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Capillariprotective Merck 11th EditionCatabolicChemopreventiveCytoprotective IC50=3uMEstrogenic? Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.HemostatHepatomagenic 20,000ppm (diet) rat













RUTIN Shoot 500.0 6000.0 -0.13 *

Activities (87)




London. 791 pp.

AnticancerAnticapillary-Fragility 20-100 mg orl man

Merck 7th Ed.

AnticataractAnticlastogenAnticonvulsant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antidementia Bruneton, J. 1999. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 2nd Ed. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. 1119 pp.Antidermatitic Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.Antidiabetic Jin, G-Z., Yamagata, Y., and Tomita, K.-i. 1989. Structure of Rutin Pentamethanol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(2): 297-300, 1990.Antiedemic 270 mg/dayorl man


AntierythemicAntifeedantAntiglaucomic 60 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntihematuricAntihemorrhoidalAntihepatotoxic Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY.














London. 791 pp.PAF-Inhibitor


PesticideProtisticideRadioprotectiveSunscreenTopoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1 ug/ml




SCOPOLETIN Flower -- -- *

Activities (44)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=6.2 ug/mlcow



AnalgesicAnesthetic Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.Antiadrenergic Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.Antiaflatoxin IC50=65uMAntiaflatoxin 11.4 ppmAntiarrhythmicAntiasthmaticAntibacterial Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.AntibronchoconstrictorAnticholinergicAntiedemicAntifeedant Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Antihepatotoxic Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.Antiinflammatory ED 1-10 ug/earAntileukotrienogenicAntimutagenic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

AntioxidantAntiproliferantAntiprostaglandinAntisepticAntispasmodicAntitumor 2.9 ug/mlApoptoticBronchorelaxant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.CNS-Depressant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.CNS-Stimulant Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd.

Edinburg & London. 1457 pp.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Cholagogue Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Choleretic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.CytotoxicFungicide 2 mMHepatoprotective Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.Herbicide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Hypoglycemic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165HypotensiveMAO-InhibitorMusculotropic Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.MyorelaxantPesticidePhytoalexinPhytohormonal Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Uterosedative Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel

Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.


SCOPOLETIN Plant 1.0 10.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (44)





London. 791 pp.AntibronchoconstrictorAnticholinergicAntiedemicAntifeedant Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Antihepatotoxic Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.Antiinflammatory ED 1-10 ug/earAntileukotrienogenicAntimutagenic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

AntioxidantAntiproliferantAntiprostaglandinAntisepticAntispasmodicAntitumor 2.9 ug/mlApoptoticBronchorelaxant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.CNS-Depressant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.CNS-Stimulant Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd.





SCOPOLETIN Root 3.0 36.0 1.0 *


Activities (44)





London. 791 pp.AntibronchoconstrictorAnticholinergicAntiedemicAntifeedant Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Antihepatotoxic Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.Antiinflammatory ED 1-10 ug/earAntileukotrienogenicAntimutagenic Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.AntioxidantAntiproliferantAntiprostaglandinAntisepticAntispasmodicAntitumor 2.9 ug/mlApoptoticBronchorelaxant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.CNS-Depressant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.CNS-Stimulant Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd.





SECOISOLARICIRESINOL Root -- 7.7 *

Activities (3)

AntioxidantAromatase-InhibitorCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

SECOISOLARICIRESINOL-9-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE

Root -- 40.0 *

SECRETIN Plant -- -- Madaus, G. 1976. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Hilfmittel. Vol,. 1-3. 2862pp. (+ 144 p. index). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildescheim. Reprint of 1938Madaus.

SELENIUM Plant -- -- *

Activities (60)


AP-1-Inhibitor 2-50 uMAnalgesic 200 ug/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anorexic Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally

Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.AntiHIVAntiNF-kBAntiacne 200 ug/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiaggregant Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiangiogenic 2 uMAntiangiogenic 230 ug/kg orlratAntiarthriticAntiasthmaticAntiatheroscleroticAnticataract 400 ug/dayAnticirrhotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticlimacteric 200 ug/dayAnticoronary 200 ug/dayAntidandruff Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidepressant 200 ug/dayAntidote (Mercury) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antifibrotic 400 ugAntigout 200 ugAntikeshan Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antileukemic 1.6 mg/kg iprmusAntileukotriene Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntimaculiticAntimelanomic 480 ug/kgAntimenopausal 200 ug/dayAntimetastatic 480 ug/kgAntimyalgic 200 ug/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiosteoarthriticAntioxidant 100-200 (-400)ug/man/dayAntiparkinsonian 200-400ug/dayAntiproliferant 2 uMAntiradicular 100-200 (-400)ug/man/day


AntirheumaticAntisyndrome-X 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day


Antitumor 100-200 (-400)ug/man/day


Antitumor (Breast) 333.6ug/dayAntitumor (Breast) 0.8 mg/kgscu musAntitumor (Breast) 150 ug/kgdiet ratAntitumor (Breast) 230 ug/kgorl ratAntitumor (Lung) 240 ug/kgdietAntitumor (Prostate)Antitumor (brain) 38-150ug/kgAntiulcerogenic Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., and Ageel, A.M. 1989. Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for Gastric and

Duodenal Antiulcer Activity in Rats. J. of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 25-34, 1990.AnxiolyticApoptoticCancer-Preventive Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Cardioprotective 200 ug/dayDepressant Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally

Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.Fungicide Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.ImmunomodulatorImmunostimulant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day


NF-kB-InhibitorOrnithine-Decarboxylase-InhibitorPesticidePolyamine-Synthesis-Inhibitor


Prostaglandin-Sparer Fujita, T., Nakatani, E., Funaishi, N., Sakuma, S., Fujimoto, Y. Potent inhibition of prostaglandin inactivation in rabbit gastric antral mucosalslices by selenium ions in-vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 655-657, 1990.

Protein-Kinase-C-InhibitorIC50=2-50 uM

VEGF-Inhibitor

SELENIUM Leaf 0.4 2.2 -0.21 *

Activities (60)

AP-1-Inhibitor 2-50 uMAnalgesic 200 ug/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anorexic Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally

Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.AntiHIVAntiNF-kBAntiacne 200 ug/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiaggregant Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiangiogenic 2 uMAntiangiogenic 230 ug/kg orlratAntiarthriticAntiasthmaticAntiatheroscleroticAnticataract 400 ug/dayAnticirrhotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticlimacteric 200 ug/dayAnticoronary 200 ug/dayAntidandruff Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidepressant 200 ug/dayAntidote (Mercury) Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antifibrotic 400 ugAntigout 200 ugAntikeshan Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antileukemic 1.6 mg/kg iprmusAntileukotriene Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).AntimaculiticAntimelanomic 480 ug/kgAntimenopausal 200 ug/dayAntimetastatic 480 ug/kgAntimyalgic 200 ug/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiosteoarthriticAntioxidant 100-200 (-400)ug/man/dayAntiparkinsonian 200-400ug/dayAntiproliferant 2 uMAntiradicular 100-200 (-400)ug/man/day


AntirheumaticAntisyndrome-X 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day


Antitumor 100-200 (-400)ug/man/day


Antitumor (Breast) 333.6ug/dayAntitumor (Breast) 0.8 mg/kgscu musAntitumor (Breast) 150 ug/kgdiet ratAntitumor (Breast) 230 ug/kgorl ratAntitumor (Lung) 240 ug/kgdietAntitumor (Prostate)Antitumor (brain) 38-150ug/kgAntiulcerogenic Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., and Ageel, A.M. 1989. Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for Gastric and

Duodenal Antiulcer Activity in Rats. J. of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 25-34, 1990.AnxiolyticApoptoticCancer-Preventive Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Cardioprotective 200 ug/dayDepressant Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally

Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.


Fungicide Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.ImmunomodulatorImmunostimulant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day


NF-kB-InhibitorOrnithine-Decarboxylase-InhibitorPesticidePolyamine-Synthesis-InhibitorProstaglandin-Sparer Fujita, T., Nakatani, E., Funaishi, N., Sakuma, S., Fujimoto, Y. Potent inhibition of prostaglandin inactivation in rabbit gastric antral mucosal

slices by selenium ions in-vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 655-657, 1990.Protein-Kinase-C-InhibitorIC50=2-50 uMVEGF-Inhibitor

SERINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (1)

Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

SEROTONIN Plant 0.2 200.0 *

Activities (26)

AbortifacientAnalgesic 0.1 mg/rat ith Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press,

Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.Antiaggregant Martindale's 29thAntialzheimeran? Martindale's 29thAnticholinesterase Martindale's 29thAnticonvulsant 50 mg/kg scurat


AntidepressantAntiendotoxic 32.5 mg/kg iprmus


AntigastricAntigastrisecretogogic Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp.AntipredatoryAntireserpine 12.5 mg/kg iprmus


Antiscoliotic 0.1% dietBronchoconstrictor 0.006mg/kg ivn gpgCardiovascular 0.003 mg/kgivn rat


CoagulantEuphoriantMyorelaxantMyostimulantNeurotransmitterOxytocicSuccinic-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor

ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

Teratogenic Martindale's 29th

Ulcerogenic 20 mg/kg ipr ratVasoactive Merck 11th EditionVasoconstrictor

SFA Seed 10850.0 14070.0 -0.44 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.

SILICIC-ACID Plant 3000.0 40000.0 -0.3 *

Activities (1)

Antidiabetic? Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

SILICON Leaf 2.0 10.3 -0.38 *

Activities (4)

Antiarteriosclerotic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntionychyoticAntiosteoporoticCardioprotective


SINAPIC-ACID Plant -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (9)


Antihepatotoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

Antioxidant IC27=30 ppmAntiperoxynitrite IC39=5uMAntiperoxynitrite IC60=20uMAntiperoxynitrite IC75=100uMCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Fungicide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Pesticide

SINAPIC-ACID Leaf -- -- *

Activities (9)


Antihepatotoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

Antioxidant IC27=30 ppmAntiperoxynitrite IC39=5uMAntiperoxynitrite IC60=20uMAntiperoxynitrite IC75=100uMCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Fungicide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Pesticide

SITOSTEROL Root -- -- *

SITOSTEROL Flower -- -- *

SITOSTEROL-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Leaf 45.0 76.0 *

SITOSTEROL-GLUCOSIDE Root -- -- *

SITOSTEROL-GLUCOSIDE Flower -- -- *

SITOSTEROL-GLUCOSIDE Leaf -- 500.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

SODIUM Seed -- 660.0 0.33 *

Activities (1)

Hypertensive Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

SODIUM Leaf 10.0 49.0 -0.64 *

Activities (1)


SODIUM Root -- 700.0 -0.19 *

Activities (1)


STACHYOSE Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (1)

Flatugenic Singh, J., Gupta, K., and Arora, S.K. 1993. Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecumL.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 77-84, 1994.


STEARIC-ACID Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (8)

5-Alpha-Reductase-InhibitorCosmetic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.FLavor FEMA 2-4,000 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryHypocholesterolemic Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)Lubricant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Perfumery Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryPropecicSuppository Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.

STIGMAST-4-EN-3-ONE Root -- -- *

Activities (1)

Antiprostatitic

STIGMASTEROL Root -- -- Gruenwald, J. et al. 1998. PDR for Herbal Medicine. 1st ed. MedicalEconomics Co., Montvale, NJ. 1244 pp. (abbreviated as PHR orPhysicians Herbal Reference in my mind)

Activities (12)

AntihepatotoxicAntiinflammatory Lawrence Review of Natural Products, 1995AntinociceptiveAntiophidic 2.3 mgipr mus


Antioxidant IC33=10uMAntiviral Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant

Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.ArtemicideLC50=110 ppm

Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum.Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.

Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.EstrogenicHypocholesterolemic Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.OvulantSedative

SUCCINIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

Activities (7)

Additive FEMA 200-2,000 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryAntifeedantBruchiphobe Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Dye Merck 11th EditionPerfumery Merck 11th EditionPesticide

SUCROSE Root -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.


Activities (14)

Aggregant Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antihiccup 1 tsp Martindale's 29thAntiophthalmic Martindale's 29thAntioxidant Merck 11th EditionAtherogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Collyrium Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.Demulcent Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.Flatugenic Singh, J., Gupta, K., and Arora, S.K. 1993. Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella

foenum graecum L.). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 77-84, 1994.Hypercholesterolemic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Preservative Merck 11th EditionSweetener 1 xsucrose

Merck 11th Edition

Triglycerigenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Uricogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Vulnerary Martindale's 29th

SULFUR Leaf 1200.0 6665.0 0.43 *

Activities (14)

AcarifugeAntiacne Martindale's 29thAntiarthritic Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antidandruff Martindale's 29thAntigrey Martindale's 29thAntiosteoarthritic Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiseborrheic Martindale's 29thAntiseptic Martindale's 29thComedogenic Martindale's 29thKeratolytic Martindale's 29thLaxative Martindale's 29thParasiticide Martindale's 29thPesticideScabicide Martindale's 29th

TANNIC-ACID Plant -- -- *


Activities (41)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=1.8 ug/ml

Sawada, H., Hamatake, M., Hara, A., Nakagawa, M., Nakayama, T. 1989. Inhibition of Human Placenta Aldose Reductase by Tannic Acid. ChemPharm Bull, 37(6): 1662-1664.

AllergenicAntiHIV IC90=200 ug/ml Tan, G.T., Pezzuto, J.M., Kinghorn,* A.D., Hughes, S.H. Evaluation Of Natural Products As Inhibitors Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

(HIV-1) Reverse Transcriptase. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1): 143-154, 1991.Antianacarditic (Rhus)AntibacterialAnticariogenicAnticoliticAntidecubiticAntidermatoticAntidiarrheicAntidote For Heavy Metals Merck 11th EditionAntidysenteric Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antiencephalitic Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Antienteritic Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.Antifeedant 2-4% dietAntigargantiticAntigingiviticAntihemorrhoidal Martindale's 29thAntiherpeticAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.AntinitrosaminicAntiobesity (Antinutrient) Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.AntiophidicAntioxidant IC56=30 ppmAntipharyngiticAntipolio Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.AntirhiniticAntiseptic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W.

Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.AntistomatiticAntitonsiliticAntiulcer Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Antiviral Antiviral Research, 14: 323.Astringent Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W.

Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.Cytotoxic 15 ugDetoxicant Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Emetic Martindale's 29thFLavor FEMA 1-1,000 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryHemostat Merck 11th EditionHepatotoxic Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.Immunostimulant McKenna, D. J., Hughes, K., and Jones, K. 2000. Green Tea Monograph. Alternative Therapies, 6(3): 61-82.Pesticide

TANNIN Leaf 59700.0 133000.0 0.27 Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (35)

AnthelminticAntiHIVAntibacterialAnticancerAnticariogenicAntidiarrheicAntidysentericAntihepatotoxicAntihypertensiveAntilipolyticAntimutagenicAntinephritic Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously

Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.Antiophidic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.AntioxidantIC50=1.44 ug/mlAntioxidant 1/3quercetinAntiradicular 500mg/kg/day orl mus

Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone SpontaneouslyHypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

Antiradicular 1/3quercetinAntirenitic Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously

Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.AntitumorAntitumor-PromoterAntiulcerAntiviralCancer-Preventive HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.CarcinogenicChelatorCyclooxygenase-InhibitorGlucosyl-Transferase-InhibitorHepatoprotectiveImmunosuppressantLipoxygenase-InhibitorMAO-InhibitorOrnithine-Decarboxylase-InhibitorPesticidePsychotropic Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously

Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor

TARTARIC-ACID Plant -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (6)

Acidifier Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791pp.

Additive Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryAntioxidantSynergist

Martindale's 29th

FLavor FEMA500-10,000


Irritant Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets forResearch and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

Sequestrant Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

THIAMIN Leaf 0.3 5.4 -0.61 *


Activities (31)

Analgesic 1-4 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiLyme 50 mgAntialcoholic 50-100 mg/dayAntialzheimeran 100-3,000mg/day


Antianorectic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,London. 791 pp.

Antibackache 1-4 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiberiberiAnticankerAnticardiospasmicAnticataractAnticoliticAntidecubiticAntideliriantAntidementiaAntidyspepticAntiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntifatigue Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antigastritic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost,

London. 791 pp.Antihangover 50 mgAntiheartburnAntiherpeticAntimigraineAntimyocarditicAntineuralgic 1-4 g/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntineurasthenicAntineuriticAntineuropathic 50 mg Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntipoliomyeliticInsectifuge 75-150mg/man/day

Martindale's 28th

NeuroprotectivePesticide

THIAMINE Leaf 1.0 5.4 0.05 *

THREONIC-ACID Plant -- -- *

THREONINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (4)

Antioxidant?Antiulcer Martindale's 29thEssential Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791

pp.FLavor FEMA1,000


THREONO-1,4-LACTONE Plant -- -- *

TIN Leaf 5.4 27.0 1.36 *

Activities (4)

AntiacneAntibacterialPesticideTaenicide Martindale's 28th

TITANIUM Leaf -- 27.0 -0.58 List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

TYROSINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


Activities (8)

Antidepressant?Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntiparkinsonian 100mg/kg/day


Antiphenylketonuric Martindale's 29thAntiulcer 256 mg scu Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P.

O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.Antiulcer 400 mg/kg iprrat


Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Monoamine-Precursor Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

URSOLIC-ACID Root -- 15.0 -1.0 Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (89)

AnalgesicAntiEBV Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press,

London. 296pp.AntiHIV EC50=2.0 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J. Nat.

Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.AntiHIV IC50=6.5 ug/ml Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J. Nat.

Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.AntiHIV IC85=18 ug/mlAntiHIV 6.7 uMAntiTGF-beta IC50=6-7.5uMAntialzheimeran Ringbom, T., Seguar, L., Noreen, Y., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Ursolic Acid from Plantago major, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2

Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61(10): 1212-1215.AntiarrhythmicAntiarthritic Planta Medica, 57: A56, 1991.AntibacterialAnticancer Ringbom, T., Seguar, L., Noreen, Y., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Ursolic Acid from Plantago major, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2

Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61(10): 1212-1215.Anticancer (Colon) Ringbom, T., Seguar, L., Noreen, Y., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Ursolic Acid from Plantago major, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2

Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61(10): 1212-1215.Anticarcinomic Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Anticariogenic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.Anticholestatic 28-100mg/kg orl

Shukla, B., Visen, P.K.S., Patnaik, G.K., Tripathi, S.C., Srimal, R.C., Dayal, R., and Dobhal, P.C. Hepatoprotective Activity in the Rat of Ursolic AcidIsolated from Eucalyptus Hybrid. Phytotherapy Research 6: 74-79, 1992.

Anticomplement IC1000.1 mM/l gpg




Antidiabetic Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books)AntiedemicAntiescherichicAntifibrosarcomicIC80=10 uMAntihepatotoxic 5-20mg/kg ipr

Shukla, B., Visen, P.K.S., Patnaik, G.K., Tripathi, S.C., Srimal, R.C., Dayal, R., and Dobhal, P.C. Hepatoprotective Activity in the Rat of Ursolic AcidIsolated from Eucalyptus Hybrid. Phytotherapy Research 6: 74-79, 1992.

Antihistaminic Tsuruga, T., Chun, Y.-T., Ebizuka, Y., and Sankawa, U. 1991. Biologically Active Constituents of Melaleuca leucadendron: Inhibitors of InducedHistamine Release from Rat Mast Cells. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39(12): 3276-3278, 1991.

AntihyperlipidemicAntiinflammatory 1/3indomethacinAntiinflammatoryIC24=500 mg/kgAntileishmanic ED50=20uMAntileukemic IC50=2.5-17.8 ug/mlAntilymphomic Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press,

London. 296pp.Antimalarial IC50=28-37ug/mlAntimetastatic IC80=10uMAntimutagenic IC57-80=80 mg/kgAntinephritic IC50=6-7.5uMAntiobesity? Internat. J. Oriental Med. 16: 4.Antioxidant IC50=10 uMAntiperoxidant IC35=200ug/mlAntiplasmodial IC50=28-37 ug/mlAntiproliferativeIC50=15-20 uM


AntistaphylococcicAntithromboxaneIC50=50 uMAntitrypanosomicAntitumor Cancer Research, 54: 701, 1994.Antitumor (Breast) 0.5%dietAntitumor (Breast)IC50=15-20 uMAntitumor (Cervix) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Colon)Antitumor (Lung)Antitumor (Ovary) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor (Stomach)IC50=15-20 uMAntitumor (brain) Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,

31(1):37-46.Antitumor-Promoter Planta Medica, 57: A56, 1991.Antiulcer Shukla, B., Visen, P.K.S., Patnaik, G.K., Tripathi, S.C., Srimal, R.C., Dayal, R., and Dobhal, P.C. Hepatoprotective Activity in the Rat of Ursolic Acid

Isolated from Eucalyptus Hybrid. Phytotherapy Research 6: 74-79, 1992.Antiviral IC85=18 ug/mlAromatase-InhibitorBeta-BlockerBeta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor ~100 mg/kgCNS-DepressantCOX-2-InhibitorIC50=130 uM/Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CandidicideCardioprotectiveCardiotonicCholeretic 5-20 mg/kg orl Shukla, B., Visen, P.K.S., Patnaik, G.K., Tripathi, S.C., Srimal, R.C., Dayal, R., and Dobhal, P.C. Hepatoprotective Activity in the Rat of Ursolic Acid

Isolated from Eucalyptus Hybrid. Phytotherapy Research 6: 74-79, 1992.

Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor Ringbom, T., Seguar, L., Noreen, Y., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Ursolic Acid from Plantago major, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. J. Nat. Prod., 61(10): 1212-1215.

Cytotoxic 50 ppmCytotoxic ED50=3.75ug/mlCytotoxic 7.2 uMDiureticElastase-InhibitorIC50=~15 uMHepatoprotective 1-100ug/mlHepatoprotective 10mg/kgHypoglycemic Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.HypotensiveImmunomodulatorLeucocytogenicLipoxygenase-InhibitorIC50=0.18 mMMMP-9-Inhibitor IC80=10uMOrnithine-Decarboxylase-InhibitorPesticidePiscicidePotassium-Sparing 3mg/rat

Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.

Protease-InhibitorIC85=18 ug/mlProtisticide Chemical Express, 7: 285, 1992.Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 5 ug/ml

Lee, S. K., Song, Y., Mata-Greenwood, E., Kelloff, G. J., Steele, V. E., Pezzuto, J. M. 1999. Modulation of in vitro Biomarkers of the CarcinogenicProcess by Chemopreventive Agents. Anticancer Res., 19: 35-44.

Sodium-Sparing 3 mg/rat Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.TOPO-2-InhibitorTrypanocideVasopressor

URTICA-ARABINOGALACTAN-RP-5 Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

URTICA-RHAMNOGALACTURAN-RP-3 Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.


URTICA-RHAMNOGALACTURAN-RP-4 Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

URTICA-TERPENE-DIOL-1 Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.



VALINE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (3)

Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thEssentialFLavor FEMA 1,000-2,000 Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

VANILLIC-ACID Root -- -- *

Activities (24)

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM/lAllelopathicAnthelmintic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.Antibacterial 1.5-15mg/ml

Recio, M. C., Rios, J. L., and Villar, A., A review of some antimicrobial compounds isolated from medicinal plants reported in the literature 1978-1988,Phytotherapy Research, 3(4), 1989, 117-125.

AnticancerAntifatigueAntiinflammatory Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.AntileukemicIC50=25-56 ug/ml

Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med,31(1):37-46.

Antioxidant IC21=30ppmAntioxidant 1/3 BHAAntiperoxidant IC15-65=100-200 ug/mlAntiradicular 7 xquercetinAntisepticAntisickling Planta Medica, 56(6): 681, 1990.AntitumorAntitumor-PromoterAscaricideCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.CholereticFungicideImmunosuppressantLaxative =ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).1976.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.1.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambridge Printing Works, New

Delhi.487 pp;ICMR.1987.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.2.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambr. Printing Works,New Delhi.600ppPesticideUbiquiot Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.

791 pp.

VANILLIN Root -- -- *


Activities (28)

AllelochemicIC50=4.26 mM


AllergenicAntianemicAnticancerAntidrepanocyticAntiescherichic 10-100 mmol/lAntilactobacillic 10-100 mmol/lAntilisteriaAntimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.Antioxidant#NAME?Antipolio Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.Antiradicular 7 xquercetinAntisicklingAntitumorAntitumor-PromoterAntiviral Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.Antiyeast 8-30 mMBacteristat 10-40mmol/lCancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.Candidicide 8-20mMCholeretic Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.FLavor FEMA 50-20,000


Fungicide Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London.791 pp.

ImmunosuppressantInsectifuge? Martindale's 28thIrritantPerfumeryPesticide

VIOLAXANTHIN Plant -- -- List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch derPharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

Activities (2)

Colorant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.Ubiquiot Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

VIOLAXANTHIN Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (2)


VIOLAXANTHIN Seed 10.0 25.0 Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (2)


VIT-B-1 Plant -- 0.8 Jim Duke's personal files.

VIT-K Leaf 1.6 76.0 *

WATER Leaf -- 800000.0 -0.04 *

XANTHOPHYLL-EPOXIDE Plant -- -- *


XYLOSE Leaf -- -- Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., andSchneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der PharmazeutischenPraxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

Activities (3)

AntidiabeticDiagnostic Martindale's 28thDye Merck 11th Edition

ZEATIN Plant -- -- *

Activities (2)

Mitotic Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)Phytohormonal Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

ZEATIN Stem -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (2)


ZEATIN Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (2)


ZEATIN Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (2)


ZEATIN-NUCLEOTIDE Plant -- -- *

ZEATIN-O-GLUCOSIDE Stem -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

ZEATIN-O-GLUCOSIDE Root -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

ZEATIN-O-GLUCOSIDE Leaf -- -- Jim Duke's personal files.

ZINC Seed -- 19.0 -0.74 *

Activities (77)

ACE-InhibitorAnalgesicAntiBPH 25-60 mg/dayAntiCrohn's Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntiHIVAntiacne 135 mg/dayAntiacrodermatitic 8-34mg/day/orl/chd

Martindale's 29th

AntialcoholicAntialopecic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antialzheimeran 50 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.AntiangiogenicAntianorexic Martindale's 29thAntiarthritic 50mg/3x/day/orl/manAnticanker 100 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anticataract 30 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Anticoeliac Martindale's 28thAnticold 50 mg Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticolitic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Anticoronary 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antidandruff Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidementia


Antidiabetic 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Antidote (Cadmium) Let's Live, May 1989.AntidysgeuzicAntieczemic 150 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntiepileptic 100 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antifibrotic 30 mgAntifuruncular 45mg/3x/day/man

Martindale's 28th

Antihangover 15 mgAntiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day

Antiimpotence Martindale's 29thAntiinfective 50 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinfertility 60 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinsomniac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antilepric Martindale's 29thAntileukonychicAntilymphomicAntimaculiticAntimetastaticAntineuropathicAntinyctalopicAntiobesity 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95AntiosteoporoticAntiperiodontiticAntiplaque Martindale's 29thAntiprolactin Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).Antiprostatitic 50mg/man/day/orl


Antirheumatic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antiseptic 50 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antistomatitic 50mg/man/3x/day

Martindale's 28th

Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man Martindale's 28thAntiulcer 88 mg/rat/day/15 daysAntiviral? Martindale's 29thAstringent Martindale's 28thCollagenicCopper-Antagonist Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Deodorant Martindale's 29thDetoxicant (Alcohol)ErgogenicHypotensive 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95ImmunomodulatorImmunostimulant Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Immunosuppressant 300mg/day/6 wks/orl/man

Martindale's 29th

Insulinogenic 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Mucogenic Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.NF-kB-InhibitorPesticideSpermigenic 60 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Testosteronigenic 60 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Trichomonicide Martindale's 29thVulnerary Martindale's 28th

ZINC Root -- 19.0 -0.23 *

Activities (77)



Martindale's 29th


insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antidandruff Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.AntidementiaAntidiabetic 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse

insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antidote (Cadmium) Let's Live, May 1989.AntidysgeuzicAntieczemic 150 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntiepileptic 100 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antifibrotic 30 mgAntifuruncular 45mg/3x/day/man

Martindale's 28th

Antihangover 15 mgAntiherpetic? 25-60 mg/dayAntiimpotence Martindale's 29thAntiinfective 50 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinfertility 60 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinsomniac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antilepric Martindale's 29thAntileukonychicAntilymphomicAntimaculiticAntimetastaticAntineuropathicAntinyctalopicAntiobesity 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse





Martindale's 28th






Deodorant Martindale's 29thDetoxicant (Alcohol)ErgogenicHypotensive 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse


Martindale's 29th




ZINC Leaf 0.9 4.7 -0.5 *

Activities (77)


Martindale's 29th


insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Antidandruff Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antidementia

Antidiabetic 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservseinsulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Antidote (Cadmium) Let's Live, May 1989.AntidysgeuzicAntieczemic 150 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiencephalopathic Martindale's 29thAntiepileptic 100 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antifibrotic 30 mgAntifuruncular 45mg/3x/day/man

Martindale's 28th

Antihangover 15 mgAntiherpetic? 25-60 mg/dayAntiimpotence Martindale's 29thAntiinfective 50 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinfertility 60 mg/day Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.Antiinsomniac Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.Antilepric Martindale's 29thAntileukonychicAntilymphomicAntimaculiticAntimetastaticAntineuropathic


AntinyctalopicAntiobesity 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse





Martindale's 28th




insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95Deodorant Martindale's 29thDetoxicant (Alcohol)ErgogenicHypotensive 30 mg/day Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse


Martindale's 29th





list of all chemicals common name(s)

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